Educational Psychology Test 3

Ms. Shawnasee has gone to meet one of her old professors to ask for help in aiding her students' transfer of learning. Which of the following pieces of advice would the professor be most likely to offer?

"When teaching a new concept, root concepts in applications."

Ann Marie tells her mother that she wants to carry her Pokémon toys on the road trip to their summer vacation. Her mother knows that this entails carting endless toys that are in both stuffed-animal and action-figure-like forms. She knows this will significantly crowd the car during the trip. In this example, Pokémon is a good example of what?

A concept

Which of the following is an example of divergent thinking?

Abigail asks her students to write an essay about the various uses of pliers.

Which of the following is a good note-taking strategy?

All of the answers are correct.

Which of the following terms best describes an activity that requires or encourages critical thinking?

Analyze the causal factors behind the fall of Rome.

Researchers have found that self-regulatory learners also often have which of the following traits?

Are high achieving

Which one of the following examples best describes thinking in working memory?

At the end of soccer practice, Shia runs over to her parents' car while mentally alphabetizing the names of five friends that she wants to ensure her parents invite to her birthday party.

Mr. Lui has just finished his lesson on catharsis in his English literature class. He assigns students homework that entails researching other examples of catharsis in contemporary motion pictures. What strategy of promoting concept formation has Mr. Lui utilized in his homework assignment?

Checking for students' understanding of a concept by asking them to apply the concept to other contexts

Katy has not done well on her spelling tests in the past. In fact, spelling is the only subject that Katy has ever failed. When Katy's third-grade teacher announces that the class will be having a spelling test after lunch, Katy becomes very anxious and begins to feel sick. What is this situation best illustrating?

Classical conditioning, with spelling tests being the CS

Which of the following is not a teaching strategy for helping students pay attention?

Do not use instructional comments.

A student in the initial stage of expertise in a particular domain often does which of the following?

Experiences difficulty distinguishing between accurate or inaccurate and relevant or irrelevant information

When a student demonstrates problem solving, which of the following steps should come first?

Find and frame the problem

Chunking is a beneficial strategy for improving memory that involves which of the following?

Grouping information into higher-order units

Which one of the following reflects the typical duration of short-term memory?

Hani looked up the correct spelling of a word, but by the time she found a piece of paper on which to write the word, she had forgotten how to spell it.

Which of the following is the best example of problem-based learning?

Having students propose remedies for world hunger

Which of the following best reflects the social cognitive approach to learning?

How behavior, environment, and other factors influence learning

Physical punishment can lead to negative student behaviors such as which of the following?

Inability to focus attentionFear, rage, and avoidance of school or particular teachersIncreased misbehavior to get attention from teachers and classmates

Alanis is sitting down after school to examine the research project she has been assigned in her high school history class. She must first research the reasons behind the Great Depression in American history. Then, she must develop assertions concerning the best way to nurture a nation's economy. Which type of thinking has her teacher asked her to engage in?

Inductive Reasoning

What is a schema?

Information that already exists in a person's mind

Which of the following statements best describes shaping?

It involves teaching new behaviors by reinforcing successive approximations to a specified target behavior.

In the context of classical conditioning, identify an accurate statement about generalization.

It involves the tendency of a new stimulus similar to the original stimulus to elicit a similar response.

Which of the following statements best describes a prompt?

It is a cue given just before a desired response to increase the likelihood of the desired response.

Which of the following statements is true about semantic memory?

It is independent of a person's identity with the past.

Under which of the following conditions is physical punishment of students recommended?

It is not recommended in any circumstance.

Which of the following statements is true about the encoding specificity principle?

It states that associations formed at the time of learning tend to be effective retrieval cues.

Which of the following scenarios best depicts a student's declarative memory?

Julia can summarize Jean Piaget's theory about the stages of development.

Which of the following scenarios presents the best example of encoding?

Julie is listening to music.

Semantic memory includes all of the following except which one?

Knowledge in the form of skills that can be performed

In which of the following situations would a person most likely make the best decision?

Maggie spends months studying college information before deciding where to enroll.

Which of the following best characterizes the duration of sensory memory?

