EMT 3

A newly born has R 30, P 56. You should

...

If a patient is assessed as having signs of shock, they will be considered Priority:

1

Describe one change to three different body systems that occur in older age.

1. Digestive System - difficultly chewing and swallowing 2. Endocrine System - diminished thyroid function 3. Nervous System - decreased pain sensation

Name three ways a woman's body changes during pregnancy.

1. Increased blood volume, cardiac output, and increased heart rate 2. "Elastic" hormones released in lower body muscles 3. Increased vascularity in the uterus and related structures

Discuss two potential adaptations that may be required in communicating with and assessing older patients.

1. Poor vision - the EMT should position themselves in front of the patient, ensure the patient has their glasses, and move to better lighting if possible 2. Unclear speech - ensure the patient has their dentures in, if they can write provide pen and paper

List two possible indications of elder abuse.

1. wounds or bruises in different parts of healing process 2. psychological abuse so the patient wishes you wouldn't have come to cause a fuss because the caregiver will be upset (I don't know how to word that)

Artificial ventilations for a 5-year-old child should be provided at a rate of ________ per minute.

12-20

Starting at age _____________, our organ systems lose about ___________ percent of their function each year.

30:1

When a child is considered school age, her age group is between _________ years.

6 and 12

At an MCI, a patient in cardiac arrest would be considered a priority

??

You are called to court to testify about a civil matter when a patient sues the city for an injury that occurred in a public place. Which of the following will best help you recall the events of the call?

A complete and accurate prehospital care report (PCR)

You are treating a 65-year-old male patient who has a long history of heart problems. He has had multiple heart attacks, and a cardiac device was implanted in his left upper abdominal quadrant. This device is most likely called a(n):

AICD

Features that influence the potential for a biological agent's use as a weapon include:

ANY OF THESE - toxicity and incubation period - transmissibility and lethality -infectivity and virulence

Why can nasal congestion be a major problem in the first few months of life?

Because children of this age are primarily nasal breathers.

This device is used by patients at home to help them sleep as well as by EMS providers in certain medical emergencies. It is designed to keep the air passages from collapsing at the end of a breath and is called a(n):

CPAP

Differentiate at least one sign or symptom between the following three disorders: Croup Epiglottitis Meningitis What is your primary concern with each?

Croup - viral illness causing inflammation Epiglottis - bacterial infection causing swelling of the epiglottis These two respiratory diseases are the primary cause for cardiac arrest in pediatric patients. Treat correctly so the heart will respond. Make sure you have established an open airway. Meningitis - infection in the brain, it is contagious to the EMT as well Damage can be permanent if not treated quickly. Transport immediately!!

Discuss after-delivery care of the mother, including delivery of the placenta, controlling vaginal bleeding, and providing comfort to the mother

Delivery of the placenta can occur up to 30 minutes after the delivery of the baby. Once delivered you must keep the afterbirth tissue to give to the physician. If it does not happen within 20 minutes after the baby's birth transport the mother immediately. Controlling vaginal bleeding is important to prevent the mother from going into shock. The EMT can massage the uterus and raise her legs up a bit higher than neutral. Appling pressure to the perineum can ease pain from a tear. Even after the baby is born it is crucial to keep the mother comfortable. The EMT must continue to monitor vital signs, preform small acts of kindness, and clean the mother.

Describe and discuss the special care required for complications of delivery, including: Breech presentation Limb presentation Prolapsed umbilical cord Multiple birth Premature birth Meconium

Describe and discuss the special care required for complications of delivery, including: Breech presentation Limb presentation Prolapsed umbilical cord Multiple birth Premature birth Meconium

Describe and discuss the special care required for emergencies in pregnancy, including: Excessive prebirth bleeding Ectopic pregnancy Seizures in pregnancy Miscarriage and abortion Trauma in pregnancy Stillbirths Accidental death of a pregnant woman

EPB - bleeding from the vagina can occur early on (miscarriage) or late (placenta problems), look for signs of shock, get vitals, transport with sanitary napkins under mother and treat with O2 Ectopic - implantation in the fallopian tube rather than the uterus causing a rupture and internal bleeding, transport and treat for shock with O2 Seizures - occur when the mother has eclampsia, ABCs, transport on left side, keep the mother warm, be ready to suction Miscarriage/Abortion - termination of pregnancy either spontaneous or induced, treat for shock, get vitals, place sanitary napkins, save expelled tissues Trauma - falls or MVC, treat like any other trauma patient assessing vitals, keeping airway open and O2 flowing, transport, control hemorrhages Stillbirths - born dead, withhold resuscitative efforts if the baby has obviously been dead for sometime Accidental death - in cardiac arrest place the baby manually towards the left side, provide CPR 1-2in higher than normal, provide AED care

