Endocrine System
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is released by the __________.
posterior pituitary
The G-protein is composed of how many subunits?
3 The G-protein consists of alpha, beta and gamma subunits.
Drag each of the labels into the appropriate position to indicate whether the item is classified as a formed element or a component of plasma.
PLASMA: glucose, chloride, antibodies, gamma globulins, albumin, fibrinogen, hormones FORMED ELEMENTS: red blood cells, erythrocytes, leukocytes, white blood cells, platelets, monocytes, neutrophils
Match the following hormones with the appropriate location they are secreted from.
Posterior Pituitary: -antidiuretic hormone -oxytocin Anterior Pituitary: -growth hormone -thyroid-stimulating hormone -prolactin -adrenocorticotropic hormone -luteninizing hormone -follicle-stimulating hormone
Identify the types of cells in the photomicrographs.
(refer to screenshot) top row: monocyte, erythrocyte, basophil, neutrophil bottom row: lymphocyte, eosinophil
Label the components of the cardiac conduction system.
*refer to screenshot*
Releasing hormones affect the anterior and posterior pituitary glands.
false
b. Upon the left ventricular pressure reaching 80 mm Hg, the aortic semilunar valve opens. This is the ________.
period of ejection
a. Just after the QRS complex, the ________ occurs.
period of isovolumetric contraction
From the secondary capillary network, hormones are carried in the general circulation to the target tissues.
true
In response to releasing hormones, the anterior pituitary releases hormones that enter the secondary capillary network.
true
What ensures the movement of blood in one direction through the heart?
valves
c. Atrial systole completes ventricular filling during _________.
active ventricular filling
Drag each label to the appropriate position to indicate which step of hemostasis it describes.
coagulation: the last stage in hemostasis also known as clotting involves the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin includes intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms includes a vast enzymatic cascade of proteins produced by the liver platelet plug formation: the second stage in hemostasis involves the disruption of prostacyclin involves degranulation and serotonin, thromoxane A2 and ADP vascular spasm: the first stage in hemostasis involves vasoconstriction
Correctly label the great vessels that enter and exit the heart.
*refer to screenshot* (starting at 12 o'clock, clockwise) aorta, left pulmonary artery, left pulmonary veins, inferior vena cava, right pulmonary veins, superior vena cava, right pulmonary artery
T/F? Neurohormones are released from the anterior pituitary into the primary capillary network.
false
Correctly label the following anatomical features of the thoracic cavity.
fibrous pericardium parietal pericardium visceral pericardium pericardial cavity
b. The __________ is a low-pitched sound caused by vibration of the atrioventricular valves and surrounding fluid as the valves close at the beginning of ventricular systole.
first heart sound
Determine whether each item is a formed element or part of the plasma.
FORMED ELEMENT: platelets, red blood cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes PLASMA: sodium, bilirubin, fibrinogen, glucose, carbon dioxide
The pituitary gland is located in the...
Hypophyseal fossa explanation: The pituitary gland sits within the hypophyseal fossa of the sphenoid bone
Place a single word into each sentence to make it correct. (section 18.2, figure 18.8)
Hypoxia is inadequate oxygen TRANSPORT and can be detected by the kidneys and liver. When inadequate oxygen is detected, ERYTHROPOIETIN is produced and secreted. The hormone will stimulate the red bone marrow to PRODUCE RBCs. This will result in an increase of OXYGEN transport throughout the body. Thus, the correction of hypoxia is controlled by a NEGATIVE feedback loop.
Antidiuretic hormone (known as ADH or vasopressin)...
Increases water retention from renal tubules explanation: ADH acts on the kidneys to increase water retention from renal tubules; it also acts to constrict blood vessels.
Place the following terms and descriptions with the appropriate cell that is in the center of each of these histology slides of white blood cells. Labels can be used more than once.
lymphocyte, agranulocyte granulocyte, basophil phagocyte, agranulocyte, monocyte granulocyte, neutrophil, phagocyte granulocyte, eosinophil
Label the structures that surround the pituitary gland.
mammillary body infundibulum posterior pituitary hypothalamus optic chiasm anterior pituitary
Label the types of cells in the photomicrograph using the hints provided.
monocyte, erythrocyte, lymphocyte, neutrophil, basophil, eosinophil
d. The T wave is completed and the ventricles are repolarizing during the ________.
