EMT Test Chapters 7+8
A patient with high blood pressure takes a medication to slow his heart rate, thereby lowering his blood pressure. The EMT would recognize this action as impacting: A)Preload B)Afterload C)Systemic vascular resistance D)Cardiac output
D)Cardiac output
Failure of the sodium-potassium pump can result in: A)Accumulation of acidic wastes B)Excess amounts of sodium outside the cell C)Large amounts of potassium inside the cell D)Cellular damage, swelling, and rupture
D)Cellular damage, swelling, and rupture
When the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, which phase of the respiratory cycle happens next? A)Inhalation B)Retraction C)Expansion D)Exhalation
D)Exhalation
A patient with a calcaneal fracture has a broken: A)Foot B)Thigh C)Knee D)Heel
D)Heel
What percentage of oxygen does ambient air contain at sea level? A)21% B)100% C)50% D)79%
A)21%
Fowler's position is usually achieved by elevating the patient's upper body to a _________ angle. A)45° to 60° B)60° to 90° C)50° to 70° D)55° to 90°
A)45° to 60°
A normal cardiac output per minute for an adult at rest is A)5 liters B)10 liters C)20 liters D)7 liters
A)5 liters
A 100-kilogram patient with a 500-milliliter tidal volume, breathing 16 times each minute, would have a minute ventilation of how many milliliters? A)8000 mL B)1200 mL C)1600 mL D)2400 mL
A)8000 mL
Water accounts for what percentage of plasma? A)91% B)72% C)55% D)38%
A)91%
A patient's brain cells are undergoing anaerobic metabolism. As a result, those cells: A)Are becoming dysfunctional in an environment that is increasingly acidic B)Have too much adenosine triphosphate to function properly C)Are producing elevated quantities of carbon dioxide (CO2) as a result of aerobic metabolism D)Cannot make any energy in the form of ATP due to a lack of glucose
A)Are becoming dysfunctional in an environment that is increasingly acidic
What situation could impair a patient's respiratory status by directly damaging the central chemoreceptors of the body? A)Brainstem stroke or injury B)Lung cancer C)Aerobic metabolism D)Collapsed lung
A)Brainstem stroke or injury
Pain that is described as "caustic" by the patient is: A)Burning B)Sharp C)Stabbing D)Achy
A)Burning
Which gas law is disrupted when a patient sustains a spinal cord injury resulting in paralysis to the diaphragm and intercostal muscles? A)Charles' law B)Boyle's law C)Henry's law D)Dalton's law
A)Charles' law
A 23-year-old male patient has been shot with a rifle by an assailant standing in front of him. The bullet entered the victim's chest just above the left nipple and exited his body laterally left of his fourth lumbar vertebrae. Proper documentation of this injury would include: A)Entry wound to the anterior thorax B)Exit wound to the posterior thorax C)Entry wound to the abdomen D)Exit wound to the posterior torso
A)Entry wound to the anterior thorax
Which condition would directly compromise the average patient's cardiac output? A)Heart rate of 190 beats/min B)Circulatory volume of 5 liters C)Increased number of circulating WBCs D)Blood pressure of 118/52 mmHg
A)Heart rate of 190 beats/min
What would be a direct result of increasing a patient's preload? A)Increased cardiac output B)Increased oxygen delivery into the lungs C)Decreased blood pressure D)Decreased myocardial contraction
A)Increased cardiac output
A patient has experienced a burn to the skin. Based on the function of the skin, he is now more susceptible to: A)Infection B)Fluid overload C)Heart problems D)Endocrine disorders
A)Infection
The EMT would most likely see a narrowed pulse pressure in a patient who: A)Is bleeding internally B)Has a fever C)Has diabetes D)Has an irregular heartbeat
A)Is bleeding internally
Which organ(s) is (are) responsible for production and secretion of the primary female hormone progesterone? A)Ovaries B)External genitals C)Testes D)Uterus
A)Ovaries
A patient with dentalgia is suffering from a(n): A)Painful tooth B)Throat infection C)Inflammation of the tongue D)Sinus infection
A)Painful tooth
What definition best describes the concept of afterload? A)Pressure that the left ventricle must pump blood against to open the aortic valve B)Ability of the heart to adequately contract and pump blood out of the pulmonic valve C)Amount of blood that a person has in the arteries at any given moment D)Amount of blood returned to the lungs for oxygenation by the right ventricle
A)Pressure that the left ventricle must pump blood against to open the aortic valve
What is the primary way in which oxygen is transported to the cells? A)Red blood cells B)White blood cells C)Plasma D)Platelets
A)Red blood cells
The pressure exerted on the walls of the arteries as the left ventricle contracts is called: A)Systolic B)Arterial C)Diastolic D)Osmotic
A)Systolic
