EMT Exam 4 Question Prep

According to the rule of palm method for estimating the extent of a patient's burns, the palm of the patient's hand is equal to _____ of his or her total BSA. A.1% B.2% C.4% D.6%

A.1%

A 21-year-old male was working in an auto repair shop and sustained radiator burns to the anterior aspect of both arms and to his anterior chest. According to the rule of nines, this patient has burns that cover _____ of his BSA. A.18% B.27% C.36% D.45%

A.18%

What is the approximate blood volume of a 75-kg adult? A.5.25 L B.5.50 L C.6.25 L D.6.50 L

A.5.25 L

During your assessment of a patient with a head injury, you note that he opens his eyes when you pinch his trapezius muscle, is mumbling, and has his arms curled in toward his chest. You should assign him a GCS score of: A.7. B.8. C.9. D.10.

A.7.

Which of the following statements regarding compartment syndrome is correct? A.Compartment syndrome typically develops within 6 to 12 hours after an injury. B.Compartment syndrome occurs because of increased pressure within the bone cavity. C.In most cases, compartment syndrome develops within a few minutes after an injury. D.Most cases of compartment syndrome occur following a severe fracture of the pelvis.

A.Compartment syndrome typically develops within 6 to 12 hours after an injury.

Which of the following statements regarding electrical burns is correct? A.Entrance wounds are small relative to the amount of internal tissue damage. B.Respiratory or cardiac arrest following an electrical burn is very uncommon. C.The exit wound caused by electrical burns is smaller than the entrance wound. D.The size of the entry and exit wounds is a reliable indicator of internal damage.

A.Entrance wounds are small relative to the amount of internal tissue damage.

Which of the following statements regarding penetrating injuries is correct? A.External bleeding may be minimal but internal injuries can be extensive. B.The degree of internal injury can often be estimated by the external injury. C.It is important to distinguish between entrance and exit wounds in the field. D.The depth of a penetrating injury should be thoroughly assessed by the EMT.

A.External bleeding may be minimal but internal injuries can be extensive.

Which of the following processes occurs during the inflammation phase of the healing process? A.The immune system releases histamines, which cause vasodilation and increased capillary permeability, resulting in local redness and swelling. B.White blood cells are forced away from the injury site, thus allowing an increase in the flow of red blood cells, resulting in increased blood flow. C.The blood vessels in and around the injury site constrict, which forces bacteria and other microorganisms away, thus preventing significant infection. D.The veins and arteries at the injury site constrict and platelets aggregate, which stops bleeding and causes a temporary increase in the size of the wound.

A.The immune system releases histamines, which cause vasodilation and increased capillary permeability, resulting in local redness and swelling.

An indicator of an expanding intracranial hematoma or rapidly progressing brain swelling is: A.a rapid deterioration of neurologic signs. B.a progressively lowering blood pressure. C.an acute increase in the patient's pulse rate. D.acute unilateral paralysis following the injury

A.a rapid deterioration of neurologic signs.

A flail chest occurs when: A.a segment of the chest wall is detached from the thoracic cage. B.more than three ribs are fractured on the same side of the chest. C.multiple ribs are fractured on both sides of the thoracic cage. D.a segment of fractured ribs bulges during the inhalation phase.

A.a segment of the chest wall is detached from the thoracic cage.

While jogging, a 19-year-old male experienced an acute onset of shortness of breath and pleuritic chest pain. He is conscious and alert with stable vital signs. Your assessment reveals that he has diminished breath sounds over the left side of the chest. You should: A.administer oxygen and transport to the hospital. B.immediately perform a rapid head-to-toe exam. C.recognize that he needs a needle decompression. D.circumferentially tape a dressing around his chest

A.administer oxygen and transport to the hospital.

A 37-year-old male was pinned between a flatbed truck and a loading dock. On exam, you find bruising to the chest, distended neck veins, bilaterally diminished breath sounds, and bilateral scleral hemorrhaging. You should: A.aggressively manage his airway. B.request a paramedic ambulance. C.perform a secondary assessment. D.suspect a severe hemopneumothorax.

A.aggressively manage his airway.

Which of the following splinting devices would be MOST appropriate to use for a patient who has an open fracture of the forearm with external bleeding? A.air splint B.vacuum splint C.sling and swathe D.cardboard splint

A.air splint

In addition to severe bleeding, the MOST life-threatening complication associated with an open neck injury is: A.an air embolism. B.a spinal fracture. C.an ischemic stroke. D.nerve fiber damage.

A.an air embolism.

A 52-year-old unrestrained female struck the steering wheel with her face when her truck collided with another vehicle. She has obvious swelling to her face and several dislodged teeth. A visual exam of her mouth reveals minimal bleeding. She is conscious and alert with a blood pressure of 130/80 mm Hg, a pulse of 110 beats/min, and respirations of 22 breaths/min with adequate tidal volume. You should: A.apply supplemental oxygen, immobilize her spine, attempt to locate the dislodged teeth, suction as needed, and transport. B.assist ventilations with a bag-mask device, immobilize her spine, suction her oropharynx for 30 seconds, and transport. C.fully immobilize her spine, attempt to locate the dislodged teeth, tilt the backboard to the left side, and transport. D.apply oxygen via a nonrebreathing mask, suction her airway as needed, disregard the dislodged teeth, and transport.

A.apply supplemental oxygen, immobilize her spine, attempt to locate the dislodged teeth, suction as needed, and transport.

A 54-year-old male experienced an avulsion to his penis when his foreskin got caught in the zipper of his pants. He was able to unzip his pants and remove the foreskin prior to your arrival. Your assessment reveals that he is in severe pain and that the avulsion is bleeding moderately. The MOST appropriate treatment for this patient includes: A.applying direct pressure with a dry, sterile dressing. B.covering the avulsion with moist, sterile dressings. C.requesting a paramedic to administer pain medication. D.administering 100% oxygen via a nonrebreathing mask.

A.applying direct pressure with a dry, sterile dressing.

In moving joints, the ends of the bones are covered with: A.articular cartilage. B.synovial tendons. C.muscular fascia. D.gliding cartilage.

A.articular cartilage.

When worn properly, a seatbelt should lie: A.below the anterior superior iliac spines of the pelvis and against the hip joints. B.across the abdominal wall at the level of the diaphragm and below the hip joints. C.above the anterior posterior iliac spines of the pelvis and below the hip joints. D.across the abdominal wall at the level of the umbilicus and against the hip joints.

A.below the anterior superior iliac spines of the pelvis and against the hip joints.

A 21-year-old male was thrown over the handlebars of his motorcycle when he rear-ended a car that was stopped at a red light. He was wearing a helmet, which he removed prior to your arrival. He is conscious, but restless, and has closed deformities to both of his femurs. His skin is pale, his heart rate is rapid and weak, and his respirations are rapid and shallow. In addition to applying high-flow oxygen and protecting his spine, you should: A.bind his legs together on the backboard, keep him warm, and transport without delay. B.apply traction splints to both of his legs, keep him warm, and transport without delay. C.splint each of his deformed femurs with long board splints and transport immediately. D.apply the PASG to stabilize his femurs and transport at once.

A.bind his legs together on the backboard, keep him warm, and transport without delay.

An epidural hematoma is MOST accurately defined as: A.bleeding between the skull and dura mater. B.bleeding between the dura mater and brain. C.venous lacerations that occur within the brain. D.an injury caused by a damaged cerebral artery.

A.bleeding between the skull and dura mater.

The term "hyphema" is defined as: A.blood in the anterior chamber of the eye. B.an acute rupture of the globe of the eye. C.inflammation of the iris, cornea, and lens. D.compression of one or both optic nerves.

A.blood in the anterior chamber of the eye.

Which of the following sets of vital signs depicts Cushing's triad? A.blood pressure, 190/110 mm Hg; pulse, 55 beats/min; respirations, 30 breaths/min B.blood pressure, 90/50 mm Hg; pulse, 120 beats/min; respirations, 10 breaths/min C.blood pressure, 200/100 mm Hg; pulse, 140 beats/min; respirations, 28 breaths/min D.blood pressure, 80/40 mm Hg; pulse, 30 beats/min; respirations, 32 breaths/min

A.blood pressure, 190/110 mm Hg; pulse, 55 beats/min; respirations, 30 breaths/min

The musculoskeletal system refers to the: A.bones and voluntary muscles of the body. B.nervous system's control over the muscles. C.connective tissue that supports the skeleton. D.involuntary muscles of the nervous system.

A.bones and voluntary muscles of the body.

The _________ is the best-protected part of the CNS and controls the functions of the cardiac and respiratory systems. A.brain stem B.cerebellum C.spinal cord D.cerebral cortex

A.brain stem

Patients with rib fractures will commonly: A.breathe rapidly and shallowly. B.take a series of deep breaths. C.prefer to lie in a supine position. D.develop a sucking chest wound.

A.breathe rapidly and shallowly.

When caring for a patient with a possible fracture of the scapula, the EMT should: A.carefully assess the patient for breathing problems. B.apply rigid board splints across the chest and back. C.assume that minimal force was applied to the back. D.recognize that scapular fractures are life threatening.

A.carefully assess the patient for breathing problems.

The _________ contain(s) about 75% of the brain's total volume. A.cerebrum B.cerebellum C.brain stem D.meninges

A.cerebrum

Which of the following is a severe burn in a 35-year-old patient? A.circumferential partial-thickness burn to the chest B.full-thickness burn to 5% of the body surface area (BSA) C.partial-thickness burn to 20% of the BSA D.superficial burn covering 50% of the BSA

A.circumferential partial-thickness burn to the chest

The MOST commonly fractured bone(s) in the body is the: A.clavicle. B.scapula. C.radius and ulna. D.midshaft femur.

A.clavicle.

You are transporting a patient with blunt abdominal trauma. The patient is unstable and is experiencing obvious signs and symptoms of shock. Your estimated time of arrival at the hospital is less than 10 minutes. After treating the patient appropriately, you should: A.closely monitor him and reassess him frequently. B.perform a comprehensive secondary assessment. C.begin documenting the call on the patient care form. D.forgo the hospital radio report because of his condition.

A.closely monitor him and reassess him frequently.

The germinal layer of the epidermis contains pigment granules that are responsible for skin: A.color. B.texture. C.moisture. D.temperature.

A.color.

A small compact car was involved in a rollover crash. As you are approaching the vehicle, you note that the roof is significantly collapsed. The patient, a 29-year-old male, is complaining of severe pain in his neck and to the top of his head as well as numbness and tingling in his extremities. Witnesses who removed the patient from the vehicle state that he was wearing his seatbelt. What injury mechanism is MOST likely responsible for this patient's condition? A.compression of the head against the roof B.lateral bending of the neck during the crash C.impact of the head against the steering wheel D.whiplash injury to the neck during the rollover

A.compression of the head against the roof

Common signs and symptoms of a serious head injury include all of the following, EXCEPT: A.constricted pupils. B.combative behavior. C.CSF leakage from the ears. D.decreased sensory function.

A.constricted pupils.

A construction worker fell approximately 30′ and landed in a pile of steel rods. Your assessment reveals that he is pulseless and apneic and has a 10″ steel rod impaled in his left leg. You should: A.control the bleeding, begin cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), stabilize the steel rod, immobilize his spine, and transport immediately. B.remove the steel rod, control the bleeding, apply an automated external defibrillator (AED), begin CPR, and transport to a trauma center. C.stabilize the steel rod, control the bleeding, begin CPR, and rapidly transport to a trauma center. D.control the bleeding, carefully remove the steel rod, begin CPR, and transport as soon as possible.

