EMT - Chapter 8 - Pathophysiology
For a patient breathing in room air, the EMT would estimate the FiO2 to be: A. 1.00 B. 0.55 C. 0.15 D. 0.21
0.21
The EMT is administering oxygen at 95% through a nonrebreather face mask. He would document this as a FiO2 of: A. 0.21 B. 1.00 C. 0.50 D. 0.95
0.95
Which blood pressure reading best indicates a narrowed pulse pressure? A. 210/138 mmHg B. 120/76 mmHg C. 88/58 mmHg D. 108/88 mmHg
108/88 mmHg
A 100-kilogram patient with a 500-milliliter tidal volume, breathing 16 times each minute, would have a minute ventilation of how many milliliters? A. 8000 mL B. 1600 mL C. 2400 mL D. 1200 mL
8000 mL
What is required for normal perfusion to occur? A. Airway patency, proper amounts of carbon dioxide, and adequate glucose levels B. Patent airway, sufficient breathing, high amounts of glucose, and good heart function C. Intact breathing, an ample number of red blood cells, and body temperature of 98.6degrees°F D. Adequate breathing, sufficient numbers of red blood cells, and sufficient heart function
Adequate breathing, sufficient numbers of red blood cells, and sufficient heart function
Normal cellular metabolism can be defined as: A. Glycolytic B. Oxygenated C. Aerobic D. Anaerobic
Aerobic
What is the best description of minute ventilation? A. Amount of air moved into and out of the lungs in 1 minute B. Total milliliters of air moving into and out of the lungs in one breath C. Amount of oxygen needed by the body in 1 minute D. Number of breaths a patient breathes in 1 minute
Amount of air moved into and out of the lungs in 1 minute
A patient's brain cells are undergoing anaerobic metabolism. As a result, those cells: A. Have too much adenosine triphosphate to function properly B. Are producing elevated quantities of carbon dioxide (CO2) as a result of aerobic metabolism C. Cannot make any energy in the form of ATP due to a lack of glucose D. Are becoming dysfunctional in an environment that is increasingly acidic
Are becoming dysfunctional in an environment that is increasingly acidic
The EMT would document an FDO2 level when the patient is: A. Assisting breathing with a bag-valve-mask device B. Providing oxygen at greater than 10 liters per minute C. Inserting a nasopharyngeal airway D. Using a nonrebreather face mask that delivers high-concentration O2
Assisting breathing with a bag-valve-mask device
When a healthy person has a sudden increase in blood pressure, what will occur next? A. Baroreceptors will signal the brain to decrease the heart rate B. Chemoreceptors will increase the rate and depth of breathing C. Baroreceptors will directly stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system D. The heart rate will increase and blood vessels will constrict
Baroreceptors will signal the brain to decrease the heart rate
A patient with a severe infection is very sick. Circulating toxins from bacteria in his blood have decreased his systemic vascular resistance (SVR). Which blood pressure change would the EMT correlate to this condition? A. Blood pressure of 64/26 mmHg B. Blood pressure of 174/126 mmHg C. Diastolic blood pressure greater than 200 mmHg D. Systolic blood pressure of 160 mmHg
Blood pressure of 64/26 mmHg
What situation could impair a patient's respiratory status by directly damaging the central chemoreceptors of the body? A. Collapsed lung B. Aerobic metabolism C. Lung cancer D. Brainstem stroke or injury
Brainstem stroke or injury
A patient with high blood pressure takes a medication to slow his heart rate, thereby lowering his blood pressure. The EMT would recognize this action as impacting: A. Systemic vascular resistance B. Afterload C. Preload D. Cardiac output
Cardiac output
A patient who is weak informs you that she has a history of her "iron being too low." This should concern the EMT because iron is needed to: A. Carry oxygen throughout the body B. Help the blood to clot C. Maintain an adequate blood pressure in the body D. Manufacture the white blood cells required for fighting infection
Carry oxygen throughout the body
A drop in blood pressure below a critical threshold is a threat to the body because it directly impairs: A. Cellular perfusion B. The sympathetic nervous system C. Airway patency D. Anaerobic metabolism
Cellular perfusion
Failure of the sodium-potassium pump can result in: A. Accumulation of acidic wastes B. Large amounts of potassium inside the cell C. Cellular damage, swelling, and rupture D. Excess amounts of sodium outside the cell
Cellular damage, swelling, and rupture
Which gas law is disrupted when a patient sustains a spinal cord injury resulting in paralysis to the diaphragm and intercostal muscles? A. Charles' law B. Boyle's law C. Dalton's law D. Henry's law
Charles' law
