EMIS Exam 3 Study Guide

Note taking software

-program used by students and businesspeople to take notes during class lectures, meetings, and similar settings

S: Give 3 examples of wireless network technology

1. RF signals (transceiver) 2. Microwaves 3. Infrared light

S: Describe the steps of the operating system

1. User 2. Operating System (operating system starts the requested program) 3. User 4. Application program 5. Operating system (sends document to the printer) 6. Printer

List and explain the 3 functions of an operating system.

1. intermediary between the user and the computer and application programs and a computer's hardware. 2. determining the devices connected to the computer during the boot process where it configures all the devices connected to a computer 3. manages computer resources such as CPU, memory, secondary storage, and Network including naming, protecting, sharing, and communication.

Explain the distribution categories of software: commercial software, shareware, freeware, public domain software, and open source software. Give examples of each.

Commercial software is a software program that is developed and then sold for a profit. An example of commercial software is Microsoft Office. Sharewear programs are software that is distributed on the honor system, consumers should either pay for it or uninstall it after the trial period. An example of sharewear is WinZip file compressing program. Freeware programs are software that must be used free of charge. An example of freewear is Chrome. Public domain software is a software program that is not copyrighted. An example of this is Lynx. Open source software is software with source code that anyone can inspect, modify, and enhance. An example of open source software is Wikipedia.

Identify operating systems for desktops (5)

DOS: dominant operating system for PCs during the 80s and 90s including PC-DOS and MS-DOS, which are both now obsolete Windows: the predominant operating system for personal computers OS X: operating system for Apple computers UNIX: an operating system developed in the late 60s for servers and mainframes, many variations are still used to this day Linux: an open source operating system that is available without charge over the internet

List and briefly explain data transmission characteristics.

Data transmission has specific characteristics and can travel over a network in many different ways. Some common characteristics including bandwidth, analog signals, digital signals, serial transmission, and parallel transmission. The bandwidth is the amount of data that can be transferred, such as via a bus, in a given time period. Throughput is the amount of data that is transferred under real-life conditions. Analog signals is when data is represented by continuous waves whereas digital signals, the data is represented in binary form as either 0s or 1s. Serial transmission is when the bits in a byte travel down the same path one after the other. Parallel transmission is when a group of bits is transmitted at one time and each bit takes a separate path. Transmission timing can be separated into synchronous timing (where data is organized into groups or blocks that are transferred at regular and specified intervals), asynchronous timing (where data is sent when it is ready to be sent without being synchronized), and isochronous timing (where data must be delivered at the time it is needed).Transmission type and timing involve distinctions in the direction of movement of transmitted data. There is simplex transmission, half-duplex transmission, and full-duplex transmission. Simplex transmission is where data only travels in a single direction, like a mouse to the computer. Half-duplex transmission is where data can only travel in either direction but only in 1 direction at a time. Full-duplex transmission is where data can move in both directions at the same time.

S___ ___ are programs used to communicate with peripheral devices like your keyboard

Device Drivers

Explain differences that are found between operating systems: embedded vs. mobile

Embedded operating systems are built into consumers products. Mobile operating systems are built into and used for mobile devices. Mobile apps are more compact, efficient, and include features for easy data input like the onscreen keyboard.

Frequencies are assigned by the _____ so that wireless networks can use radio signals to send data through airwaves

FCC (Federal communications commission)

Identify operating systems for mobile devices (3)

Firefox OS: a linux-based operating system developed by mozilla and designed for mobile devices iOS: the operating system designed for apple smartphones and mobile devices Android: Linux-based operating system developed by Open Handset Alliance and developed for mobile phones.

Network size and coverage (7)

For network size and coverage, there are personal area networks (PAN), local area networks (LAN), wide area networks (WAN), Metropolitan area networks (MAN), the Intranet, the Extranet, and Virtual private networks (VPNs). PAN connects an individual's personal devices when they are located close together. LAN connected devices located in a small geographical area. WAN connects devices located in a large geographical area. Metropolitan area network (MAN) is designed to service a metropolitan area. The Intranet is a private network designed to be used by a firm's employees. The Extranet is a company network that is accessible to authorized outside users. Virtual private networks are private, secure paths across a public network for accessing a private network.

___ is a unified worldwide standard for creating home networks over any existing home wiring, including phone lines, power lines, and coaxial cable

G.hn

S: ____ uses satellites to pinpoint the locations of objects on earth

GPS or global positioning system

Explain the difference between graphical user interface and command line interface

Graphical user interface uses a graphics-based interface that allows a user to communicate instructions to the computer by clicking icons versus a command line interface which is text-based user interface that requires the user to communicate instructions to the computer by typing commands

S: _____ is a nonprofit professional association dedicated to advancing technological innovation. This organization publishes standards, which in networking ensure that the devices interoperate.