The infant airway differs from the adult airway in that: A)The infant's tongue takes up proportionately more space in the mouth B)The infant's trachea is highly rigid and less flexible to movement C)All of the infant's respiratory structures are proportionally smaller and more easily obstructed D)The infant's epiglottis is smaller and located behind the esophagus
A)The infant's tongue takes up proportionately more space in the mouth
Which condition must be met for carbon dioxide to move from the cell to the bloodstream? A)The perfusing blood must be low in carbon dioxide B)The sodium-potassium pump must be functional C)There must be a large amount of oxygen in the blood D)There must be a large number of red blood cells in the blood
A)The perfusing blood must be low in carbon dioxide
Which statement regarding the integumentary system is true? A)The skin protects the body against bacteria and other organisms B)The skin contains four layers: epidermal, dermal, subcutaneous, and nerve layer C)The epidermis is the thickest and most important layer of the skin D)The dermal layer is the outermost layer of the skin and contains sensory nerves
A)The skin protects the body against bacteria and other organisms
Which plane would show the liver, stomach, and spleen? A)Transverse plane B)Midline plane C)Abdominal plane D)Sagittal plane
A)Transverse plane
The amount of air moved in and out of the air sacs of the lungs in one minute is the A)alveolar ventilation B)minute ventilation C)respiratory volume D)dead air volume
A)alveolar ventilation
The structure of the body is referred to as its A)anatomy B)physiology C)kinesiology D)pathology
A)anatomy
All of the following are lung receptors except A)cardiac receptors B)irritant receptors C)stretch receptors D)J-receptors
A)cardiac receptors
Which spinal region is most prone to injury? A)cervical B)thoracic C)sacral D)coccyxal
A)cervical
The clavicle is commonly referred to as the A)collarbone B)thigh C)hamstring D)shin
A)collarbone
Boyle's law states that an increase in the pressure of a gas will A)decrease the volume of gas B)increase the volume of gas C)increase the percentage of oxygen in the mixture D)decrease the percentage of oxygen in the mixture
A)decrease the volume of gas
The skin layer that is rich in blood vessels, nerves, and specialized structures such as sweat glands and sebaceous glands is the A)dermis B)epidermis C)subcutaneous layer D)arrector pili
A)dermis
The pulse that is located in the foot is the A)dorsalis pedis B)carotid C)femoral D)brachial
A)dorsalis pedis
How many ion sites does a molecule of hemoglobin have? A)four B)one C)three D)eight
A)four
The endocrine system produces chemicals called A)hormones B)carotenes C)dioxins D)bile
A)hormones
Increased metabolism causes a(n) A)increased respiratory rate B)decreased respiratory rate C)decreased pulse rate D)decreased blood pressure
A)increased respiratory rate
Pressure within the chest is lower than atmospheric pressure when A)inhaling B)exhaling C)holding your breath D)sympathetic stimulation occurs
A)inhaling
The chamber that pumps oxygen-rich blood out of the heart for distribution to the rest of the A)left ventricle B)left atrium C)right atrium D)right ventricle
A)left ventricle
The term that refers to a position closer to the midline is A)medial B)posterior C)lateral D)anterior
A)medial
An imaginary line down the center of the body that passes between the eyes and extends down through the navel is the A)midline B)plane C)outline D)quadrant
A)midline
The adequate supply of oxygen and nutrients to the organs and tissues of the body, with the removal of waste products, is called A)perfusion B)automaticity C)conduction D)autonomicity
A)perfusion
The nasopharynx opens into the A)pharynx B)esophagus C)larynx D)oropharynx
A)pharynx
The opposite of anterior is A)posterior B)exterior C)superior D)proximal
A)posterior
Chemoreceptors monitor all of the following except A)potassium levels B)carbon dioxide levels C)pH levels D)oxygen levels
A)potassium levels
Which of the following best describes the distribution of sodium in the body? A)primarily outside the cell B)equally inside the cell and outside the cell C)only in red blood cells D)primarily inside the cell
A)primarily outside the cell
The lateral recumbent position is also known as _________ position A)recovery B)Fowler's C)supine D)Trendelenburg
A)recovery
The primary pacemaker of the heart is the A)sinoatrial node B)atrioventricular node C)left atrium D)bundle of His
A)sinoatrial node
The pressure created in the arteries when blood is forced out of the heart is referred to as A)systolic B)radial C)femoral D)diastolic
A)systolic
The volume of air breathed in with each individual breath is the A)tidal volume B)minute volume C)dead space volume D)alveolar volume
A)tidal volume
The structure that carries air downward from the larynx to the lungs is the A)trachea B)epiglottis C)bronchus D)pharynx
A)trachea
How many moles of ATP are produced during anaerobic metabolism? A)two C)three D)four