What blood pressure change as most likely to cause left ventricular failure? A. Chronically elevated diastolic pressure between 120 and 140 mmHg B. Chronically decreased systolic blood pressure between 60 and 80 mmHg C. Chronically decreased diastolic blood pressure between 30 and 50 mmHg D. Chronically elevated systolic blood pressure between 140 and 160 mmHg
Chronically elevated diastolic pressure between 120 and 140 mmHg
A patient with a temperature of 105.4°F is experiencing systemic vasodilation. Which finding would be consistent with this condition? A. Slow heart rate B. Pale and cool skin C. Elevated afterload D. Decreased blood pressure
Decreased blood pressure
A patient is hemorrhaging internally within his colon, which in turn is impairing perfusion to the cells of his body. Aside from the bleeding, the patient has no other problems. In this scenario, the problem impairing adequate perfusion would be: A. Poor myocardial pump function B. Decreased blood volume C. Inability to get oxygen to the alveoli D. Inadequate ventilation to eliminate carbon dioxide
Decreased blood volume
A confused and lethargic 24-year-old male patient has intentionally overdosed on a narcotic medication. His vital signs are as follows: pulse, 36; respirations, 10 breaths/min; blood pressure, 50/20 mmHg; and SpO2, 88% with 15 liters per minute of oxygen applied by Emergency Medical Responders. What is the greatest danger to this patient's well-being? A. Increased sympathetic nervous system stimulation B. Decreased cellular perfusion C. Altered mental status D. Left ventricular heart failure
Decreased cellular perfusion
Perfusion is best described as: A. Delivery of essential products and nutrients to the cell for its use B. Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and blood C. An adequate number of white blood cells to carry oxygen to the cells D. Availability of oxygen in the lungs for movement into the blood
Delivery of essential products and nutrients to the cell for its use
Which condition is most likely to cause acidosis? A. Depressed respirations B. Hypothyroidism C. Low blood glucose level D. Irregular heart rhythm
Depressed respirations
A 35-year-old male patient is lethargic and dehydrated after working at a construction site for 12 hours on a very hot day. You obtain the following vital signs: pulse, 136; respirations, 22 breaths/min; blood pressure, 102/88 mmHg; and SpO2, 100% with supplemental oxygen. As a knowledgeable EMT, you would recognize: A. Elevated heart rate to increase cardiac output B. Widened pulse pressure to circulate more blood C. Low blood pressure to conserve the body's energy D. Rapid respirations to decrease CO2 loss
Elevated heart rate to increase cardiac output
A patient with liver disease has a low platelet count. Which additional finding would the EMT directly correlate to this condition? A. Pale skin color B. SpO2 of 90% C. Heart rate of 92 beats/min D. Excessive bruising to arms
Excessive bruising to arms
A slightly confused but conscious 61-year-old female patient with generalized weakness has a heart rate of 190 beats/min. She has a history of high blood pressure and diabetes. Her blood pressure is 78/56 mmHg, and she has a pulse oximetry reading of 93%. Which disturbance would best explain this patient's presentation? A. Unrecognized hemorrhage B. Hypoxia C. Excessive tachycardia D. Hypoglycemia
Excessive tachycardia
While completing some clinical time in the hospital for his EMT class, an EMT student observed a patient being administered an IV fluid with a high oncotic pressure. Once this fluid is in the patient's body, the EMT student would expect which action to occur? A. The patient's blood pressure will decrease dramatically B. Fluid from the IV will move into the cells and rehydrate them C. Fluid from the tissues will move into the bloodstream D. Fluid will move evenly from the bloodstream into the cells
Fluid from the tissues will move into the bloodstream
A chronically elevated afterload increases the patient's chance for developing which pathological condition? A. Heart failure B. Liver disease C. Diabetes D. Hypotension
Heart failure
Which condition would directly compromise the average patient's cardiac output? A. Blood pressure of 118/52 mmHg B. Heart rate of 190 beats/min C. Increased number of circulating WBCs D. Circulatory volume of 5 liters
Heart rate of 190 beats/min
When cells undergo normal metabolism in the body, which byproduct(s) is (are) produced? A. Adenosine monophosphate B. Lactic acid C. Protein, carbon dioxide, and water D. Heat, carbon dioxide, and water
Heat, carbon dioxide, and water
A patient with asthma is extremely short of breath and hypoxic. Related to the ventilation/perfusion ratio (V/Q), the EMT would recognize the problem as related to: A. Decreased blood volume to carry oxygen B. Inadequate oxygen in the ambient air C. Inadequate oxygen in the alveoli D. Decreased cardiac output to circulate oxygen