IEEE institute of electrical and electronics engineers

39. When and who developed the Ethernet local area network?

In 1980, Robert Metcalfe developed the Ethernet local area network at Xerox as the standard to IBM's token-ring network.

How is installed software different from web-based software?

Installed software is a software program that must be installed on a computer before it is run while a web-based software is software that is delivered on demand via the Web, like Cloud software. An example of installed software would be downloading apps from an app store on your mobile phone, while cloud software is accessible if you have Internet accessibility like documents created online.

the operating system allocates RAM to programs as needed and then reclaims that memory when the program is closed

Memory (RAM) management

characterisitcs of worlds first mobile phone

Motorola DyrnaTAC 8000 X: weighed 28 ounces, 13.5 inch in length and 3.5 inch wide, LED display, could store 30 numbers, talk time of approx. 30 min, 8 hours of standby, too expensive cost $4,000

Explain multiprocessing

Multiprocessing is a technique in which multiple processor or multiple processing cores in a single computer each work on a different job. So while CPU 1 is beginning spell check on a Word document, CPU 2 is simultaneously checking email.

Explain multitasking/multi threading

Multitasking and multithreading involve the ability of an operating system to have more than one program run at one time, and are used to get things done faster. Multitasking and multithreading will typically occur in a network environment where more than 1 CPU is present.

Explain how networks are classified.

Networks are classified by their status as either wired or wireless, topology, architecture, and size/geographic scope. Wired or wireless specifies the type of communication channels or links. Topology refers to how the devices in the network (called nodes) are physically arranged, like a bird's eye view of the network. Architecture refers to the way networks are designed to communicate. The size and geographic scope specifies how large an area that the network services and what users the network is designed to service.

Explain parallel processing

Parallel processing is a technique in which multiple processors or multiple processing cores in a single computer work to complete one job more quickly. So both CPUs check email at the same time, both CPUs load a Web page.

Explain differences that are found between operating systems: personal vs desktop

Personal or desktop operating systems are designed to be installed on a single computer, while network operating systems are installed onto a network server.

S: 1. Allows electrical power to be sent along with data over the cables in an Ethernet network 2. Used in business networks with remote devices What is this?

PoE power over ethernet

___ ___, part of the electromagnetic spectrum, refers to all of the frequencies available for radio waves and their assigned uses.

Radio spectrum

Who developed the idea for the GUI

Steve Jobs and Wozniak, got the idea from Xerox PARC in Palo Alto

S: ____ are the central devices in a wired network

Switches

What are the 2 categories of software? Give 3 examples of each

System software (Windows, MAC OS, Linux) and application software (word excel powerpoint)

What is the purpose of system software?

System software is the software that controls the computer and allows the user to use it in a functional way. The programs are used to boot the computer, launch applications, and manage many important jobs such as connecting a computer to a network or transferring files.

S ___ ___ refers to the hardware, software, and protocols that support telecommunications

Telecommunications infrastructure

When was the IBM Personal Computer introduced? Was it successful? Why? Was the decision to outsource the production of components to other companies proved to be a mistake or not? Explain how it benefited those two companies.

The IBM Personal Computer was introduced in 1981 with the target customers being small businesses and personal users. It was an immediate success and became the industry standard. It was largely successful due to being the cheapest option in the market. To speed production up, they used an inferior Intel processor as well as the PC-DOS system created by Microsoft, instead of using their own. This proved to be very successful and benefitted both companies, as "IBM-Compatible" became a gigantic industry, including Apple as well as other competition.The IBM Personal Computer was introduced in 1981 with the target customers being small businesses and personal users. It was an immediate success and became the industry standard. It was largely successful due to being the cheapest option in the market. To speed production up, they used an inferior Intel processor as well as the PC-DOS system created by Microsoft, instead of using their own. This proved to be very successful and benefitted both companies, as "IBM-Compatible" became a gigantic industry, including Apple as well as other competition.

List and explain the events that take place during the boot process

The boot process involves the actions taken, including loading the operating system, when a computer is powered on. During the boot process, the system kernel is loaded into Random Access Memory. Other parts of the OS are also loaded into RAM when they are needed, like customization utilities. The events: 1. begin with the ROM when the boot program tells the hard disk to load the OS. 2. the operating system kernel is loaded into RAM. 3. RAM and the Processor work together in that the operating system is available as needed.

