Endocrine

22. The client with chronic alcoholism has chronic pancreatitis and hypomagnesemia. Which data should the nurse assess when administering magnesium sulfate to the client? 1. Deep tendon reflexes. 2. Arterial blood gases. 3. Skin turgor. 4. Capillary refill time.

1 . If deep tendon reflexes are hypoactive or absent, the nurse should hold the magnesium and notify the health-care provider.

1 8. The client is diagnosed with an acute exacerbation of IBD. Which priority intervention should the nurse implement first? 1. Weigh the client daily and document in the client's chart. 2. Teach coping strategies such as dietary modifications. 3. Record the frequency, amount, and color of stools. 4. Monitor the client's oral fluid intake every shift.

3. The severity of the diarrhea helps determine the need for fluid replace- ment. The liquid stool should be measured as part of the total output.

76. Which nursing intervention should be included in the plan of care for the client diagnosed with hyperthyroidism? 1. Increase the amount of fiber in the diet. 2. Encourage a low-calorie, low-protein diet. 3. Decrease the client's fluid intake to 1,000 mL/day. 4. Provide six (6) small, well-balanced meals a day.

4. The client with hyperthyroidism has an increased appetite; therefore, well- balanced meals served several times throughout the day will help with the client's constant hunger.

52. The client is admitted to rule out Cushing's syndrome. Which laboratory tests should the nurse anticipate being ordered? 1. Plasma drug levels of quinidine, digoxin, and hydralazine. 2. Plasma levels of ACTH and cortisol. 3. A 24-hour urine for metanephrine and catecholamine. 4. Spot urine for creatinine and white blood cells.

2. The adrenal gland secretes cortisol and the pituitary gland secretes adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), a hormone used by the body to stimulate the production of cortisol.

53. The client has developed iatrogenic Cushing's disease. Which statement is the scientific rationale for the development of this diagnosis? 1. The client has an autoimmune problem causing the destruction of the adrenal cortex. 2. The client has been taking steroid medications for an extended period for another disease process. 3. The client has a pituitary gland tumor causing the adrenal glands to produce too much cortisol. 4. The client has developed an adrenal gland problem for which the health-care provider does not have an explanation.

"Iatrogenic" means a problem has been caused by a medical treatment or procedure—in this case, treatment with steroids for another problem. Clients taking steroids over a period of time develop the clinical manifestations of Cushing's disease. Disease processes for which long-term steroids are prescribed include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cancer, and arthritis.

Thyroid Disorders 73. The client is diagnosed with hypothyroidism. Which signs/symptoms should the nurse expect the client to exhibit? 1. Complaints of extreme fatigue and hair loss. 2. Exophthalmos and complaints of nervousness. 3. Complaints of profuse sweating and flushed skin. 4. Tetany and complaints of stiffness of the hands.

1 . A decrease in thyroid hormone causes decreased metabolism, which leads to fatigue and hair loss.

74. The nurse identifies the client problem "risk for imbalanced body temperature" for the client diagnosed with hypothyroidism. Which intervention should be included in the plan of care? 1. Discourage the use of an electric blanket. 2. Assess the client's temperature every two (2) hours. 3. Keep the room temperature cool. 4. Space activities to promote rest.

1 . External heat sources (heating pads, electric or warming blankets) should be discouraged because they increase the risk of peripheral vasodilation and vascular collapse.

20. The client diagnosed with ulcerative colitis has an ileostomy. Which statement indicates the client needs more teaching concerning the ileostomy? 1. "My stoma should be pink and moist." 2. "I will irrigate my ileostomy every morning." 3. "If I get a red, bumpy, itchy rash I will call my HCP." 4. "I will change my pouch if it starts leaking."

2. An ileostomy will drain liquid all the time and should not routinely be irri- gated. A sigmoid colostomy may need daily irrigation to evacuate feces.

1 5. The client diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease has a serum potassium level of 3.4 mEq/L. Which action should the nurse implement first? 1. Notify the health-care provider. 2. Assess the client for muscle weakness. 3. Request telemetry for the client. 4. Prepare to administer potassium IV.

2. Muscle weakness may be a sign of hypokalemia; hypokalemia can lead to cardiac dysrhythmias and can be life threatening. Assessment is priority for a potassium level just below normal level, which is 3.5 to 5.5 mEq/L.