Inadequate oxygen in the alveoli
What would be a direct result of increasing a patient's preload? A. Increased oxygen delivery into the lungs B. Increased cardiac output C. Decreased blood pressure D. Decreased myocardial contraction
Increased cardiac output
A patient has failure of the left side of his heart. Consequently, his blood is backing up into the pulmonary artery and seeping into the lung tissue, causing the patient to be short of breath and moderately hypoxic. The EMT should recognize this condition as a product of: A. Increased hydrostatic pressure B. Decreased circulating blood volume C. Decreased pulmonary perfusion D. Increased osmotic pressure
Increased hydrostatic pressure
A patient who has lost one liter of blood is conscious with a patent airway, but her extremities are pale and cold to the touch. Vital signs are as follows: pulse is 130, respirations are 22 breaths/min and adequate, blood pressure is 74/56 mmHg, and SpO2 is 95% on room air. What is most needed by this patient to increase perfusion to the cells? A. Increased number of red blood cells and plasma volume B. Increased blood pressure as a result of paramedics administering IV fluids C. Keeping the patient warm by covering her with a blanket D. Administration of oxygen via nonrebreather mask
Increased number of red blood cells and plasma volume
A patient with a high fever has an accelerated metabolism and is producing abnormally large amounts of carbon dioxide at the cellular level. To compensate for this effect, what will occur? A. Decreased levels of acid in the blood B. Decreased respiratory rate C. Increased respiratory rate D. Decreased depth of breathing
Increased respiratory rate
The body will initially compensate for a decrease in cardiac output by: A. Dilating to arteries, veins, and capillaries B. Increasing the respiratory rate C. Decreasing the heart rate D. Increasing systemic vascular resistance
Increasing systemic vascular resistance
Which condition is recognized as one that will affect the ventilation component of the ventilation/perfusion ratio? A. Infection and pus in the distal airways and alveoli B. Decreased amount of hemoglobin in the blood C. Loss of blood plasma from dehydration D. Blood clot in the pulmonary blood vessels
Infection and pus in the distal airways and alveoli
What is the actual site of attachment of oxygen in the red blood cell? A. On oxygen receptor sites on the surface of the red blood cell B. Oxygen dissolves into the liquid portion of the red blood cell for transport C. Within the nucleus of the red blood cell D. Iron sites on hemoglobin within the red blood cell
Iron sites on hemoglobin within the red blood cell
The EMT would most likely see a narrowed pulse pressure in a patient who: A. Has a fever B. Is bleeding internally C. Has an irregular heartbeat D. Has diabetes
Is bleeding internally
Assessment of a hypoxic patient who is showing signs of fatigue and has a history of lung disease reveals him to be using well-developed accessory muscles to exhale. As an EMT, you should recognize that the patient: A. Is adequately compensating for the problem with his breathing so he does not become hypoxic B. Is inadequately exhaling oxygen from his lungs, which is causing hypoxia C. Has a problem with the red blood cells' ability to transport oxygen, which is causing hypoxia D. Is using energy to exhale and is in danger of respiratory failure if hypoxia continues
Is using energy to exhale and is in danger of respiratory failure if hypoxia continues
You are caring for a 66-year-old male patient who is severely dehydrated. How does severe dehydration affect the cardiovascular system? A. It impairs the ability of oxygen to diffuse from the lungs to the blood B. It slows the production of white blood cells to fight the infection C. It decreases the blood volume available for circulation D. It reduces the hemoglobin available to carry oxygen
It decreases the blood volume available for circulation
What happens after a cell in anaerobic metabolism breaks down glucose and creates energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)? A. Electrolytes in the cell become balanced B. Oxygen and water are created C. Carbon dioxide and water are formed D. Lactic acid is formed
Lactic acid is formed
What is the primary stimulus to breathe in human beings without pulmonary diseases? A. Level of CO2 in the body B. Amount of oxygen required by the body C. Level of oxygen in the body D. Amount of nitrogen in air
Level of CO2 in the body
Which condition would most likely account for an elevated CO2 level in a patient's body? A. Lung disease B. Endocrine stem dysfunction C. Liver injury D. Renal failure
Lung Disease
Under normal circumstances, carbon dioxide is excreted from the body through the: A. Kidneys B. Sweat ducts C. Lungs D. Urinary tract
Lungs