Explain the purpose of a software license. When is it usually displayed? Explain the different software licenses.

The purpose of a software license is that it is an agreement that specifies the conditions under which a program may be used, including whether or not the program can be sold, shared with others, or distributed in any way. Each type of software has different ownership rights, for example anyone can use public domain software but the creator of commercial software would typically own the software license associated with his/her product. Commercial software has a single-user license, so you cannot make copies to give to friends. Freewear programs are software programs that are given away by their author for others to use free of charge. Sharewear programs are software programs that typically involve a free trial period, but then require a small fee regularly.

What is the purpose of uninstall utilities? (Hint: Why not just delete files?)

The purpose of uninstall utilities is a routine for Windows and Mac OS and removes files, removes references from both desktop and OS files. Why not just delete files? Uninstalling applications gets rid of "hidden" files, or information about the app that has been put into registry files. If these "hidden" files are not removed, it can cause a clash when trying to run apps.

What types of cables can be used in wired networks? (List advantages and disadvantages of each).

There are 3 types of cables: twisted-pair cables, coaxial cables, and fiber-optic cables. Twisted-pair cables consist of insulated wire strands twisted in sets of two and bound into a cable. Twisted-pair cables are the least expensive type of networking cable because it has been in use the longest. Another advantage is that it can be used with both analog and digital data transmission. The twisted cables reduce interference and improve performance. Coaxial cables consist of a center wire inside a grounded, cylindrical shield, capable of sending data at high speeds. Coaxial cables are more expensive than twisted-pair cables but is much less susceptible to interference and can carry data more quickly. The fastest and most efficient cable is a fiber-optic cable, because light travels faster than electricity. It contains hundreds of thin, transparent fibers over which lasers transmit data as light. Fiber-optic cables is the newest as well as the fastest, but each strand can only send data in one direction so therefore 2 strands are needed. The biggest advantage of fiber-optic cables is speed and the main disadvantage is its initial expense of installation.

S This operating system is the basis for many operating systems today.

UNIX

S This operating system used custom designs or conventional operating systems

UNIX

Explain virtual memory

Virtual memory is a memory management technique that uses a portion of the computer's hard drive as additional RAM. How it works is the pages of program or data are copied from RAM to the virtual memory area of the hard drive, then pages are copied back to RAM as they are needed for processing, then as more room in the RAM is needed, pages are copied to virtual memory and then deleted from RAM, and finally the swapping process continues until the program is finished executing.

Wired or wireless

Wired network connections refers to computers and other devices that are physically connected via cabling to the network. Wireless network connections refer to wireless signals that send data through the air between devices, instead of using physical cables. This provides more freedom to the user while wired connections are faster and more secure.

41. When was Xerox founded? What is Xerox PARC? What were XEROX/XEROX PARC main inventions?

Xerox was founded in 1906. Xerox PARC was the Palo Alto research center incorporated facility in California. The XEROX/XEROX PARC main inventions included "The Alto" which unified into a single model with aspects in which now standard personal computers use with the integration of the Ethernet. Another invention was the Graphic User Interface, which was intended for commercial use but failed.

Media Players

a program designed to play audio and video files

Reference software

a program designed to provide information, such as an encyclopedia, dictionary, or atlas

education software

a program designed to teach one or more skills

Collaboration software

a program that enables a group of individuals to work together on a project

Remote access software

a program that enables individuals to access content on another computer they are authorized to access, via the Internet

Entertainment software

a program that provides amusement, such as games

Accounting software

a program that used to automate common accounting activities

Project management software

a program used to plan, schedule, track, and analyze tasks involved in a project

Personal finance software

accounting software that is commonly used at home by individuals

Paint software

allows the user to draw or paint bitmapped images on a computer

Word Processing Concepts

allows users to create and edit complex text-based documents that can also include images or other content

Presentation Graphics concepts

allows users to create visual presentations to convey information more easily to others

Database concepts

allows users to store and organize vast amounts of data and retrieve specific information when needed

Infrared Advantages/Disadvantages

also referred to as IR transmission; it is a wireless networking medium that sends data as infrared light rays Advantages: an FCC license is not required Disadvantages: short transmission range, requires line-of-sight transmission

S Microwave station

an earth-based device that sends and receives microwaves signals

Web notebooks

an online version of a note-taking program

Why did apple suffer financial difficulty in the 80s

because they wanted to rival IBM PC, and apple intended for mac to be user-friendly and inexpensive in order to do so. however it was more expensive and had limited applications availble