A.control the bleeding, begin cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), stabilize the steel rod, immobilize his spine, and transport immediately.

Burns are classified according to: A.depth and extent. B.location and pain. C.degree and location. D.extent and location.

A.depth and extent.

When assessing a conscious patient with an MOI that suggests spinal injury, you should: A.determine if the strength in all extremities is equal. B.rule out a spinal injury if the patient denies neck pain. C.defer spinal immobilization if the patient is ambulatory. D.ask the patient to move his or her head to assess for pain.

A.determine if the strength in all extremities is equal.

When a driver is in a car equipped with an air bag, but is not wearing a seatbelt, he or she will MOST likely strike the __________ when the air bag deploys upon impact. A.door B.dashboard C.windshield D.steering wheel

A.door

During your assessment of a patient who experienced a blast injury, you note that he has a depressed area to the front of his skull. This injury MOST likely occurred: A.during the tertiary phase. B.during the secondary phase. C.during the primary phase. D.as a direct result of the pressure wave.

A.during the tertiary phase.

Following a stab wound to the left anterior chest, a 25-year-old male presents with a decreased level of consciousness and signs of shock. Which of the following additional assessment findings should increase your index of suspicion for a cardiac tamponade? A.engorged jugular veins B.widening pulse pressure C.diminished breath sounds D.a rapid, irregular pulse

A.engorged jugular veins

A spontaneous pneumothorax would MOST likely occur as the result of: A.exertion of a person with a congenital lung defect. B.excessive coughing in a patient with pneumonitis. C.abnormally slow breathing in a patient with pleurisy. D.blunt or penetrating trauma to the anterior chest wall.

A.exertion of a person with a congenital lung defect.

It would be MOST appropriate to perform a focused secondary assessment on a patient who: A.fainted and fell to the ground from a standing position. B.was restrained during a high-speed motor vehicle crash. C.has blood draining from the ears following a head injury. D.struck his or her head and is experiencing nausea or vomiting.

A.fainted and fell to the ground from a standing position.

In which of the following situations would external bleeding be the MOST difficult to control? A.femoral artery laceration and a blood pressure of 140/90 mm Hg B.jugular vein laceration and a systolic blood pressure of 90 mm Hg C.carotid artery laceration and a systolic blood pressure of 60 mm Hg D.antecubital vein laceration and a blood pressure of 138/92 mm Hg

A.femoral artery laceration and a blood pressure of 140/90 mm Hg

When placing a patient onto a long backboard, the EMT at the patient's _________ is in charge of all patient movements. A.head B.chest C.waist D.lower extremities

A.head

A 40-year-old unrestrained female impacted the steering wheel of her vehicle with her chest when she hit a tree while traveling at 45 mph. She is conscious and alert, but is experiencing significant chest pain and shortness of breath. Which of the following injuries did this patient likely NOT experience? A.head injury B.cardiac contusion C.pulmonary contusion D.multiple rib fractures

A.head injury

A sign of kidney damage following blunt trauma is: A.hematuria. B.hemoptysis. C.hematemesis. D.hematochezia.

A.hematuria.

The effectiveness of positive-pressure ventilations when treating a head-injured patient can ONLY be determined by: A.immediate reassessment following the intervention. B.a neurosurgeon or emergency department physician. C.reassessing the patient's blood pressure after at least 10 minutes. D.noting a decrease in the heart rate during ventilations.

A.immediate reassessment following the intervention.

Functions of dressings and bandages include all of the following, EXCEPT: A.immobilization of the injury. B.prevention of contamination. C.protection from further injury. D.control of external hemorrhage

A.immobilization of the injury.

In addition to external bleeding, the MOST significant risk that an open soft-tissue injury exposes a patient to is: A.infection. B.hypothermia. C.nerve damage. D.vessel damage.

A.infection.

A 22-year-old male was walking on the beach and had sand blown into his eyes. He complains of pain and decreased vision to his right eye. Treatment should include: A.irrigating his right eye laterally. B.flushing his eye starting laterally. C.irrigating both eyes simultaneously. D.covering both eyes and transporting.

A.irrigating his right eye laterally.

Bleeding from the nose following head trauma: A.is a sign of a skull fracture and should not be stopped. B.should be controlled by packing the nostril with gauze. C.should be assumed to be caused by a fractured septum. D.is usually due to hypertension caused by the head injury.

A.is a sign of a skull fracture and should not be stopped.

A tight-fitting motorcycle helmet should be left in place unless: A.it interferes with your assessment of the airway. B.the patient must be placed onto a long backboard. C.the patient complains of severe neck or back pain. D.the helmet is equipped with a full face shield or visor.

A.it interferes with your assessment of the airway.

A 29-year-old male has an anterior nosebleed after he was accidentally elbowed in the nose. His is conscious and alert with adequate breathing. The MOST appropriate care for this patient includes: A.leaning him forward and pinching his nostrils together. B.packing the nasopharynx with moist, sterile dressings. C.applying a gauze pad in between his lower lip and gum. D.placing him supine and pinching his nostrils together.

A.leaning him forward and pinching his nostrils together.

Which of the following skull fractures would be the LEAST likely to present with palpable deformity or other outward signs? A.linear B.basilar C.open D.compressed

A.linear

All of the following body structures are lined with mucous membranes, EXCEPT for the: A.lips. B.nose. C.anus. D.mouth.

A.lips.

All of the following are hollow abdominal organs, EXCEPT for the: A.liver. B.bladder. C.ureters. D.stomach.

A.liver.

The MOST common and significant complication associated with fractures or dislocations of the knee is: A.neurovascular compromise. B.internal bleeding and shock. C.ligament and cartilage damage. D.total depletion of synovial fluid.

A.neurovascular compromise.

Of the following musculoskeletal injuries, which is considered to be the LEAST severe? A.nondisplaced pelvic fracture B.open fractures of a long bone C.an amputation of an extremity D.multiple closed long bone fractures

A.nondisplaced pelvic fracture

As you approach a young male who was involved in an industrial accident, you note that his eyes are closed and that he is not moving. You can see several large contusions to his arms, a laceration to his forehead with minimal bleeding, and a closed deformity to his right leg. You should: A.open his airway and assess his breathing status. B.perform an immediate head-to-toe assessment. C.assess his pulse for rate, regularity, and quality. D.apply high-flow oxygen and assess his injuries.

A.open his airway and assess his breathing status.

Irritation or damage to the pleural surfaces that causes sharp chest pain during inhalation is called: A.pleurisy. B.dyspnea. C.pneumonitis. D.pneumothorax.

A.pleurisy.

A 22-year-old male was kicked in the abdomen multiple times during an attack by a gang. He is conscious but restless and his pulse is rapid. Your assessment reveals a large area of bruising to the right upper quadrant of his abdomen. The MOST appropriate treatment for this patient includes: A.preparing for immediate transport. B.applying oxygen via nasal cannula. C.performing a focused physical exam. D.a detailed assessment of his abdomen.

A.preparing for immediate transport.

The primary purpose for splinting a musculoskeletal injury is to: A.prevent further injury. B.maximize distal circulation. C.make the patient comfortable. D.facilitate ambulance transport.

A.prevent further injury.

When activated, the sympathetic nervous system produces all of the following effects, EXCEPT: A.pupillary constriction. B.increase in heart rate. C.shunting of blood to vital organs. D.dilation of the bronchiole smooth muscle.

A.pupillary constriction.

A utility worker was trimming branches and was electrocuted when he accidentally cut a high-power line. He fell approximately 20′ and is lying unconscious on the ground; the power line is lying across his chest. You should: A.rapidly assess the patient after ensuring that the power line is not live. B.apply insulated gloves and assume manual control of his c-spine. C.quickly but carefully move the patient away from the power line. D.manually stabilize his head as your partner assesses for breathing.

A.rapidly assess the patient after ensuring that the power line is not live.

A patient who cannot remember the events that preceded his or her head injury is experiencing: A.retrograde amnesia. B.anterograde amnesia. C.perigrade amnesia. D.posttraumatic amnesia

A.retrograde amnesia.

The systemic veins function by: A.returning deoxygenated blood back to the heart. B.delivering oxygen-poor blood to the capillaries. C.returning oxygen-rich blood back to the left atrium. D.delivering deoxygenated blood to the capillaries.

A.returning deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

The pectoral girdle consists of the: A.scapulae and clavicles. B.clavicles and rib cage. C.sternum and scapulae. D.acromion and clavicles.

A.scapulae and clavicles.

Which of the following joints allows no motion? A.skull sutures B.sacroiliac joint C.shoulder joint D.sternoclavicular joint

A.skull sutures

The spinal cord is encased in and protected by the: A.spinal canal. B.vertebral body. C.vertebral arch. D.intervertebral disc.

A.spinal canal.

A 15-year-old female was struck by a small car while riding her bicycle. She was wearing a helmet and was thrown to the ground, striking her head. In addition to managing problems associated with airway, breathing, and circulation, it is MOST important for you to: A.stabilize her entire spine. B.obtain baseline vital signs. C.inspect the helmet for cracks. D.leave her bicycle helmet on.

A.stabilize her entire spine.

If one or more occupants in the same vehicle are killed in a crash, the EMT should: A.suspect that all living occupants experienced the same serious trauma. B.transport the survivors only if they have injuries or complain of pain. C.allow the survivors to refuse transport if they have no obvious injuries. D.rapidly assess only the survivors who have experienced obvious trauma.

A.suspect that all living occupants experienced the same serious trauma.

Deformity caused by a fracture would MOST likely be masked by: A.swelling. B.guarding. C.crepitus. D.ecchymosis.

A.swelling.

The severity of bleeding should be based on all of the following findings, EXCEPT: A.systolic blood pressure. B.poor general appearance. C.the mechanism of injury. D.clinical signs and symptoms.

A.systolic blood pressure.

Factors that should be considered when assessing a patient who has fallen include all of the following, EXCEPT: A.the speed of the fall. B.the surface struck. C.the height of the fall. D.the primary impact point

A.the speed of the fall.

The Adam's apple is: A.the upper part of the larynx that is formed by the thyroid cartilage. B.the lower part of the larynx that is formed by the cricoid cartilage. C.the small indentation in between the thyroid and cricoid cartilages. D.below the thyroid cartilage and forms the upper part of the trachea.

A.the upper part of the larynx that is formed by the thyroid cartilage.

According to the Association of Air Medical Services (AAMS), you should consider air medical transport of a trauma patient if: A.traffic conditions hamper the ability to get the patient to a trauma center by ground within the ideal time frame for the best clinical outcome. B.ground transport will take your ambulance out of service for an extended period of time, regardless of the severity of the patient's injuries. C.the patient requires advanced life support care and stabilization, and the nearest ALS-ground ambulance is more than 5 to 10 minutes away. D.he or she was involved in a motor vehicle crash in which another occupant in the same vehicle was killed, even if your patient's injuries are minor.

A.traffic conditions hamper the ability to get the patient to a trauma center by ground within the ideal time frame for the best clinical outcome.

The driver of a sport utility vehicle lost control and struck a utility pole head-on. The driver was killed instantly. The passenger, a young female, is conscious and alert and has several small abrasions and lacerations to her left forearm. Treatment for the passenger should include: A.transport to a trauma center. B.a focused exam of her forearm. C.transport to a community hospital. D.a secondary assessment at the scene.

