Endocrine System

Nick mentioned to his doctor at his annual physical that his skin color was darkening. After tests, the doctor diagnosed Nick with an autoimmune disease that affects the adrenal cortex, resulting in insufficient levels of adrenal cortex hormones. What disorder does Nick have?

Addison's disease

Which structure produces the glucocorticoids cortisol and cortisone?

Adrenal cortex

Which hormone targets the kidney tubules by stimulating the retention of sodium ions and secretion of potassium ions into the urine?

Aldosterone

Which of these is an example of using a humoral stimulus to cause hormone secretion?

An increase in blood glucose stimulates the release of insulin.

Which of the following options does not stimulate the release of aldosterone by the adrenal cortex?

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP).

Darlene is a 67-year-old woman who has been admitted to the hospital with rapid heart rate, high blood pressure, sweating, and irritability. Her doctor brings the result of diagnostic scans that show an abdominal tumor. What gland is involved?

adrenal gland

Which of these endocrine glands is located just above a kidney?

adrenal gland

A chemical signal to activate the adrenal cortex is called

adrenocorticotropic hormone

Which of these is a tropic hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

The __________ gland is often referred to as the "master endocrine gland" because it controls the activity of several other endocrine glands.

anterior pituitary

What hormone stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb water as urine is being formed?

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

hormones produced by heart

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

After your fish became comatose secondary to hyperinsulinism, you administered ________ to restore normal function.

glucose

Hypersecretion of __________ in an adult causes acromegaly, a condition in which the bones of the face, hands, and feet enlarge and widen.

growth hormone

The body's tendency to maintain relatively constant internal conditions is called

homeostasis

hormones produced by placenta

human chorionic gonadotropin, relaxin

The pituitary gland, also known as the __________, is located in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone.

hypophysis

Diabetes insipidus, a condition characterized by thirst and excessive urine output is caused by ________.

hyposecretion of ADH

Where are receptors for steroid hormones found?

in the nucleus of target cells

Lena is hypoglycemic. To counter this condition and restore homeostasis, which of the following hormones would NOT be released?

insulin

Many people with diabetes mellitus need injections of __________ to maintain homeostasis.

insulin

The adrenal glands are located on the superior surface of the __________.

kidneys

Which hormone is secreted by adipose tissue and helps suppress your appetite?

leptin

A hormone that works by direct gene activation must be __________.

lipid-soluble

Which of the following is a common age-associated condition?

menopause

Blood levels of most hormones are kept within a narrow range by __________.

negative feedback

What is the main mechanism for regulating hormone secretion?

negative feedback Submit

Which hormones are produced by the parathyroid gland?

only PTH

Which of these is linked to the decline in estrogen in menopausal females?

osteoporosis

The hormone that stimulates the contraction of smooth muscle in the uterus is __________.

oxytocin

The posterior pituitary stores and releases __________.

oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

Select all of the mixed glands.

pancreas and testes

The glands located alongside the thyroid gland are called

parathyroid glands

Which hormones help maintain a relatively constant calcium concentration in the blood?

parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin

This gland is located in the cranial cavity and produces the hormone melatonin.

pineal

Water-soluble hormones bind to __________.

plasma membrane receptors

The hormone glucagon ________.

raises blood glucose

abren

relating to the adrenal glands

thyro

relating to the thyroid gland

These hormones pass through the hypophyseal portal system to act on cells of the anterior pituitary gland.

releasing or inhibiting hormones

stimulates the release of bicarbonate from the pancreas and inhibits stomach secretions.

secretin

gluco

sugar or glucose

Hyposecretion of parathyroid hormone

tetany

What organ secretes erythropoietin?

the kidney

This gland is rather large in an infant, begins to atrophy at puberty, and is relatively inconspicuous by old age. It produces hormones that direct the maturation of T cells. It is the __________ gland.

thymus

This gland produces the hormone calcitonin.

thyroid

Lack of dietary iodine leads to a goiter, an enlargement of the __________.

thyroid gland

The __________ is located in the anterior neck, just inferior to the voice box.

thyroid gland

Julie, who is middle-aged, feels tired all the time and has a hard time concentrating. She always feels cold and despite dieting, has gained a significant amount of weight. The hyposecretion of which of the following hormones is causing Julie's symptoms?

thyroxine

The main hormone produced by the thyroid gland is called

thyroxine

Which of the following is a sign of hypoparathyroidism?

uncontrollable muscle spasms

Select the correct statement about the endocrine system and hormones.

A cell with a specific receptor for a hormone is called a target cell.

inhibits secretion of aldosterone, thereby decreasing blood volume and blood pressure.

ANP

Select the correct statement regarding pancreatic islets.

Beta cells release insulin in response to high blood glucose levels.

stimulates the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the gallbladder.

CCK

__________ is the process by which substances are broken down into simpler compounds.

Catabolism

What are the different ways in which cortisol increases blood glucose levels in response to long-term stressors?