9. Which psychosocial problem should be included in the plan of care for a female client diagnosed with Cushing's syndrome? 1. Altered glucose metabolism. 2. Body image disturbance. 3. Risk for suicide. 4. Impaired wound healing.

2. The client with Cushing's syndrome has body changes, including moon face, buffalo hump, truncal obesity, hir- sutism, and striae and bruising, all of which affect the client's body image.

62. The nurse is admitting a client to the neurological intensive care unit who is postoperative transsphenoidal hypophysectomy. Which data warrant immediate intervention? 1. The client is alert to name but is unable to tell the nurse the location. 2. The client has an output of 2,500 mL since surgery and an intake of 1,000 mL. 3. The client's vital signs are T 97.6ºF, P 88, R 20, and BP 130/80. 4. The client has a 3-cm amount of dark-red drainage on the turban dressing.

2. The output is more than double the intake in a short time. This client could be developing diabetes insipidus, a complication of trauma to the head.

23. The client diagnosed with ulcerative colitis is prescribed a low-residue diet. Which meal selection indicates the client understands the diet teaching? 1. Grilled hamburger on a wheat bun and fried potatoes. 2. A chicken salad sandwich and lettuce and tomato salad. 3. Roast pork, white rice, and plain custard. 4. Fried fish, whole grain pasta, and fruit salad.

3. A low-residue diet is a low-fiber diet. Products made of refined flour or finely milled grains, along with roasted, baked, or broiled meats, are recommended.

1 1 . Which client history is most significant in the development of symptoms for a client who has iatrogenic Cushing's disease? 1. Long-term use of anabolic steroids. 2. Extended use of inhaled steroids for asthma. 3. History of long-term glucocorticoid use. 4. Family history of increased cortisol production.

3. Iatrogenic Cushing's disease is Cushing's disease caused by medical treatment—in this case, by taking excessive steroids resulting in the symptoms of moon face, buffalo hump, and other associated symptoms.

19. The nurse is discussing the endocrine system with the client. Which endocrine gland secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine? 1. The pancreas. 2. The adrenal cortex. 3. The adrenal medulla. 4. The anterior pituitary gland.

3. The adrenal medulla secretes the catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine.

75. The client diagnosed with hypothyroidism is prescribed the thyroid hormone levothyroxine (Synthroid). Which assessment data indicate the medication has been effective? 1. The client has a three (3)-pound weight gain. 2. The client has a decreased pulse rate. 3. The client's temperature is WNL. 4. The client denies any diaphoresis.

3. The client with hypothyroidism frequently has a subnormal temperature, so a temperature WNL indicates the medication is effective.

79. Which statement made by the client makes the nurse suspect the client is experiencing hyperthyroidism? 1. "I just don't seem to have any appetite anymore." 2. "I have a bowel movement about every 3 to 4 days." 3. "My skin is really becoming dry and coarse." 4. "I have noticed all my collars are getting tighter."

4. The thyroid gland (in the neck) en- larges as a result of the increased need for thyroid hormone production; an enlarged gland is called a goiter.

51 . The nurse is planning the care of a client diagnosed with Addison's disease. Which intervention should be included? 1. Administer steroid medications. 2. Place the client on fluid restriction. 3. Provide frequent stimulation. 4. Consult physical therapy for gait training.

51 . 1 . Clients diagnosed with Addison's dis- ease have adrenal gland hypofunction. The hormones normally produced by the gland must be replaced. Steroids and androgens are produced by the adrenal gland.

6. Which laboratory data make the nurse suspect the client with primary hyperparathyroidism is experiencing a complication? 1. A serum creatinine level of 2.8 mg/dL. 2. A calcium level of 9.2 mg/dL. 3. A serum triglyceride level of 130 mg/dL. 4. A sodium level of 135 mEq/L.

6. 1 . A serum creatinine level of 2.8 mg/dL indicates the client is in renal failure, which is a complication of hyperparathy- roidism. The formation of stones in the kidneys related to the increased urinary excretion of calcium and phosphorus occurs in about 55% of clients with primary hyperparathyroidism and can lead to renal failure.

