EDUCATION PSYCHOLOGY PRACTICE

The direct imitation of a behavior that has been observed is called a. modeling b. imitation c. generalization d. mimicking e. shadowing

A. Modeling is a social learning strategy that emphasizes learning by watching others.

A teacher who attempts to pair words of praise, such as "Good job," with a tangible reward, such as a piece of candy, so that verbal praise will eventually serve as a reinforcer for a student, is employing which behavioral principle? a. Law of effect b. Principle of contiguity c. Law of least cost d. Principle of associated stimuli e. The Premack principle

B. The principle of contiguity states that if two events are presented together repeatedly, they will become associated, and the power inherent in the first event will then translate to the second one.

Goal setting has been found to be an important motivator. Ideally, goals should be a. student-derived b. distant and terminal c. moderately difficult d. within the proximal zone of development e. general

C. A goal can certainly be student-generated, but for a goal to be truly motivating, it needs to be specific, concrete, and attainable with moderate effort.

According to researchers, expert teachers can be distinguished from novice teachers in that a. expert teachers seem somehow to have been born with an innate gift for teaching. b. expert teachers rule their classroom with a sense of firm authority. c. expert teachers demonstrate the ability to adapt to a variety of situations at a moment's notice. d. expert teachers generally use loose, thinly-structured lessons in order to convey information effectively. e. over time, expert teachers approach each lesson using the same methods they have always used, since these methods have generally been proven to work.

C. Expert teachers have been identified as being adaptable and flexible in using psychological theory and principles to develop and conduct a lesson.

Jerome is constantly making noises in class. In the past he would often get a lot of attention from his teacher and his classmates for his noises. A teacher who attempts to reduce the frequency of the behavior by simply ignoring it when it occurs would be attempting to use a. shaping b. negative reinforcement c. extinction d. deflection e. response cost

C. Extinction (in operant conditioning) is a strategy in which voluntary, previously reinforced behavior is followed by the absence of reinforcement, resulting in a reduction of the behavior's frequency.

Which of the following is an example of pedagogical knowledge? a. Having expertise in a content area b. Having knowledge of educational psychology c. Having the ability to employ teaching theory and research to teach specific content d. Having knowledge of student development e. Having specific knowledge of the personal backgrounds of the students in a class

C. Pedagogical knowledge involves understanding how to translate theory into practice by presenting information to learners in an effective, comprehensible

. In defining a reinforcement, one must see evidence that it a. meets a need b. is valuable c. increases the behavior which preceded it d. makes the subject happy e. is tied to the stimuli eliciting it

C. Reinforcement is defined by the way it works. By definition something is a reinforcer only if it works to increase the behavior that led to it.

One principle often cited by developmental theories is the principle of Universality. Which of the following best illustrates that principle? a. Timothy was potty trained at the same age as his sister. b. Children, regardless of culture, appear to use a pincer grasp as a method of initial grabbing. c. Language development during early childhood appears similar in pattern, regardless of the specific language being learned. d. Vygotsky's principle of proximal development. e. The fact that all children are afraid of monsters.

C. Universality refers to developmental patterns, such as the hierarchical stages of early childhood language development, which appear at a certain point in time, independent of specific culture or social context.

. If the mother stops running to her child when the child cries for attention and as a result the baby's crying behavior eventually reduces in frequency, it may be assumed that _____________ occurred. a. punishment b. negative reinforcement c. fading d. extinction e. inhibition

D. A key principle of operant conditioning, extinction is a strategy in which voluntary, previously reinforced behavior is followed by the absence of reinforcement, resulting in a reduction in the behavior's frequency.

Which of the following is the most likely to influence a student's sense of self-efficacy? a. Family background b. Genetic makeup c. Reinforcement schedule d. Past performance e. Level of cognitive development

D. Self efficacy is belief about one's personal competence within a particular situation and can be influenced by teacher expectations and previous successes or failures.

This process refers to the event in which learning and remembering a new concept is interfered with by the presence of a previously learned concept. a. Fading b. Reciprocal inhibition c. Retroactive inhibition d. Proactive inhibition e. Regression

d. Proactive inhibition

A positive reinforcer __________behavior; whereas a negative reinforcer _______behavior? a. increases, increases b. increases, decreases c. decreases, increases d. decreases, decreases e. Any of the above, depending on the actual situation

A. A reinforcer by definition always increases behavior. A positive reinforcer works by its addition to a situation following a particular behavior, whereas a negative reinforcer works by its removal from a situation following a particular behavior.