The mainstays of self-protection at a radiological incident include all of the following EXCEPT:

EXCEPT - standard precautions DO - time, distance, shielding

Good protective gear at the scene of a collision includes all of the following EXCEPT

EXCEPT -plastic "bump caps." DO - ff or leather gloves, fire resistant trousers, steel toe/high top boots

An EMT will occasionally need to assist the patient who has a terminal illness. Experts suggest all of the following EXCEPT:

EXCEPT tell the patient that everything will be fine. listen empathetically to the patient. DO be tolerant of angry reactions from the patient or family members. try to recognize the patient's needs.

Your patient is a 67-year-old female who has very painful arthritis. She says that she has good days and bad ones, but today she had to take double the usual dose of ibuprofen and naproxen. She states that, in addition to the pain, her stomach is hurting, she is very lightheaded, and she vomited a coffee-brown substance just before calling the ambulance. What could be the problem with this woman?

GI bleeding

Compare and contrast the causes, presentation, and management of shock in pediatric and adult patients.

In adults shock is due to the failure of heart of cardiovascular function, this is not the case in children. Shock occurs in pediatric patients because of dehydration, infection, trauma, blood loss, allergic reactions, or poisoning. Blood volume is drastically different in a ped vs and adult. Even a small amount of the blood loss can lead to shock, this amount may never have affected the adult. Shock presents all at once in children. Typically is goes unnoticed until it is too late. So, don't wait for signs and symptoms treat any situation that could lead to shock appropriately.

What is a normal result of the body's aging process?

Increased toxicity from medications, loss of skin elasticity, problems with temperature regulation

Your patient tells you that she does not always have enough money to fill her prescriptions on time. What problems can this lead to?

Insufficient anticonvulsant medication can lead to a seizure occurring.

In the adult trauma patient, why is the capillary refill no longer used to assess the circulation?

It is not a good indicator.

Your patient is a special needs heart patient. The family member tells you that he has a cardiac chamber that pumps blood through the aorta to the body. This is called a(n):

LVAD

Describe changes you might need to make to your usual routine or demeanor for each of the following patient situations: Limited mobility Terminal illness Obesity Homelessness Poverty Autism Adult children present on scene

Limited Mobility - understand to illness/impairments that come with low mobility, treat on scene, call for help to transport if necessary, ensure they have all medical technology secure and with them when moving Terminal Illness - understand they know death is coming - don't sugar coat it, may not want to transport for care to come to them in their home, ask the caregiver to tell you about the medical technology they are using Obesity - call bariatric team if available, take extra precautions when moving the patient Homelessness - always wear PPE because they may not be properly vaccinated due to lack of proper healthcare Poverty - same as homelessness, prone to health issues due to lack of care Autism - follow ABCS, awareness, basic, calm safety, basic treatment/communication, take your time

You suspect that your 3-year-old patient may be developing a partial airway obstruction. You carefully open the airway and assess the ventilations. Which of the following is a sign of a severe airway obstruction?

Loss of consciousness

Why might pain in the right shoulder blade be a symptom of gallbladder problems?

Nerve pathways from the gallbladder return to the spinal cord by way of shared pathways with the shoulder.

The EMT should be alert to clues when on the scene of a suspicious incident. An acronym designed to help with this process is:

OTTO occupancy, time and type of event, on-scene warning signs

You are assessing a pediatric patient who you suspect is exhibiting the early signs of respiratory distress. Of the following signs you observe, which would you NOT expect to see in the early phase of respiratory distress?

Slow or irregular respiratory rate DO - nasal flaring, grunting, use of abdominal muscles

Explain and describe two measures to prevent or correct supine hypotensive syndrome.

Supine hypotensive syndrome is dizziness and a drop in blood pressure caused when the mother in a supine position and the weight of it all compresses the inferior vena cava, reducing return of blood to the heart and cardiac output. To prevent this patients should lie on their left side. Placing blankets and pillows behind the back or on the right side helps maintain proper positioning.

Which of the following is TRUE about the use of lights and sirens?

