Embalming ch 6

formalin is __% gas by mass, and __% gas by volume

37, 40

Modifying agents include

Buffers, anticoagulants, surfactants, and humectants,

formaldehyde's line formula is ____, its molecular formula is ____

HCHO, CH2O

The 6 general chemical groups that provide the basic components of the various embalming formulations are:

Preservatives, disinfectants (germicides), modifying agents, dyes, perfuming agents, and vehicles

a group of chemicals used in addition to vascular and cavity embalming fluids, most are applied to the body surface, for example, gels and powders.

accessory chemicals

dyes that color tissues

active dyes

eosin, erythrosine, ponceau, flourescein, amaranth, and carmine are all

active dyes

the important requirement of an _________ is that it possesses denaturing and cross linking properties that enable it to produce a firm tissue

aldehyde

buffers are usually paired with

anticoagulants

used to maintain blood in liquid state/ assist in vascular drainage, helps achieve greater firming, too much may interfere w/ proper drainage or reduce strength of formaldehyde, inhibits clotting

anticoagulants (water conditioners/ softeners)

the concentrated, preservative embalming chemical that will be diluted with water to form the arterial solution for injection into the arterial system during vascular embalming

arterial fluid (embalming/vascular/preservative fluid)

the in use solution composed of the concentrated embalming fluid diluted with water and other additive (supplamental) chemicals for injection into the body

arterial solution ( embalming solution, primary dilution)

found to be a good, efficient stabilizer of formalin, reduces hardening and greying actions of formaldehyde, keeps it stable beyond 2 years

borates

examples of buffers paired with anticoagulants include

borates, carbonates, phosphates, and salts of EDTA

agents that serve to control the acid-base balance of fluids and tissues

buffers

concentrated embalming chemicals which are injected into the body following aspiration in cavity embalming. this chemical can also be used for surface and hypodermic embalming

cavity fluid

humectants bring about

cellular dehydration

the 2 types of dyes (coloring agents) are:

cosmetic (active), and non-cosmetic (inactive)

natural coloring agents include

cudbear, carmine, and cochineal

the final products of formaldehyde reacting to proteins is

dehydration and firmness of tissues

2 aldehydes forming a functional group on the same material

dialdehyde

vehicles are also called

dilutents

produce an internal cosmetic effect, active and inactive, , natural or synthetic

dyes (coloring agents)

synthetic coloring agents include

eosin, erythrosine, ponceau, and amaranth

formaldehyde achieves preservation by cross linking the proteins of the peptide linkage. other terms for this are:

fixating, denaturing, and coagulating of proteins

colorless gas at ambient temperature, strong odor, very soluble in water

formaldehyde

the most common substances present in embalming fluid are

formaldehyde and methyl alcohol

index refers only to the amount of

formaldehyde gas present in 100 ml of water

produced by lightning, essential for human biology, , vaccines, constructions, decaf coffee

formaldehyde/ formaldehyde type preservatives

an aqueous solution containing 37% formaldehyde gas mixed in water, or water and methyl alcohol

formalin

disinfectants are also called

germicides

reacts through cross linking to insolubilize both proteins and polyhydroxy compounds, ability of reacting to proteins over a wider ph range, liquid at ambient temp. less moisture removed than w/ formaldehyde

glutaraldehyde

not a germicide or preservative, enhances the germ killing power of other chemicals, helps prevent dehydration, hydroscopic (affinity for moisture) retained in tissues

glycerine

yellowish, aqueous solution, stains tissue yellow, limiting it to only be used for cavity fluid formations

glyoxal

provide 3-5 days of temporary preservation, no need for osha sds, biodegradeable, environmentally safe, do not produce firmness, non toxic

green/ natural burial fluids

agents that help to control tissue moisture balance

humectants

bring about cellular dehydration and make tissue more rubbery

humectants

examples include glycerin, sorbitol, glycol, and polyhydroxal alcohols

humectants

have a coating action, bring about cellular hydration, make tissue more flexible/rubbery, may be called plasticizing agents in some instances because of their pliability affects

humectants

dyes that merely lend color to the fluids in the bottle

inactive dyes

% strength of embalming fluid, amount of absolute formaldehyde gas present by volume

index

______ _____ are used in conjunction with preservatives

modifying agents

control the rate of action of embalming formulations, if used alone has adverse effects with good embalming, such as searing the walls of the capillaries

modifying agents

neccessary to control the rate of fixation so that the firming action is delayed long enough to permit thorough saturation of tissue cells

modifying agents

a solid form of formaldehyde, the precipitate of formaldehyde

paraformaldehyde

white powdery solid (85 to 99% formaldehyde) used when powdered preparations are involved

paraformaldehyde

have power of covering harsh chemicals, producing pleasent odor, most commonly used ones are sassafrass, oil of wintergreen, and benzaldehyde

perfuming materials (masking agents, deoderants)

known as carbolic acid, cheifly used as cavity fluid, produces putty grey tissue, bleaching agent, used for bodies in med school, does not produce a detectable firmness of tissues, a triple base fluid

phenol

fixitive chemical agents that react with proteins, changes them from easily decomposed to proteins that will not undergo putrefaction

preservatives

5 out of the 6 things added to embalming fluid are added to

prevent the adverse effects of formaldehyde

arterial solution is also called

primary dilution

the three key things to embalming are

sanitation, temporary preservation, and presentation

fluids designed for use with special body conditions such as jaundice or bodies requiring a high preservative demand as seen in bodies with renal failure, extensive burns, or decomposition

special purpose fluids

when mixing water with formaldehyde, alcohol is added to

stabilize it

fluid injected for purposes other than preservation and disinfection. some are injected before the preservative solution, others injected with it. (preinjection and coinjection fluids, water corrective fluids)

supplemental fluid

wetting agents, surface tension reducers, penetrating agents, or surface active agents

surfactants

removes body liquids by reducing surface tension

surfactants (wetting agents)

works by 1- lowering surface tension, 2- reducing capillary attraction, 3- increasing ability of the solution to filter through the semipermiable capillary walls

surfactants (wetting agents)

another polymer of formaldehyde, a colorless crystalline material with an odor resembling chloroform, more expensive than formaldehyde, so too costly for embalming

trioxane

liquid that serves as a solvent for the numerous ingredients inncorperated into embalming fluid, must be a physical balance between formulation and vehicle

vehicles (dilutents)

sometimes called carrier, must be a solvent or mixture of solvents to keep the active substances in a stable/ uniform state during transport through the circulatory system to all parts of the body

vehicles (dilutents)

the most common vehicle is

water

anticoagulants are also called

water conditioning agents

modifying agents, W.H.I.B.S:

wetting agents, humectants, inorganic salts, buffers, surfactants