What is the protective mechanism underlying a narrowed pulse pressure? A. Stop the loss of blood internally or externally B. Maintain an adequate blood pressure for perfusion C. Increase the amount of oxygen entering the lungs D. Increase the oxygen-carrying capacity of the red blood cells
Maintain an adequate blood pressure for perfusion
What is baroreceptors' role in the body? A. Monitor the blood pressure B. Stimulate the production of red blood cells C. Ensure adequate oxygenation of the red blood cells D. Monitor the heart rate
Monitor the blood pressure
For a patient who relies on the hypoxic drive to breathe, the respiratory rate will increase when: A. O2 and CO2 levels both increase B. O2 levels decrease C. CO2 levels decrease and O2 levels increase D. CO2 levels increase
O2 levels decrease
A patient with cancer is receiving chemotherapy. As a side effect of the treatment, her white blood cell count is critically low. Given this situation, which sign or symptom should the EMT find particularly concerning? A. Complaint of weakness B. Oral temperature of 102.7degrees°F C. Blood pressure of 102/64 mmHg D. History of diabetes
Oral temperature of 102.7degrees°F
The patient in anaerobic metabolism is deficient in/of: A. Glucose (sugar) B. Oxygen C. Protein D. Lactic acid
Oxygen
For cells to undergo the process of aerobic metabolism, the cells require: A. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and lactic acid B. Sugar (glucose) and protein C. Oxygen and glucose D. Water and oxygen
Oxygen and glucose
A 20-year-old female patient has called 911 for chest pain. On scene, you find that she has shallow breathing with an SpO2 reading of 91% on room air. She states she was in a car crash yesterday and diagnosed in the hospital with broken ribs. Her pain is right where the ribs are broken, and she rates the pain as a 10/10. Breath sounds are present bilaterally. In this situation, the EMT should attribute the hypoxia to which cause? A. The patient is bleeding into the lungs, compressing the alveoli B. The fractured ribs have pierced the lung, causing it to collapse C. Pain from rib injury prevents full expansion of the chest cage D. Swelling from the rib fractures has compressed the lung
Pain from rib injury prevents full expansion of the chest cage
Which situation would most likely cause a patient to have a simple episode of syncope (fainting)? A. Parasympathetic stimulation B. Sudden release of norepinephrine C. Activation of the sympathetic nervous system D. Increase in systemic vascular resistance
Parasympathetic stimulation
A young patient is experiencing epiglottitis. He is working hard to breathe, has stridorous respirations, and is extremely hypoxic. His skin is cyanotic and his pulse is rapid but strong. What is the most likely cause (not result) of the poor delivery of oxygen to the cells? A. Poor function of the heart as a pump B. Partial occlusion of the airway C. Impaired transfer of O2 between the lungs and blood D. Elevation of the heart rate
Partial occlusion of the airway
A patient with a low blood sugar is unresponsive with snoring respirations. His breathing is labored and his pulse is rapid and weak. Examination of the skin reveals it to be cool and diaphoretic. Your partner informs you of the following vital signs: pulse, 120; respirations, 18 breaths/min; blood pressure, 132/60 mmHg; and SpO2 at 84% on room air. Which action would you perform first? A. Perform a head-tilt, chin-lift maneuver B. Administer oral glucose C. Start positive pressure ventilation D. Provide high-concentration oxygen
Perform a head-tilt, chin-lift maneuver
An unresponsive patient with a pulse is breathing with very shallow respirations at a rate of 6 breaths per minute. Which intervention would be most beneficial for this patient? A. Oxygen at 15 liters per minute delivered through a nonrebreather face mask and then reevaluate in 60 seconds B. Positive pressure ventilation with a rate of 12 breaths/min and a tidal volume of 500 mL C. Oral airway and positive pressure ventilation at 40 breaths/min, supplemental O2, and a tidal volume of 100 mL D. Positive pressure ventilation with supplemental O2 at a rate of 30 breaths/min and a tidal volume of 200 mL
Positive pressure ventilation with a rate of 12 breaths/min and a tidal volume of 500 mL
A patient's lungs are full of fluid and cannot transfer oxygen to the blood. As a result, she is undergoing anaerobic metabolism. She has a decreased level of consciousness with a patent upper airway and inadequate respirations. Her pulse is rapid and weak. Which prehospital treatment would best address this situation? A. High-concentration oxygen through a nonrebreather face mask B. Positive pressure ventilation with supplemental oxygen C. Administration of one tube of oral glucose by the EMT D. Insertion of a nasal airway and delivery of oxygen through a nasal cannula
