Element Families (Study Guide)

When you go from top to bottom on the Periodic table, what increases?

- # of electrons increase - Atomic numbers increase

When you go from left to right on the Periodic Table, what increases?

- # of protons increase - # of electrons increase - Atomic numbers increase

Name some physical characteristics of the Rare Earth Actinides

- All are radioactive, most are synthetic - Some used as energy source in nuclear power plants and nuclear weapons - All are pyrophoric, meaning they catch on fire when they react with air

Name some physical characteristics of the Noble Gases

- All gases at room temperature - Colorless - Odorless

Name some physical characteristics of the Metalloids

- Brittle - Can be shiny or dull - Can be ductile or malleable - Used as semiconductors in electronics

Name some physical characteristics of the Non-Metals

- Brittle - Dull in appearance, no luster - Not ductile or malleable - Poor conductors of heat/electricity - Many family members form essential organic compounds necessary for life

When you go from right to left on the Periodic Table, what decreases?

- Electronegativity decreases

Name some physical characteristics of the Transition Metals

- Elements/compounds brightly colored - Good conductors of heat/electricity - Very malleable and ductile - Have the highest average densities of any other elements - Often found as pure stable elements in nature

Name some chemical characteristics of the Rare Earth Lanthanides

- Form trivalent cations by giving electrons to Non-metals and Halogens

Name some chemical characteristics of the Non-Metals

- Have 3-6 valence electrons - Usually gain electrons when bonding

Name some chemical characteristics of the Halogens

- Have 7 valence electrons - Most reactive nonmetals - Never found uncombined in nature - Form anions when bonding - Form compounds called "salts" when they combine with Alkali metals - Form "acids" when bonding with Hydrogen

Name some chemical characteristics of the Metalloids

- Have properties of metals and nonmetals - Metal-like, mostly bond like nonmetals - Have 3 to 6 valence electrons

Name some chemical characteristics of the Post-Transition Metals

- Located in groups between 13 and 16 - They have 3 or 6 valence electrons, considered chemically weak because they usually form anions

Name some chemical characteristics of the Transition Metals

- Most elements have 1 or 2 valence electrons - Pool electrons when bonding - Least reactive of the metals

Name some chemical characteristics of the Alkali Earth Metals

- Most reactive metals - Always combined in nature - React violently with water - Have 1 valence electron - Lose one electron to form cations when bonding - Usually bond with the Halogens to form salts.

Name some chemical characteristics of the Rare Earth Actinides

- React frequently with elements in group 16 and 17, Non-metals and Halogens

Name some chemical characteristics of the Alkaline Earth Metals

- Reactive, not as reactive as Alkali Metals - Always combined in nature - Have 2 valence electrons - Lose 2 electrons when bonding, to form cations

Name some physical characteristics of the Alkaline Earth Metals

- Similar to Alkali Metals * Soft enough to be cut with a knife * Silvery or white in appearance * Good conductors of heat/electricity

Name some physical characteristics of the Alkali Earth Metals

- Soft enough to be cut with a knife - Silvery or white in appearance - Good conductors of heat/electricity

Name some physical characteristics of the Rare Earth Lanthanides

- Soft, malleable, high luster and conductivity - Used in industry to make various alloys and high-quality glass

Name some physical characteristics of the Halogens

- Special type of nonmetals - Most reactive nonmetals - Appearance similar to nonmetals - Only element family to have at least one member as a gas, a liquid, and a solid at room temperature

Name some physical characteristics of the Post-Transition Metals

- Though metallic, these metals are poor conductors of heat and electricity - Have lower melting and boiling points than transition metals - They are cheaper than most other metals - Have poor mechanical strength

Name some chemical characteristics of the Noble Gases

- Usually unreactive - Rarely combined in nature - Valence shell is full, no need to bond since the atoms of these elements have their octet (full outer shell) already

When you start from the middle of the Periodic table, where the Transition Metals are, and move outward, what increases?

- reactivity

Name the family with the following elements: Lithium (Li), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Rubidium (Rb), Cesium (Cs) and Francium (Fr).

Alkali Earth Metals

Name the family with the following elements: Beryllium (Be), Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca), Strontium (Sr), Barium (Ba), and Radium (Ra).

Alkaline Earth Metals

Name the family with some of the following elements: Fluorine (F), Chlorine (Cl), Bromine (Br), Iodine (I), Astatine (At), etc.

Halogens

Name the family with some of the following elements: Boron (B), Silicon (Si), Arsenic (As), Tellurium (Te), Polonium (Po), etc.

Metalloids

Name the family with some of the following elements: Helium (He), Neon (Ne), Argon (Ar), Krypton (Kr), Xenon (Xe), Radon (Rn), etc.

Noble Gases

Name the family with the following elements: Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Nitrogen (N), Oxygen (O), Phosphorus (P), Sulfur (S), and Selenium (Se).

Non-metals

Name the family with some of the following elements: Gallium (Ga), Indium (In), Tin (Sn), Lead (Pb), Bismuth (Bi), etc.

Post-Transition Metals

Name the family with some of the following elements: Actinium (Ac), Thorium (Th), Protactinium (Pa), Uranium (U), Neptunium (Np), etc.

Rare Earth Actinides

Name the family with some of the following elements: Lanthanum (La), Cerium (Ce), Praseodymium (Pr), Neodymium (Nd), Promethium (Pm), etc.

Rare Earth Lanthanides

Name the family with some of the following elements: Scandium (Sc), Titanium (Ti), Vanadium (V), Chromium (Cr), Manganese (Mn), etc.

Transition Metals