The decision about their use should be based on the patient's medical condition.

Which of the following is NOT a principle of good communication at an MCI?

The majority of communications should be done via radio transmission. DO - share the disaster plan, face-to-face comm, unique command name

You are treating a 7-year-old child who was not wearing a helmet and skied off the trail into a tree. He struck his head. Which of the following is TRUE of a head-injured child?

The most frequent sign is altered mental status. Respiratory arrest is a common secondary effect. Suspect internal injuries whenever the patient presents with shock.

Discuss the use of the pediatric assessment triangle in assessing pediatric patients.

The pediatric assessment triangle assess the appearance, work of breathing, and circulation to skin of a pediatric patient. This can be done as a first impression (doorway) to help you get your tools and team ready for treatment of the pediatric patient. The assessment is always ongoing.

Which of the following is NOT a feature of a good local disaster plan?

The plan should be generic and meet national standards. DO - rehearsed/familiar, and actual availability

What is the primary concern at the scene of a hazardous materials incident?

The safety of the EMT and crew, patients, and the public

Which of the following is true of seizures in pregnancy?

They are usually associated with extreme swelling of the extremities. FALSE - low BP, occur in early pregnancy, pose a threat and not baby

What is true regarding shock in pediatric patients?

They compensate for a long time, then decompensate rapidly.

You are on the scene of a collision between a car and a utility pole. The pole is literally split in two and hanging by the wires. As you approach the vehicle, you feel a tingling sensation in your legs and lower torso. Which action should you take?

Turn 180 degrees and shuffle with both feet together to safety.

You are the first unit arriving at the scene of a multiple-casualty incident (MCI). A train car derailed and there are injured people all over. Aside from confirming the incident and calling for additional help, what is one of the first steps to begin triage?

Use the PA system to instruct those who can walk to go to a specific location.

You are treating a 5-year-old child who accidentally ingested a handful of her mother's vitamin tablets, thinking they were candy. Should you be concerned?

Yes. Many vitamin pills contain iron, which can be fatal to a child.

Your female patient has been feeling weak and dizzy most of the day. She has no chest pain or difficulty breathing, but is nauseated and has had very dark-colored diarrhea all day. You suspect

a bleeding ulcer.

You are treating a 6-year-old female who shows indications that child abuse may be a contributing factor in the "accident" that occurred today. Evidence of child abuse can include all of the following EXCEPT:

a parent who seems concerned about the child's injuries. DO - repeated responses to provide care for the same child or family, poorly healed wounds or fracture, indications of past injuries

You were called to the scene of a patient who is very weak and is complaining of a fever. He has a number of bruises, and the sclera of his eyes seem to be leaking blood from the tiny capillaries. He works in a lab and has been doing some "top secret" experiments recently. What could be the cause of this sickness?

a viral hemorrhagic fever

The child who has been struck by a vehicle may present with a triad of injuries that include head injury, lower extremity injury, and _________ injury.

abdominal

On returning to the station after a call, you have the chance to reread your prehospital care report (PCR). If information was omitted by mistake, you should:

add a note with the correct information, the date, and initial it.

The responsibilities of the Emergency Medical Dispatcher (EMD) include all of the following EXCEPT:

advising the caller that an ambulance is not needed. DO - dispatch/coordinate EMS resources, interrogate the caller and prioritize callers, and coordinate other public safety agencies

An explosive delivery is best prevented by

applying gentle pressure on the baby's head.

You should complete your prehospital care report

as soon as you are free from patient care duties

A 25-year-old female is 8 months pregnant with her first child. She states she has contractions every 15 minutes, which last for about 20 seconds. BP 130/70, P 96, R 22. You should

ask if her water broke and prepare for a quiet ride to the hospital.

Care for a female who has been sexually assaulted includes

assessing her for injuries, treating as necessary, and transport.

If you suspect meconium staining when the infant is born, you should

avoid stimulating the infant before suctioning the oropharynx.

Crowning occurs when the

baby's head is visible at the vaginal opening.

Of the following items checked on the ambulance, which is checked with the engine off?

battery ON - warning lights, gauges, windshield wipers

When suctioning with a bulb syringe, you should compress the rubber bulb syringe

before placing it in baby's mouth.

In a normal birth, the infant must be breathing on her own

before you clamp and cut the cord.

You check for crowning. You do not see the head but you do see one foot. You should

begin rapid transport of the patient immediately.

