EKG Ch 1-3

Normal breathing is approximately how many respirations per minute in an adult?​

20

A normal healthy pulse pressure should be in the range of ___________.​

40 mm Hg

The normal adult will have a stroke volume of how many milliliters (mL) per heartbeat?​

70 mL

In normally functioning hearts, what percentage of the blood leaving the atria is dumped freely into the ventricles?​

70-85%

Which of the following is a progressive lung disease that worsens over time, preventing a person from being able to breathe because of damage to the alveoli or thickening of the bronchi?​

COPD

Which of the following is considered a waste product in the body?​

Carbon dioxide

What do intercalated discs allow? ​

Cardiac muscle to create synchronized contractions.

Veins carry what type of blood back to the heart so the cycle can repeat?​

Deoxygenated

Hypertension disease has a strong link to the body retaining which of the following?​

Excessive fluids

What is the process of inhaling and exhaling by breathing called?​

External respiration

Which of the following occurs when the body's core temperature is reduced below normal?​

Hypothermia

What does the blood pressure measurement record?​

Peripheral vascular resistance

​Which of the following is the first of three electrical changes the myocardial cells experience?

Polarization

What artery carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs from the right ventricle?​

Pulmonary

Which of the following represents the blood flow between the heart and the lungs?​

Pulmonary circulation

What reflects the highest resistance or maximum pressure when the heart contracts?​

Systolic blood pressure

What is the primary function of the thyroid gland?​

To control metabolism

In the heart, the mid-sagittal plane is often divided along what heart wall?

Vertical septa

Blood pressure, vascular resistance, and body temperature are decreased and blood flow and heart rate are increased in _____________________.​

​ vasodilatation

​A typical adult male heart weighs approximately how many ounces?

​10-12 ounces

The human body is composed of approximately what percentage of water?​

​60%

Which of the following is the amount of resistance the heart must use to pump the blood through the cardiovascular system?

​Afterload

Which of the following controls systemic blood flow and determines total peripheral resistance?​

​Arterioles

____________ is the pacemaker cardiac cells ability to spontaneously generate an electrical impulse without outside stimulation or stimulation by the nervous system.​

​Automaticity

Which of the following is a subdivision of the anterior nodal pathway and is the electrical impulse that travels to the left atrium?​

​Bachmann's Bundle

What is computed by multiplying cardiac output by peripheral vascular resistance?​

​Blood pressure

What hormone is secreted from the ventricles of the heart when the heart is under increased pressure and stress?​

​Brain natriuretic peptide

The parathyroid needs what hormone released by the thyroid gland in order to function?​

​Calcitonin

In the heart, what plays a role in generating impulses and mediating the heart's pacemaker function?​

​Calcium

Which of the following are very thin and fragile blood vessels?

​Capillaries

Which of the following plays the important role of exchanging oxygen and nutrients or waste for the other vessels to transport?​

​Capillaries

What type of muscle tissue has the ability to contract and conduct electrical impulses?​

​Cardiac

Pulse pressure is a good indicator of which of the following?​

​Cardiac output

What is measured by multiplying the heart rate by the stroke volume?​

​Cardiac output

What are positive ions called?

​Cations

What system sets the proper heart rate based on the body's demand for oxygen?​

​Conduction

Which of the following is often referred to as the "rhythmic" cardiac cell function because the myocardial cells produce a heartbeat in response to electrical stimulus created by the pacemaker cardiac cells?​

​Contractibility

Most of the veins of the heart muscle drain into which of the following vessels?​

​Coronary sinus

What is the most common disease associated to autonomic nerve damage or autonomic failure?​

​Diabetes

Without intervention, what disease can lead to end stage renal disease and kidney dysfunction?​

​Diabetes

What type of strokes are caused by a blood clot that forms somewhere in the body and travels to the brain, where the clot then blocks blood flow?​

​Embolic

What type of tissue is the smooth outer layer of the heart wall where the coronary arteries are located?​

​Epicardium

Which of the following cells provide protection from microbial invasions, selective absorption, and transcellular transportation?