period of isovolumetric relaxation
Label the midsagittal view of the brain based on the hints provided.
pineal gland, hypothalamus, infundibulum, pituitary gland
Drag each statement to the appropriate position to identify the valve being described.
pulmonary semilunar valve prevents backflow into right ventricle tricuspid valve prevents backflow into right atrium aortic semilunar valve prevents back flow into left ventricle bicuspid valve prevents backflow into left atrium
Indicate the heart chamber responsible for the given function.
right atrium: pumps blood into the right ventricle preloads the right ventricle left atrium: pumps blood to the left ventricle passively fills with blood returning from the lungs preloads the left ventricle right ventricle: pumps blood to the pulmonary trunk dysfunction of this chamber leads to systemic edema left ventricle: pumps blood to the aorta dysfunction of this chamber leads to pulmonary edema greatest contributor to systemic blood pressure
a. The __________ is a higher-pitched sound resulting from closure of the aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves at the beginning of ventricular diastole.
second heart sound
c. The __________ is occasionally heard in some normal people, particularly those who are thin and young. It is caused by blood flowing in a turbulent fashion into the ventricles.
third heart sound
Label the photomicrograph of cardiac muscle using the hints provided.
top 3 options: intercalated disc, perinuclear cytoplasm, branched, cardiac muscle fiber middle: nucleus bottom: cardiac muscle fiber
The alpha subunit can remain separated from the beta and gamma subunits as long as the ligand remains bound to the membrane bound protein.
true The alpha subunit can remain separated from the beta and gamma subunits as long as the ligand remains bound the membrane bound protein.
Use the terms to correctly complete the following paragraph regarding the role of calcitonin.
Parafollicular cells in the thyroid secrete calcitonin as CALCIUM levels in the blood INCREASE. Calcitonin will DECREASE the activity of OSTEOCLASTS and lengthen the life span for OSTEOBLASTS. As a net deposition of bone occurs, blood calcium and PHOSPHATE levels will decrease.
Categorize the following statement as belonging to either sympathetic or parasympathetic stimulation of the heart.
SYMPATHETIC -can raise the heart rate to as high as 250 bpm -postganglionic axons pass through cardiac nerves -increases contraction strength of the myocardium -innervates atrial and ventricular myocardia PARASYMPATHETIC -has little effect on stroke volume -slows the heart rate -preganglionic axons pass through vagus nerves
Complete each sentence by dragging the labels to the appropriate blanks. Then place each sentence in a logical order beginning with blood entering the right side of the heart.
The contraction of the heart begins with autorhythmic depolarization of the sinoatrial node located in the superior portion of the posterior atrial wall. From the pacemaker , the wave of depolarization disperses through the myocardium of the atria. Depolarization then arrives at the atrioventricular node located in the inferior interatrial septum. The AV node fires causing the signal to travel into the AV bundle branches as it passes through the interventricular septum. Making a U-turn at the apex of the heart, the signals are then carried by the purkinje fibers through the exterior walls of the ventricles.
Label the photomicrograph using the hints provided.
Top to bottom: neutrophil platelet plasma erythrocyte
A person with type O blood should receive a blood transfusion from a donor with __________. -type A blood -type B blood -type O blood Correct -type AB blood -any type of blood
*type O blood*
Complete each sentence by dragging the labels to the appropriate blanks. Then place each sentence in a logical order beginning with myocytes in a resting state.
1. Cardiocytes at resting membrane potential of *-90 mV* receive cations diffusing from adjacent cardiocytes through gap junctions. The drift toward threshold along the ICF membrane causes *voltage-regulated sodium channels* to open. Additional sodium channels are opened which allows sodium to rapidly *enter the cell* causing the cell to depolarize. Toward the end of depolarization, *voltage-regulated slow-calcium channels* open while the sodium channels close. With *increased permeability* to extracellular calcium, positive charge continues to enter the cell which prolongs the duration of depolarization. Toward the end of cardiocyte depolarization, *voltage-regulated potassium channels* open and calcium channels close. Movement of potassium *out of the cell* to the ECF repolarizes the membrane.
Match each of the pituitary hormones with the appropriate function.
ADH: Causes kidneys to retain water; raises blood pressure LH: Promotes the secretion of sex hormones from the gonads FSH: Stimulates egg or sperm production ACTH: Stimulates the release of hormones from the adrenal cortex TSH: Stimulates the secretion of thyroid hormones Prolactin: Stimulates the production of milk GH: Stimulates the rate of mitosis; promotes bone growth Oxytocin: Stimulates contraction of uterine wall muscles; stimulates smooth muscle in milk-secreting glands
Match the type of chemical messenger with its description.