Positive pressure ventilation with supplemental oxygen
Paramedics have administered a medication to a patient with heart failure. The medication specifically causes the veins (only) to dilate, thereby decreasing the amount of blood that returns to the heart for pumping. The EMT would recognize this action as decreasing: A. Pulse pressure B. Afterload C. Systemic vascular resistance D. Preload
Preload
What definition best describes the concept of afterload? A. Amount of blood that a person has in the arteries at any given moment B. Ability of the heart to adequately contract and pump blood out of the pulmonic valve C. Amount of blood returned to the lungs for oxygenation by the right ventricle D. Pressure that the left ventricle must pump blood against to open the aortic valve
Pressure that the left ventricle must pump blood against to open the aortic valve
What is the result of an opening developing that allows air into the space between the visceral and parietal pleura of the thorax? A. Progressive collapse of the lung B. Hypocarbia C. Hyperventilation D. Left ventricular heart failure
Progressive collapse of the lung
What is the primary way in which oxygen is transported to the cells? A. Platelets B. White blood cells C. Plasma D. Red blood cells
Red blood cells
What is the best way to decrease a patient's afterload? A. Administer intravenous fluids B. Provide supplemental oxygen C. Reduce the blood pressure D. Slow the heart rate
Reduce the blood pressure
A patient has been shot three times in the abdomen and has massive internal hemorrhage and blood loss. Which treatment will give this patient the best chance at survival? A. Stopping the bleeding B. High-concentration oxygen C. Positive pressure ventilation D. Paramedic intervention for pain management
Stopping the bleeding
On scene, a 43-year-old male states that he has a history of liver failure and does not produce enough of the protein albumin. Given this condition, which finding(s) would you expect? A. Swelling of the extremities and abdomen B. Elevated temperature and signs of infection C. Decreased heart rate and signs of hypoxia D. Low SpO2 reading from significant edema
Swelling of the extremities and abdomen
Why would a drop in the oxygen content of the blood stream cause an increase in the patient's blood pressure? A. Sympathetic stimulation of the cardiovascular system improves oxygen delivery to the brain and tissues B. Vasodilation will allow more blood flow to reach the lungs, thereby increasing the oxygen content of the blood and providing for better perfusion to the brain and body C. Parasympathetic stimulation of the pulmonary system improves oxygen on-loading to the red blood cells passing through the alveoli D. Vasoconstriction caused by the parasympathetic nervous system causes oxygenated blood to be shunted from the peripheral capillary beds and to the brain
Sympathetic stimulation of the cardiovascular system improves oxygen delivery to the brain and tissues
What is the best description of the ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) ratio? A. The ability of the red blood cells to offload oxygen to the cells of the body B. The amount of blood and the pressure at which it carries oxygen throughout the body C. The amount of air that is moved into and out of the lungs in 1 minute D. The ability of the body to exchange gases across the alveolar capillary membrane
The ability of the body to exchange gases across the alveolar capillary membrane
A patient has a blood pressure of 140/98 mmHg. What can the EMT ascertain from this reading? A. The SpO2 level must be abnormal B. The preload is diminished C. The afterload is increased D. The pulse pressure is narrowed
The afterload is increased
When a patient has a narrowed pulse pressure, what is occurring? A. The blood is being pumped more quickly B. The veins and arteries are dilating C. The blood vessels are constricting D. The heart rate is decreasing
The blood vessels are constricting
A patient has sustained a gunshot injury to his right thorax. When you listen to his breath sounds, they are diminished over the right thorax. What is the most logical explanation for this finding? A. The pressure between the visceral pleura and the lung tissue has become higher than the atmospheric pressure B. The gunshot wound has damaged the brainstem, causing the patient to stop breathing C. The pressure between the parietal pleura and the rib cage has become lower than the atmospheric pressure D. The negative pressure between the pleural linings has been lost, causing the lung tissue to collapse
The negative pressure between the pleural linings has been lost, causing the lung tissue to collapse