According to Sternberg, a person's ability to think abstractly and process information effectively would be reflective of ___________ intelligence. a. componential b. experiential c. contextual d. combinatorial e. logical

A. According to Robert Sternberg, componential intelligence is comprised of the very basic set of tools that enables us to process information, identify problems, plan an action, and execute the information.

A simple definition of an unconditioned stimulus would be a stimulus that a. naturally or automatically elicits a response b. has gained the power of eliciting a response through paired learning c. has reinforcing value d. causes a reaction in some people e. is ineffective

A. An unconditioned (or unlearned) stimulus is one that by its very nature elicits a particular unlearned response. In Pavlov's classic experiment, the meat that initially caused the dog to salivate was the automatic, initial, unconditioned stimulus.

A teacher finds that the students enjoy it when she places them in debate formats, where they can argue their perspectives in front of the judge. Under these situations the teacher is using which form of goal structure? a. Competitive b. Challenge c. Individualistic d. Mastery e. Cooperative

A. Competitive goal structures have students work against each other while pursuing an instructional goal; here, the better performance is the achievement.

One-word utterances carrying as much meaning for a child as a complete sentence does for an adult are called a. holophrasic speech b. overgeneralized speech c. ego-centric speech d. compact speech e. personalized speech

A. For a child beginning to use words, a single word (i.e. "cookie" or "cow") can convey different sorts of meanings or intentions, such as labeling an item, questioning the name of an object, or requesting more of a piece of food. This phenomenon is referred to as holophrasic speech.

A person with good self-awareness and insight would, according to Gardner, most likely score high in which form of intelligence? a. Intrapersonal b. Linguistic c. Logical-mathematical d. Interpersonal e. Insightful

A. Intrapersonal intelligence refers to having an understanding of yourself, your abilities, your hopes, and your potential reactions to any given situation.

Ralph enjoys practicing his violin, simply because it feels good and he likes the challenge. Ralph is motivated by a. intrinsic motivation b. extrinsic motivation c. aesthetic needs d. esteem needs e. creative needs

A. Intrinsic motivation involves finding value and motivation within an activity itself, regardless of outcomes such as rewards or punishments.

Kohlberg's theory of moral development was based on a morality of a. justice b. economy c. equality d. care e. religion

A. Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development was derived from research on children's and adults' responses to moral dilemmas involving issues of justice.

Which of the following cognitive structuring techniques emphasizes linking new information with already familiar information to produce an association? a. Mediators b. Mnemonics c. Advanced organizers d. Scaffolds e. Accommodation

A. Mediators are cognitive structuring strategies of verbal phrases designed to link new and familiar concepts.

Which of the following reflects the operations of the sensory register? a. You are able to remember what was said for a second or two even though you were not paying attention. b. You are able to recite a phone number after 5 minutes of practice. c. You are able to focus your attention on a noise. d. You are able to make a connection between new material and previously-taught material. e. You are able to repeat up to 9 digits said in rapid sequence.

A. Our sensory register allows us to hold on briefly to incoming information before it either undergoes processing or disappears from memory; therefore, if a student is not paying attention in class, that student still might be able to recall a few bits of information received a minute ago, since that information was indeed unconsciously registered.

The process of interpreting and attaching meaning to an experience is called a. perception b. encoding c. elaboration d. chunking e. labeling

A. Perception refers to the process of interpreting or giving personalized, individual meaning to an experience.

Tom has borrowed his father's car for the big dance. Tom is used to driving a car with standard, disk brakes. His father's car is equipped with very sensitive, power brakes. Operating under the theory of proactive inhibition, how might we expect Tom to react at an upcoming stop sign? a. Jam the breaks hard b. Pump the breaks c. Lightly touch the brakes d. Become indecisive e. At first touch the brakes lightly and then press into a skid

A. Proactive inhibition would interfere with Tom's learning to use a more sensitive touch on the power brakes and rely on his previous experience, which required a more forceful reaction to standard brakes.

Knowing the grammatically correct combinations of words involves which process? a. Syntax b. Semantics c. Context d. Pragmatics e. Dialetics

A. Syntax incorporates a set of rules that in effect makes up a language's grammar and allows for words to be put together in meaningful ways.

