EDUPSY Final

A ________ is the smallest unit of language that conveys some type of meaning. -letter -morpheme -phoneme -phonic

morpheme

What is a social role? -group's expectations regarding what is appropriate and acceptable for the thoughts and behavior of its members -group's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting -person's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting -socially defined pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group

socially defined pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group

Which researchers suggested that language determines thought? -Charles Spearman and Howard Gardner -Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf -Noam Chomsky and B. F. Skinner -Raymond Cattell and Robert Sternberg

Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf

What was the main idea behind Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development? -An individual's personality develops throughout the lifespan. -An individual's personality is determined in childhood. -Individuals are either introverts or extroverts. -The Electra complex caused women to be neurotic.

An individual's personality develops throughout the lifespan.

The ________ effect focuses on the influence of the group majority on an individual's judgment. -Asch -conformity -Dollard -social psychology

Asch

Although B. F. Skinner and John B. Watson refused to believe that thoughts and expectations play a role in learning, ________ suggested a cognitive aspect to learning. -Edward C. Tolman -Ivan Pavlov -Little Albert -Rosalie Rayner

Edward C. Tolman

The word ________ is both a morpheme and a phoneme. -Bob -I -thump -you

I

What was the primary finding of the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart? -Fraternal twins have very similar personalities whether raised together or apart. -Identical twins have very similar personality when raised together, but not when raised apart. -Identical twins, whether raised together or apart, have very similar personalities. -Twins of any kind have very similar personalities, regardless of where they are raised.

Identical twins, whether raised together or apart, have very similar personalities.

From ________ months old, children are most capable of using simple sentences such as "I see." 0 to 5 6 to 11 12 to 17 18 to 24

18 to 24

Kim believed he failed his math class because the test was too hard, passed his psychology class because the professor passed every student in the class, and didn't get the internship because the manager didn't like him. Julian Rotter would say that Kim has ________. -a dependent personality -an external locus of control -an internal locus of control -low self-efficacy

an external locus of control

Tasks that require you to compare, contrast, or evaluate are using the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence. -academic -analytical -creative -practical

analytical

Children whose parents have an authoritarian parenting style can be ________. -anxious, withdrawn, and unhappy -creative, moody, and flexible -disorganized, undisciplined, and sloppy -quiet, shy, humble

anxious, withdrawn, and unhappy

In Albert Bandura's social-cognitive theory, behavior refers to ________. -actions that are not internally motivated -anything an individual does that can be punished or rewarded -reactions that are externally motivated -specific actions that result in reactions

anything an individual does that can be punished or rewarded

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning. -associational -instinctive -processual -reflexive

associational

A(n) ________ is the evaluation of or feelings toward a person, idea, or object that are typically positive or negative. -attitude -cognition -feeling -sense

attitude

After the first few months of life, babies enter what is known as the ________ stage, during which time they tend to produce single syllables, such as buh-buh, that are repeated over and over. -babbling -baby talk -lexicon -phoneme

babbling

Don knows that drinking too much liquor is a costly habit that is bad for his health, but he continues to drink large amounts of liquor. He also thinks he is a smart person that makes good choices. Don feels some psychological discomfort from this contradiction, which is also called ________. -aggressive discord -cognitive dissonance -perceptive deception -peripheral dissension

cognitive dissonance

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning. -conditioned -latent -partial -primary

conditioned

The field of social psychology studies topics at the intrapersonal level. These topics include ________. -emotions and attitudes, the self, and social cognition -ethnographies, case studies, archives, and statistics -prejudice and discrimination, helping behavior, aggression, and group processes -society and social interaction, families, ecology, and religion

emotions and attitudes, the self, and social cognition

Mark and Rosa commit to support each other, but they have no real physical passion and do not share their thoughts and feelings. Their love is called ________. -companionate -consummate -empty -romantic

empty

Children who live in poverty perform worse on intelligence tests because they________. -are exposed to a greater degree of diversity, which causes their brains to function differently, thus resulting in a type of -intelligence that IQ tests do not measure are not encouraged to reach their potential -don't care about IQ testing -experience more pervasive daily stress, which affects how the brain functions and develops, thus causing a dip in IQ scores

experience more pervasive daily stress, which affects how the brain functions and develops, thus causing a dip in IQ scores