1 3. Which signs/symptoms indicate the client with hypothyroidism is not taking enough thyroid hormone? 1. Complaints of weight loss and fine tremors. 2. Complaints of excessive thirst and urination. 3. Complaints of constipation and being cold. 4. Complaints of delayed wound healing and belching.

If the client were not taking enough thyroid hormone, the client would exhibit symptoms of hypothyroidism such as constipation and being cold.

58. The client diagnosed with Cushing's disease has developed 1 peripheral edema. The client has received intravenous fluids at 100 mL/hr via IV pump for the past 79 hours. The client received IVPB medication in 50 mL of fluid every 6 hours for 15 doses. How many mL of fluid did the client receive? ________

The client has received 8,650 mL of intravenous fluid.

78. Which medication order should the nurse question in the client diagnosed with untreated hypothyroidism? 1. Thyroid hormones. 2. Oxygen. 3. Sedatives. 4. Laxatives.

Untreated hypothyroidism is characterized by an increased susceptibility to the effects of most hypnotic and sedative agents; therefore, the nurse should question this medication.

84. Which signs/symptoms should make the nurse suspect the client is experiencing a thyroid storm? 1. Obstipation and hypoactive bowel sounds. 2. Hyperpyrexia and extreme tachycardia. 3. Hypotension and bradycardia. 4. Decreased respirations and hypoxia.

2. Hyperpyrexia (high fever) and heart rate above 130 beats per minute are signs of thyroid storm, a severely exaggerated hyperthyroidism.

5. Which sign/symptom indicates to the nurse the client is experiencing hyperparathyroidism? 1. A negative Trousseau's sign. 2. A positive Chvostek's sign. 3. Nocturnal muscle cramps. 4. Tented skin turgor.

2. When a sharp tapping over the facial nerve elicits a spasm or twitching of the mouth, nose, or eyes, the client is hypocalcemic, which occurs in clients with hyperparathyroidism. This is known as a positive Chvostek's sign.

59. The nurse manager of a medical-surgical unit is asked to determine if the unit should adopt a new care delivery system. Which behavior is an example of an autocratic style of leadership? 1. Call a meeting and educate the staff on the new delivery system being used. 2. Organize a committee to investigate the various types of delivery systems. 3. Wait until another unit has implemented the new system and see if it works out. 4. Discuss with the nursing staff if a new delivery system should be adopted.

. An autocratic style is one in which the person in charge makes the decision without consulting anyone else.

54. The nurse is performing discharge teaching for a client diagnosed with Cushing's disease. Which statement by the client demonstrates an understanding of the instructions? 1. "I will be sure to notify my health-care provider if I start to run a fever." 2. "Before I stop taking the prednisone, I will be taught how to taper it off." 3. "If I get weak and shaky, I need to eat some hard candy or drink some juice." 4. "It is fine if I continue to participate in weekend games of tackle football."

. Cushing's syndrome/disease predis- poses the client to develop infections as a result of the immunosuppressive nature of the disease. 2. The client has too much cortisol; this client should not be receiving prednisone, a steroid medication. 3. These are symptoms of hypoglycemia, which is not expected in this client be- cause this client has high glucose levels. 4. The client is predisposed to osteoporosis and fractures. Contact sports should be avoided.

80. The 68-year-old client diagnosed with hyperthyroidism is being treated with radioactive iodine therapy. Which interventions should the nurse discuss with the client? 1. Explain it will take up to a month for symptoms of hyperthyroidism to subside. 2. Teach the iodine therapy will have to be tapered slowly over one (1) week. 3. Discuss the client will have to be hospitalized during the radioactive therapy. 4. Inform the client after therapy the client will not have to take any medication.

1 . Radioactive iodine therapy is used to destroy the overactive thyroid cells. After treatment, the client is followed closely for three (3) to four (4) weeks until the euthyroid state is reached.

1 7. The client diagnosed with IBD is prescribed total parental nutrition (TPN). Which intervention should the nurse implement? 1. Check the client's glucose level. 2. Administer an oral hypoglycemic. 3. Assess the peripheral intravenous site. 4. Monitor the client's oral food intake.

1 . TPN is high in dextrose, which is glucose; therefore, the client's blood glucose level must be monitored closely. The TPN must be administered via a sub- clavian line because of the high glucose level.