Upon arrival of the first EMS unit at the scene of an MCI, the crew leader should do all of the following EXCEPT:

begin treatment DO call for backup. conduct a scene walk-through. assume command.

When timing the contraction duration, it should be timed from the

beginning of the contraction to when the uterus relaxes.

When your patient in labor suddenly states, "I need to go to the bathroom right now!" this most likely means that the

birth moment is nearing.

Infants get their immunity and antibodies from:

breastfeeding by their mother. the vaccinations they receive. beginning to produce their own.

The most common abnormal delivery is a

breech delivery

Responding EMT's who arrive on the scene of an incident should watch for signs that they may be dealing with a suspicious incident. Examples of unexplained patterns of illness or deaths may include each of the following EXCEPT:

car crashes involving more than two patients with serious traumatic injuries. DO - unexplained vapor clouds, mists and plumes, unexplained signs or airway, skin or eye irritation

If the EMT suctions the unresponsive child's airway for longer than a few seconds at a time, this will most likely lead to:

cardiac arrest.

The two main divisions of the nervous system are

central and peripheral.

Examples of devices commercially available as a Groshong, Hickman, and a Broviac are called:

central venous lies

An injury to the spinal cord at the _________ level may be fatal because control of the muscles of breathing arise from the spinal cord at this level.

cervical

When the patient tells you, in his own words, why he requested that an ambulance be called, this is referred to as the:

chief complaint

If you cannot loosen or unwrap the umbilical cord from around the infant's neck, you should

clamp the cord in two places and cut between the clamps.

When assisting with the delivery of twins,

clamp the cord of the first baby before the second baby is born.

When suctioning a newborn

compress the bulb syringe before placing it in the baby's mouth.

When a patient replaces lost circumstances with imaginary ones, this is known as:

confabulation.

You are interviewing your patient and she tells you that she has had a heart murmur since birth. A condition that is present at the birth of the special needs patient is considered:

congenital

A viral illness that causes inflammation of the upper airway and bronchi, which is often accompanied by a "seal bark" cough, is called

croup

Assessing blood pressure on the arm with an AV shunt could cause

damage to the AV shunt, requiring surgery.

When children are in shock, they do all the following EXCEPT:

decompensate very slowly. DO - appear better than they actually are, compensate for along time, decompensate rapidly

Infants are more susceptible to __________ because, compared to adults, a greater percentage of their body is water.

dehydration

Your patient was in a car wreck, and on assessment you note he has no sensation and movement in both of his legs. When documenting this on the prehospital care report, you should note that the patient:

demonstrated paraplegia

The ___________ route of exposure is very effective with vesicants but less effective with many of the biological agents.

dermal

Because older patients are less likely to show severe symptoms in certain conditions, it can be difficult to:

determine a patient's priority.

On arrival at the scene of a motor vehicle crash, you and your crew ensure that the location is safe and find it will be necessary to size up the situation. An important part of a rescue scene size-up is:

determining the extent of entrapment.

A process that simply reduces the concentration of the contaminant is called:

diluation

Environmental terrorists, survivalists, militias, and racial-hate groups are examples of:

domestic terrorists

Occasionally, EMT's may have only a limited amount of information about the patient to document on the PCR. An example of an instance in which this would NOT be unusual for the EMT to obtain only a limited amount of information is:

during a multiple-casualty incident.

You are assessing an infant who was found by a caregiver lying on the floor. You notice that there is a bulging fontanelle, which may be an indication of:

elevated intracranial pressure.

The second stage of labor starts with the

entry of the baby into the birth canal.

Most state statutes allow emergency vehicle operators to

exceed speed limits

One of the best resources to help you, when confronted with a special needs patient who is on a specific device would be to use the:

family member who is with the patient.

When approaching a helicopter, first wait for the pilot or medic to wave you in. Then approach from the _________ of the craft.

front or side

When a vehicle's hood is closed and there is an engine fire, you should do all of the following EXCEPT:

fully open the hood to extinguish the fire. DO - remove components, let the FF extinguish the fire, burn under closed hood

You check for crowning, and see the umbilical cord presenting first. You should

gently push up on the baby's head or buttocks to take pressure off the cord

To be a safe ambulance operator, the EMT should:

have a positive attitude about his or her ability as a driver. be tolerant of other drivers. always wear glasses or contact lenses if required.

Because the abdominal muscles of infants and small children are immature, they:

have less protection for underlying organs.

