Endocrine System

Which of the following are produced by the adrenal medulla?

1. Adrenaline 2. Noradrenaline

Which two regions does the pituitary gland consist of?

1. Anterior lobe 2. Posterior lobe

Determine the TWO correct statements that apply to the circle labeled letter E.

1. Control center 2. Endocrine gland stimulated to produce more hormones

Which TWO hormones affect reproductive functions?

1. FSH 2. LH

Which TWO answers describe the condition in which a person's antibodies attack the thyroid and cause it to secrete too much thyroid hormone?

1. Graves' disease 2. Uutoimmune disease

The hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system connects which TWO organs?

1. Hypothalamus 2. Adenohypophysis

Which TWO of the following functions are triggered by the release of adrenaline?

1. Increased heart rate and blood pressure 2. Dilation of the bronchioles in the lungs

Which statements do NOT refer to type 2 diabetes?

1. Ketoacidosis is common 2. Sudden onset

Choose the two systems responsible for coordinating and directing body functions.

1. Nervous system 2. Endocrine system

Which TWO hormones are synthesized by the neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus?

1. Oxytocin 2. Antidiuretic hormone

Which of the following does the thyroid regulate?

1. Synthesis of protein 2. Body metabolism 3. Blood calcium levels

Choose the name AND the function of the structure indicated by the letter B.

1. Target cell 2. Responds to hormone

Identify the reproductive endocrine glands.

1. Uterus 2. Testes 3. Placenta 4. Ovary

Provide a brief description of each indicated step (A-F) shown in the hormonal negative feedback graphic.

A: The receptor's mechanism senses notice when hormone levels have increased, step 1. B: The control center, once inhibited by the endocrine gland, slows down or even stop secreting hormones, step 2. C: The effectors cause blood levels to return to normal due to hormone secretion decreasing, step 3. D: The receptor's mechanism senses notice when hormone levels have decreased, step 1. E: The control center, once stimulated by the endocrine gland, increasing secreting hormones, step 2. F: The effectors cause blood levels to return to normal due to hormone secretion increasing, step 3

Define Circadian rhythms, and describe how they are regulated by light exposure.

Circadian rhythms are behavioral, physical, and mental changed that are continuous throughout a 24 hour cycle. These rhythms not only affect our behavior but also out important functions (hormone release, body temperature, digestion, eating habits, etc.) It has been proven that Circadian rhythms have had the most effect on peoples sleeping patterns, because the rhythms have a lot to do with the amount you allow yourself to be exposed to. When you are in more sun you are more awake, when you have less sun you are drowsy. This rhythm produces melatonin at night and stops producing it during the day time.

Which term includes all the other terms?

Corticosteroids

Which hormone regulates the energy metabolism of most body cells and help resist stressors?

Cortisol

This is the hormone that acts to increase blood calcium levels through osteoclasts' stimulation, which breaks down the bone, causing a release of calcium into the blood.

PTH

Humans typically have 4 of these glands in their body.

Parathyroid glands

A tumor in the adrenal medulla, called a pheochromocytoma, can result in hypersecretion of the medullary hormones. Explain which cell type is involved in the tumor and which hormones they secrete. Predict some symptoms that would result from this condition and provide an overall rationale for your predictions.

Pheochromocytoma tumors would have a cell type of chromaffin, this same tumor would have a hormone secretion of adrenal medulla, epinephrine, and noradrenaline. Some possible symptoms of having pheochromocytoma would be increased heart rate, increased blood pressure, increased blood vessel constriction (skin and gastrointestinal tract), smooth muscle dilation, dilation of bronchioles and capillaries, or increased metabolism.

Increased sweat production

Regulating body temperature

Which is the most common type of stimulus for the release of hormones?

Release of hormones in response to other hormones released by the hypothalamus

During which phase of the General Adaptation Syndrome does the body cope with the stressor?