AUTOCRINE: stimulates the cell that originally secreted it ENDOCRINE: secreted by the glands and cells; acts upon distant target tissues PARACRINE: secreted by one cell; acts upon nearby cells NEUROTRANSMITTER: secreted by neurons into a synaptic cleft
Fill in the blanks (*bolded*) with the terms provided. Not all terms will be used.
Abnormal numbers of leukocytes result from various pathologic conditions. For example, a reduced number of leukocytes can cause a serious disorder called *leukopenia.* This decreased number of leukocytes may *increase* the risk of a person developing an infection or *decrease* their ability to fight infection effectively. Conversely, *leukocytosis* results from a slightly elevated leukocyte count. The term differential count measures the amount of each type of leukocyte in your blood and determines whether any of the circulating leukocytes are *immature.* The normal range of leukocytes in circulating blood ranges from 4,500 to 11,000 cells per microliter, where 55-70% of these are *neutrophils*, 20-34% are *lymphocytes*, 2-8% are *monocytes*, 1-4% are *eosinophils*, and less than 1% are *basophils*.
The hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system connects the hypothalamus to the...
Adenohypophysis explanation: The anterior pituitary, or adenohypophysis, is connected to the hypothalamus by a blood vessel network known as the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system.
Match each label to the correct target tissue.
BONE TISSUE: parathyroid hormone stimulates this tissue to release calcium ADIPOSE TISSUE: insulin stimulates this tissue to convert glucose to triglycerides SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE: growth hormone stimulates this tissue to hypertrophy in response to mechanical trauma SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES: follicle-stimulating hormone stimulates the production of sperm in this tissue BLOOD TISSUE: erythropoietin stimulates increased production of this tissue CARDIAC TISSUE: epinephrine stimulates the beta receptors of this tissue producing cAMP production and calcium permeability MEROCRINE SWEAT GLANDS: epinephrine binds to muscarinic receptors in this tissue to cause increased secretion of sweat PANCREATIC ISLETS: hyperglycemia stimulates this cells to secrete insulin
Match the chemical messenger with its function.
Endorphins --> Reduction of pain sensation Prostaglandins --> Inflammation; uterine contractions Interleukin-2 --> Stimulation of cell division of T lymphocytes Epidermal growth factor --> Stimulation of cell division
What causes the change in conformation of the G-protein resulting in separation from the membrane bound receptor?
Ligand binding to the membrane bound receptor The change in conformation of the G-protein causing separation from the membrane bound receptor is initiated by ligand binding to the receptor.
Classify the given terms or examples with the appropriate category.
NEUTRPHILS: 55-70% elevated during bacterial infections LYMPHOCYTES: 20-34% elevated during viral infections EOSINOPHILS: 1-4% elevated in allergic reactions MONOCYTES: 2-8% elevated in chronic inflammatory disorders BASOPHILS: 0.5-1% elevated in myeloproliferative disorders
Indicate whether each structure is part of the systemic or pulmonary circuit.
PULMONARY CIRCUIT: pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins, pulmonary trunk, lungs, respiratory capillaries, right ventricle SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT: aorta, carotid arteries, femoral arteries, vena cavae, brachial veins, left atrium
The hypothalamus is sometimes referred to as the "master control center" of the endocrine system because it...
Regulates most endocrine functions of the body explanation: The hypothalamus is sometimes referred to as the "master control center" of the endocrine system because it regulates most endocrine functions of the body.
Match the endocrine regulatory function with its action.
Regulates the rate of nutrient utilization and energy production --> Metabolism Regulates the level of satiation (fullness) --> Control of food intake Regulates Na+, K+, and Ca2+ levels in the blood --> Ion regulation Regulates the solute concentration of the blood --> Water balance Regulates contractions during childbirth --> Uterine contractions Stimulates milk release in lactating females --> Lactation Controls the production of immune cells --> Immune system
Place a single word into each sentence to make it correct. (section 18.2, figure 18.5)
The structure of adult hemoglobin consists of FOUR polypeptide chains. Two of the polypeptide chains are ALPHA and two are beta. Each of the protein chains are conjugated to a nonprotein HEME group. This group contains a(n) IRON ion in the center. This center portion will reversibly bind OXYGEN.