The sterile obstetrical kit does NOT contain

heavy flat twine to tie the cord. DOES - rubber buld syringe, sanitary napkins, cord clamps or hemostats

All victims leaving the ______zone should be considered contaminated until proven otherwise.

hot

Because children have a large skin surface area in proportion to their body mass, they can easily become victims of:

hypothermia

You have responded to the home of a 50-year-old female patient who has a tracheostomy tube and needs to be suctioned occasionally. Her husband tells you that this is especially common:

if any of these conditions exists. -1-2 weeks after the tube insertion, during times of distress, PT has infection

You are the first vehicle on the scene of an auto collision in which one of the automobiles is on fire. You should park your vehicle ________ the wreckage until the fire apparatus arrives.

in front (upstream) of

As a person ages, the systolic blood pressure has a tendency to:

increase

Your patient is a nose breather and her head is equal to 25 percent of her total body weight. What age group is she in?

infancy

Potential high-risk targets of terrorists typically include:

infrastructure systems. public buildings. controversial businesses. any of these.

Upon arrival at a tanker truck crash where the vehicle has overturned and is rapidly leaking its contents onto the street, the EMT should:

isolate the area and call for the appropriate backup assistance

Until about age 4, a child's head is proportionately ___________ than the adult's.

larger and heavier

If a vehicle has an airbag that deployed, the manufacturer recommends:

lifting the bag and examining the steering wheel and dash.

You were called to the senior citizen center to treat a 69-year-old woman who was found on the floor in the hallway. She was coming back from the bathroom when she must have slipped on the waxed floor. You suspect she may have fractured her left hip. These injuries are especially common in elderly women because of

loss of calcium

You find that it is necessary to do a manual maneuver to help keep the airway open in the infant you are treating. As opposed to treating an adult patient, in an infant, hyperextension of the neck:

may result in obstructing the airway

Greenish or brownish-yellow fluid expelled from the amniotic sac is called ________________ and could indicate _______________.

meconium staining; potential fetal distress

After interviewing an elderly patient, the family members, who were listening in, tell you that some of the patient's responses were incorrect. This is sometimes the result of neurological problems as well as:

medications.

EMS personnel at the scene of a hazardous materials incident are responsible for taking care of the injured and:

monitoring and rehabilitating hazmat team members.

Patients who have tracheostomy tubes often have problems with

mucus buildup.

Your patient is 9 months pregnant with her first child. She has been having contractions for the past six hours, and she asks you if she can use the bathroom prior to transport. You should

not allow her to use the bathroom because this feeling could indicate that the baby is ready to be born.

Assessing the airway of an older patient is often difficult because of dentures and:

of arthritic changes in the bones of the neck.

You decide it will be necessary to begin ventilations on the 5-year-old you are treating. All of the following are appropriate guidelines to follow when ventilating the infant or child EXCEPT:

omit the use of infection control barriers. DO - use proper size mask, avoid breathing to hard, avoid excessive bag pressure

A sequence of operations to ready a patient for transfer is called:

packaging

An organism that causes infection is referred to as a(n):

pathogen

Patient transport decisions at an MCI will be based on all of the following EXCEPT:

patient's family preferences. DO transportation resources. destination facilities. priority

You are responding to a location in your district. The dispatcher informs you that the caller states, "There may be hazardous materials stored at the location." Which of the following is NOT likely to be a potential hazardous material location?

pet store DO - trucking terminal, chemical plant, garden center

A condition in which the placenta is formed low in the uterus and close to the cervical opening, preventing the normal delivery of the fetus, is called

placenta previa

Every state has statutes that regulate the operation of emergency vehicles. Under certain circumstances, vehicle operators can do all of the following EXCEPT:

proceed past red stop signals, flashing red stop signals, and stop signs. exceed the posted speed limit as long as life and property are not endangered. park the vehicle anywhere as long as it does not damage personal property. EXCEPT pass a school bus that has its red lights blinking.

If the infant's breathing is shallow, slow, or absent, you should

provide artificial ventilations at 40 to 60 per minute.

You will need to be alerting the trauma center of the patient's condition directly from the scene. Because your portable radio does not have the power to reach the hospital ED from the scene, you will need to rely on a device that picks up radio signals from lower-powered units and retransmits them at a higher power. This device is called:

repeater

You are on the scene of a hazmat incident. One of your roles is to limit the spread of the materials. When a contaminated victim of a hazardous materials incident comes in contact with other people who are not contaminated, this is referred to as _________contamination.

secondary

Decreased urine output and absence of tears are signs of ___________ in infants and children.

shock

An elderly patient who is having a myocardial infarction is more likely to complain of

shortness of breath without chest pain.