A)two
Normal cellular metabolism can be defined as: A)Oxygenated B)Aerobic C)Glycolytic D)Anaerobic
B)Aerobic
Which type of joint provides the greatest amount of free motion? A)Hinged joint B)Ball-and-socket joint C)Gliding joint D)Saddle joint
B)Ball-and-socket joint
The terms "occipital," "parietal," and "frontal" can refer collectively to which part of the body? A)Chest B)Cranium C)Pelvis D)Spine
B)Cranium
A patient has taken a medication that increases the activity of his sympathetic nervous system. Given this treatment, which sign or symptom would the EMT expect to find? A)Decreased heart rate B)Dilated pupils C)Low blood pressure D)Dry and flushed skin
B)Dilated pupils
Assessment of a hypoxic patient who is showing signs of fatigue and has a history of lung disease reveals him to be using well-developed accessory muscles to exhale. As an EMT, you should recognize that the patient: A)Is inadequately exhaling oxygen from his lungs, which is causing hypoxia B)Is using energy to exhale and is in danger of respiratory failure if hypoxia continues C)Has a problem with the red blood cells' ability to transport oxygen, which is causing hypoxia D)Is adequately compensating for the problem with his breathing so he does not become hypoxic
B)Is using energy to exhale and is in danger of respiratory failure if hypoxia continues
A patient who has had both her thyroid and parathyroid glands removed would most likely have difficulty with: A)Producing the hormones that govern sex characteristics B)Maintaining strong and healthy bones C)Regulating blood sugar D)Maintaining an adequate blood pressure
B)Maintaining strong and healthy bones
After you apply and use the automated external defibrillator, a patient regains his pulse and has adequate respirations. The paramedic asks you to place the patient in a lateral recumbent position. How should you position this patient? A)On his back B)On his left side C)On his stomach D)Supine with his head turned left
B)On his left side
A patient with cancer is receiving chemotherapy. As a side effect of the treatment, her white blood cell count is critically low. Given this situation, which sign or symptom should the EMT find particularly concerning? A)History of diabetes B)Oral temperature of 102.7°F C)Complaint of weakness D)Blood pressure of 102/64 mmHg
B)Oral temperature of 102.7°F
Which situation would most likely cause a patient to have a simple episode of syncope (fainting)? A)Increase in systemic vascular resistance B)Parasympathetic stimulation C)sympathetic nervous system D)Sudden release of norepinephrine
B)Parasympathetic stimulation
What is the best way to decrease a patient's afterload? A)Slow the heart rate B)Reduce the blood pressure C)Administer intravenous fluids D)Provide supplemental oxygen
B)Reduce the blood pressure
Why would a drop in the oxygen content of the blood stream cause an increase in the patient's blood pressure? A)Parasympathetic stimulation of the pulmonary system improves oxygen on-loading to the red blood cells passing through the alveoli B)Sympathetic stimulation of the cardiovascular system improves oxygen delivery to the brain and tissues C)Vasoconstriction caused by the parasympathetic nervous system causes oxygenated blood to be shunted from the peripheral capillary beds and to the brain D)Vasodilation will allow more blood flow to reach the lungs, thereby increasing the oxygen content of the blood and providing for better perfusion to the brain and body
B)Sympathetic stimulation of the cardiovascular system improves oxygen delivery to the brain and tissues
The EMT is administering oxygen at 95% through a nonrebreather face mask. He would document this as a FiO2 of: A)0.21 B)0.50 C)0.95 D)1.00
C)0.95
A patient who is weak informs you that she has a history of her "iron being too low." This should concern the EMT because iron is needed to: A)Manufacture the white blood cells required for fighting infection B)Help the blood to clot C)Carry oxygen throughout the body D)Maintain an adequate blood pressure in the body
C)Carry oxygen throughout the body
Perfusion is best described as: A)Availability of oxygen in the lungs for movement into the blood B)An adequate number of white blood cells to carry oxygen to the cells C)Delivery of essential products and nutrients to the cell for its use D)Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and blood
C)Delivery of essential products and nutrients to the cell for its use
A patient with kidney failure has lost his ability to: A)Produce all hormones B)Absorb nutrients C)Filter and excrete wastes D)Digest fatty foods
C)Filter and excrete wastes
Which condition is recognized as one that will affect the ventilation component of the ventilation/perfusion ratio? A)Blood clot in the pulmonary blood vessels B)Loss of blood plasma from dehydration C)Infection and pus in the distal airways and alveoli D)Decreased amount of hemoglobin in the blood