Resistance phase

Diabetes mellitus is a condition of hyperglycemia, which means too much __ in the blood.

glucose

Endocrine glands secrete chemical messengers called ______________, while exocrine glands secrete chemical regulators called _______________.

hormones; enzymes

In blood glucose regulation, the ___ takes up glucose and stores it as glycogen.

liver

People with this type of diabetes need lifelong insulin therapy.

Type 1 diabetes

Another term for the positive stress that occurs when your level of stress is high enough to motivate you to move into action to get things accomplished.

Eustress

Which one of the following is incorrectly matched?

Adrenal cortex - chromaffin cells

These glands atop your kidneys are responsible for regulating the body's response to stressors such as danger, sports, and the like.

Adrenal glands

During which stage/phase does pupil dilation occur?

Alarm

Which hormone increases the reabsorption of water and inhibits urine production?

Antidiuretic hormone

Stronger sympathetic nervous system effect

Decreases nonessential energy-using activities

Increased heart rate and blood pressure

Delivering glucose, hormones, and oxygen to cells for enhanced energy production

Which type of diabetes must be controlled to protect a baby's growth and development?

Gestational diabetes

A lack of thyroid hormone will lead to this.

Goiter

An enlarged, protruding yet nonfunctional thyroid gland known as what?

Goiter

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of hypothyroidism?

Graves' disease

Which one of the following does NOT apply to the endocrine system?

Has specific localized effects

Chemical messengers that regulate the metabolic activity of all other body cells are known as what?

Hormones

Dilation of pupils

Increasing light entry for enhanced vision

Increased respiration rate and dilation of bronchioles

Increasing oxygen intake for energy production

Which hormone is correctly matched to the cell type that it is secreted by?

Insulin - beta cells

Which term refers to a condition in which the cells fail to respond to the insulin?

Insulin resistance

The endocrine cells of the pancreas that produce and secrete the hormones insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream are located where?

Islets of Langerhans

Which of the following organs are NOT directly affected by the anterior pituitary hormones?

Pineal gland

Which pancreatic hormone helps the pancreas alternate in turning on or turning off each opposing hormone?

Somatostatin

Altered glucose, fat, and protein metabolism

Spares glucose for brain's use

The following characteristics apply to what type of hormone? -> Activate DNA (genes) for protein synthesis -> Help regulate metabolism, inflammation, immune functions, ion and water balance, and sexual characteristics

Steroid

Increased cortisol

Suppresses inflammatory and immune responses and diverts energy metabolism from tissue maintenance

Which hormone is necessary for T-lymphocyte production and maturation?

Thymosin

Which of the following is NOT a reproductive hormone?

Thymosin

Which gland is NOT located in the brain?

Thymus gland

Which gland is relatively large in infants but begins to shrink and become slowly replaced by fat after puberty?

Thymus gland

Which gland contains the only cells in the body that can absorb iodine?

Thyroid

Darkness stimulates the pineal gland to ____ producing melatonin.

start

The catecholamine receptors are found ____, allowing for a systemic wide response following release.

throughout the body

Choose the two features that apply to endocrine glands.

1. Control long-term activities of the body 2. Trigger a cellular response at the molecular or genetic level

Which two endocrine glands are located in the brain?

1. Pituitary gland 2. Pineal gland

Which three characteristic(s) belong only to endocrine glands?

1. Secrete directly into the intercellular fluid and bloodstream 2. Target cells located some distance away from the secreting gland 3. Utilize chemical messengers called hormones

Which of these roles does the anterior pituitary gland play a part in?

1. Stress 2. Lactation 4. Growth

Choose the TWO features that apply to non-steroidal hormones.

1. Water-soluble substances 2. Stored in the endocrine cell until signals are received for secretion

This hormone decreases blood calcium levels through the stimulation of osteoblasts, which deposit bone, causing calcium removal from the blood.

Calcitonin

Humoral control refers to the release of hormones in response to altered blood levels of certain critical ions or nutrients. Choose the set of words that completes the diagram from superior to inferior.

Changing levels of substance; endocrine gland; target cells; action

This gland is about 6 inches long and sits across the back of the abdomen, behind the stomach.