Which condition must be met for carbon dioxide to move from the cell to the bloodstream? A. The perfusing blood must be low in carbon dioxide B. There must be a large number of red blood cells in the blood C. The sodium-potassium pump must be functional D. There must be a large amount of oxygen in the blood
The perfusing blood must be low in carbon dioxide
Which statement about chemoreceptors in the human body is true? A. The peripheral chemoreceptors are extremely sensitive to oxygen and are located in the brain B. The central chemoreceptors constantly monitor the oxygen levels in the body and increase the rate when more O2 is needed C. The central chemoreceptors are located in the lungs and provide the primary stimulus to breathe D. The peripheral chemoreceptors are more sensitive to oxygen than carbon dioxide
The peripheral chemoreceptors are more sensitive to oxygen than carbon dioxide
You and the critical care transport team are taking a critically ill patient to another hospital. Among many IV infusions and monitors, the patient is also on a ventilator. You note that the FDO2 is set at 0.50. What does this mean? A. Ventilations are provided when the patient breathes fewer than 50 times per minute B. Oxygen is not provided by the ventilator until the patient's pulse oximetry drops below 50% C. Fifty percent of the patient's respirations are provided by the ventilator D. The provided oxygen concentration is set at 50 percent
The provided oxygen concentration is set at 50 percent
Which statement is true of a patient who relies on the hypoxic drive to breathe? A. The peripheral chemoreceptors have become less sensitive to oxygen B. The central chemoreceptors are the primary influence on the respiratory rate C. The respiratory rate is set according to the level of O2 in the body D. The primary gas affecting the respiratory rate is carbon dioxide
The respiratory rate is set according to the level of O2 in the body
Which statement about the ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) ratio in a healthy person is true? A. Blood flow and amount of ventilation are equal throughout the lungs B. The upper portion of the lungs has wasted ventilation C. The lower portion of the lungs has more oxygen than perfusion D. The amount of blood perfusion throughout the lungs is greater than the amount of oxygen in the lungs
The upper portion of the lungs has wasted ventilation
For a patient who is acutely bleeding, what is the immediate response of the human body? A. Vasoconstriction caused by the sympathetic nervous system B. Increased pulse pressure to promote better circulation of oxygen C. Increased production of red blood cells and hemoglobin D. Vasoconstriction caused by the parasympathetic nervous system
Vasoconstriction caused by the sympathetic nervous system
If a patient's blood pressure cannot be increased by adding volume, then which other action would most likely be successful in increasing it? A. Decreasing the patient's afterload B. Blocking beta actions of the sympathetic nervous system C. Decreasing the patient's preload D. Vasoconstriction of the body's arteries
Vasoconstriction of the body's arteries
A patient has a pulmonary condition known as asthma that results in significant bronchoconstriction. If this patient is found to be hypoxic during an asthma attack, which type of disturbance is most likely causing the hypoxia? A. Neurological disturbance B. Myocardial disturbance C. Perfusion disturbance D. Ventilation disturbance
Ventilation disturbance
A patient's SpO2 increased from 89% to 95% after he received a bronchodilating drug for his asthma. Where did the patient's problem most likely originate? A. Perfusion portion of the V/Q ratio B. Cellular perfusion portion of the V/Q ratio C. Minute volume of the V/Q ratio D. Ventilation portion of the V/Q ratio
Ventilation portion of the V/Q ratio
A patient who is hypoxic has a pulmonary disease that involves low lung compliance. With this condition, you realize that: A. The lung tissue is easily inflated and can be damaged B. Ventilation with a bag-valve mask will likely require more effort C. Oxygen and carbon dioxide cannot be exchanged across the alveolar wall D. The patient has tremendous swelling of the small airways
Ventilation with a bag-valve mask will likely require more effort
Which process of ventilation is correctly adhering to Boyle's law as it relates to ventilation? A. When the diaphragm relaxes, it creates a positive intrathoracic pressure causing air to enter the airways B. When the diaphragm contracts, it creates a negative intrathoracic pressure causing air to enter the lungs C. When the diaphragm relaxes, it creates a negative intrathoracic pressure causing air to enter the lungs D. When the diaphragm contracts, it creates a positive intrathoracic pressure causing air to enter the lungs
When the diaphragm contracts, it creates a negative intrathoracic pressure causing air to enter the lungs