Meaning stays for a brief instant.

Mr. Billow knows that the students in his eleventh-grade history class are very friendly with each other and really like to do their assignments in groups. Thus, when a student does not bring in his homework completed, Mr. Billow makes him go to the library and work on an independent assignment. Mr. Billow's tactic is an example of which of the following?

Negative reinforcement

According to the decay theory, which of the following is the cause of forgetting?

Passage of time

Mrs. Benson is considered one of the best math teachers at Lincoln Middle School. Her students say that she is good at helping them learn new concepts and that she gives them strategies for overcoming the difficulties they experience. They say that she is a challenging teacher but she knows how to help students succeed. Which type of knowledge is Mrs. Benson using to help her students learn?

Pedagogical content knowledge

In the context of the strategies that decrease undesirable behaviors, which of the following should be the last resort for decreasing undesirable behaviors?

Present aversive stimuli (punishment)

Don wants to get an early start on his social studies semester project. The teacher has assigned the students to choose and research a societal issue of concern to them. Students must develop a specific concern, frame hypotheses addressing the reasons behind the problem, and search for scientific research to support their assertions. What type of project is Don working on?

Problem-based learning

Knowledge about how to swim is most likely to be stored in long-term memory as which of the following?

Procedural memory

Rhianna and her classmates have been assigned a project that involves concept mapping their favorite holidays and the activities they enjoy during those holidays. Which of the following best depicts the final outcome of this exercise?

Rhianna must come up with a visual display that presents holidays and their respective activities.

Which of the following children is not attempting to store declarative knowledge in their long-term memory?

Robby searches the Internet for a topic to do his science presentation on.

The belief that one can master a situation and produce positive outcomes is known as ________.

Self-efficacy

The creative process is often described as a five-step sequence. Which of the following statements best defines incubation?

Students churn ideas around in their head.

Which of the following scenarios best depicts systematic desensitization?

Susan has learned to relax when she gets on an airplane because she practices relaxation techniques regularly before each flight.

A teacher wants her class to complete a science assignment. She knows that her students are lazy and usually never submit their assignments on time. She is aware that her students always love to go on a trip to the National Aeronautical Museum. She tells the class that she would take them to the museum if they complete their science assignment. This is an example of:

The Premack principle

Sylvia studies different chapters of her history textbook from Monday to Friday. Next week, Sylvia is easily able to remember the chapter she studied on Friday when compared to the chapter she studied on Monday. This is an example of:

The primacy effect

Prototype matching is best described as which of the following?

The process of individuals deciding if an item is a member of a category by comparing it to established category elements

Felicia is always tardy to class. Her teacher decides to tell Felicia that he will subtract five points for every day that she is tardy, hoping that Felicia will begin to come to class on time. Felicia continues to be late to class and is now in danger of failing the class because of the lack of points. Which of the following statements is true about the scenario?

The strategy of negative reinforcement was ineffective.

William is trying to remember his new nine-digit Social Security number, and he does so by thinking of it as three groups of three digits each. William is demonstrating which of the following?

The use of chunking

Rhett is studying for his chemistry exam by repeating the periodic table to himself over and over again. Rhett is demonstrating which of the following?

The use of rehearsal

Which of the following is a characteristic of experts?

They notice features and meaningful patterns that novices do not.They can retrieve important knowledge with little effort.They have a great deal of content knowledge organized to reflect a deep understanding of the subject matter.

The Bobo doll study shows that children can learn aggression in which of the following ways?

Through observation

Which of the following situations best describes the conditions under which near transfer takes place?

Transfer occurs between two situations that are very similar to one another.

A behaviorist's research would most likely address which of the following questions?

Under what conditions are children likely to share toys with others?

Short-term or "working" memory is retained for approximately how long?

Up to 30 seconds

Sensory memory lasts approximately how long?

Up to several seconds

A teacher who uses pop quizzes to reinforce good study behaviors is using which of the following schedules of reinforcement?

Variable-interval schedule

A concept map is best described as which of the following?

Visual representations of a concept's connections and hierarchical organization

Of the following scenarios, which is the best example of associative learning?

