EES 199 Exam 3 (Dr. Hong)

The gently sloping submerged surface extending from the shoreline toward the deep ocean is termed the ____________.

Continental Shelf

Which one of the following water bodies has the highest surface salinity?

Dead Sea

Which of the following is not a source of dissolved ions in the sea water?

Earthquakes

How the oceans formed?

Either by volcanos outgassing or brought here by another source, such as ice comets

Which of the following processes or events is likely to increase salinity?

Evaporation

(TRUE or FALSE) Kentucky has been covered, at least in part, by a glacier numerous times during the last ice age

False

(True or False) General tidal pattern is characterized by one high tide and one low tide per day.

False

(True or False) Sodium is the most prevalent ion in seawater.

False

(True or False) The average depth of the ocean is double the average land elevation of the continents?

False

(True or False) The salinity of our oceans is completely explained by the chemical weathering of rocks on land.

False

(True or False) The wave height and the wavelength increase as a Tsunami approaches the shore.

False

(True or False) Volcanic activity is often associated with passive continental margin.

False

Hydrothermal Vents

Fissure on the sea floor where geothermally heated water discharges

Polar Ice

If all were to melt, sea levels would rise 70 m, and evidence shows the polar ice is melting and warming in the ocean

Which of the following ocean basins is predominantly in the Southern Hemisphere?

Indian Ocean

Which of the following is not considered a major or abundant component of dissolved material in seawater?

Bromine

HMS Beagle (1831‐1836)

Mapped South American Coastline

Spring Tides happen during Full and _______moons and Neap Tides happen during________ moons. (short answer)

New, Quarter

Does the salinity of the ocean continue to increase?

No

The most extensive mountain range on Earth extends for about 65,000 kilometers on the ocean floor is known as the _____________.

Oceanic Ridge

What are the four largest water reservoirs on earth in descending order?

Oceans, Glaciers, Groundwater, Lakes

In the open sea, the movement of water particles in a wave becomes negligible at a depth equal to about ____________ the wavelength.

One half

What is the largest ocean in the world?

Pacific

Glaciers

Rivers and lakes of ice, sometimes moving, covers 10% of the Earth's land surface and holds 2% of Earth's water

The proportion or total amount of the solid material dissolved in a water sample defines the _________. (short answer)

Salinity

Seas

Seas are smaller than oceans and are partly or mostly landlocked, with the notable being the Mediterranean which is between Europe and Africa

Causes of Glaciation

Shape of Earth's Orbit, Angle of Earths Axis, and Earths Axis Wobble

What powers the hydrologic (water) cycle?

Solar Energy

The largest daily tidal ranges are associated with ____________ tide.

Spring

The continental margin of Eastern US is similar to __________.

The Atlantic coast of South America

Wave Refraction

The bending of the wave as it approaches the shoreline.

HMS Challenger (1872‐1876)

The first comprehensive study of the earth's oceans

Tides are mostly caused by_____________.

The moons pull of gravity on the Earth

North Vs. South Hemisphere

The southern has less overall seasonal temperature differences but has more ocean surface. It also has a hotter summer because the earth is closest to the sun in January.

Oceanography

The study of the composition of seawater, movement of seawater, seafloor topography, coastal processes, and marine life

Tides

change of elevation of the sea

Why study glaciers?

created today's landscaping, provide fresh water, and created KY agriculture soil (loess)

In the US, the largest amount of fresh water withdrew is used for _________________.

irrigation and power generation

The total amount of water on Earth ______.

is fairly constant

Beach Drift

movement of particles of sediment in a zigzag pattern along a beach

Deep-Ocean

movement/circulation from the ocean's surface to its bottom

Surface

movement/circulation that occurs at or near the ocean's surface

Longshore Current

ocean current that moves parallel to shore

Ocean Salinity

ratio of the mass of the dissolved substances to the mass of the seawater sample. 35%

Sonar

the amount of time it takes sound waves to bounce off the seafloor provides the depth and topography of the seafloor

Mid-Ocean Ridge

topographic high located in the "middle" of an ocean

Zone of Aeration

upper soil layers that hold both air and water

The upper limit of the zone of saturation is called the __________

water table

approximately ____________ percent of Earth's area is represented by oceans and marginal seas

70

Approximately how fast do Tsunami waves travel in the open ocean?

800 km/hour

Storm Surge

A dome of water 65‐80km (40-50 mi) wide and a few meters in height that sweeps across the coast.

What is an aquifer?

A reservoir of ground water (Confined, Unconfined, Perched)

Hydrosphere

All the water at and near the surface of the earth, 97% of which is in oceans.

What is the Ice Age?

Any period of time during which glaciers covered a large part of the earth's surface (glacial + interglacial)

How much of the earth surface is covered by water?

Around 71%

What is the smallest ocean in the world?

Artic

Tsunami

a very large sea wave induced by earthquakes, landslides, or volcanic eruptions

Ocean Basin Floor

area between continental margin and mid‐ocean ridge

Continental Margins

areas adjacent to land masses

The main 3 spheres of the earth

1. Atmosphere 2. Hydrosphere 3. Lithosphere

Where do these dissolved substances in seawater come from?

1. Chemical weathers of rocks on land 2. Outgassing 3. Hydrothermal Vent

High Tech Oceanography Instruments

1. Multi-Beam Sonar 2. Ships with drilling platforms 3. Deep-diving submarines (Joides Resolution) 4. Satellites

Great Ice Age

18,000 Years Ago, 30% of the Earth's surface was covered by ice, and sea levels drop 100 or more

Seawater consists of about _______ percent (by weight) of dissolved mineral substances.

3.5

What is the average depth of the oceans?

3800m

The Oceans

There are 5 Major Oceans, with the deepest and largest being the Pacific, and contains half of the world's oceans, followed by the Atlantic, Indian, Artic, and Antarctic

(True or False) 'Wind' is the driving force for water movement/circulation that occurs at or near the ocean's surface.

True

(True or False) If there were no currents, waves, and tides, the elevation of water would be slightly higher above ocean ridges.

True

(True or False) Longshore current moves much more sediment than Beach drift.

True

(True or False) Low latitude seas have higher salt concentrations.

True

(True or False) Ratios between many major elements are constant all over the ocean, even though salinity varies.

True

(True or False) The hydrosphere contains the ice, liquid water, water vapor, and chemically bound water to minerals of the Earth.

True

(True or False) The tide‐generating potential of the Sun is about half that of the Moon.

True

(True or False) Zone of aerations are the pore spaces not filled with water

True

Which problem is NOTterm-76 caused by ground water withdrawal?

Volcano Eruptions

The Southern Hemisphere is often referred toas the "______ hemisphere

Water

Ground Water

Water found below the Earth's surface. 40% of all water used in the US