​Epithelial

Which of the following is the only physiological way the body can lose heat?​

​Evaporation

Which of the following is referred to as irritability of the cardiac cells because the cells are responding to stimulus?​

​Excitability

Where does the main source of brain energy come from?​

​Glucose

What is the number of heart beats in a minute called?​

​Heart rate

What is the process of stabilizing the body's internal environment so that all of the body's organs work optimally?​

​Homeostasis

What would cause reduced plasma osmolality and excessive urination?​

​Hyponatremia

Which of the following veins drains deoxygenated blood from the body below the heart into the right atrium?​

​Inferior vena cava

What is the process of gas exchange within the systemic capillaries called?​

​Internal expiration

High blood potassium, called hyperkalemia, can cause which of the following?​

​Irregular heartbeat

What is the drug of choice for controlling ventricular tachycardia?​

​Magnesium

What is returned to the heart via several major veins?​

​Metabolic waste

Smooth muscle cells are found in blood vessels and provide which of the following functions?​

​Moving and controlling fluids through the blood vessels.

The middle layer of the heart wall is composed of what type of tissue?​

​Myocardium

What type of heart tissue is responsible for the heart contractions?​

​Myocardium

What type of tissue is thicker in the ventricles than it is in the atrium because the muscle is needed to push blood into the lungs or body with each contraction?​

​Myocardium

In the cardiac cells' resting state, the electrolytes within the cell carry what type of charge?​

​Negative

The process of creating an electrical impulse can only occur in what type of cells?​

​Pacemaker

Within the heart, what type of muscles hold the tricuspid and mitral valves in place along the ventricle walls?​

​Papillary

What plays an important role in preventing friction during the normal movement of the heart during contractions?​

​Pericardial fluid

Which of the following contains a tough inelastic outer surface known as the parietal pericardium?​

​Pericardial sac

Hormones from what gland control the other glands in the endocrine system?​

​Pituitary

Which of the following is required by the body to build proteins and muscles?​

​Potassium

What valve, when closed, holds blood in the right ventricle until a contraction opens the valve and allows the blood to be pumped into the lungs?​

​Pulmonic

What muscular membrane separates the heart chambers medially into right and left sides?​

​Septum

Which of the following is considered the heart's primary pacemaker?​

​Sinoatrial (SA) node

Which of the following is classified as a dietary inorganic macro-mineral which is essential for animal life?​

​Sodium

Which of the following means a formation that is platelike or consisting of scales?​

​Squama

What system is often referred to as the heart's "fight-or-flight" response?​

​Sympathetic nervous system

What type of circulation is blood flow to the entire body except the lungs?​

​Systemic

What is total peripheral resistance (TPR) determined by?​

​Systemic circulation

What is the contraction phase in the heartbeat called?​

​Systole

What internodal pathway leaves the SA node and travels through the right atrial muscle posteriorly toward the AV node?​

​Thorel's pathway

What is the function of the AV node?​

​To accept and slow the electrical impulse from the SA node

What is the purpose of the bundle of His?​

​To act as a passage way between the upper and lower chambers of the heart

What is the diaphragm's main purpose?​

​To control breathing

What is the purpose of the heart septa wall?​

​To prevent the blood from mixing.

What is the function of the parathyroid gland?​

​To regulate the calcium levels throughout the body

Which of the following is the primary connector between the brain and the heart?​

​Vagus nerve

Which of the following decreases blood flow and heart rate?​

​Vasoconstriction

Which of the following would be a primary source of potassium?​

​White beans

The largest blood vessel in the body is an artery called the _____________.​

​aorta

Within the four heart chambers, the _________ is/are upper or superior right and left chambers.​

​atria

When the SA node is not working correctly, the heart has a backup pacemaker called the ____________________.​

​atrioventricular (AV) node

When all four heart valves are operating correctly, the valves should open and close completely once each ______________.

​cardiac cycle

Cardio myocytes consist of cardiac working cells responsible for ___________.​

​contractions

Excessive perspiration is usually not normal and is called ____________.​

​diaphoresis

The process of creating aNo____________can only occur in the pacemaker cells that are found in specific regions of the heart.​

​electrical impulse

Increased heart rate occurs when the sympathetic nerve fibers release ___________.​

​epinephrine

A major vein located within the heart that begins along the anterior ventricles in the apex of the heart is known as the _________________ vein.​

​great coronary

​The largest part of the human heart is composed of four hollow cavities referred to as the _______________________.

​heart chambers

Not having enough cardiac output can attribute to ___________.​

​hypertension

Through metabolism all the ____________ in the body are regulated.​

​nutrients

The heart is surrounded by a protective fibrous membrane called the__________.​

​pericardium

An extrasystole is a _______________.​

​premature rhythm

To calculate ___________, subtract the diastolic blood pressure from the systolic blood pressure.​

​pulse pressure

Repolarization is synonymous with ___________.​

​resting and recovery

The more blood that can fill the ventricles in one atrial contraction equates to a higher ______________.​

​stroke volume