57. The client diagnosed with Addison's disease is admitted to the emergency department after a day at the lake. The client is lethargic, forgetful, and weak. Which intervention should the nurse implement? 1. Start an IV with an 18-gauge needle and infuse NS rapidly. 2. Have the client wait in the waiting room until a bed is available. 3. Obtain a permit for the client to receive a blood transfusion. 4. Collect urinalysis and blood samples for a CBC and calcium level.

1 . The client was exposed to wind and sun at the lake during the hours prior to being admitted to the emergency department. This predisposes the client to dehydration and an addisonian crisis. Rapid IV fluid replacement is necessary.

1 2. The client is one (1) hour postoperative thyroidectomy. Which intervention should the nurse implement? 1. Check the posterior neck for bleeding. 2. Assess the client for the Chvostek's sign. 3. Monitor the client's serum calcium level. 4. Change the client's surgical dressing.

1 . The incision for a thyroidectomy allows the blood to drain dependently by gravity to the back of the client's neck. Therefore, the nurse should check this area for hemorrhaging, which is a possible complication of any surgery.

22. The client is diagnosed with Crohn's disease, also known as regional enteritis. Which statement by the client supports this diagnosis? 1. "My pain goes away when I have a bowel movement." 2. "I have bright red blood in my stool all the time." 3. "I have episodes of diarrhea and constipation." 4. "My abdomen is hard and rigid and I have a fever.

1 . The terminal ileum is the most com- mon site for regional enteritis, which causes right lower quadrant pain that is relieved by defecation.

1 5. Which laboratory data indicate to the nurse the client's pancreatitis is improving? 1. The amylase and lipase serum levels are decreased. 2. The white blood cell count (WBC) is decreased. 3. The conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin levels are decreased. 4. The blood urea nitrogen (BUN) serum level is decreased.

1 5. 1 . These laboratory data are used to diag- nose and monitor pancreatitis because amylase and lipase are the enzymes produced by the pancreas.

81 . The nurse is teaching the client diagnosed with hyperthyroidism. Which information should be taught to the client? Select all that apply. 1. Notify the HCP if a three (3)-pound weight loss occurs in two (2) days. 2. Discuss ways to cope with the emotional lability. 3. Notify the HCP if taking over-the-counter medication. 4. Carry a medical identification card or bracelet. 5. Teach how to take thyroid medications correctly.

1. Notify the HCP if a three (3)-pound weight loss occurs in two (2) days. 2. Discuss ways to cope with the emotional lability. 3. Notify the HCP if taking over-the-counter medication. 4. Carry a medical identification card or bracelet.

77. The client is admitted to the intensive care department diagnosed with myxedema coma. Which assessment data warrant immediate intervention by the nurse? 1. Serum blood glucose level of 74 mg/dL. 2. Pulse oximeter reading of 90%. 3. Telemetry reading showing sinus bradycardia. 4. The client is lethargic and sleeps all the time.

2. A pulse oximeter reading of less than 93% is significant. A 90% pulseoximeter reading indicates a PaO2 of approximately 60 on an arterial blood gas test; this is severe hypoxemia and requires immediate intervention.

23. Which endocrine disorder should the nurse assess for in the client who has a closed head injury with increased intracranial pressure? 1. Pheochromocytoma. 2. Diabetes insipidus. 3. Hashimoto's thyroiditis. 4. Gynecomastia.

2. Diabetes insipidus can be caused by brain tumors or infections, pituitary surgery, cerebrovascular accidents, or renal and organ failure, or it may be a complication of a closed head injury with increased intracranial pressure. Diabetes insipidus is a result of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) insufficiency.

21 . Which nursing instruction should the nurse discuss with the client who is receiving glucocorticoids for Addison's disease? 1. Discuss the importance of tapering medications when discontinuing medication. 2. Explain the dose may need to be increased during times of stress or infection. 3. Instruct the client to take medication on an empty stomach with a glass of water. 4. Encourage the client to wear clean white socks when wearing tennis shoes.

2. During times of stress, the medication may need to be increased to prevent adrenal insufficiency. The client will have to receive this medication the rest of his or her life, so this should not be discussed with the client.

61 . The client diagnosed with a pituitary tumor developed syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). Which interventions should the nurse implement? 1. Assess for dehydration and monitor blood glucose levels. 2. Assess for nausea and vomiting and weigh daily. 3. Monitor potassium levels and encourage fluid intake. 4. Administer vasopressin IV and conduct a fluid deprivation test.