A.transport to a trauma center.

If you do not have the appropriate size cervical collar, you should: A.use rolled towels to immobilize the patient's head. B.place sandbags on either side of the patient's head. C.ask the patient to keep his or her head in a neutral position. D.defer cervical immobilization and apply lateral head blocks

A.use rolled towels to immobilize the patient's head.

A 19-year-old male is unresponsive, apneic, and pulseless after being struck in the center of the chest with a softball. Based on the mechanism of injury, what MOST likely occurred? A.ventricular fibrillation when the impact occurred during a critical portion of the cardiac cycle B.asystole secondary to massive intrathoracic hemorrhage due to traumatic rupture of the aorta C.fracture of the sternum that caused a rupture of the myocardium and led to a cardiac dysrhythmia D.collapse of both lungs due to fractured ribs that perforated the lung tissue and caused cardiac arrest

A.ventricular fibrillation when the impact occurred during a critical portion of the cardiac cycle

Pleural fluid is contained between the: A.visceral and parietal pleurae. B.parietal pleura and the heart. C.visceral pleura and the lung. D.parietal pleura and the chest wall.

A.visceral and parietal pleurae.

Force acting over a distance defines the concept of: A.work. B.latent energy. C.kinetic energy. D.potential energy.

A.work.

An infant with a total blood volume of 800 mL would start showing signs of shock when as little as ______ of blood is lost. A.50 mL B.100 mL C.150 mL D.200 mL

B.100 mL

A patient with a head injury presents with abnormal flexion of his extremities. What numeric value should you assign to him for motor response? A.2 B.3 C.4 D.5

B.3

Your patient has a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 13, a systolic blood pressure of 80 mm Hg, and a respiratory rate of 8 breaths/min, his Revised Trauma Score (RTS) is: A.8. B.9. C.10. D.11.

B.9.

Which of the following statements regarding cervical collars is correct? A.Once a cervical collar is applied, you can cease manual head stabilization. B.A cervical collar is used in addition to, not instead of, manual immobilization. C.Cervical collars are contraindicated in patients with numbness to the extremities. D.The patient's head should be forced into a neutral position to apply a cervical collar.

B.A cervical collar is used in addition to, not instead of, manual immobilization.

Which of the following statements regarding crush syndrome is correct? A.With crush syndrome, massive blood vessel damage occurs following severe soft-tissue injuries, such as amputation of an extremity. B.Compromised arterial blood flow leads to crush syndrome and can occur when an area of the body is trapped for longer than 4 hours. C.Tissue damage that occurs in crush syndrome is severe, but kidney injury is unlikely because toxins are quickly eliminated from the body. D.Provided that a patient with a crush injury is freed from entrapment within 6 hours, the amount of tissue damaged is generally minimal.

B.Compromised arterial blood flow leads to crush syndrome and can occur when an area of the body is trapped for longer than 4 hours.

Which of the following statements regarding the vitreous humor is correct? A.It is a clear, watery fluid that cannot be replaced if it is lost during an eye injury. B.It is a clear, jellylike fluid near the back of the eye that cannot be replaced if it is lost. C.It is a clear, watery fluid that is located in front of the lens and can be replaced if it is lost. D.It is a clear fluid that is produced by the lacrimal glands and cannot be replaced if it is lost.

B.It is a clear, jellylike fluid near the back of the eye that cannot be replaced if it is lost.

Which of the following statements regarding hemophilia is correct? A.Hemophilia is defined as a total lack of platelets. B.Patients with hemophilia may bleed spontaneously. C.Hemophiliacs take aspirin to enhance blood clotting. D.Approximately 25% of the population has hemophilia.

B.Patients with hemophilia may bleed spontaneously.

Which of the following statements regarding abdominal trauma is correct? A.Most of the vital abdominal organs lie within the retroperitoneal space. B.The absence of abdominal pain does not rule out intra-abdominal bleeding. C.The liver is well protected and is rarely injured during a traumatic event. D.Hollow abdominal organs are vascular and bleed profusely when injured.

B.The absence of abdominal pain does not rule out intra-abdominal bleeding.

Which of the following statements regarding the rule of nines is correct? A.A child's head is equal to 14% of his or her total BSA. B.The anterior trunk of an adult is equal to 18% of the BSA. C.The posterior of a child's leg is equal to 13.5% of the BSA. D.The anterior arm in the adult is equal to 9% of the total BSA.

B.The anterior trunk of an adult is equal to 18% of the BSA.

Which of the following statements regarding the dermis is correct? A.The dermis produces a substance that provides color to the skin. B.The dermis contains hair follicles, sweat glands, and nerve endings. C.The cells of the dermis are worn away and are constantly replaced. D.The dermis lies above the germinal layer and provides protection.

B.The dermis contains hair follicles, sweat glands, and nerve endings.

Which of the following statements regarding abdominal eviscerations is correct? A.Most eviscerations occur to the left upper quadrant. B.The protruding organs should be kept warm and moist. C.The organs should be replaced carefully to avoid heat loss. D.Adherent material is preferred when covering an evisceration.

B.The protruding organs should be kept warm and moist.

Following blunt trauma to the face, a 21-year-old male complains of a severe headache and decreased ability to move his eyes. This patient's clinical presentation is MOST consistent with: A.a lacerated globe. B.a blowout fracture. C.a ruptured eyeball. D.optic vessel compression.

B.a blowout fracture.

In order for electricity to flow through the body and cause damage: A.an insulator must exist between the electrical source and the patient. B.a complete circuit must exist between the electrical source and the ground. C.the part of the body that is in contact with the electrical source must be dry. D.the person must make direct physical contact with the source of electricity.

B.a complete circuit must exist between the electrical source and the ground.

The MOST reliable sign of a head injury is: A.a pulse that is rapid and thready. B.a decreased level of consciousness. C.an abnormally low blood pressure. D.decreased sensation in the extremities.

B.a decreased level of consciousness.

Which of the following open soft-tissue injuries is limited to the superficial layer of the skin and results in the least amount of blood loss? A.avulsion B.abrasion C.incision D.laceration

B.abrasion

The meninges, along with the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that circulates in between each meningeal layer, function by: A.regenerating brain cells after they have been damaged. B.acting as a shock absorber for the brain and spinal cord. C.delivering oxygen directly to the CNS. D.producing leukocytes that protect the brain from infection.

B.acting as a shock absorber for the brain and spinal cord.

During your assessment of a 22-year-old male who was assaulted, you note widespread contusions and abrasions to his face, chest, and abdomen. His pulse is rapid and weak, and his skin is cool and clammy. You should: A.perform a focused physical exam of his abdomen. B.administer oxygen and prepare for rapid transport. C.place him in a sitting position and give him oxygen. D.conclude that he is experiencing intracranial bleeding.

B.administer oxygen and prepare for rapid transport.

An open pneumothorax occurs when: A.a fractured rib perforates the tissue of the lung. B.air enters the pleural space from outside the body. C.extreme pleural pressure causes the lung to rupture. D.air enters the pleural space from a perforated lung.

B.air enters the pleural space from outside the body.

The MOST significant complication associated with facial injuries is: A.damage to the eyes. B.airway compromise. C.cervical spine injury. D.mandibular immobility.

B.airway compromise.

Which of the following is a severe burn in a 2-year-old child? A.superficial burn that covers 25% of the BSA B.any full-thickness burn, regardless of its location on the body C.partial-thickness burn that covers 10% of the BSA D.any burn that involves the arms, legs, or posterior part of the body

B.any full-thickness burn, regardless of its location on the body

Which of the following injuries would MOST likely occur as a direct result of the third collision in a motor vehicle crash? A.flail chest B.aortic rupture C.extremity fractures D.forehead lacerations

B.aortic rupture

During your assessment of a 29-year-old female with significant deformity to her left elbow, you are unable to palpate a radial pulse. Your transport time to the hospital is approximately 40 minutes. You should: A.splint the elbow in the position of deformity and transport immediately. B.apply gentle manual traction in line with the limb and reassess for a pulse. C.carefully straighten the injured arm and secure it with padded board splints. D.make two or three attempts to restore distal circulation by manipulating the elbow.

B.apply gentle manual traction in line with the limb and reassess for a pulse.

When evaluating the mechanism of injury of a car versus pedestrian collision, you should first: A.determine if the patient was propelled away from the vehicle. B.approximate the speed of the vehicle that struck the pedestrian. C.evaluate the vehicle that struck the patient for structural damage. D.determine if the patient was struck and pulled under the vehicle.

B.approximate the speed of the vehicle that struck the pedestrian.

A short backboard or vest-style immobilization device is indicated for patients who: A.are found supine and have stable vital signs. B.are in a sitting position and are clinically stable. C.require prompt extrication from an automobile. D.are sitting in their car and are clinically unstable.

B.are in a sitting position and are clinically stable.

After your partner assumes manual in-line stabilization of the patient's head, you should: A.apply an appropriately sized rigid cervical collar. B.assess distal neurovascular status in the extremities. C.thoroughly palpate the patient's head for deformities. D.use four people to log roll the patient onto a backboard.

B.assess distal neurovascular status in the extremities.

A young female experienced a laceration to her left eyeball from flying glass when her boyfriend broke a soda bottle against a wall. There is moderate bleeding and the patient states that she cannot see out of the injured eye. You should: A.carefully examine her eye and remove any foreign objects if needed. B.avoid applying pressure to the globe when you are covering the eye. C.ask her to move the injured eye to assess the integrity of the optic nerve. D.apply firm direct pressure to the injured eye and cover the opposite eye.

B.avoid applying pressure to the globe when you are covering the eye.

An injury that separates various layers of soft tissue, resulting in complete detachment or a flap of skin, is called a(n): A.incision. B.avulsion. C.laceration. D.amputation.

B.avulsion.

Bone marrow produces: A.platelets. B.blood cells. C.lymphocytes. D.electrolytes.

B.blood cells.

An organ or tissue may be better able to resist damage from hypoperfusion if the: A.body's demand for oxygen is markedly increased. B.body's temperature is considerably less than 98.6°F (37.0°C). C.systolic arterial blood pressure is at least 60 mm Hg. D.heart rate is maintained at more than 100 beats/min.

B.body's temperature is considerably less than 98.6°F (37.0°C).

The central nervous system (CNS) is composed of the: A.cerebellum and brain. B.brain and spinal cord. C.cerebrum and meninges. D.meninges and spinal cord.

B.brain and spinal cord.

The phenomenon of pressure waves emanating from the bullet, causing damage remote from its path, is known as: A.capitation. B.cavitation. C.congruent. D.conversion.

B.cavitation.

A temporary loss or alteration of part or all of the brain's abilities to function without physical damage to the brain MOST accurately describes a(n): A.cerebral contusion. B.cerebral concussion. C.intracranial hemorrhage. D.intracerebral hematoma.

B.cerebral concussion.

The five sections of the spinal column, in descending order, are the: A.thoracic, cervical, lumbar, coccygeal, and sacral. B.cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal. C.coccygeal, sacral, lumbar, thoracic, and cervical. D.cervical, coccygeal, thoracic, sacral, and lumbar.

B.cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal.

Common signs and symptoms of an airway burn include all of the following, EXCEPT: A.hoarseness. B.chest pressure. C.singed nasal hair. D.soot around the mouth.

B.chest pressure.