The mental status of an unresponsive child or infant can be checked by:

shouting or by flicking the feet.

"Try Before You Pry" is the foundation for the ___________ procedure.

simple access

The effects of hypoxia on an infant or a child are:

slowed heart rate and altered mental status.

Which virus did the World Health Organization declare eradicated worldwide in 1980 through immunization efforts?

smallpox

Trench, dive, ice, and high-angle rescue is frequently carried out by:

specialty rescue teams.

Your patient has a long history of depression and suicidal attempts. Her family states that she has actually been exhibiting a sudden improvement from depression over the past few days. You should consider that the patient is

still at risk for suicide.

When the mother strokes the infant's lips and the baby starts sucking, this is a nervous system reflex known as the:

sucking reflex

Seizures in pregnancy are often associated with

swelling of the hands, face, and feet.

If a vehicle collides with a broken utility pole with wires down, you should:

tell the vehicle's occupants to stay in the vehicle.

When a mother states that her baby daughter is developing her reactions to the environment, this is also known as the psychological characteristic referred to as:

temperament

You are on the scene of a car that crashed into a bridge overpass abutment. The patient is entrapped and seriously injured. When developing an action plan for patient extrication, always keep in mind:

that time is very critical to some patients' trauma management.

When doing an assessment on a patient who is apparently lifeless, the approach is adapted to include:

the C-A-B approach per AHA Guidelines.

The individual at an MCI who is responsible for determining patient destinations and notifying the hospitals of the incoming patients is the ________ supervisor.

transporation

To counteract the pressure of the uterus on the inferior vena cava, you should

transport the patient on her left side.

A 35-year-old female has abdominal pain and unexpected vaginal bleeding. You should

treat as if she has a potentially life-threatening condition.

Your patient is a 15-year-old male who fell off his bike and struck his head. Frequently reassessing this patient establishes_________; which is (are) _________ for quality patient care.

trends; essential

You are responding to a collision between a loaded school bus and a tractor trailer truck. You are being informed that the bus is on its side and there are a number of injured children. You are quickly reviewing the roles of the management personnel at a major incident like this while en route. The individual at a MCI who is responsible for sorting and prioritizing patients is the _________ supervisor.

triage

You are attempting to gain access to a patient in a vehicle. You should first

try all of the vehicle's doors to see if they will open.

Factors that can affect ambulance response include all of the following EXCEPT:

type of emergency DO the time of day. road maintenance and construction. the weather.

The safe zone of a hazardous materials incident should be established in a ________location.

upwind/same level

A tube that is inserted into a patient who has lost the ability to regulate his urine is called a(n):

urinary catheter

If the amniotic sac has not broken by the time the baby's head is delivered, you should

use your finger to puncture the membrane.

The muscular abdominal organ where the fetus develops is called the

uterus

During the second trimester of pregnancy, the

uterus grows very rapidly while the woman's blood volume, cardiac output, and heart rate increase.

After delivery of the placenta, you should expect

vaginal bleeding

You are called to the home of an elderly woman who sustained a cervical spine injury a number of years ago. Her caregiver tells you that she is on a device that is programmed to take over the timing and rate of her breathing. This device is called a(n):

ventilator

Use of escorted responses is a

very dangerous means of response

You are assessing a female who has colicky pain. This pain is often ___________ pain from a _____________ organ in the abdomen

visceral; hollow

Adolescents

want to be treated as if they are adults

The unsafe act that contributes most to collision scene injuries is failure to:

wear protective gear during rescue operations.

You are treating a 5-year-old child who fell off a small bike and struck his head. He is unconscious, and you will need to open his airway and insert an oropharyngeal airway (OPA). The insertion procedure for an OPA in a child this age is performed:

with the tip pointing toward the tongue and throat.

Hearing loss is more common in elderly people than in younger persons, but it is not restricted to older patients. One of the easiest ways to communicate with a patient with hearing loss is to:

write questions on a pad of paper.

If you are touching a patient who is being shocked with an automatic implanted cardiac defibrillator (AICD),

you will not feel the shock of an AICD.

What should be your highest priority at a hazardous material incident?

your safety and that of your patients and the public