Classical conditioning is based on which of the following principles of learning? a. Contiguity b. Reinforcement c. Effect d. Contingency e. Dual stage learning

A. The principle of contiguity states that if two stimuli are paired together repeatedly, they will become associated; this serves as the principle behind classical conditioning (i.e. in Pavlov's famous experiment, a dog being conditioned to pair the sound of a bell with the contiguous presentation of a piece of meat).

The fact that you see an after-image after someone has taken a flash picture of you is due to the operation of a. the sensory register b. sensory gating c. the reticular activating system d. short term encoding e. episodic memory

A. The sensory register, the first port or site in the information processing model (or memory), briefly holds on to all incoming sensory information, such as the after-image from a recently-snapped photograph.

Working memory can be described as a. having a limited capacity b. having unlimited limited time span for recording and holding c. another name for long-term memory d. the last stage of human information processing e. memory employed during problem solving

A. Working memory (or short-term memory) is the site in the information processing system where a limited amount of information is stored for a brief time period to allow for it to be processed and moved to long-term memory.

Anthony has finally stopped calling his grandfather "da-da," a term he originally created to label his father. Anthony now calls his grandfather "da-du" and his father, "da-da". Anthony is demonstrating a. assimilation b. accommodation c. schema spread d. overlapping e. transmuting

B. Accommodation is the process of creating a new schema or modifying an existing schema. In this case, Anthony modified a schema for labeling all male adults "da-da."

A child with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is often prescribed medication such as Ritalin. The purpose of this medication is to a. sedate the child b. stimulate brain activity c. depress brain activity d. help the child feel less anxious e. relax the child

B. Children with ADD/ADHD have been found to have an understimulated and underaroused frontal lobe of the brain; accordingly, medication that stimulates the brain is often used in order to help this area of the brain better process information, maintain alertness, and control haphazard responses.

Sheila was describing her Thanksgiving dinner, and was able to relate in great detail where people sat, what they were wearing, all of the food cooked, and the way the table was set. Sheila is exhibiting her a. procedural memory b. episodic memory c. semantic memory d. event memory e. Affective memory

B. Episodic memory involves personal recollections of specific time and places.

A person who is motivated to complete a task because it will provide some desired outcome is motivated by a. intrinsic motivation b. extrinsic motivation c. intrapsychic motivation d. extrapsychic motivation e. functional motivation

B. Extrinsic motivation is based on external factors such as rewards and punishments.

Mr. Jordan is always concerned about Jaime. Every time there is a student project, Jaime proposes the most elaborate, most unrealistic project. Mr. Jordon doesn't want to discourage Jaime from aspiring to doing good work, but he is concerned that the projects Jaime presents never seem to get finished since they are so complicated. It is likely that Jaime is a a. mastery-oriented student b. failure-avoidant student c. failure-accepting student d. self-efficacious student e. learning-resistant student

B. Failure-avoidant students are motivated more by a desire to avert failure than by a will to succeed. These students may take the easiest task possible, thus insuring success, or the most difficult task possible, thus avoiding a sense of failure since 'no one could do it.'

A mnemonic is a a. tool for helping teachers gain students' attention b. strategy to assist in committing information to long term memory c. teaching tool used by directive teachers d. part of the reticular activation system e. portion of the brain that houses long-term memory

B. Mnemonics are cognitive structuring memory devices that facilitate storage and recall in long-term memory via elaboration and chunking; for instance, a mnemonic device might incorporate the first initials of the four lobes of the brain (PFOT- Parietal, Frontal, Occipital, Temporal) as a chunk to be more easily stored in long-term memory.

Piaget would most likely agree with which of the following statements? a. Children are 'pre-wired' with basic knowledge which just needs to develop. b. Children are 'active constructors' of their knowledge. c. Children are like 'blank slates' to be formed through experience d. Children are passive recipients of learning e. Children are conditioned by their environments.

B. Piaget believed that children, neither 'pre-wired' nor 'blank slates,' play an active and ongoing role in the continual mental construction and reconstruction of their environment.

Which of the following is a strategy for moving material from working memory to long-term memory? a. A student thinks about the material. b. A student repeats the information over and over again. c. The student attempts to find a mental distraction. d. The student employs proactive inhibition. e. None of the above

B. Repetition (or rehearsal) is an effective way to move information from short-term (working) memory to long-term storage.