Signs and symptoms of a tension pneumothorax include all of the following, EXCEPT: A.profound cyanosis. B.collapsed jugular veins. C.bulging intercostal muscles. D.unilaterally absent breath sounds.

B.collapsed jugular veins.

When assessing a patient with a possible fracture of the leg, the EMT should: A.assess proximal circulation. B.compare it to the uninjured leg. C.carefully move it to elicit crepitus. D.ask the patient to move the injured leg.

B.compare it to the uninjured leg.

A 30-year-old male experienced a crushing injury when his arm was trapped between the back of a truck and a loading dock. Upon your arrival, the man's arm has been freed. Your assessment reveals that his arm is obviously deformed and swollen and is cold and pale. Further assessment reveals an absent radial pulse. You should be MOST concerned that this patient has: A.internal hemorrhage. B.compartment syndrome. C.a severe closed fracture. D.damage to the radial nerve.

B.compartment syndrome.

Which of the following nerves allow sensory and motor impulses to be sent from one nerve directly to another? A.somatic B.connecting C.peripheral D.autonomic

B.connecting

A 39-year-old male accidentally cut his wrist while sharpening his hunting knife. He is conscious and alert with adequate breathing, but is bleeding significantly from the wound. You should: A.ensure the patient has a patent airway. B.control the bleeding with direct pressure. C.apply oxygen with a nonrebreathing mask. D.apply a tourniquet proximal to the wound.

B.control the bleeding with direct pressure.

A closed soft-tissue injury characterized by swelling and ecchymosis is called a(n): A.abrasion. B.contusion. C.hematoma. D.crush injury.

B.contusion.

Signs of a pulmonary blast injury include: A.vomiting blood. B.coughing up blood. C.an irregular pulse. D.multiple rib fractures.

B.coughing up blood.

Which of the following would MOST likely occur as the direct result of the second collision in a motor vehicle crash? A.collapsed dashboard B.deformed steering wheel C.caved-in passenger door D.intrathoracic hemorrhage

B.deformed steering wheel

Common signs and symptoms of a sprain include all of the following, EXCEPT: A.swelling. B.deformity. C.ecchymosis. D.point tenderness.

B.deformity.

A Colles fracture involves a fracture of the: A.distal ulna. B.distal radius. C.proximal radius. D.radius and ulna.

B.distal radius.

A 12-year-old male jumped approximately 12′ from a tree and landed on his feet. He complains of pain to his lower back. What injury mechanism is MOST likely responsible for his back pain? A.lateral impact to the spine B.energy transmission to the spine C.direct trauma to the spinal column D.secondary fall after the initial impact

B.energy transmission to the spine

A burn that is characterized by redness and pain is classified as a: A.third-degree burn. B.first-degree burn. C.second-degree burn D.partial-thickness burn

B.first-degree burn.

A 40-year-old male presents with severe abdominal pain following blunt trauma. He is diaphoretic, intensely thirsty, and has a weak and rapid pulse. Appropriate treatment for this patient includes all of the following, EXCEPT: A.covering him with a warm blanket. B.giving him small sips of plain water. C.promptly transporting to the hospital. D.administering supplemental oxygen.

B.giving him small sips of plain water.

The eyeball itself is referred to as the: A.orbit. B.globe. C.sclera. D.cornea.

B.globe.

In contrast to a Level III trauma center, a Level I trauma center must: A.be involved in trauma prevention programs. B.have general surgeons that are in-house 24 hours a day. C.have access to an emergency physician within 30 minutes. D.be able to stabilize patients before transferring to a higher level facility.

B.have general surgeons that are in-house 24 hours a day.

A 45-year-old male was working on his roof when he fell approximately 12′,landing on his feet. He is conscious and alert and complains of an ache in his lower back. He is breathing adequately and has stable vital signs. You should: A.obtain a Glasgow Coma Score value and give him oxygen. B.immobilize his spine and perform a focused secondary exam. C.allow him to refuse transport if his vital signs remain stable. D.perform a rapid head-to-toe exam and immobilize his spine.

B.immobilize his spine and perform a focused secondary exam.

During your rapid secondary assessment of a 19-year-old female with multiple trauma, you note bilateral humeral deformities and a deformity to the left midshaft femur. Her skin is diaphoretic and her pulse is rapid and weak. Your partner has appropriately managed her airway and is maintaining manual stabilization of her head. The MOST appropriate treatment for this patient includes: A.applying and inflating the pneumatic antishock garment (PASG) and transporting. B.immobilizing her to a backboard and rapidly transporting. C.applying a traction splint to immobilize her femur. D.carefully splinting each of her deformed extremities.

B.immobilizing her to a backboard and rapidly transporting.

During your primary assessment of a semiconscious 30-year-old female with closed head trauma, you note that she has slow, shallow breathing and a slow, bounding pulse. As your partner maintains manual in-line stabilization of her head, you should: A.perform a focused secondary assessment of the patient's head and neck. B.instruct him to assist her ventilations while you perform a rapid assessment. C.apply 100% oxygen via a nonrebreathing mask and obtain baseline vital signs. D.immediately place her on a long backboard and prepare for rapid transport.

B.instruct him to assist her ventilations while you perform a rapid assessment.

Bleeding within the brain tissue itself is called a(n): A.epidural hematoma. B.intracerebral hematoma. C.subdural hematoma. D.intracranial hematoma.

B.intracerebral hematoma.

When a light is shone into the pupil: A.the opposite pupil should dilate. B.it should become smaller in size. C.it should become larger in size. D.both pupils should dilate together.

B.it should become smaller in size.

The energy of a moving object is called: A.latent energy. B.kinetic energy. C.potential energy. D.converted energy.

B.kinetic energy.

A hematoma develops when: A.small amounts of blood leak into the epidermis. B.large blood vessels beneath the skin are damaged. C.severe swelling compromises arterial circulation. D.cells and small vessels in the dermis are damaged.

B.large blood vessels beneath the skin are damaged.

Approximately 25% of severe injuries to the aorta occur during: A.frontal collisions. B.lateral collisions. C.rollover collisions. D.rear-end collisions.

B.lateral collisions.

When splinting a possible fracture of the foot, it is MOST important for the EMT to: A.use a pillow as a splint. B.leave the toes exposed. C.apply a pneumatic splint. D.observe for tissue swelling.

B.leave the toes exposed.

Which of the following organs would MOST likely bleed profusely when injured? A.bladder B.liver C.stomach D.intestine

B.liver

A person who experiences a calcaneus fracture after jumping and landing on his or her feet would MOST likely experience an accompanying fracture of the: A.thoracic spine. B.lumbar spine. C.coccygeal spine. D.symphysis pubis.

B.lumbar spine.

When a patient experiences a severe spinal injury, he or she: A.will likely be paralyzed from the neck down. B.may lose sensation below the level of the injury. C.most commonly has a palpable spinal deformity. D.often loses motor function on one side of the body.

B.may lose sensation below the level of the injury.

When a person is lying supine at the end of exhalation, the diaphragm: A.contracts and flattens inferiorly. B.may rise as high as the nipple line. C.is less prone to penetrating trauma. D.descends below the level of the navel.

B.may rise as high as the nipple line.

When assessing the interior of a crashed motor vehicle for damage, you are gathering information regarding the: A.index of suspicion. B.mechanism of injury. C.kinetic energy. D.potential energy.

B.mechanism of injury.

If a person's tidal volume decreases, but his or her respiratory rate remains unchanged: A.minute volume will increase. B.minute volume will decrease. C.minute volume will remain unchanged. D.excess carbon dioxide will be eliminated.

B.minute volume will decrease.

A rapid, irregular pulse following blunt trauma to the chest is MOST suggestive of a: A.ruptured aorta. B.myocardial contusion. C.pericardial tamponade. D.tension pneumothorax

B.myocardial contusion.

While en route to a major motor vehicle crash, an on-scene police officer advises you that a 6-year-old male who was riding in the front seat is involved. He further states that the child was only wearing a lap belt and that the air bag deployed. On the basis of this information, you should be MOST suspicious that the child has experienced: A.open abdominal trauma. B.neck and facial injuries. C.blunt trauma to the head. D.lower extremity fractures.

B.neck and facial injuries.

A 44-year-old male sustained a laceration to his left ear during a minor car accident. Your assessment reveals minimal bleeding. Appropriate care for this injury includes: A.applying a tight pressure dressing. B.padding between the ear and the scalp. C.packing the ear with sterile gauze pads. D.covering the wound with a moist dressing.

B.padding between the ear and the scalp.

Early signs and symptoms of intra-abdominal bleeding include: A.bruising only. B.pain and distention. C.widespread ecchymosis. D.significant hypotension.

B.pain and distention.

A fracture caused by minimal force that is associated with diseases such as cancer and osteoporosis is called a __________ fracture. A.greenstick B.pathologic C.transverse D.comminuted

B.pathologic

When a hollow organ is punctured during a penetrating injury to the abdomen: A.the abdomen will become instantly distended. B.peritonitis may not develop for several hours. C.it will bleed profusely and rapidly cause shock. D.it commonly protrudes through the injury site

B.peritonitis may not develop for several hours.

A 43-year-old man is experiencing a severe nosebleed. His blood pressure is 190/110 mm Hg and his heart rate is 90 beats/min and bounding. Appropriate treatment for this patient includes: A.having the patient pinch his own nostrils and then lie supine. B.pinching the patient's nostrils and having him lean forward. C.placing a rolled 4″ × 4″ dressing between his lower lip and gum. D.packing both nostrils with gauze pads until the bleeding stops.

B.pinching the patient's nostrils and having him lean forward.

In order to avoid exacerbating a patient's injury, it is especially important to use extreme caution when providing positive-pressure ventilation to patients with a: A.flail chest. B.pneumothorax. C.cardiac tamponade. D.myocardial contusion

B.pneumothorax.

A 45-year-old female was the unrestrained passenger of a small car that rear-ended another vehicle at a moderate rate of speed. She is conscious and alert, but complains of pain to both of her knees. There is visible damage to the dashboard on the passenger's side of the vehicle. In addition to fractures or dislocations of the knees, you should be MOST suspicious for: A.anterior hip dislocation. B.posterior hip dislocation. C.a thoracic spine fracture. D.fracture of the tibia or fibula.

B.posterior hip dislocation.

A 30-year-old male sustained a stab wound to the neck when he was attacked outside a nightclub. During your assessment, you should be MOST alert for: A.injury to the cervical spine. B.potential airway compromise. C.damage to internal structures. D.alterations in his mental status.

B.potential airway compromise.

A 28-year-old male was struck in the chest with a baseball bat during an altercation. He is conscious and alert and complains of severe chest pain. Your assessment reveals a large area of ecchymosis over the sternum and a rapid, irregular pulse. In addition to applying 100% oxygen, you should: A.apply an automated external defibrillator (AED) and take his blood pressure. B.prepare for immediate transport. C.determine if he has cardiac problems. D.apply bulky dressings to the sternum.

B.prepare for immediate transport.

Because the depth of an open abdominal wound is often difficult to determine: A.vital signs should be monitored frequently. B.prompt transport to the hospital is essential. C.the EMT must perform a thorough exam. D.the abdomen must be vigorously palpated.

B.prompt transport to the hospital is essential.

The PASG is absolutely contraindicated in patients who have: A.pelvic fractures. B.pulmonary edema. C.bilateral femur fractures. D.any trauma below the pelvis.

B.pulmonary edema.