Cortisol promotes fat cells to release glycerol and fatty acids, Cortisol causes the pancreas to increase the output of glucagon.

Pituitary gland tumors can secrete excess amounts of growth hormone. Which of the following is not a symptom of hypersecretion of growth hormone?

Elevated metabolic rate

Select the option that correctly states one of the many functions of the catecholamines produced by the adrenal medulla.

Epinephrine and norepinephrine dilate bronchioles.

stimulates production of red blood cells.

Erythopoietin

Hypersecretion of growth hormone

Gigantism

Hypersecretion of thyroid hormone

Graves disease

stimulates the ovaries to continue producing estrogen and progesterone so that the lining of the uterus is not sloughed off in menses during pregnancy.

HCG

What is the functional relationship between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary?

Hypothalamus synthesizes the hormones stored and released by the posterior pituitary.

Select all of the examples of humoral stimulation.

Increased blood glucose levels stimulate the pancreas to release insulin & Decreased blood calcium ion levels stimulate the parathyroid glands to release parathyroid hormone.

How does the hypothalamus regulate the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary gland?

It secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones that travel through the blood to the anterior pituitary gland.

Tropic hormones from the anterior pituitary include ________.

LH, FSH, ACTH, and TSH

Body cells that respond to insulin include

Liver cells, as well as most other cells of the body.

What cells in the body respond to glucagon by breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose?

Liver cells.

Which reason best explains why hyperinsulinism in the fish causes it to become comatose?

Low blood glucose levels deprive the brain of fuel.

The release of which hormone increases at night and decreases during the day ?

Melatonin

Why don't all body cells respond to a particular hormone?

Only cells that have receptors for the hormone can respond.

__________ form the endocrine portion of the pancreas.

Pancreatic islets

Which hormone is the most important regulator of blood calcium ion levels?

Parathyroid hormone

Where are the parathyroid glands located?

Posterior surface of the thyroid gland

Select all of the characteristics of endocrine glands.

Produce hormones, Have a rich blood supply

What hormone produced by the placenta loosens pelvic ligaments prior to birth?

Relaxin

A liver cell responds to insulin by

Taking in glucose and converting it to glycogen.

Which of these results when hormone secretion is regulated by a negative feedback mechanism?

The concentration of a hormone remains within a narrow normal range.

Select all of the true statements regarding the hormones of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland.

The hypothalamus produces releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones that regulate release of hormones from the anterior pituitary, Luteinizing hormone, an anterior pituitary hormone, triggers ovulation of an egg from the ovary and stimulates testosterone production in the testes.

When blood glucose levels are low

The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase.

When blood glucose levels are high

The pancreas releases insulin.

Which of these occurs when blood glucose concentration falls below the normal range?

The pancreas secretes glucagon.

Which component of the endocrine system produces the body's major metabolic hormone?

Thyroid gland

__________ is the single most important hormone responsible for influencing the rate of cellular metabolism and body heat production.

Thyroid hormone

Select all of the examples of a hormone that is correctly paired with the endocrine gland that releases it.

Thyroxine, thyroid gland Aldosterone, adrenal cortex

Gonadotropins are produced by the anterior pituitary gland.

True

The anterior pituitary gland is also referred to as the master endocrine gland because it controls the activity of many other endocrine glands.

True

The gonads are considered to be both endocrine and exocrine glands.

True

Abnormal enlargement of the extremities is called

acromegaly

Hypersecretion of growth hormone could lead to which of the following conditions?

acromegaly

The efficiency of the endocrine system as a whole gradually declines in old age. Which of the following is NOT an effect of aging on the endocrine system and body homeostasis?

decreased mental abilities

para

beside, near, or alongside

Which of the following is a humoral stimulus for hormone release?

calcium ions

hormones produced by intestines

cholecystokinin, secretin

Hyposecretion of antidiuretic hormone

diabetes insipidus

Hyposecretion of insulin

diabetes mellitus

The group of hormones made by the adrenal cortex that regulate sugar metabolism

glucocorticoids

How do lipid-soluble hormones carry out their actions at their target cells?

directly activate genes and stimulate protein synthesis

Which of these is characteristic of an endocrine gland?

ductless

An __________ gland is a ductless gland that empties its hormone into the extracellular fluid, from which it enters the blood.

endocrine

Which hormone is released by nerve impulses?

epinephrine

hormones produced by kidney

erythropoietin, active vitamin D3

Acro

extremity

Select all of the gonadotropic hormones.

follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

Horomones produced by stomach

gastrin

Which hormone stimulates acid production in the stomach?

gastrin

stimulates HCl release in the stomach.

gastrin

The pancreas produces two hormones that are responsible for regulating blood sugar levels. Name the hormone that increases blood glucose levels. __________

glucagon