When Douglas asks a good question, the teacher smiles.

Which of the following scenarios best depicts elaboration?

When his class studied primates, John recalled the monkeys he saw at a zoo earlier that year.

In operant conditioning, reinforcement occurs when:

a stimulus increases the frequency of an undesired response.

The importance of associative learning is emphasized in the ________ approach to learning.

behavioral

Renaldo refuses any suggestion that girls are just as good as boys at athletics. Even as some of the girls in class provide examples of famous female athletes, he refuses to listen or acknowledge their evidence. What type of thinking is Renaldo engaging in?

belief perseverance

Consider the following list of words that is read aloud to student volunteers: cat, dog, hat, goat, boat, boy, girl, plane, sun, moon. According to the serial position effect, a student displaying primacy will most likely remember which of the following words from this list?

cat

Sully has a painful experience at the dentist's. The next time his mother brings him to the dentist's, Sully gets tense and anxious. In this situation, the dentist is the:

conditioned stimulus.

A teacher writes down the consequences of misconduct and rewards for good behavior on a sheet of paper. She then gets the students of her class to sign it. Both the teacher and the students agree to the codes of conduct and the consequences for misconduct mentioned on the sheet. The teacher typically refers to this sheet as a guide to controlling classroom behavior. This is an example of:

contracting

Mrs. Diaz has introduced the problem of school vandalism in a faculty meeting. She understands that there are multiple ways to address this problem and asks the faculty to consider the different possibilities for a discussion at the next meeting. However, one teacher, Ms. Villeroy, vehemently protests, stating that there is no need for creative guesswork. The only way to effectively address this problem is to expel students. From what type of thinking has Ms. Villeroy responded to Mrs. Diaz's request?

convergent thinking

John is listening to the news on his radio while gardening. This is an example of:

divided attention.

Which of the following five steps in the creative process covers the longest span of time and involves the hardest work?

elaboration

When an employee remembers the first manager who came and spoke to them on their first day of work, the event is most likely to be stored in the employee's:

episodic memory

Identify the step in the creative process in which an individual usually decides whether an idea is important and worth pursuing.

evaluation

Sully has a painful experience at the dentist's. The next time his mother brings him to the dentist's, Sully gets tense and anxious. Sully's mother then takes him to a new dentist, Dr. Theron, who makes sure that Sully's visits are painless. Sully is anxious at first, but after a few visits, he no longer resists going to the new dentist. Sully's change in behavior can probably be best explained in terms of which of the following?

extinction

John conducts a math quiz for his class. He awards his students a point for every second correct response they give. In this case, John is using a ________ to award his students.

fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement

Mrs. Clarke, a kindergarten teacher, is preparing for the beginning of the school year. She is putting up bright-colored paintings, drawings, and banners on the walls of her classroom. She also has bright, plastic tablecloths on the tables and bright painted baskets with each student's name on them. Much to her dismay, when the students begin school, she finds it difficult to get them to listen to her. From the perspective of memory, Mrs. Clarke having trouble with her students because the bright colors are:

grabbing the children's attention away from her.

The serial position effect states that recall:

is best for items that are positioned at the beginning and the end of a list.

Metacognitive strategies are best described as methods to encourage students to:

know about knowing.

Mrs. Berstein created an activity for her students, which consists of having to reflect on their own learning and knowledge so that students can be more attentive to the knowledge they possess. Which of the following activities is Mrs. Berstein encouraging in her students?

metacognition

All of the following uses of applied behavior analysis are especially important except:

modifying involuntary responses.

Which of the following would be recommended if someone wanted to be an expert?

motivation

The interference theory states that individuals forget information that has already been stored because:

other information gets in the way.

Finding appropriate strategies to reaching one's goal is best referred to as which of the following?

problem solving

Samantha participates in a dance competition in her school. She is nervous about performing in front of a huge audience. Therefore, she practices every day in front of her family members and with her local dance group. She believes that by practicing in this manner, she would be able to get rid of her anxiety. This is an example of:

systematic desensitization.

The most common types of aversive stimuli that teachers use are:

verbal reprimands.