2. Early signs and symptoms are nausea and vomiting. The client has the syn- drome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic (against allowing the body to urinate) hormone. In other words, the client is producing a hormone that will not allow the client to urinate.

1 6. The client diagnosed with acute pancreatitis has a ruptured pseudocyst. Which procedure should the nurse anticipate the HCP prescribing? 1. Paracentesis. 2. Chest tube insertion. 3. Lumbar puncture. 4. Biopsy of the pancreas.

2. The pancreas lies immediately below the diaphragm. When the cyst ruptures, alkaline substances in the abdomen cause fluid leaks at the esophageal diaphragmatic opening into the thorax. The fluid must be removed to prevent lung collapse.

20. Which question should the nurse ask when assessing the client for an endocrine dysfunction? 1. "Have you noticed any pain in your legs when walking?" 2. "Have you had any unexplained weight loss?" 3. "Have you noticed any change in your bowel movements?" 4. "Have you experienced any joint pain or discomfort?"

2. Weight loss with normal appetite may indicate hyperthyroidism.

1 6. The client is diagnosed with an acute exacerbation of ulcerative colitis. Which intervention should the nurse implement? 1. Provide a low-residue diet. 2. Rest the client's bowel. 3. Assess vital signs daily. 4. Administer antacids orally.

2. Whenever a client has an acute exacer- bation of a gastrointestinal disorder, the first intervention is to place the bowel on rest. The client should be NPO with intravenous fluids to prevent dehydration.

56. The nurse writes a problem of "altered body image" for a 34-year-old client diagnosed with Cushing's disease. Which intervention should be implemented? 1. Monitor blood glucose levels prior to meals and at bedtime. 2. Perform a head-to-toe assessment on the client every shift. 3. Use therapeutic communication to allow the client to discuss feelings. 4. Assess bowel sounds and temperature every four (4) hours.

3. Allowing the client to ventilate feelings about the altered body image is the most appropriate intervention. The nurse cannot do anything to help the client's buffalo hump or moon face.

49. The nurse is admitting a client diagnosed with primary adrenal cortex insufficiency (Addison's disease). Which clinical manifestations should the nurse expect to assess? 1. Moon face, buffalo hump, and hyperglycemia. 2. Hirsutism, fever, and irritability. 3. Bronze pigmentation, hypotension, and anorexia. 4. Tachycardia, bulging eyes, and goiter.

3. Bronze pigmentation of the skin, partic- ularly of the knuckles and other areas of skin creases, occurs in Addison's disease. Hypotension and anorexia also occur with Addison's disease.

60. The client diagnosed with Cushing's disease has undergone a unilateral adrenalectomy. Which discharge instructions should the nurse discuss with the client? 1. Instruct the client to take the glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid medications as prescribed. 2. Teach the client regarding sexual functioning and androgen replacement therapy. 3. Explain the signs and symptoms of infection and when to call the health-care provider. 4. Demonstrate turn, cough, and deep-breathing exercises the client should perform every (2) hours.

3. Notifying the HCP if signs/symptoms of infection develop is an instruction given to all surgical clients on discharge.

1 9. The client diagnosed with Crohn's disease is crying and tells the nurse, "I can't take it anymore. I never know when I will get sick and end up here in the hospital." Which statement is the nurse's best response? 1. "I understand how frustrating this must be for you." 2. "You must keep thinking about the good things in your life." 3. "I can see you are very upset. I'll sit down and we can talk." 4. "Are you thinking about doing anything like committing suicide?"

3. The client is crying and is expressing feelings of powerlessness; therefore, the nurse should allow the client to talk.

7. The nurse is assessing a client in an outpatient clinic. Which assessment data are a risk factor for developing pheochromocytoma? 1. A history of skin cancer. 2. A history of high blood pressure. 3. A family history of adrenal tumors. 4. A family history of migraine headaches.

3. There is a high incidence of pheochromocytomas in family members with adrenal tumors, and the von Hippel Lindau gene is thought to be a primary cause.