Pancreas

These four little glands are responsible for helping to regulate the bloodstream's calcium and phosphorus levels.

Parathyroid glands

Which general symptom of diabetes mellitus is NOT correctly matched to its description?

Polydipsia - frequent dry mouth

Which of these is not considered a true endocrine gland?

Posterior pituitary gland

Which type of diabetes do more than a third of people in the United States have, but most don't know it?

Prediabetes

Which one of the following is NOT a function of the endocrine system?

Providing for sensation, higher mental functioning, and emotional response

Increased levels of blood glucose, fatty acids, and glycerol

Providing materials for enhanced energy production

Which function belongs with the structure labeled with the letter C?

Receives hormone

Contrast the solubility type of steroid hormones vs. nonsteroidal hormones. Then, discuss how this property affects their transport in the blood and their ability to diffuse through the cell membrane.

Steroid hormones are lipid-soluble, meaning that they have a long half-life and slower action, are located in the cytoplasm or nucleus, and their mechanism of action are at the Direct Genre Activation mechanism. However, nonsteroidal hormones are water-soluble, meaning that they have a short half-life and quicker action, are located in the target cell membrane, and bind to extracellular receptors in order to enter the phospholipid bilayer. In relation to their transports and diffusions, steroid hormones bind to plasma proteins and easily diffuse through the cell membrane when being transported through the blood; on the other hand, nonsteroidal hormones are transported freely throughout blood plasma, and in addition can not diffuse though the cell membrane.

Which is the correct order of synthesis and release in the regulation of thyroid hormonal output?

TRH, TSH, T3 & T4

Which hormone is released by the adenohypophysis?

TSH

Which one of the following applies only to the nervous system?

Target cells include muscle cells and glandular cells

Which gland is constructed of two lobes connected by the isthmus and located below the Adam's apple?

Thyroid gland

What type of hormones are the only lipid-soluble nonsteroid hormones?

Thyroid hormones

What is the main job of the hypothalamus?

To cause the anterior pituitary gland to start or stop synthesizing hormones

Beta cells of the pancreas release insulin into the blood in response to hyperglycemia.

True

Blood glucose levels are regulated by a negative feedback mechanism.

True

Blood flow redistribution

Vasoconstriction/vasodilation shunting blood to skeletal muscles and away from skin, guts, and kidneys

The thyroid and parathyroid glands work together to maintain blood calcium homeostasis. Discuss the actions of these glands in the cases of: -> Hypercalcemia -> Hypocalcemia Include the gland, hormone, cell type stimulated, and resulting process in your explanation.

When maintaining homeostasis the thyroid and parathyroid gland have to work together in order to decrease blood calcium and increase blood calcium, in order for the resulting process to be balanced. In the case of hypercalcemia or increased calcium in the bloodstream, the cell type is stimulated and calcitonin (thyroid gland) would kick in, and decrease the blood calcium levels through osteoblasts, causing calcium removal. However, when hypocalcemia or calcium levels in the blood decrease causing calcitonin to secrete, parathyroid hormones kick in, increasing blood calcium to the necessary hormones, causing calcium release.

Which of the layers of the adrenal cortex are correctly matched up with the hormones secreted?

Zona fasciculata = glucocorticoids

The physical, mental, and behavioral changes that follow a 24-hour cycle and can influence our bodies' important functions, such as hormone release, eating habits, body temperature, and digestion, are known as _________ rhythms.

circadian

Which phase/stage occurs when prolonged exposure to the stressor depletes the body's resources?

Exhaustion

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of hyperthyroidism?

Lethargy

Which characteristic only applies to a steroid hormone?

Lipid soluble

Which hormone is NOT produced in the pancreas?

Melatonin

Choose the feature that does NOT apply to non-steroidal hormones.

Names usually end in -ol or -one

What is the term for the primary means of regulating the blood levels of the majority of hormones?

Negative feedback mechanism

Which organ consists of hypothalamic tissue that grows downward?

Neurohypophysis

Which answer choice is NOT a correct category and description of hormone types?

Organic hormones include those made primarily from carbon.