S Your computers small ____ ___ is built into special ROM circuitry housed in the computer's system unit

bootstrap program

Video Editing and DVD Authoring Software

can edit HD and 4K video and standard definition video. DVD authoring refers to organizing content to be transferred to DVD, like importing video clips

Define a computer network

computers and other devices that are connected to share hardware, software, and data & communicate electronically

S larger computers such as high end servers mainframes and supercomps sometimes use operating systems...

designed solely for that type of system or a more conventional version like AIX or UNICOS

Photo editing software

drawing or painting programs that are specifically designed for touching up or modifying images, an example of Abode Photoshop

Radio Waves Advantages/Disadvantages

information is put into a radio wave by varying the amplitude because generally all of the waves keep the same amplitude or frequency all the time where amplitude is the "height" of the radio wave and frequency is how close the waves are to each other Advantages: longer range, does not require line-of-sight transmission Disadvantages: before you can use a frequency for communication, it must be licensed from the FCC

IP stands for

internet protocal

List and explain 10 networking applications

internet, telephone, TV, radio broadcasting, videoconferencing, telecommute, telemedicine, GPS, monitoring systems, multimedia networking, collaborative computing, telecommunication

List and explain ten networking applications

internet, telephone, television and radio broadcasting, GPS, monitoring systems, multimedia networking, collaborative computing, telecommuting, videoconferencing, and telemedicine

S During the boot process, the operating system ____ is loaded into the RAM

kernel

S The ___ provides essential operating system services`

kernel

Microwave transmission Advantages/Disadvantages

microwaves are high frequency radio signals that can send large quantities of data at high speeds and over long distances, can be sent or received using microwave stations or communications satellite, but they must travel in a straight line from one station or satellite to another without encountering any obstacles because microwave signals are line of sight Advantages: long range, can be aimed in one direction, has a higher capacity when compared to radio waves Disadvantages: cannot penetrate metal, requires line-of-sight transmissions microwave stations cannot be more than 25-30 mi apart

S how does animation work

modeled in wire frame, shading added, then texture, then rendered (compiled) for final result

Graphics software include what 4 items

paint software, drawing software, and photo editing software, 3d graphics software

allows network data to be transmited over existing electoral wiring, such as a broadband over powerline which can deliver broadband internet to homes and businesses via powerline

powerline

3-D graphics software

produces computer-generated imagery through 3D modeling

Spreadsheet Concepts

provides users with a convenient means of creating documents that contain complex mathematical equations

S Wireless networks usually use ___ ___ to send data through the airwaves

radio signals

What are the 5 ways in which wireless networking media transmits data?

radio waves, infrared, cellular radio transmission, microwave transmission, ad satellite

_____ travel at a speed and direction that keeps pace with the earth's rotation, so they appear to remain stationary over any given spot

satellites

Satellite Advantages/Disadvantages

satellites travel at a speed and direction that keeps pace with the earth's rotation, so they appear to remain stationary over any given spot, communications satellites are devices that orbits the earth and relays communication signals over long distances. Data is sent from the individual's computer to the satellite dish using a satellite modem, the request is sent up to a satellite from an individual's satellite dish, an orbiting satellite receives the request and beams it down to the satellite dish at the ISP's operations center, the ISP's operation center receives the request and transfers it to the internet, request then travels over the internet as usual. Advantages: a GEO satellite provides continuous coverage over a particular area ,a LEO satellite offers transmission delays of only a few hundredths of a second Disadvantages: GEO satellite needs a delay of 24 seconds to transmit data, a LEO requires a web of satellites

Explain the uses of a computer network

sharing a printer or an Internet connection, sharing applications with a network license, working collaboratively, exchanging files among network users, facilitating voice over IP, e-mail, videoconferencing, and other communication applications.

What are the 5 different types of software licenses?

single user, site, multiple users, concurrent, and shrink-wrap (end user agreement enclosed in software in plastic wrapped packaging)

S: Wireless networks are slower/faster than wired networks

slower

Network topologies:

there are different types including a star network, bus network, and mesh network. A star network uses a central device connected directly to several other devices. A bus network uses a central cable to which all network devices connect. A mesh network uses multiple connections among network devices so that data can take any of the several paths.

Network architectures

there are different types including client-server networks and peer-to-peer networks. Client-server networks include both client devices and the servers that process client requests. The network server provides the client devices with network services such as file, print, email, and Internet access. Peer-to-peer networks are configured in a way to allow files and folders store on the networked computers to be shared directly with other computers on that network.