A(an) ________ locus of control is the belief that our outcomes are outside of our control; an ________ locus of control is the belief that we control our own outcomes. -congruent; incongruent -external; internal -internal; external -real; ideal

external; internal

Which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus? -acquisition -extinction -recovery -reflex

extinction

How can parents help their children achieve high congruence? -forcing them to be independent -giving them unconditional love -not allowing them to use their defense mechanisms -pointing out their mistakes

giving them unconditional love

The fact that English grammar dictates that most verbs end in-ed to indicate past tense is an example of the ________ component of language. -grammar -lexicon -syntax -thesaurus

grammar

Which term refers to the vocabulary of a language? -grammar -lexicon -morpheme -phoneme

grammar

Social psychology is a field that studies both interpersonal and intrapersonal behavior. Which of the following is an example of interpersonal behavior? attitudes emotions group processes social cognition

group processes

Tammy has a positive view of challenges: She views them as tasks to be mastered. She develops a deep interest in and a strong commitment to becoming a good teacher. When she doesn't pass her first teaching praxis, she quickly recovers and works to overcome the setback. Albert Bandura would say Tammy has ________. -healthy cognitive processes -high self-efficacy -low self-efficacy -moderate reciprocal determinism

high self-efficacy

Sigmund Freud suggested that people who are dominated by their ________ might be narcissistic and impulsive. -ego -id -superego -unconscious

id

The ________ approach to the study of personality came about in reaction to the dominance of Western approaches to the study of personality in non-Western settings. -culture -feminist -indigenous -Tell-me-a-story thematic Apperception Test (TEMAS)

indigenous

A(an) ________ complex refers to the feeling that one lacks worth and doesn't measure up to the standards of others or of society. -Freudian -inferiority -neurotic -psychosocial

inferiority

What are innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events, such as aging and the change of seasons? -conditions -instincts -operants -reflexes

instincts

In Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Theory, ________ intelligence and ________ intelligence are often combined into a single type: emotional intelligence. -interpersonal; intrapersonal -intrapersonal; naturalist -logical-mathematical; interpersonal -musical; linguistic

interpersonal; intrapersonal

Gabrielle watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielle's father is a ________. -cognition -model -response -stimulus

model

What is groupthink? -arguments between group members that result in the dissolution of the group -modification of the opinions of leadership to agree with the numerical minority -modification of the opinions of members of a group to align with what they believe is the group consensus -pressure from above on group members designed to eliminate leadership

modification of the opinions of members of a group to align with what they believe is the group consensus

In operant conditioning, ________ is when something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior. -negative reinforcement -positive reinforcement -punishment -punishment reinforcement

negative reinforcement

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________. -conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned response -neutral response and a conditioned response -neutral stimulus and a neutral response -neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

Dymesha watches her older sister do headstands. Dymesha falls over when she attempts to do a headstand herself. She watches her older sister more carefully, and she notices that her sister leans backward slightly to complete her headstand. Dymesha is then able to do headstands herself. Which type of learning is this? -classical -conditioning -observational -operant

observational

Self-efficacy is ________. -a state of being in which our thoughts about our real and ideal selves are very similar -our level of confidence in our own abilities -the belief that one's environment can determine behavior -the belief that we have power over our lives

our level of confidence in our own abilities

An archetype is a ________. -balance of opposing forces within one's personality -collective consciousness -feeling that one lacks worth and doesn't measure up to the standards of others or of society -pattern that exists in our collective unconscious across cultures and societies

pattern that exists in our collective unconscious across cultures and societies

Which type of persuasion involves an indirect route that relies on association of peripheral cues to associate positivity with a message? -cognitive route -foot-in-the-door -head-in-the-sand -peripheral route

peripheral route

Carissa's parents let her stay up as late as she wants. She is allowed to pick out her own clothes and decide when and what she wants to eat. Her parents act more like her friends than authority figures. What kind of parenting style is this? -authoritarian -authoritative -Freudian -permissive

permissive

Carl Jung referred to the ________ as the mask we adopt. -id -ideal self -persona -superego

persona

Immanuel Kant used the terms persistent, steadfast, and calm to describe a ________ person. -choleric -melancholic -phlegmatic -sanguine

phlegmatic

A(an) ________ is a basic sound unit of a given language. -audio -morpheme -phoneme -syntax

phoneme

________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities. -classical -operant -primary -secondary

primary

Which of the following is an example of latent learning? -a rabbit knowing to run away from an unleashed dog -earning tokens for good behavior and spending the tokens on good behavior prizes -learning karate from your best friend who takes karate lessons -remembering where the nearest gas station is when you unexpectedly run out of gas during your morning commute

remembering where the nearest gas station is when you unexpectedly run out of gas during your morning commute

