En. Sciences Ch. 7 - Populations: Characteristics and Issues

Which of the following is the correct sequence of phases in a typical population growth curve

1) Lag phase 2) Exponential Growth Phase 3) Deceleration Phase 4) Stable Equilibrium Phase

order the different phases of a typical population growth curve. Put the first phase on top and the last phase on the bottom. Time increases to the right in the graph.

1) Lag phase 2) Exponential Growth Phase 3) Deceleration Phase 4) Stable Equilibrium Phase

Place the following developments of a society in the order they would occur moving from pre-industrial to post-industrial in a demographic transition

1. Better nutrition and healthcare 2. Death rates decrease 3. The country's population grows 4. Reasons for having children are minimized 5. Birth rates decrease 6. The country's population stabilizes

In most species (but not humans), the sex ratio is about ______________ males for every 100 females

100

Use the historical human population curve, shown here, to match the time with the appropriate phase of population growth

2000 B.C. = lag phase 1895 A.D. = exponential growth phase 2015 A.D. = Deceleration phase

To calculate a rough estimate of the doubling time of a population, you can divide _______ by the reproduction rate

70

Check all the factors that contribute to rate of growth

Births immigration deaths emigration

Which of the following statements illustrating the influence of political thinking on human population growth is false?

China's official policy that the nation's population growth rate was too high changed to one saying it's too low

True or false: Most species of animals are monogamous

False

Which of the following are reproductive strategies employed by K-strategists

High parental care for offspring Long life span Large organisms

Which of the following is the correct form of the IPAT equation, which describes the relationship between environmental impact (I), population size (P), affluence (A), and technology (T)

I = P x A x T

Which of the following statements can be used to illustrate how human population growth is influenced by economic thinking

In less-developed countries, the economic benefits of children are extremely important

Classify the characteristics of countries that affect population growth as either those that increase or decrease population growth

Increases: High infant mortality few educational opportunities for women low quality of healthcare contraception unavailable low age to marry no social security rural Decreases: low infant mortality many educational opportunities for women high quality of healthcare contraception available legislating number of children high age to marry social security urban

Which of the following is an example of how human population growth is influenced by social thinking?

Not everyone agrees that reducing fertility rates would be to everyone's advantage

Which of the following traditionally Catholic countries are examples of developed countries where the use of birth control is extremely important in regulating the birth rate, regardless of religion

Spain and Italy

Populations of species can either decline, remain stable, or grow over time. Match each of the following population types to the most appropriate species type

Stable population = most species Declining population = endangered species Rapidly expanding population = invasive species

Abnormal social behavior in rats, such as infanticide, due to overcrowded living conditions is an example of ________ limiting factor

a density-dependent

Match each of the following limiting factors with one of the four broad categories of environmental resistance

a given soil is deficient in essential plant nutrients = the availability of raw materials a late frost destroys a herbivore's food supply = the availability of energy a faulty aquarium filter results in all the fish dying = the accumulation of waste products an algal bloom results in an oxygen-depleted pond and a fish die-off = interactions among organisms

Which of the following characteristics typically leads to DECREASES in total fertility rates; mark all that apply

access to contraception increased age to get married increased opportunities for education and work for women high costs of education

Which organism is affected the most by the accumulation of waste

bacteria

Match each of the following comparisons between birth and death rates with the correct change in population size

birth rate is greater than the death rate = the size of a population is increasing birth rate is less than the death rate = the size of a population is decreasing birth rate is equal to the death rate = the size of a population is not changing

Ecologists refer to the maximum sustainable population for an area as:

carrying capacity

Which one of the following countries is experiencing the effects of a demographic dividend

china

The current situation with respect to world food production and hunger is complicated by which of the following factors?

corruption poor management war payment of foreign debt

Which phase of a population growth curve is characterized by a slowing of population growth as the carrying capacity is being reached?

deceleration phase

The larger a deer population becomes, the more likely it is that predators will have a chance to catch some of the individuals; this is a limiting factor that is density-___________ and _________

dependent; extrinsic

In _________ countries, population growth rates are low, but the number of resources used per person is extremely high

developed

People in low income countries

eat less animal protein than those in high income countries

Period of population growth when the population increases at an ever-increasing rate

exponential growth phase

True or false: Density-independent factors that control population density tends to be biotic components of the ecosystem

false

True or false: Density-independent limiting factors are those that become less effective as the density of the population increases

false

True or false: K-strategist populations generally do not reach carrying capacity but rather crash because of density-dependent limiting factors

false

Many women in the world are having more children than they want. Which of the following statements about would family planning programs is correct

family planning programs can reduce total fertility rates and improve the health of mothers and children and one of their major goals is to provide accurate information about contraception