Cellular radio transmission

these are broadcast radio signals sent to and from cell phones via cell towers

TCP stands for

transmission control protocol

Graphics software

used to create or modify images

Drawing software, i.e. 3-D Graphics software

uses vector graphics to create original art, logos, business cards, and more

key features of the mobile technology generation

1940 beginning of mobile phone revolution with work done on radio technlogy 1983 first commercial phone went on sale, Motorolas DyrnaTAC 8000 X also called the brick 1992 first SMS text message sent on GSM 2000 cellular standards 3g and 4g developed

42. List Apple's major contributions to the computing field since founded by Steven Wozniak and Steven Jobs on April 1, 1976 in Cupertino California.

1977-Released the Apple I, then released the Apple II computer with color graphics and retailed for $1,299 and it was one of the first computers to come pre-assembled. 1980-Becomes a public listed company after the large commercial success of the Apple II. 1984-Apple Macintosh announced during a TV commercial aired during the Super Bowl. 1984-Released the Macintosh with Graphic User Interface, color graphics, easier to use than the IBM PC. Creation of the Mac GUI was an important event in computing history. Mid 80s-Apple goes through financial difficulty 1990s-IBM, Apple, and Motorola enter an alliance aimed at challenging the dominance of Windows and Intel architecture, but this failed. 1993- Released the Newton message personal digital assistant (PDA) which proved to be unsuccessful due to reliability issues. 1998-Released the iMac which proved to be a major commercial success. 1999: Introduced iBook personal laptops. 2001: Introduced the iPod. 2005: Apple began using Intel microprocessors. 2007: Introduced the iPhone. 2010: Introduced the iPad.

40. What were IBM's contributions in 1980s and 1990s?

1981-IBM's Personal Computer was introduced and was intended to be used by small businesses and personal users in the home. 1983-IBM Personal Computer XT was introduced. This model included more memory, a dual-side diskette drive, and a high performance fixed-disk drive. 1984- IBM introduced the Advanced Peer-To-Peer Networking architecture. This was widely used for communication by mid-range systems and allowed individual computers to talk to one another without a central server. 1985-IBM token-ring local area network was introduced. This enabled personal computer users to share printers, files, and information within a building. 1987-Introduced the next generation of personal computers called the Personal System/2. It introduced a new operating system called Operating System/2, giving users access to multiple applications and very large programs and data. 1988-IBM introduced fast computer memory chips. 1989-IBM succeeded in storing a billion bits of information or a gigabit, on a single square inch of disk space. 1990-IBM introduced the reduced instruction set computer (RISC) architecture. This technology increased computer speed by using simplified machine instructions for frequently used functions. The RISC System/6000 was introduced as a family of workstations that were amongst the fastest and most powerful in the industry. 1991-IBM introduced a laptop computer. IBM, Apple, and Motorola entered an agreement to link Apple Computers to IBM networks and to develop a new reduced instruction set for microprocessors for personal computers. 1994-IBM and Motorola developed the PowerPC 620 microprocessor. Created the world's fastest and most powerful general-purpose computer, capable of performing 136 billion calculations per second. 1997-The Deep Blue computer-programmed chess program defeated Garry Kasparov, then the existing world champion in chess. The IBM victory demonstrated the computation power of computers could match and even exceed that of a man. 1998-IBM and the US Energy Department introduced Blue Pacific which was the world's fastest computer.

Audio Capture and Editing Software

: used for creating and editing audio files

Explain the difference between a bitmap image and a vector graphic. What software would you use with each type of object?

A bitmap image is a graphic created by coloring the individual pixels in an image. A vector graphic is a graphic that uses mathematical formulas to represent image content, instead of pixels. Painting programs use bitmap images and one of the most common is Microsoft Paint. Bitmap images are typically used with graphics software, like drawing programs but also in office suites. Vector graphics are used in drawing programs and are often used by businesses to create original art and logos, so also used with graphic software.

What is a Software Suite? What are the advantages of purchasing a Software Suite?

A software suite is a collection of related software programs bundled together and sold as a single software package. The advantages of purchasing this include a common interface among the programs in the suite and a total cost that is typically lower than buying the programs individually.

What is the purpose of an Operating System?

An operating system is a collection of programs that manages and coordinates activities taking place within a computer. The operating system is the most crucial piece of software that is on the computer.

Explain buffering/spooling

Buffering or spooling is the process of placing items in a buffer so they can be retrieved by the appropriate device when needed.

CAD software

CAD (Computer-aided design) software is a program that enables users to design objects on the computer like an architect creating the designs for a building

S controls the operation of all processors in computer

CPU management