Effects of HIV infection on the immune system

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Cells Harbor HIV as a Silent Provirus for long periods

• HIV Virus is protected from immune system attacks until the virus is stimulated to multiply and display viral antigens.

Cells Harbor HIV as a Silent Provirus for long periods

▪ A provirus is a virus genome that is integrated into the DNA of the host cell and in the proviral state.

Damage to Lymphoid Tissues

▪ Can be seen in late HIV infection.

CD4 T Helper Cells

▪ Decreased CD4 cells in the hallmark of HIV infection.

Other Immunologic Abnormalities

▪ Decreased NK cell activity.

Other Immunologic Abnormalities

▪ Defective antigen presentation and oxidative burst by the monocytes and macrophages.

Gastrointestinal Immune System (GALT)

▪ HIV causes a rapid depletion of CCR5, CD4 memory T cells in the GALT

Th17 Helper Cells

▪ Impaired function in HIV patients.

Gastrointestinal Immune System (GALT)

▪ Largest immune organ in the body

Damage to Lymphoid Tissues

▪ Loss of germinal centers and follicular dendritic cells results in the inability to activate T and B lymphocytes.

Downregulate Production of Class 1 MHC Molecules on the surface of host cells

▪ Making it difficult for CTL to recognize infected cells.

Gastrointestinal Immune System (GALT)

▪ Most affected immune organ.

CD4 T Helper Cells

▪ Most severely affected cells

Ineffective Immune Response

▪ Not enough to completely eliminate virus

CD4 T Helper Cells

▪ Plays a central role in the immune system by regulating B and T lymphocyte activity, thus destruction of these cells results in decrease effectiveness of both Antibody and Cell Mediated Immune response.

Th17 Helper Cells

▪ Plays an important role in homeostasis of the epithelial cell lining of the intestinal mucosa in the secretion of antimicrobial defenses.

Downregulate Production of Class 1 MHC Molecules on the surface of host cells

▪ Protected from CTL recognition.

Cells Harbor HIV as a Silent Provirus for long periods

▪ These cells include resting CD4 T cells, dendritic cells, cells of monocyte and macrophage lineage, and microglial cells.

Th17 Helper Cells

▪ This depletion results to the damage to intestinal barrier and leakage of lipopolysaccharides into the plasma

CD4 T Helper Cells

▪ Thought to be killed and made non-functional by HIV.

Ineffective Immune Response

▪ Virus undergoes rapid genetic mutations which creates an escape? mutants with altered antigens towards which the host immune responses are ineffective.


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