Diane and Bruce share their intimate thoughts and emotions and are physically attracted to each other, but their love does not contain any expectations beyond that. Their love is called ________. -companionate -empty -liking -romantic

romantic

Following an outcome, ________ are those attributions that enable us to see ourselves in favorable light. -egocentric bias -fundamental bias -interpersonal bias -self-serving bias

self-serving bias

David attempts to minimize the costs of his relationship with Daniel while maximizing benefits. He enjoys Daniel's company, but he tries to avoid helping him move. This is an example of the ________ theory. -cognitive balance -group effect -individual exchange -social exchange

social exchange

To maximize learning, a ________ should be presented on a(n) ________ schedule. -CS + UCS; continuous -CS + UCS; intermittent -UCS alone; continuous -UCS alone; intermittent

CS + UCS; continuous

According to attachment theory, which of the following is not needed for healthy attachment? -Caregiver and child must engage in mutually enjoyable interactions. -Caregiver must be responsive to a child's emotional needs. -Caregiver must be responsive to a child's physical needs. -Caregiver must be responsive to a child's religious preference.

Caregiver must be responsive to a child's religious preference.

Which statement about Sternberg's triangular theory of love is incorrect? -Different aspects of love are hierarchical. For example, companionate love is much better and longer lasting than consummate love. -Different aspects of love might be more prevalent at different life stages. -Healthy relationships will have all three components of love: intimacy, passion, and commitment. -Seven types of love can be described from the three components of love.

Different aspects of love are hierarchical. For example, companionate love is much better and longer lasting than consummate love.

Which of the following is an example of a variable ratio reinforcement schedule? -Bill traveling to Myrtle Beach for vacation every June -Jeremy checking YouTube every morning before work -Joyce playing scratch-off lottery tickets -Nikita taking her dog to the vet once a year

Joyce playing scratch-off lottery tickets

According to Albert Bandura, ________. -Fear is a conditioned response. -Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say. -Learning is the result of reinforcing desired behavior at fixed intervals. -Organisms cannot learn if they do not receive immediate reinforcement.

Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say.

Carl Jung's view of extroverted and introverted types serves as a basis of the ________. -collective unconscious -Myers-Briggs Type Indicator -Rorschach Inkblot Test -Tell-me-a-story thematic Apperception Test (TEMAS)

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

Tom believes he is unable to stop gambling because his friends all gamble and are a bad influence; however, he believes that Barnaby is unable to stop gambling because Barnaby is addicted to gambling. This is an example of ________. -actor bias -actor-observer bias -cognitive dissonance -dissonant cognition

actor-observer bias

Ashley and Mikhail share their intimate thoughts and emotions, are physically attracted to each other, and agree to support each other. Their love is called ________. -consummate -fatuous -infatuation -romantic

consummate

________intelligence is marked by inventing or imagining a solution to a problem or situation. -analytic -creative -crystallized -practical

creative

Ina can no longer read the street signs, but she refuses to admit she needs glasses to drive. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify? -denial -displacement -rationalization -rejection

denial

Which of the following experiments involves the use of social learning theory? -blindfolding someone and timing her to see how long it takes her to determine what she is eating -determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if she is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting -pairing a puff of air to the eye with a handshake to see how long it will take someone to blink before offering her hand -rewarding a girl for finishing her homework with ice cream and counting how much homework she will complete before becoming sick of ice cream

determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if she is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting

Walter struggles to write legibly and has a difficult time putting his thoughts on paper. Which learning disability does he have? -attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) -comorbidity -dysgraphia -dyslexia

dysgraphia

The ________ personality is anxious, self-conscious, artistic, thoughtful, quiet, and private. -ectomorph -endomorph -mesomorph -somatomorph

ectomorph

Anywhere between 30-70% of individuals with diagnosed cases of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) also have some sort of ________. -brain damage -intellectual disability -learning disability -post-traumatic stress

learning disability

The following sentence misuses the word accept: "I'll take all the cupcakes accept the one with cream cheese icing." Which part of language involves knowing the proper use of the word accept? -concept -grammar -lexicon -prototype

lexicon

Nima excels at working with numbers in subjects such as calculus and algebra. This exemplifies ________ intelligence. -bodily kinesthetic -interpersonal -logical-mathematical -spatial

logical-mathematical

Which of the following is an example of the self-fulfilling prophecy? -telling blue-eyed people they are unattractive, then feeling bad and complimenting people with blue eyes to avoid feeling guilty -telling people you hate boy bands, then taking your child to a boy band fan club meeting -telling someone with dyslexia she cannot learn to read, leading her to become illiterate even though she could learn to read with a bit of extra effort -telling your spouse you hate his cooking, then taking over the cooking yourself to avoid food poisoning

telling someone with dyslexia she cannot learn to read, leading her to become illiterate even though she could learn to read with a bit of extra effort

From a psychological perspective, the term cognition means ________. -determining -processing -thinking -understanding

thinking

Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule? -fixed interval -fixed ratio -variable interval -variable ratio

variable ratio

Lauren is gifted in the area of body movement. Her ability to balance and coordinate her body's movement enables her to do well in basketball, baseball, and field hockey. Which area of intelligence does this exemplify? -bodily kinesthetic -intrapersonal -logical-mathematical -spatial

bodily kinesthetic

Which of the following statements about Howard Gardner is false? -He believed discussing IQ as standard deviations from average was inaccurate. -He developed a theory in which each person possesses at least eight intelligences. -He developed Multiple Intelligences Theory. -He was a former student of Erik Erikson.

He believed discussing IQ as standard deviations from average was inaccurate.

What is the advantage of applying learning approaches to the study of personality? -They are feminist. -They are multicultural. -They can be scientifically tested. -They use animal research.

They can be scientifically tested.

Ingrid is energized by being alone, speaks slowly and softly, and avoids attention. Carl Jung would call her a(an) ________. -extrovert -humanist -introvert -neo-Freudian

introvert

At what age can babies only discriminate among those phonemes that are used in the language(s) in their environments? -1-30 days old -6-8 months old -9-11 months old -12 months old

12 months old

Which of the following is an example of a self-serving bias? -Leonard attributes earning a good grade in his psychology class to the fact that he is an exceptionally hard working student who is also incredibly smart. He blames the poor grade he received in his sociology class on having a bad teacher who gave hard exams. -Leonard gets a bad grade in his psychology class and a good grade in his sociology class, so he believes he should study harder to prepare for his next psychology exam. -Leonard gets bad grades in sociology and psychology, so he switches his major to biology because he will like it more. -Leonard gets good grades in sociology and psychology, so he sends his professors a card thanking them for what good professors they are.

Leonard attributes earning a good grade in his psychology class to the fact that he is an exceptionally hard working student who is also incredibly smart. He blames the poor grade he received in his sociology class on having a bad teacher who gave hard exams.

What is the main difference between Sigmund Freud and the neo-Freudians? -Neo-Freudians reduced the emphasis on sex. -Neo-Freudians theorized about personality while Sigmund Freud did not. -Sigmund Freud did not emphasize childhood sexuality while the neo-Freudians did. -Sigmund Freud was a feminist while the neo-Freudians were not.

Neo-Freudians reduced the emphasis on sex.

What is the main idea of social learning theory? -Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments. -Fear is a conditioned response. -Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. -One can learn new behaviors by observing others.

One can learn new behaviors by observing others.

Which of the following is an example of stimulus generalization? -being conditioned not to laugh at hats -being conditioned to laugh at all kinds of hats -being conditioned to laugh when you see a top hat and cry when you see other kinds of hats -being conditioned to laugh when you see a top hat, then also laughing when you see other kinds of hats

being conditioned to laugh when you see a top hat, then also laughing when you see other kinds of hats

Which experiment involves the use of classical conditioning? -blindfolding someone and timing him to see how long he takes to find a button hidden in a room -determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if he is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting -knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student -rewarding a boy for finishing his vegetables with ice cream and counting how many nights of reinforcement are required before he voluntarily eats his vegetables

knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student

Which of the following is an example of a reflex: an unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment? -becoming angry at your friend for raising his voice -becoming bored at a wedding -sitting very still in the classroom -the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light

the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light