55. The charge nurse of an intensive care unit is making assignments for the night shift. Which client should be assigned to the most experienced intensive care nurse? 1. The client diagnosed with respiratory failure who is on a ventilator and requires frequent sedation. 2. The client diagnosed with lung cancer and iatrogenic Cushing's disease with ABGs of pH 7.35, PaO2 88, PaCO2 44, and HCO3 22. 3. The client diagnosed with Addison's disease who is lethargic and has a BP of 80/45, P 124, and R 28. 4. The client diagnosed with hyperthyroidism who has undergone a thyroidectomy two (2) days ago and has a negative Trousseau's sign.

3. This client has a low blood pressure and tachycardia. This client may be experiencing an addisonian crisis, a potentially life-threatening condition. The most experienced nurse should care for this client.

83. The nurse is preparing to administer the following medications. Which medication should the nurse question administering? 1. The thyroid hormone to the client who does not have a T3, T4 level. 2. The regular insulin to the client with a blood glucose level of 210 mg/dL. 3. The loop diuretic to the client with a potassium level of 3.3 mEq/L. 4. The cardiac glycoside to the client who has a digoxin level of 1.4 mg/dL.

3. This potassium level is below normal, which is 3.5 to 5.5 mEq/L. Therefore, the nurse should question administer- ing this medication because loop diuretics cause potassium loss in the urine.

82. The nurse is providing an in-service on thyroid disorders. One of the attendees asks the nurse, "Why don't the people in the United States get goiters as often?" Which statement by the nurse is the best response? 1. "It is because of the screening techniques used in the United States." 2. "It is a genetic predisposition rare in North Americans." 3. "The medications available in the United States decrease goiters." 4. "Iodized salt helps prevent the development of goiters in the United States."

4. Almost all of the iodine entering the body is retained in the thyroid gland. A deficiency in iodine will cause the thyroid gland to work hard and enlarge, which is called a goiter. Goiters are commonly seen in geographical regions having an iodine deficiency. Most table salt in the United States has iodine added.

8. The client is three (3) days postoperative unilateral adrenalectomy. Which discharge instructions should the nurse teach? 1. Discuss the need for lifelong steroid replacement. 2. Instruct the client on administration of vasopressin. 3. Teach the client to care for the suprapubic Foley catheter. 4. Tell the client to notify the HCP if the incision is inflamed.

4. Any inflammation of the incision indi- cates an infection and the client will need to receive antibiotics, so the HCP must be notified.

21 . The client diagnosed with IBD is prescribed sulfasalazine (Asulfidine), a sulfonamide antibiotic. Which statement best describes the rationale for administering this medication? 1. It is administered rectally to help decrease colon inflammation. 2. This medication slows gastrointestinal motility and reduces diarrhea. 3. This medication kills the bacteria causing the exacerbation. 4. It acts topically on the colon mucosa to decrease inflammation.

4. Asulfidine is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and acts topically on the colonic mucosa to inhibit the inflammatory process.

1 0. The nurse is admitting a client to rule out aldosteronism. Which assessment data support the client's diagnosis? 1. Temperature. 2. Pulse. 3. Respirations. 4. Blood pressure.

4. Blood pressure is affected by aldosteronism, with hypertension being the most prominent and universal sign of aldosteronism.

1 8. Which risk factor should the nurse expect to find in the client diagnosed with pancreatic cancer? 1. Chewing tobacco. 2. Low-fat diet. 3. Chronic alcoholism. 4. Exposure to industrial chemicals.

4. Exposure to industrial chemicals or environmental toxins is a risk factor for pancreatic cancer. Chronic alcoholism is not a risk factor, but chronic pancreatitis is a risk factor.

50. The nurse is developing a plan of care for the client diagnosed with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) who has developed an infection in the adrenal gland. Which client problem is highest priority? 1. Altered body image. 2. Activity intolerance. 3. Impaired coping. 4. Fluid volume deficit.

4. Fluid volume deficit (dehydration) can lead to circulatory impairment and hyperkalemia.

1 4. Which client problem is the nurse's priority concern for the client diagnosed with acute pancreatitis? 1. Impaired nutrition. 2. Skin integrity. 3. Anxiety. 4. Pain relief.

4. The client with pancreatitis is in excru- ciating pain because the enzymes are autodigesting the pancreas; severe abdominal pain is the hallmark symptom of pancreatitis.