According to research, what is felt to be typically characteristic of gifted students? a. They are generally high-strung, with a large anxiety level. b. They are highly creative in their ability to formulate new ideas and apply them to problem solving. c. They have low motivation and have difficulty committing to tasks. d. They are often socially isolated. e. They have a greater tendency than most people to be sickly.

B. Research suggests that gifted students not only have high intellectual ability but are also creative in their approach to problem solving.

Maria is very talented in math and science. She has a real chance at getting a scholarship to college for pre-med. However, her family feels that she should work in the family business and not go to college and won't give her permission to go. According to Bandura's Self-Efficacy theory, Maria may be expected to a. have a high drive to succeed b. become unmotivated c. to become a failure-avoidant student d. strive toward self-actualization e. employ external loci of control

B. Self-efficacy involves an individual's belief in his/her ability to perform a specific task or achieve a particular goal. For Maria, a lack of motivation would stem from her inability to attend college despite her academic successes; she can do the work to get into college, but due to her family circumstances won't be able to attend.

. Howard has been trying to get into an exercise program with the goal of eventually being able to run 5 miles. He outlines a 4-week plan of activity in which the first week he would walk and run 1 mile a day followed by a treat of his choosing. Next he would have to walk and run 2 miles the second week in order to get a treat. And he would continue adding a mile a week from that point on as the requirement to receive his treat. Howard's plan a. reflects the concept of hierarchical learning b. reflects the concept of shaping. c. reflects the process of intermittent reinforcement. d. reflects the process of reciprocal inhibition. e. reflects the process of contiguity.

B. Shaping occurs when behavior is reinforced incrementally; over time, these increments grow in size (i.e. in this case, Howard's reinforcement occurring after successively longer periods of exercise).

Which of the following teachers is most likely facilitating elaboration? a. A teacher who tells stories about her trip to Spain b. A teacher who asks the students to give examples of how gravity works in everyday life c. A teacher who requires students to write the formula three times d. A teacher who gives time to practice the words over in their head before asking them to recite the poem e. A teacher who outlines the lecture on the board

B. Since elaboration involves using prior knowledge to help make newly-learned material more meaningful, the teacher who helps students find examples of the forces of gravity at work in their everyday existences is enabling the students to elaborate on newly-learned material with the help of personal knowledge from their own lives.

Ms. Jones has difficulty identifying a specific reinforcement for Joe, who is having trouble remaining quiet in class. It appears that Joe is always cracking jokes instead of paying attention and doing his work. Ms. Jones might have success if she used the Premack principle. In this case the reinforcement would be a. money b. time for Joe to tell jokes c. extra credit d. the opportunity to be the class monitor e. the use of a mild punishment

B. The Premack Principle is a reinforcement strategy in which a high frequency or preferred behavior, in this case Joe's joke-telling, is used as a reinforcer for a less preferred activity, in this case work time. Ms. Jones could allow Joe specific time to tell his jokes once he got a certain amount of work done.

According to Vygotsky, a teacher should provide material that is a. beyond a student's zone of proximal development b. within a student's zone of proximal development c. tailored to the student's scaffolds d. within the student's functional zone e. within a student's zone of stimulation

B. The Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky believed that children's learning is maximized when it occurs within the boundaries of the "zone of proximal development," which contains those abilities which are in the process of developing, but that can only develop and flourish with someone else's assistance.

The concept of "least restrictive environment" would best be illustrated by which of the following scenarios? a. Placing a student with a learning disability in a residential school setting b. Providing a student the opportunity to attend as 'normalized' an educational experience as they are capable of experiencing c. Placing all children in regular classrooms, all of the time d. Providing special classes for children with hyperactivity e. Providing tutors and educational support for home study

B. The concept of "least restrictive environment" refers to the placement of children with disabilities in as typical an educational setting as possible that can meet their needs.

. According to Piagetian theory, a child develops object permanence in which stage of cognitive development? a. Preoperational b. Sensorimotor c. Formal d. Concrete e. Presensorial

B. The development of object permanence, Piaget's term for children's understanding that objects continue to exist apart from their immediate perception of them, occurs during the first year of life, which falls under the sensorimotor stage of development.