C)Infection and pus in the distal airways and alveoli
Which line divides the body into right and left halves when viewing it from the front? A)Midaxillary line B)Anterior axillary line C)Midline D)Midclavicular line
C)Midline
What is baroreceptors' role in the body? A)Monitor the heart rate B)Ensure adequate oxygenation of the red blood cells C)Monitor the blood pressure D)Stimulate the production of red blood cells
C)Monitor the blood pressure
For the lungs to oxygenate blood, there must be blood flow provided by the right ventricle to the alveoli. This is an example of which principle? A)Anatomy B)Pathophysiology C)Physiology D)Anatomic actions
C)Physiology
As a patient provides you with her past medical history, which condition should you recognize as directly related to the endocrine system? A)Blockage of the gallbladder B)Failure of the kidneys C)Removal of the thyroid D)Enlargement of the appendix
C)Removal of the thyroid
Another EMT informs you that a patient has been stabbed once with a knife in the right midaxillary region. Which description best identifies where is this injury located? A)Right chest B)Right shoulder C)Right lateral chest D)Right side of the abdomen
C)Right lateral chest
Which action produces inhalation and contributes to airflow into the lungs? A)The intercostal muscles relax B)The chest cavity decreases in size C)The diaphragm contracts D)The pressure in the chest increases
C)The diaphragm contracts
What is the name of the structure in males and females that transports the urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder? A)Urethra B)Vulva C)Ureters D)Renal pelvis
C)Ureters
If a patient's blood pressure cannot be increased by adding volume, then which other action would most likely be successful in increasing it? A)Blocking beta actions of the sympathetic nervous system B)Decreasing the patient's preload C)Vasoconstriction of the body's arteries D)Decreasing the patient's afterload
C)Vasoconstriction of the body's arteries
You are caring for a 66-year-old male patient who is severely dehydrated. How does severe dehydration affect the cardiovascular system? A)It reduces the hemoglobin available to carry oxygen B)It impairs the ability of oxygen to diffuse from the lungs to the blood C)It slows the production of white blood cells to fight the infection D)It decreases the blood volume available for circulation
D)It decreases the blood volume available for circulation
Which statement regarding the endocrine system is most correct? A)It includes the thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and salivary glands B)It is a system of glands that releases hormones via ducts into the bloodstream C)It is a system of glands that regulates consciousness D)It is made up of several glands whose secretions cause specific actions in specific organs
D)It is made up of several glands whose secretions cause specific actions in specific organs
What is the protective mechanism underlying a narrowed pulse pressure? A)Increase the amount of oxygen entering the lungs B)Stop the loss of blood internally or externally C)Increase the oxygen-carrying capacity of the red blood cells D)Maintain an adequate blood pressure for perfusion
D)Maintain an adequate blood pressure for perfusion
The patient in anaerobic metabolism is deficient in/of: A)Glucose (sugar) B)Protein C)Lactic acid D)Oxygen
D)Oxygen
For cells to undergo the process of aerobic metabolism, the cells require: A)Water and oxygen B)Sugar (glucose) and protein C)Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and lactic acid D)Oxygen and glucose
D)Oxygen and glucose
What is the best description of the ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) ratio? A)The ability of the red blood cells to offload oxygen to the cells of the body B)The amount of blood and the pressure at which it carries oxygen throughout the body C)The amount of air that is moved into and out of the lungs in 1 minute D)The ability of the body to exchange gases across the alveolar capillary membrane
D)The ability of the body to exchange gases across the alveolar capillary membrane
Which statement about the human anatomy is true? A)The hand is proximal to the elbow B)The shoulder is distal to the hand C)The hip is distal to the knee D)The knee is proximal to the ankle
D)The knee is proximal to the ankle
Which statement about chemoreceptors in the human body is true? A)The central chemoreceptors are located in the lungs and provide the primary stimulus to breathe B)The peripheral chemoreceptors are extremely sensitive to oxygen and are located in the brain C)The central chemoreceptors constantly monitor the oxygen levels in the body and increase the rate when more O2 is needed D)The peripheral chemoreceptors are more sensitive to oxygen than carbon dioxide
D)The peripheral chemoreceptors are more sensitive to oxygen than carbon dioxide