Indicate whether each condition describes hormonal up regulation or down regulation.
UP-REGULATION: -In response to a chronic lack of hormones, the target cell increases the concentration of receptors. -Greater response to the same magnitude of hormone release. -Increased number of testosterone receptors in skeletal muscle following resistance training. DOWN-REGULATION: -In response to a chronic abundance of hormone, the target cell reduces the concentration of receptors. -"Decreased sensitivity" -Decreased response to an increase in hormone. -Decreased hormone receptors resulting from chronically high insulin levels.
Note that the human heart obtains a substantial amount of its energy from fats. The anterior side typically contains more adipocytes than the posterior side. Respond to the questions in the pop-up boxes addressing the structure of the wall of the heart.
epicardium, myocardium, endocardium, trabeculae carneae
Match each formed element name or description with its corresponding image.
erythrocyte (rbc) neutrophil 3-5 lobes nucleus, granular most common leukocyte monocyte largest leukocyte agranular, horseshoe, or irregular shaped nucleus eosinophil granular, two-lobed nucleus, the second least common leukocyte basophil least common leukocyte granulocytes with a large s or u shaped nucleus lymphocyte agranular, minimal cytoplasm to nucleus ratio
Match each hormone description to the correct abbreviation.
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) - named for the effect on gamete production antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - name means "against urine" parathyroid hormone (PTH) - name means "near the thyroid" atrial natriuretic hormone (ANP) - named for production by the heart of an amino acid hormone thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) - named for directly affecting the thyroid T3 - named for the number of iodine molecules in the hormone prolactin (PRL) - name means "promoting milk production" gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) - named for causing the release of hormone affecting the gonads adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - named for stimulating the cortex of the adrenal gland luteinizing hormone (LH) - named for producing the conversion of the follicle into a corpus luteum corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) - named for causing the release of ACTH
Which chamber receives blood returning from the lungs?
left atrium
Put the life cycle of an erythrocyte in order, beginning with their formation in red bone marrow.
1 Erythrocytes form in red bone marrow. 2 Erythrocytes circulate for 120 days in the bloodstream. 3 Erythrocytes are phagocytized in the liver and spleen. 4 Hemoglobin is converted to biliverdin.
Complete the sentences regarding the mechanism of release for ADH. Then, arrange the sentences to correctly order the events of the negative feedback mechanism.
1. The osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus sense INCREASED osmolarity in the plasma. 2. The neurosecretory cells of the HYPOTHALAMUS fire impulses in response to the change in osmolarity. 3. The impulses from the hypothalamus travel along the INFUNDIBULUM in the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract. 4. ADH is released from synaptic endings in the POSTERIOR pituitary. 5. ADH targets the kidney to RETAIN water
Place the following formed elements in order of abundance in a normal blood sample, beginning with the most numerous.
1. erythrocytes 2. platelets 3. leukocytes (total) 4. neutrophils 5. lymphocytes 6. monocytes 7. eosinophils 8. basophils
What activates the alpha subunit of the G-protein?
GTP replacing GDP Activation of the alpha subunit is caused by GTP replacing GDP.
The G-protein is found bound to the...
Membrane bound receptor on the inside of the cell The G-protein is found bound to the membrane bound receptor on the inside of the cell.
Drag each label to the appropriate position to identify whether the label indicates a region where blood is oxygenated, deoxygenated, or mixed.
OXYGENATED vessels depicted in red, descending aortam left ventricle, coronary arteries, carotid artery DEOXYGENATED vessels depicted in blue, pulmonary trunk, right atrium, coronary sinus, jugular vein, pulmonary arteries, superior vena cavae, great cardiac vein MIXING AREA vessels depicted in purple, systemic capillaries, pulmonary capillaries
Drag each of the labels into the appropriate position to indicate which blood type is being described.
TYPE AB+ expresses all of the major antigens the universal acceptor the least common u.s. blood type expresses the Rh factor expresses the D antigen expresses the a agglutinogen TYPE O- expresses all of the major antibodies the universal donor expresses the B agglutinin
The posterior pituitary produces both inhibiting and releasing hormones.
false explanation: The posterior pituitary produces no hormones of its own.
true of false? The thyroxine-hormone receptor complex increases the level of transcription of specific genes.
true