Which of the following are ways that two populations of the same species can differ?

genetics density age distribution growth rates spatial distribution natality mortality sex ratio

With respect to the influence of sex ratio on population ________ rate, the number of females is very important

growth

In the future the United States is projected to

have an increasing non-white proportion of the population

Which of the following population characteristics is generally associated with developing countries?

high child mortality

Which of the following characterize the life history of typical r-strategists

high infant mortality rate no degree of parental care large number of offspring produced carrying capacity independent small body size

Over time, populations have an inherent tendency to ___________ in size

increase

In order to reduce the world population growth rate, which of the following is considered the single most important needed change in the status and role of women in society

increased education

Density-dependent limiting factors are those that become more effective as the density of the population ____________

increases

Which of the following characteristics typically leads to INCREASES in total fertility rates; mark all that apply

infant mortality rates are high country lacks social security rural communities

The term age distribution _______________

is the number of individuals of each age in the population

The initial part of a population growth curve, where the population grows very slowly, is known as the _______ phase

lag

Initial phase of population growth during which growth occurs very slowly

lag phase

The measure of the _______ required to provide the resources and absorb the wastes of a population is called the ecological footprint

land area

Which of the following are characteristics of organisms that are most likely to be controlled by density-dependent limiting factors

large in size long life span reproduce few offspring

All of the different ________ factors that act on a population are collectively known as environmental resistance

limiting

Which of the following are examples of an extrinsic limiting factor

loss of food supply drought severe winter landslide volcanic eruption

The term defined as the number of deaths in a population over a particular time period is ___________

mortality

The term defined as the number of individuals added to the population through reproduction over a particular time period is ____________

natality

Population density is the ______

number of organisms per unit area

Human population growth rates and economic conditions in countries are related in which of the following ways

poor countries have higher population growth rates

Distinct cycles of which the following have been documented since the 1920s for many kinds of animals living in Earth's northern regions

population

Place the various reproductive strategies in the proper category. Choose between r-Selected species or K-Selected species

r-selected species = little parental care or protection, many small offspring, rapid growth, short life, little investment in individual offspring, early maturity, low trophic level, adapted to unstable environment, regulated mainly by extrinsic factors, pioneers, colonizers, niche generalists, prey K-selected species = high parental care or protection, few large offspring, slower growth, long life, high investment in individual offspring, late maturity, high trophic level, adapted to stable environment, predators, regulated mainly by intrinsic factors, niche specialists, later stages of succession

Small organism that has a short life span and produces a large number of offspring

r-strategist

The term sex ratio refers to the ______ numbers of males and females

relative

Which of the following are characteristics of organisms that are most likely to be controlled by density-independent limiting factors

short life span reproduce abundant offspring small in size

Which of the following is a reproductive strategy employed by r-strategists

short life spans

The statement that not everyone in the world feels that reducing fertility rates would be to everyone's advantage is an example of how human population growth is influenced by _________ thinking

social

Which of the following is an implication of rapid overreproduction, as employed by r-strategists

species that are not able to reproduce rapidly will be out-competed

In northern climates, there is a surge in the number of prereproductive individuals during which season of the year

spring

Phase in a population growth pattern in which the death rate and birthrate become equal

stable equilibrium phase

Which of the following regions has the most food insecurity

sub-Saharan Africa

Which of the following are valid factors regarding humanitarian aid for countries that are unable to provide enough food for their people?

the aim of humanitarian aid should be to provide temporary help humanitarian aid should be provided in local villages rather than in large cities the emphasis of humanitarian aid must be on self-sufficiency the government of the country receiving humanitarian aid should work toward solving its own problem

The population of the United States is likely to show which of the following changes over the next 50 years?

the average age of the population will increase

Which of the following best describes the relationship between the state of economic development and rate of population growth

the greater the per capita income, the lower the population growth rate

The environmental impact of a country is determined by

the size and rate of growth of its population the number of possessions of a typical person the energy used by a typical person

Available raw materials are limiting factors that contribute to carrying capacity

true

The rate of human population growth has led to political unrest in response to unequal access to resources

true

The use of weed killers has removed a limiting factor to the size of populations of crop plants

true

True or false: China is expected to have a shortage of working-age citizens in the near future

true

the scientific study of human populations, their characteristics, how these characteristics affect growth and the consequences of that growth is known as demography

true

Which of the following best explains why a country's age distribution affects its population growth projection

young people are either raising families or will be raising families in the near future