Early bruising following abdominal trauma often manifests as: A.localized pain. B.red areas of skin. C.gross distention. D.dark purple marks.

B.red areas of skin.

When caring for an occupant inside a motor vehicle equipped with an air bag that did not deploy upon impact, it is MOST important to: A.realize that the air bag malfunctioned at the time of impact. B.remember that it could still deploy and seriously injure you. C.suspect that the patient may have experienced serious injuries. D.recognize that the force of impact was most likely not severe.

B.remember that it could still deploy and seriously injure you.

During your assessment of a patient who was shot in the abdomen, you notice a large entrance wound with multiple small puncture wounds surrounding it. This wound pattern is MOST consistent with a: A.handgun. B.shotgun. C..22-caliber pistol. D..357 magnum.

B.shotgun.

Which of the following types of muscle is under direct voluntary control of the brain? A.cardiac B.skeletal C.smooth D.autonomic

B.skeletal

Moderate elevation in intracranial pressure with middle brain stem involvement is characterized by: A.increased blood pressure, bradycardia, reactive pupils, and rapid respirations. B.sluggishly reactive pupils, widened pulse pressure, bradycardia, and posturing. C.ataxic respirations, unequal pupils, no response to pain, and an irregular pulse. D.fixed and dilated pupils, decreased blood pressure, and irregular respirations.

B.sluggishly reactive pupils, widened pulse pressure, bradycardia, and posturing.

Following blunt trauma to the abdomen, a 21-year-old female complains of left upper quadrant abdominal pain with referred pain to the left shoulder. Your assessment reveals that her abdomen is distended and tender to palpation. On the basis of these findings, you should be MOST suspicious of injury to the: A.liver. B.spleen. C.pancreas. D.gallbladder.

B.spleen.

A ____________ is a musculoskeletal injury in which there is partial or temporary separation of the bone ends as well as partial stretching or tearing of the supporting ligaments. A.strain B.sprain C.fracture D.dislocation

B.sprain

When using a stick and square knot as a tourniquet to control severe bleeding from an amputated arm, the EMT should: A.cover the tourniquet with a sterile dressing. B.stop twisting the stick when the bleeding stops. C.twist the stick until the radial pulse disappears. D.remove the tourniquet if the bleeding has stopped.

B.stop twisting the stick when the bleeding stops.

Skeletal muscle is also referred to as __________ muscle. A.smooth B.striated C.connective D.involuntary

B.striated

During your primary assessment of a 19-year-old unconscious male who experienced severe head trauma, you note that his respirations are rapid, irregular, and shallow. He has bloody secretions draining from his mouth and nose. You should: A.assist his ventilations with a bag-mask device. B.suction his oropharynx for up to 15 seconds. C.immobilize his spine and transport immediately. D.pack his nostrils to stop the drainage of blood.

B.suction his oropharynx for up to 15 seconds.

Skeletal muscle is attached to the bone by tough, ropelike fibrous structures called: A.fascia. B.tendons. C.cartilage. D.ligaments.

B.tendons.

Hypovolemic shock occurs when: A.the clotting ability of the blood is enhanced. B.the body cannot compensate for rapid blood loss. C.the patient's systolic blood pressure is less than 100 mm Hg. D.at least 10% of the patient's blood volume is lost.

B.the body cannot compensate for rapid blood loss.

The ideal procedure for moving an injured patient from the ground to a backboard is: A.the clothes drag. B.the four-person log roll. C.to use a scoop stretcher. D.the direct patient carry.

B.the four-person log roll.

You arrive at the home of a 50-year-old female with severe epistaxis. As you are treating her, it is MOST important to recall that: A.the patient may be significantly hypertensive. B.the patient is at risk for vomiting and aspiration. C.a detailed exam is needed to determine the cause. D.many medications interfere with blood clotting.

B.the patient is at risk for vomiting and aspiration.

Whether you are using a commercial device or a stick and triangular bandage as a tourniquet, it is important to remember that: A.you should try to control the bleeding by applying pressure to a proximal arterial pressure point first. B.the tourniquet should only be removed at the hospital because bleeding may return if the tourniquet is released. C.bulky dressings should be securely applied over the tourniquet to further assist in controlling the bleeding. D.the tourniquet should be applied directly over a joint if possible because this provides better bleeding control.

B.the tourniquet should only be removed at the hospital because bleeding may return if the tourniquet is released.

Immediate death from blunt chest trauma following a motor vehicle crash is MOST often the result of: A.a tension pneumothorax. B.traumatic aortic rupture. C.penetrating lung injuries. D.a massive cardiac contusion.

B.traumatic aortic rupture.

You are transporting an immobilized patient with severe facial trauma. As you are preparing to give your radio report to the hospital, the patient begins vomiting large amounts of blood. You should: A.quickly suction his oropharynx. B.turn the backboard onto its side. C.reassess his breathing adequacy. D.alert the hospital of the situation.

B.turn the backboard onto its side.

A fractured femur can result in the loss of ______ or more of blood into the soft tissues of the thigh. A.250 mL B.500 mL C.1 L D.2 L

C.1 L

The cervical spine is composed of _____ vertebrae. A.5 B.6 C.7 D.8

C.7

Which of the following statements regarding secondary brain injury is correct? A.It results from direct brain trauma following an impact to the head. B.Because cerebral edema develops quickly, it is considered to be a primary brain injury. C.Hypoxia and hypotension are the two most common causes of secondary brain injury. D.Signs are often present immediately after an impact to the head.

C.Hypoxia and hypotension are the two most common causes of secondary brain injury.

With regard to the three collisions that occur during a motor vehicle crash, which of the following statements regarding the first collision is correct? A.It provides the least amount of information about the mechanism of injury. B.It has a direct effect on patient care because of the obvious vehicular damage. C.It is the most dramatic part of the collision and may make extrication difficult. D.It occurs when the unrestrained occupant collides with the interior of the vehicle.

C.It is the most dramatic part of the collision and may make extrication difficult.

Which of the following statements regarding shoulder dislocations is MOST correct? A.Posterior dislocations are most common. B.They are caused by forced arm adduction. C.Most shoulder dislocations occur anteriorly. D.They involve the acromion process and humerus.

C.Most shoulder dislocations occur anteriorly.

Which of the following statements regarding a basilar skull fracture is correct? A.Bloody CSF commonly leaks from the nose. B.In most cases, mastoid bruising occurs. C.The absence of raccoon eyes or Battle's sign does not rule it out. D.They are typically the result of local, low-energy trauma to the head.

C.The absence of raccoon eyes or Battle's sign does not rule it out.

Which of the following patients has experienced the MOST significant fall? A.a 4′8″ patient who fell 13′ B.a 5′0″ patient who fell 13′ C.a 4′6″ patient who fell 13′ D.a 5′9″ patient who fell 14′

C.a 4′6″ patient who fell 13′

A subluxation occurs when: A.ligaments are partially severed. B.a fracture and a dislocation exist. C.a joint is incompletely dislocated. D.a bone develops a hairline fracture.

C.a joint is incompletely dislocated.

Compression injuries to the abdomen that occur during a motor vehicle crash are typically the result of: A.air bag deployment. B.failure to wear seatbelts. C.a poorly placed lap belt. D.rapid vehicle deceleration.

C.a poorly placed lap belt.

In which of the following patients should you remove an impaled object? A.a semiconscious patient with an ice pick impaled in the chest B.an apneic patient with a shard of glass impaled in the abdomen C.a pulseless and apneic patient with a knife impaled in the back D.a conscious and alert patient with a fishhook impaled in the eye

C.a pulseless and apneic patient with a knife impaled in the back

If direct pressure with a sterile dressing fails to immediately stop severe bleeding from an extremity, you should apply: A.additional sterile dressings. B.a splint and elevate the extremity. C.a tourniquet proximal to the injury. D.digital pressure to a proximal artery.

C.a tourniquet proximal to the injury.

Pneumothorax is defined as: A.accumulation of air between the lungs. B.blood collection within the lung tissue. C.accumulation of air in the pleural space. D.blood collection within the pleural space.

C.accumulation of air in the pleural space.

When immobilizing a seated patient with a short backboard or vest-style immobilization device, you should apply a cervical collar: A.after the torso has been adequately secured. B.after moving the patient to a long backboard. C.after assessing distal neurovascular functions. D.before manually stabilizing the patient's head.

C.after assessing distal neurovascular functions.

Subcutaneous emphysema is an indication that: A.at least half of one lung has completely collapsed. B.your patient is experiencing a pericardial tamponade. C.air is escaping into the chest wall from a damaged lung. D.blood is slowly accumulating within the tissue of the lung.

C.air is escaping into the chest wall from a damaged lung.

A 17-year-old male was shot in the right anterior chest during an altercation with a gang member. As your partner is applying 100% oxygen, you perform a rapid secondary assessment and find an open chest wound with a small amount of blood bubbling from it. You should: A.place a sterile dressing over the wound and apply direct pressure. B.control the bleeding from the wound and prepare to transport at once. C.apply an occlusive dressing to the wound and continue your assessment. D.direct your partner to assist the patient's ventilations with a bag-mask device.

C.apply an occlusive dressing to the wound and continue your assessment.

A young female was involved in a motor vehicle crash. She complains of pain to her left eye, which appears to have a piece of glass impaled in it. Further assessment reveals a large laceration to her left forearm with active venous bleeding. As your partner manually stabilizes the patient's head, you should: A.stabilize the impaled glass in her eye. B.administer 100% supplemental oxygen. C.apply direct pressure to her arm wound. D.carefully remove the glass from her eye.

C.apply direct pressure to her arm wound.

A 76-year-old male experienced sudden pain to his left thigh when he was standing in line at the grocery store. Your assessment reveals ecchymosis and deformity to the distal aspect of his left femur, just above the knee. Distal circulation and sensory and motor functions are intact. The MOST appropriate method of splinting this injury involves: A.applying a traction splint to realign the deformity. B.applying and fully inflating the pneumatic antishock garment (PASG). C.applying padded board splints to both sides of the leg. D.binding the legs together and elevating them 6″ to 8″

C.applying padded board splints to both sides of the leg.

With regard to musculoskeletal injuries, the zone of injury is defined as the: A.area of obvious deformity over the site of impact. B.exact part of the bone or joint that was disrupted. C.area of soft-tissue damage surrounding the injury. D.part of the body that sustained secondary injury.

C.area of soft-tissue damage surrounding the injury.

You have applied a dressing and roller-gauze bandage to a laceration on the arm of a young female. During transport, she begins to complain of numbness and tingling in her hand. You should: A.remove the bandage and dressing and apply another one. B.carefully manipulate her arm until the symptoms subside. C.assess distal circulation and readjust the bandage as needed. D.remove the gauze bandage and replace it with an elastic one.

C.assess distal circulation and readjust the bandage as needed.

You have applied a zippered air splint to a patient's left arm. During transport, the patient complains of increased numbness and tingling in his left hand. You reassess distal circulation and note that it remains present. Your MOST appropriate action should be to: A.elevate the injured arm and reassess distal sensory function. B.inflate the splint with more air until the patient is comfortable. C.assess the amount of air in the splint and let air out as necessary. D.remove the air splint and reimmobilize with padded board splints

C.assess the amount of air in the splint and let air out as necessary.