Alice is presented with two rows of coins that have the same number of coins in each row. The rows however, are arranged differently. Row 1 has the coins touching each other, whereas Row 2 has the coins spread out with more than an inch in between each coin. When asked which, if any, row has the most coins, Alice chooses Row 2. Alice is illustrating a. assimilation b. object permanence c. centration d. egocentrism e. transduction

C. Centration is the tendency to focus on one perceptual aspect of an event to the exclusion of others. In this example, Alice, like many preschoolers, could only focus on how long each row of coins superficially appeared, rather than on how many coins actually made up each row.

David Ausubel believed which of the following? a. Students should discover knowledge on their own, without much teacher interference. b. Teachers need to be simple resources for learning. c. Teachers need to structure learning in a meaningful manner. d. Teachers need to allow students full autonomy. e. Teachers are first and foremost content experts

C. David Ausubel was a proponent of meaningful reception learning theory; as such, he promoted the value of teachers' structuring and organizing of information to facilitate learning in the most meaningful, context-driven manner possible.

In order to increase student motivation, DeCharms suggests that classrooms should be a. overstructured b. understructured c. structured to allow for student choice and control d. geared to student learning style e. tied to external reinforcement

C. DeCharms, working with children from low-income families, stressed that allowing for increased choice and control within a classroom could lead to greater motivation, and greater belief that a task could be achieved through realistically-based, concrete steps.

Which of the following teacher traits or characteristics have been found to foster student cooperation? a. Low expectation of work results b. Few classroom rules c. The empowerment of students d. A structured curriculum e. Frequent classroom breaks

C. Research shows that teachers can employ humor, individual contact, and opportunities for recognition and confidence-building in order

Which of the following statements is true? a. Teaching can occur in isolation of interaction. b. Teaching imposes or directly implants learning. c. Teaching is intentional in that it is goal-directed. d. Teaching is a process that is too artistic to be explained by science. e. Teaching is a simple, straightforward process of giving information.

C. Teaching is a complex process involving artistry and scientific principles; it is an interpersonal activity undertaken with the goal of helping students

According to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, a student who comes to class having first satisfied physiological needs and safety needs will most likely now be attempting to satisfy a. the need to know b. aesthetic needs c. self-esteem needs d. love and belongingness needs e. the need for achievement

D. According to Maslow's Needs Hierarchy, the next need to be aroused following physiological and safety needs is the need to connect with others, or the love and belongingness need.

Which of the following terms refers to a slightly abstract summary passage of material, presented to students prior to their viewing of the actual material in its totality? a. Stimulant b. Cue c. Elaborator d. Advance organizer e. Teaser

D. An advanced organizer is a deliberately prepared, slightly abstract passage presented in advance of the main material and used to facilitate learning.

A student who believes his/her failure was a result of the teacher making an unfair test, would be exhibiting attribution based on a. internal, stable factors b. external, stable factors c. internal, fluctuating factors d. external, unstable factors e. external, fluctuating factors

D. Attribution theory assigns a locus of control (external or internal) and a degree of stability (stable or unstable) to a given attribution. In this case, the student is attributing his failure to events outside of himself (with the teacher as the external source) and to a cause that is unstable (the teacher giving an unfair test could not have been predicted).

Gilligan's model based moral decision making on the morality of a. justice b. economy c. equality d. care e. power

D. Carol Gilligan found that moral decisions of females are based on the ethics of caring, both for the self and for others.

The process of grouping items into larger, meaningful units of storage in working memory is called a. elaboration b. Gestalt c. reframing d. chunking e. condensing

D. Chunking is an information processing strategy which groups bits of information into more meaningful units that can be more

A child who understands that the "amount" of a particular substance remains the same even after the shape of that substance has been modified is demonstrating a. centration b. transformation c. equilibration d. conservation e. constancy

D. Conservation is a Piagetian term for the realization that certain properties of an object remain the same regardless of changes in other properties of the object.

Which of the following is an example of 'expressive language'? a. Reading a book b. Mentally rehearsing a speech c. 'Imaging' the definition one has memorized d. Writing an essay e. Employing verbal encoding

D. Expressive language refers to the ability to employ language as a vehicle for conveyance of ideas to others

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the concept of inclusion ? a. Lawrence often throws temper tantrums. He is allowed to join the class when he is in control of his anger. b. Kristie has been identified as having attention deficit with hyperactivity. She is allowed to participate in all classes involving physical activity, but not those in which students are required to do deskwork. c. Ramone has multiple physical disabilities and is provided a special classroom to go to and work with a specialist. d. Kim, who is deaf, participates in art and physical education by herself and has an adult who 'signs' for her in her other academic classes. e. Ginny, who has unusual art abilities, is allowed to do her English paper on the life of Monet.