A 20-year-old male was accidentally shot in the right upper abdominal quadrant with an arrow during an archery contest. Prior to your arrival, the patient removed the arrow. Your assessment reveals that he is conscious and alert with stable vital signs. The entrance wound is bleeding minimally and appears to be superficial. You should: A.transport only if signs of shock begin to develop. B.carefully probe the wound to determine its depth. C.assume that the arrow injured an internal organ. D.clean the wound and apply a dry, sterile dressing.

C.assume that the arrow injured an internal organ.

The body's functions that occur without conscious effort are regulated by the _________ nervous system. A.sensory B.somatic C.autonomic D.voluntary

C.autonomic

When treating a patient who experienced a pulmonary blast injury, you should: A.use a demand valve to ventilate the patient. B.suspect an accompanying cardiac tamponade. C.avoid giving oxygen under positive pressure. D.administer large amounts of intravenous fluid.

C.avoid giving oxygen under positive pressure.

Which of the following structures is regulated by smooth muscle? A.heart B.skeleton C.blood vessels D.diaphragm

C.blood vessels

A football player was struck by another player in the right flank area just below the posterior rib cage. He complains of severe pain and point tenderness to the area. Your assessment reveals that there is a small amount of blood in his underwear. You should be MOST suspicious for: A.external genitalia injury. B.a lacerated liver or spleen. C.blunt injury to the kidney. D.a ruptured urinary bladder.

C.blunt injury to the kidney.

While assessing a young male who was struck in the chest with a steel pipe, you note that his pulse is irregular. You should be MOST suspicious for: A.underlying cardiac disease. B.a lacerated coronary artery. C.bruising of the heart muscle. D.traumatic rupture of the aorta

C.bruising of the heart muscle.

In contrast to animal bites, the bite of a human: A.is usually less severe because the human mouth is cleaner. B.typically results in a minor infection that is slow-spreading. C.carries with it a wide variety of virulent bacteria and viruses. D.is associated with a much higher incidence of rabies infection.

C.carries with it a wide variety of virulent bacteria and viruses.

Coordination of balance and body movement is controlled by the: A.medulla. B.cerebrum. C.cerebellum. D.brain stem.

C.cerebellum.

A 40-year-old male was in his woodworking shop when he felt a sudden, sharp pain in his left eye. Your assessment reveals a small splinter of wood embedded in his cornea. You should: A.scrape the splinter away with moist, sterile gauze. B.cover his right eye and flush the left eye with saline. C.cover both of his eyes and transport to the hospital. D.remove the object with a cotton-tipped applicator.

C.cover both of his eyes and transport to the hospital.

Air bags are designed to: A.prevent a second collision inside the car. B.be used with or without a shoulder harness. C.decrease the severity of deceleration injuries. D.prevent the driver from sustaining head trauma.

C.decrease the severity of deceleration injuries.

Bleeding from soft-tissue injuries to the face is MOST effectively controlled with: A.pressure dressings and chemical ice packs. B.digital pressure to an adjacent pulse point. C.direct pressure using dry, sterile dressings. D.ice packs and elevation of the patient's head.

C.direct pressure using dry, sterile dressings.

Which of the following areas of the body has the thinnest skin? A.scalp B.back C.ears D.soles of the feet

C.ears

The hormone responsible for the actions of the sympathetic nervous system is: A.insulin. B.thyroxine. C.epinephrine. D.aldosterone.

C.epinephrine.

A(n) __________ fracture occurs in the growth section of a child's bone and may lead to bone growth abnormalities. A.greenstick B.diaphyseal C.epiphyseal D.metaphyseal

C.epiphyseal

Traction splints are used primarily to immobilize and secure fractures of the: A.hip. B.pelvis. C.femur. D.humerus.

C.femur.

As red blood cells begin to clump together to form a clot, __________ reinforces the clumped red blood cells. A.fibrin B.plasma C.fibrinogen D.plasminogen

C.fibrinogen

A 39-year-old male sustained a large laceration to his leg during an accident with a chainsaw and is experiencing signs and symptoms of shock. You should: A.apply direct pressure to the wound. B.place the patient on 100% oxygen. C.follow appropriate standard precautions. D.perform a rapid head-to-toe assessment.

C.follow appropriate standard precautions.

Contraction or tensing of the abdominal muscles in an effort to ease pain is called: A.flexing. B.referring. C.guarding. D.withdrawing.

C.guarding.

Distraction injuries of the spine are MOST commonly the result of: A.falls. B.diving. C.hangings. D.compression.

C.hangings.

Air bags, in conjunction with properly worn seatbelts, are MOST beneficial when a person is involved in a: A.rollover crash. B.lateral collision. C.head-on crash. D.rear-end collision.

C.head-on crash.

In which of the following situations should the EMT splint an injured limb in the position of deformity? A.when distal circulation and neurological functions are absent B.if transport time to the hospital is greater than 20 to 30 minutes C.if resistance is encountered or the patient experiences severe pain D.if a traction splint will be used to immobilize the injured extremity

C.if resistance is encountered or the patient experiences severe pain

A 17-year-old football player collided with another player and has pain to his left clavicular area. He is holding his arm against his chest and refuses to move it. Your assessment reveals obvious deformity to the midshaft clavicle. After assessing distal pulse, sensory, and motor functions, you should: A.perform a rapid secondary assessment. B.straighten his arm and apply a board splint. C.immobilize the injury with a sling and swathe. D.place a pillow under his arm and apply a sling.

C.immobilize the injury with a sling and swathe.

During your assessment of a patient who experienced blunt trauma to the abdomen, you notice bruising around the umbilicus. This is a sign of: A.a ruptured spleen. B.a severe liver laceration. C.intra-abdominal bleeding. D.rupture of a hollow organ.

C.intra-abdominal bleeding.

Following a blunt injury to the head, a 22-year-old female is confused and complains of a severe headache and nausea. On the basis of these signs and symptoms, you should be MOST concerned with the possibility of: A.spinal cord injury. B.airway compromise. C.intracranial bleeding. D.a fracture of the skull.

C.intracranial bleeding.

A laceration: A.is an injury that separates various layers of soft tissue. B.is a sharp, smooth cut that is made by a surgical scalpel. C.is a jagged cut caused by a sharp object or blunt force trauma. D.rarely penetrates through the subcutaneous tissue to the muscle.

C.is a jagged cut caused by a sharp object or blunt force trauma.

Once a cervical collar has been applied to a patient with a possible spinal injury, it should not be removed unless: A.the patient adamantly denies neck pain. B.lateral immobilization has been applied. C.it causes a problem managing the ABCs. D.sensory and motor functions remain intact

C.it causes a problem managing the ABCs.

With regard to the pediatric rule of nines, the: A.head is proportionately smaller than an adult's. B.thorax is proportionately larger than an adult's. C.legs are proportionately smaller than an adult's. D.arms are proportionately larger than an adult's.

C.legs are proportionately smaller than an adult's.

The lower jawbone is called the: A.zygoma. B.maxillae. C.mandible. D.mastoid.

C.mandible.

Lacerations to the scalp: A.bleed minimally because the scalp has few vessels. B.uncommonly cause hypovolemic shock in children. C.may be an indicator of deeper, more serious injuries. D.are most commonly associated with skull fractures.

C.may be an indicator of deeper, more serious injuries.

If a patient with a chest injury is only able to inhale small amounts of air per breath, he or she: A.often breathes at a slower rate because of lung damage caused by the injury. B.will eliminate more carbon dioxide than if he or she were breathing deeply. C.must increase his or her respiratory rate to maintain adequate minute volume. D.will maintain adequate minute volume if his or her respiratory rate stays the same.

C.must increase his or her respiratory rate to maintain adequate minute volume.

Which of the following is a severe burn in a 65-year-old patient? A.superficial burn to 30% of the BSA B.full-thickness burn to 1% of the BSA C.partial-thickness burn to 20% of the BSA D.second-degree burn covering 10% of the BSA

C.partial-thickness burn to 20% of the BSA

The ________ nerves control the diaphragm. A.vagus B.costal C.phrenic D.intercostal

C.phrenic

A 77-year-old woman slipped and fell on a throw rug and landed on her left hip. She denies striking her head or losing consciousness. Assessment of her left leg reveals that it is shortened and externally rotated. Distal pulses, sensory, and motor functions are intact. You should: A.manually stabilize her left leg, apply a traction splint, and then secure her to a long backboard or scoop. B.carefully slide a long backboard underneath her, keep her in a supine position, and apply a splint to her leg. C.place her onto a scoop stretcher, pad around her left hip with pillows, and secure her to the scoop with straps. D.bind both of her legs together with triangular bandages and carefully secure her onto the ambulance stretcher.

C.place her onto a scoop stretcher, pad around her left hip with pillows, and secure her to the scoop with straps.

Crepitus and false motion are: A.indicators of a severe sprain. B.only seen with open fractures. C.positive indicators of a fracture. D.most common with dislocations.

C.positive indicators of a fracture.

When the speed of a motor vehicle doubles, the amount of kinetic energy: A.doubles. B.triples. C.quadruples. D.is not affected.

C.quadruples.

A 6-year-old female was riding her bicycle and struck a clothesline with her throat. She is breathing, but with obvious difficulty. Your assessment reveals a crackling sensation in the soft tissues of her neck and facial cyanosis. In addition to the appropriate airway management, the intervention that will MOST likely improve her chance of survival is: A.requesting a paramedic ambulance. B.careful monitoring her vital signs. C.rapidly transporting her to the hospital. D.quickly immobilizing her spinal column.

C.rapidly transporting her to the hospital.

When assessing a patient with a closed soft-tissue injury, it is MOST important to: A.manipulate the injury site for signs of a fracture. B.assess circulation distal to the site of the injury. C.remain alert for more severe underlying injuries. D.recognize that the integrity of the skin is broken.

C.remain alert for more severe underlying injuries.

A 56-year-old male has an incomplete avulsion to his right forearm. After controlling any bleeding from the wound, you should: A.carefully probe the wound to determine if the bleeding is venous or arterial. B.carefully remove the avulsed flap and wrap it in a moist, sterile trauma dressing. C.replace the avulsed flap to its original position and cover it with a sterile dressing. D.thoroughly irrigate the wound with sterile water and cover it with a sterile dressing.

C.replace the avulsed flap to its original position and cover it with a sterile dressing.

The white portion of the eye is called the: A.iris. B.retina. C.sclera. D.cornea.

C.sclera.

What part of the nervous system controls the body's voluntary activities? A.central B.sensory C.somatic D.autonomic

C.somatic

During your rapid secondary assessment of a 30-year-old male who fell 25′, you note crepitus when palpating his pelvis. Your partner advises you that the patient's blood pressure is 80/50 mm Hg and his heart rate is 120 beats/min and weak. After completing your assessment, you should: A.defer spinal immobilization and transport to a trauma center. B.perform a focused physical exam with emphasis on the pelvis. C.stabilize the pelvis with a pelvic binder and protect the spine. D.log roll the patient onto a long backboard and transport at once.

C.stabilize the pelvis with a pelvic binder and protect the spine.

Internal injuries caused by gunshot wounds are difficult to predict because: A.the caliber of the bullet is frequently unknown. B.the area of damage is usually smaller than the bullet. C.the bullet may tumble or ricochet within the body. D.exit wounds caused by the bullet are usually small.

C.the bullet may tumble or ricochet within the body.

You are assessing a 30-year-old woman with multiple large bruises to her chest and abdomen that she experienced during an assault. She is conscious but restless, and her skin is cool and pale. You should be MOST concerned with: A.performing a detailed secondary assessment to locate all of her injuries. B.assessing the bruises that overlie major organs in the chest and abdomen. C.the fact that her clinical signs could indicate that she is bleeding internally. D.obtaining a complete set of vital signs to rule out the possibility of shock.

C.the fact that her clinical signs could indicate that she is bleeding internally.

Very young children tend to breathe predominantly with their diaphragm because: A.their chest wall and ribs are very pliable. B.they require less tidal volume per breath. C.their intercostal muscles are not fully developed. D.there is no nerve innervation of the intercostal muscles.

C.their intercostal muscles are not fully developed.

Passengers who are seated in the rear of a vehicle and are wearing only lap belts have a higher incidence of injuries to the: A.thoracic and sacral spine. B.lumbar and coccygeal spine. C.thoracic and lumbar spine. D.lumbar and sacral spine.

C.thoracic and lumbar spine.

The small, rounded, fleshy bulge immediately anterior to the ear canal is called the: A.incus. B.pinna. C.tragus. D.stapes.

C.tragus.

A 4-year-old female has a peanut lodged in the external auditory canal of her right ear. You should: A.use tweezers to try to remove the object. B.remove the peanut with a cotton-tipped swab. C.transport her to the emergency department. D.thoroughly flush her ear with sterile saline.

C.transport her to the emergency department.

Which of the following organs is at MOST risk for injury as the result of a pelvic fracture? A.pancreas B.fallopian tubes C.urinary bladder D.liver or spleen

C.urinary bladder

The index of suspicion is MOST accurately defined as: A.the way in which traumatic injuries occur. B.a predictable pattern that leads to serious injuries. C.your concern for potentially serious underlying injuries. D.the detection of less obvious life-threatening injuries.

C.your concern for potentially serious underlying injuries.

Significant vital sign changes will occur if the typical adult acutely loses more than ______ of his or her total blood volume. A.5% B.10% C.15% D.20%

D.20%

Which of the following statements regarding the clotting of blood is correct? A.Venous and capillary blood typically does not clot spontaneously. B.Bleeding begins to clot when the end of a damaged vessel dilates. C.Direct contact with the environment prevents blood from clotting. D.A person taking aspirin will experience slower blood clotting.

D.A person taking aspirin will experience slower blood clotting.

The phrenic nerves control the diaphragm and exit the spinal cord at: A.C1 and C2. B.C3 and C4. C.C1, C2, and C3. D.C3, C4, and C5.

D.C3, C4, and C5.

A 33-year-old male sustained an abdominal evisceration to the left lower quadrant of his abdomen after he was cut with a large knife. After appropriately managing his ABCs and assessing him for other life-threatening injuries, how you should care for his wound? A.Irrigate it with sterile water and cover it with a dry dressing. B.Cover the exposed bowel and keep his legs in a straight position. C.Carefully replace the exposed bowel into the abdomen and transport. D.Cover it with moist, sterile gauze and secure with an occlusive dressing.

D.Cover it with moist, sterile gauze and secure with an occlusive dressing.

Which of the following statements regarding the cranium is correct? A.The skull is a subdivision of the cranium. B.Thirty percent of the cranium is occupied by blood. C.The cranium protects the structures of the face. D.Eighty percent of the cranium is occupied by brain tissue.

D.Eighty percent of the cranium is occupied by brain tissue.

A 66-year-old male presents with dark red rectal bleeding and abdominal pain. He is conscious and alert; however, his skin is cool and clammy and his heart rate is elevated. Further assessment reveals that his blood pressure is 112/60 mm Hg. Which of the following questions would be MOST pertinent to ask him? A.What does your blood pressure normally run? B.Do you take any over-the-counter medications? C.Has blood soaked through your undergarments? D.Have you experienced recent abdominal trauma?

D.Have you experienced recent abdominal trauma?

Which of the following statements regarding striated muscle is correct? A.Striated muscle is involuntary because you have no conscious control over it. B.Most of the body's striated muscle is found within the walls of the blood vessels. C.Striated muscle tissue is attached directly to the bones by tough bands of cartilage. D.It forms the major muscle mass of the body and usually crosses at least one joint.

D.It forms the major muscle mass of the body and usually crosses at least one joint.

By what mechanism is a person injured when he or she falls from a significant height? A.Kinetic energy is converted to potential energy; the potential energy is then converted into the work of bringing the body to a stop. B.Potential energy is created as the person is falling; the potential energy is then converted into kinetic energy upon impact. C.As the person falls, the amount of kinetic energy is converted into work; work is then converted to kinetic energy upon impact. D.Potential energy is converted to kinetic energy; the kinetic energy is then converted into the work of bringing the body to a stop.

D.Potential energy is converted to kinetic energy; the kinetic energy is then converted into the work of bringing the body to a stop.

Which of the following statements regarding severe burns is correct? A.Severe burns involving the airway have a 100% mortality rate. B.The majority of severe burns involve full-thickness burns only. C.Patients with severe burns are especially prone to hyperthermia. D.Severe burns are typically a combination of all degrees of burn.

D.Severe burns are typically a combination of all degrees of burn.

Which of the following statements regarding low-energy penetrating injuries is correct? A.Internal injuries caused by low-velocity bullets are usually easy to predict. B.Exit wounds are typically easy to locate with low-energy penetrating injuries. C.It is usually easy to differentiate between an entrance wound and an exit wound. D.The area of injury is usually close to the path the object took through the body.

D.The area of injury is usually close to the path the object took through the body.

Which of the following statements regarding gunshot wounds is correct? A.High-velocity bullets will cause less severe internal injuries. B.The size of a bullet has the greatest impact on producing injury. C.Low-velocity bullets will cause the greatest amount of trauma. D.The speed of a bullet has the greatest impact on producing injury.

D.The speed of a bullet has the greatest impact on producing injury.

Which of the following statements regarding anterior nosebleeds is correct? A.They cause blood to drain into the posterior pharynx. B.They are usually severe and require aggressive treatment to control. C.They are usually caused by a fracture of the basilar skull. D.They usually originate from the septum area and bleed slowly.

D.They usually originate from the septum area and bleed slowly.

Abnormal variations in pupil size and reaction would MOST likely be observed in a patient with: A.retinitis. B.contact lenses. C.conjunctivitis. D.a brain injury.

D.a brain injury.

The mesentery is: A.the point of attachment between the small and large intestines. B.a layer of thick skeletal muscles that protects the abdominal organs. C.a complex network of blood vessels that supply blood to the liver. D.a membranous fold that attaches the intestines to the walls of the body.

D.a membranous fold that attaches the intestines to the walls of the body.

What is the function of the sternocleidomastoid muscle? A.allows flexion of the neck B.provides respiration C.connects the scapulae together D.allows movement of the head

D.allows movement of the head

Following direct trauma to the left upper back, a 44-year-old male presents with diaphoresis and restlessness. His blood pressure is 100/50 mm Hg, his pulse rate is 120 beats/min and weak, and his respirations are 24 breaths/min and labored. Your assessment reveals abrasions and contusions over the left scapula. You should: A.hyperventilate him with a bag-mask device and monitor his oxygen saturation. B.apply high-flow oxygen, perform a detailed secondary assessment, and transport. C.focus your assessment on his scapulae and clavicles and apply high-flow oxygen. D.apply high-flow oxygen, consider spinal precautions, and transport without delay.

D.apply high-flow oxygen, consider spinal precautions, and transport without delay.

Most cases of external bleeding from an extremity can be controlled by: A.elevating the injured extremity. B.packing the wound with gauze. C.compressing a pressure point. D.applying local direct pressure.

D.applying local direct pressure.

A young male sustained a gunshot wound to the abdomen during an altercation with a rival gang member. As your partner is assessing and managing his airway, you should control the obvious bleeding and then: A.apply a cervical collar. B.obtain baseline vital signs. C.auscultate bowel sounds. D.assess for an exit wound.

D.assess for an exit wound.

A young male was shot in the abdomen by an unknown type of gun. He is semiconscious, has shallow breathing, and is bleeding externally from the wound. As you control the external bleeding, your partner should: A.obtain baseline vital signs. B.apply a nonrebreathing mask. C.perform a secondary assessment. D.assist the patient's ventilations.

D.assist the patient's ventilations.

A female patient with a suspected spinal injury is breathing with a marked reduction in tidal volume. The MOST appropriate airway management for her includes: A.hyperventilating her at 30 breaths/min. B.administering oxygen via a nonrebreathing mask. C.ventilation assistance to maintain an oxygen saturation of 90%. D.assisting ventilations at an age-appropriate rate.

D.assisting ventilations at an age-appropriate rate.

When documenting a call involving a female patient who was sexually assaulted, the EMT should: A.theorize as to why the sexual assault occurred. B.include the results of his or her internal vaginal exam. C.include a description of the suspected perpetrator. D.avoid speculation and document only factual data.

D.avoid speculation and document only factual data.

When treating a partial-thickness burn, you should: A.immerse the affected part in warm water. B.rupture any blisters to prevent an infection. C.cover the burn with a moist, sterile dressing. D.avoid the use of creams, lotions, or antiseptics.

D.avoid the use of creams, lotions, or antiseptics.

When caring for a patient whose arm is covered with a dry chemical, you should: A.deactivate the chemical with a 5% vinegar solution. B.quickly irrigate the arm with large amounts of water. C.use forceful streams of water to remove the chemical. D.brush away the chemical before flushing with water.

D.brush away the chemical before flushing with water.

A 50-year-old male was splashed in the eyes with radiator fluid when he was working on his car. During your assessment, he tells you that he wears soft contact lenses. You should: A.leave the contact lenses in place and flush his eyes with sterile water. B.remove the contact lenses and cover his eyes with a dry, sterile dressing. C.leave the contact lenses in place and cover both eyes with a dry dressing. D.carefully remove the contact lenses and then irrigate his eyes with saline.

D.carefully remove the contact lenses and then irrigate his eyes with saline.

Perfusion is MOST accurately defined as the: A.effective transfer of oxygen from the venules across the systemic capillary membrane walls. B.ability of the systemic arteries to constrict as needed to maintain an adequate blood pressure. C.effective removal of carbon dioxide and other metabolic waste products from the body's cells. D.circulation of blood within an organ in adequate amounts to meet the body's metabolic needs.

D.circulation of blood within an organ in adequate amounts to meet the body's metabolic needs.

The inner surface of the eyelids and the exposed surface of the eye itself are covered by a delicate membrane called the: A.sclera. B.cornea. C.retina. D.conjunctiva.

D.conjunctiva.

Your presence is requested by law enforcement to assess a 33-year-old female who was sexually assaulted. The patient is conscious and obviously upset. As you are talking to her, you note an impressive amount of blood on her clothes in the groin area. Her blood pressure is 98/58 mm Hg, her pulse is 130 beats/min, and her respirations are 24 breaths/min. You should: A.visualize the vaginal area and pack the vagina with sterile dressings. B.allow her to change her clothes and take a shower before you transport. C.arrange for a rape crisis center representative to speak with the patient. D.control any external bleeding, administer oxygen, and transport at once.

D.control any external bleeding, administer oxygen, and transport at once.

A 54-year-old male accidentally shot himself in the leg while cleaning his gun. Your assessment reveals a small entrance wound to the medial aspect of his right leg. The exit wound is on the opposite side of the leg and is actively bleeding. The patient complains of numbness and tingling in his right foot. You should: A.assess distal pulses as well as sensory and motor functions. B.manually stabilize the leg above and below the site of injury. C.gently manipulate the injured leg until the numbness dissipates. D.control the bleeding and cover the wound with a sterile dressing.