D. Full inclusion is the belief that students with disabilities should be educated in regular classrooms in their neighborhood schools. In this case, Kim participates fully, sometimes with the aid of an interpreter, in a classroom alongside typically-developing children.

Jim stated: "I know it is my country, and as a citizen I should take up arms against our enemies, but I feel this is simply unjust and I can't participate". Jim appears to be reflecting which moral orientation? a. Obedience and punishment b. Instrumental relativism c. Social contract d. Universal ethical principles e. Law and order

D. In Stage 6 of Kohlberg's model, the Universal Principles stage of the Postconventional Ethics Level, ethics are determined by an individual's conscience and guided by the abstract principles of justice and equality. In this case, Jim's conscience and abstract, individual principles of morality affect his decision-making.

Horace is so excited in school. He has just learned to write his name. It would appear that Horace is in which stage of psychosocial development? a. Autonomy versus shame and doubt b. Identity versus confusion c. Initiative versus guilt d. Industry versus inferiority e. Trust versus mistrust

D. Industry versus inferiority is one of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development. It generally occurs during middle childhood, when the child is eager to produce and interested in demonstrating competence or industry; the child feels a sense of inferiority when unable to master specific tasks.

Employing Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, it is possible to assume that a person with talent as a car salesman might have which form of intelligence elevated? a. Intrapersonal b. Linguistic c. Logical-mathematical d. Interpersonal e. Financial-economic

D. Interpersonal intelligence involves an increased understanding of other people's behavior and ways of thinking In order to make a large number of sales, a car salesman would rely on interpersonal intelligence to put a customer at ease, communicate effectively, and convince the customer to buy a car.

Assume that David got a score of 93 on an individual IQ test. It can be assumed that David is a. below average b. in the 93rd percentile c. at a minimal 7% below average d. average e. able to qualify for special educational services

D. While the score of 100 is often identified as average, a range of scores typically varying 15 points (or one Standard Deviation) on either side of 100 (85-115) provides the full range of average scores.

. Which of the following belongs in a list of techniques to be used in Expository teaching? a. Cooperative goal structures b. Power tests c. Schema facilitators d. Cognitive maps e. Advanced organizers

E. In expository teaching, where information is laid out in front of the student, advance organizers of material help the students predict how a lesson will unfold by giving an introductory overview of the material to be presented.

Which of the following elements are typically needed for observational learning to occur? a. Unconditional stimuli b. Aversive stimuli c. Extrinsic motivation d. Negative reinforcement e. Attention

E. Modeling or observational learning, one of Bandura's social learning strategies, involves four interrelated factors—attention, retention, production (reproduction) and motivation (incentive). The devotion of attention to an event is by definition the first condition necessary for a person to learn through observation.

The process by which students with exceptionalities are placed in environments as close to the regular classroom as possible is known as a. adaptive education b. inclusion c. IEP d. assimilation e. mainstreaming

E. Placing children with special needs in an educational environment that is as much of the mainstream of education as possible ("least restrictive environment") was mandated by Public Law 94-142, the Education for All Handicapped Children Act. For instance, children with special needs could attend a classroom for typically-developing children for a certain portion of the school day, and then return to their regular classroom for the rest of the day.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an effective teacher? a. An organized classroom b. The ability to set and maintain clear rules c. The tendency to employ didactic teaching d. Fexibility and adaptability e. The tendency to take sole responsibility for the planning and organization of a class

E. Research shows that as a teacher structures his/her curriculum and sets high goals, he/she should also involve students in the planning and organization of the class.

Dean has a history of stealing from his classmates. Dean is quick to blame others, and in fact accuses them of taking things from him. Dean is exhibiting a. specific learning disabilities b. ADHD c. internalized behavioral disorder d. externalized behavioral disorder e. global social disorders

The correct answer is D. Externalized behavioral disorders are characterized by aggressive acting-out behavior that affects others.

According to Erikson, the first psychosocial crisis encountered by children is a. autonomy versus shame and doubt b. initiative versus guilt c. industry versus inferiority d. identity versus role confusion e. trust versus mistrust

The correct answer is E. The first of many psychological challenges faced by children, according to Erik Erikson's theories of development, involves developing a sense of trust in others.