D.control the bleeding and cover the wound with a sterile dressing.

The MOST significant hazard associated with splinting is: A.aggravation of the injury or worsened pain. B.reduction in circulation distal to the injury site. C.compression of nerves, tissues, and vasculature. D.delaying transport of a critically injured patient.

D.delaying transport of a critically injured patient.

Which of the following findings would be LEAST suggestive of the presence of high-energy trauma? A.dismounted seats B.steering wheel deformity C.intrusion into the vehicle D.deployment of the air bag

D.deployment of the air bag

A partial-thickness burn involves the outer layer of skin and a portion of the: A.epidermis. B.fatty layer. C.muscle fascia. D.dermal layer.

D.dermal layer.

Difficulty breathing and a sunken appearance of the anterior abdominal wall is MOST indicative of a ruptured: A.aorta. B.spleen. C.stomach. D.diaphragm.

D.diaphragm.

The tough, fibrous outer meningeal layer is called the: A.pia mater. B.arachnoid. C.gray mater. D.dura mater.

D.dura mater.

When immobilizing a patient on a long backboard, you should: A.have the patient exhale before fastening the torso straps. B.secure the torso and then center the patient on the board. C.follow the commands of the person at the patient's torso. D.ensure that you secure the torso before securing the head.

D.ensure that you secure the torso before securing the head.

Which of the following head injuries would cause the patient's condition to deteriorate MOST rapidly? A.cerebral contusion B.subdural hematoma C.cerebral concussion D.epidural hematoma

D.epidural hematoma

The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is used to assess: A.mental status, eye opening, and respiratory rate. B.sensory response, pupil reaction, and heart rate. C.verbal response, eye opening, and mental status. D.eye opening, verbal response, and motor response.

D.eye opening, verbal response, and motor response.

According to the American College of Surgeons, an adult trauma patient meets Level I criteria if he or she: A.was involved in a motor vehicle crash in which another patient in the same vehicle was killed. B.has a systolic blood pressure of less than 110 mm Hg or a heart rate greater than 110 beats/min. C.has a bleeding disorder or takes anticoagulant medications and has any blunt or penetrating injury. D.has a GCS score of less than or equal to 8 with a mechanism attributed to trauma.

D.has a GCS score of less than or equal to 8 with a mechanism attributed to trauma.

Gastrointestinal bleeding should be suspected if a patient presents with: A.dyspnea. B.hematuria. C.hemoptysis. D.hematemesis.

D.hematemesis.

Evaluation of the interior of a crashed motor vehicle during extrication will allow the EMT to: A.determine the vehicle's speed at the time of impact. B.assess the severity of the third collision of the crash. C.recognize if the driver hit the brakes before impact. D.identify contact points and predict potential injuries.

D.identify contact points and predict potential injuries.

You respond to a residence for a 40-year-old female who was assaulted by her husband; the scene has been secured by law enforcement. Upon your arrival, you find the patient lying supine on the floor in the kitchen. She is semiconscious with severely labored breathing. Further assessment reveals a large bruise to the left anterior chest, jugular venous distention, and unilaterally absent breath sounds. As your partner is supporting her ventilations, you should: A.insert an oropharyngeal airway. B.obtain a set of baseline vital signs. C.perform a focused secondary exam. D.immediately request ALS support.

D.immediately request ALS support.

When splinting an injury of the wrist, the hand should be placed: A.into a fist. B.in a straight position. C.in an extended position. D.in a functional position.

D.in a functional position.

A driver involved in a rollover motor vehicle crash will MOST likely experience serious injuries or death if he or she: A.is wearing only a lap belt. B.remains within the vehicle. C.experiences multiple impacts. D.is ejected or partially ejected.

D.is ejected or partially ejected.

The superficial temporal artery can be palpated: A.slightly above the ear. B.at the angle of the jaw. C.over the mastoid process. D.just anterior to the tragus.

D.just anterior to the tragus.

Which of the following is of LEAST importance when initially assessing the severity of a burn? A.area(s) burned B.age of the patient C.past medical history D.known drug allergies

D.known drug allergies

You arrive at the scene of a major motor vehicle crash. The patient, a 50-year-old female, was removed from her vehicle prior to your arrival. Bystanders who removed her state that she was not wearing a seatbelt. The patient is unconscious, tachycardic, and diaphoretic. Your assessment reveals bilaterally clear and equal breath sounds, a midline trachea, and collapsed jugular veins. You should be MOST suspicious that this patient has experienced a: A.massive hemothorax. B.tension pneumothorax. C.pericardial tamponade. D.laceration of the aorta.

D.laceration of the aorta.

Following direct trauma to the upper part of the anterior neck, a young male presents with labored breathing, loss of voice, and subcutaneous emphysema in the soft tissues around his neck. You should suspect a(n): A.esophageal tear. B.crushed cricoid. C.collapsed trachea. D.laryngeal fracture

D.laryngeal fracture

Bones are connected to other bones by bands of tough fibrous tissues called: A.bursa. B.tendons. C.cartilage. D.ligaments.

D.ligaments.

An abdominal evisceration: A.is most commonly the result of blunt force trauma. B.should be covered with bulky dry, sterile dressings. C.often causes severe hypothermia because of heat loss. D.occurs when organs protrude through an open wound.

D.occurs when organs protrude through an open wound.

The hallmark sign of compartment syndrome is: A.a lack of pain despite the severity of the injury. B.extreme redness to the injury site. C.a bounding pulse distal to the injury. D.pain out of proportion to the injury.

D.pain out of proportion to the injury.

Which of the following musculoskeletal injuries would pose the greatest threat to a patient's life? A.an amputated extremity B.bilateral femur fractures C.nondisplaced long bone fractures D.pelvic fracture with hypotension

D.pelvic fracture with hypotension

The _________ nervous system consists of 31 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of cranial nerves. A.central B.somatic C.autonomic D.peripheral

D.peripheral

When a person is exposed to a cold environment: A.sweat is produced and is warmed when the vessels constrict. B.blood vessels dilate and divert blood to the core of the body. C.the skin becomes flushed secondary to peripheral vasodilation. D.peripheral vessels constrict and divert blood away from the skin.

D.peripheral vessels constrict and divert blood away from the skin.

When immobilizing a child on a long backboard, you should: A.secure the head prior to securing the torso and legs. B.defer cervical collar placement to avoid discomfort. C.place the child's head in a slightly extended position. D.place padding under the child's shoulders as needed.

D.place padding under the child's shoulders as needed.

The MOST reliable indicator of an underlying fracture is: A.guarding. B.severe swelling. C.obvious bruising. D.point tenderness.

D.point tenderness.

When assessing a patient who experienced a blast injury, it is important to remember that: A.secondary blast injuries are usually the least obvious. B.primary blast injuries are typically the most obvious. C.solid organs usually rupture from the pressure wave. D.primary blast injuries are the most easily overlooked.

D.primary blast injuries are the most easily overlooked.

Following blunt trauma to the chest, an 18-year-old female presents with respiratory distress, reduced tidal volume, and cyanosis. Her blood pressure is 80/50 mm Hg and her pulse is 130 beats/min and thready. You should: A.apply 100% oxygen and immediately transport. B.place her supine and elevate her lower extremities. C.perform a rapid head-to-toe physical assessment. D.provide some form of positive-pressure ventilation.

D.provide some form of positive-pressure ventilation.

Which of the following interventions is the MOST critical to the outcome of a patient with multisystem trauma? A.intravenous fluid administration B.early administration of oxygen C.elevation of the lower extremities D.rapid transport to a trauma center

D.rapid transport to a trauma center

A patient who presents with profound cyanosis following a chest injury: A.should be placed in Trendelenburg's position. B.is most likely experiencing severe blood loss. C.has most likely experienced a ruptured aorta. D.requires prompt ventilation and oxygenation.

D.requires prompt ventilation and oxygenation.

Which of the following nerves carry information from the body to the brain via the spinal cord? A.motor B.central C.somatic D.sensory

D.sensory

When assessing a patient with a hemothorax, you will MOST likely find: A.jugular venous engorgement. B.ipsilateral tracheal deviation. C.distant or muffled heart tones. D.signs and symptoms of shock.

D.signs and symptoms of shock.

Which of the following organs can tolerate inadequate perfusion for up to 2 hours? A.brain B.heart C.kidneys D.skeletal muscle

D.skeletal muscle

What type of muscle contracts and relaxes to control the movement of the contents within its structures? A.cardiac B.skeletal C.striated D.smooth

D.smooth

Significant trauma to the face should increase the EMT's index of suspicion for a(n): A.airway obstruction. B.displaced mandible. C.basilar skull fracture. D.spinal cord injury.

D.spinal cord injury.

A 22-year-old female was ejected from her car after striking a tree head-on. As you approach her, you note obvious closed deformities to both of her femurs. She is not moving and does not appear to be conscious. You should: A.apply manual stabilization to both of her femurs. B.administer oxygen and perform a rapid assessment. C.assess for a carotid pulse and assist her ventilations. D.stabilize her head and perform a primary assessment

D.stabilize her head and perform a primary assessment

A 30-year-old female was robbed and assaulted by a gang as she was leaving a nightclub. She has massive facial trauma and slow, gurgling respirations. As your partner manually stabilizes her head, you should: A.begin immediate ventilatory assistance. B.visualize her mouth for obvious wounds. C.apply oxygen via a nonrebreathing mask. D.suction her oropharynx for 15 seconds.

D.suction her oropharynx for 15 seconds.

Common signs of a skull fracture include all of the following, EXCEPT: A.mastoid process bruising. B.ecchymosis around the eyes. C.noted deformity to the skull. D.superficial scalp lacerations.

D.superficial scalp lacerations.

Which of the following body systems or components is the LEAST critical for supplying and maintaining adequate blood flow to the body? A.an effectively pumping heart B.an intact system of blood vessels C.adequate blood in the vasculature D.the filtering of blood cells in the spleen

D.the filtering of blood cells in the spleen

Elevation of the rib cage during inhalation occurs when: A.the diaphragm descends. B.abdominal contents descend. C.intrathoracic pressure decreases. D.the intercostal muscles contract.

D.the intercostal muscles contract.

When immobilizing a trauma patient's spine, the EMT manually stabilizing the head should not let go until: A.an appropriately sized cervical collar has been applied. B.the patient has been secured to the ambulance stretcher. C.the head has been stabilized with lateral immobilization. D.the patient has been completely secured to the backboard.

D.the patient has been completely secured to the backboard.

A 22-year-old male was punched in the abdomen several times. You find him lying on his left side with his knees drawn up. He is conscious and alert and complains of increased pain and nausea when he tries to straighten his legs. His blood pressure is 142/82 mm Hg, his pulse rate is 110 beats/min and strong, and his respirations are 22 breaths/min and regular. In addition to administering high-flow oxygen, you should: A.apply full spinal motion restriction precautions. B.keep him on his side but gently straighten his legs. C.place him supine but allow him to keep his knees bent. D.transport him in the position in which you found him.

D.transport him in the position in which you found him.

The sebaceous glands produce sebum, a material that: A.facilitates shedding of the epidermis. B.pulls the hair erect when you are cold. C.discharges sweat onto the skin's surface. D.waterproofs the skin and keeps it supple.

D.waterproofs the skin and keeps it supple.