English 2 - 4th Quarter

Argumentative essays

- Delivery of arguments in essay format - Also called persuasive essay - Aims to convince readers to believe in a particular claim - Used to convince readers to agree to an argument or claim about a particular topic - Genre of writing that requires the student to investigate topic; collect, generate, and evaluate evidence - Establishes a position on the topic (CLAIM/ THESIS STATEMENT) in a concise manner meant to convince readers and make people agree by highlighting a stand and showing both sides of an issue - Also a piece of writing used to convince readers to agree to an argument or claim about a particular topic by presenting premises/ evidences - Essay presents arguments in inverted way > You start by claim/ thesis statement followed by premises and then revisit/review statement ---> let readers know what you're writing about > Prolific writers - write claim at the end

2nd Phase: The Writing Phase

- Done after planning your business message - Stage 1: Pre-Writing - 3 Stages involved (4, 5, 6): researching, organizing, composing

Writing without the muse

- The muse is anything that inspires you to write (routine, song, idea, anything you do everyday) - Example: Can't start writing if haven't drank coffee yet (coffee is the muse) - Without muse, you think that you cannot write - Several readings said that the muse is not true (even without coffee, you can write) because sometimes it's psychological --> You feel tamad, but you're actually not tamad just disinterested (Example: You have time to go out but not write the paper.) - Several readings say that you don't actually need the muse, you can write as long as you have the will

Purposeful

- There is a clear articulation (stating) of the purpose of the business message - Why is the business message written? - What is the purpose why you sent the business message written? - Example: This is to inform you that... This is to inquire the prices of rooms in your resort... - To inform, to inquire, to request, to reply - Your purpose justifies why you wrote the message - there should be a justification which is manifested in the purpose (To inform? To acquire?) - Example: you want to be excused in the class - Purpose is to request - teacher has the choice to grant request or not - Sometimes you don't request, you just inform because you're too sick Sometimes you can also reply - That's why you should state clearly why you wrote the business message

Argumentative Essays

- Useful not just in SHS, but also in college - Helpful when you study in college and asked to write argumentative essays - Effectively write essays in general, especially argumentative essays - Understand that it's made up of 4 parts: T, I, B, C > Not enough > Should have all 4 present and functioning

Business

- We think of typical conceptions: buy goods and sell them at higher price for profit - Business doesn't only mean that - Also means the day-to-day operations of an organization (organized group of people - company, institutions, hospitals, schools, government agencies, UST, etc.)

Stage 8: Mechanics

- Writing Conventions (how words are formed) a. Spelling b. Capitalization - Person's title - First letter of salutation and complimentary close - Titles placed close to person with title

Audience Oriented

- You have to be sensitive of your audience - know who your audience is - Audience analysis - we have to know what their background is, religion, gender, academic performance, demographic profile, cultural, political - Oral and written communication - So as we would know how to frame our message and select words that are understandable to them, and not offensive - Language may be discriminative - but if we are aware of their background, we will know how to properly relay the message - Words to use or not to use

The Inner View

- best utilized with recording device - pretend to have met someone who you haven't met for a long time and be asked the question, "what are you doing lately?" - make sure to record yourself answering the question and before you know it, you are already generating ideas for your writing task

Go back to the start

- if the other strategies are not working, go back to the reason why you wanted to write in the first place - Ask yourself the purpose as to why you are writing - May help you - Remind yourself what's the reason why you're writing - Will surely help you - What is your real motivation?

Reinvent your space

- there should be a change in environment - Create and environment conducive for writing - Can be suffocating so you change the curtains, go to garage or garden and bring laptop, go to coffee shop

Characteristics of sound argument

1. Logical/ valid - X =y, y = z, x = z ---> logical 2. Truthful - Not just logical, but truthful - Complies with reality > If one element is missing, then it is not a sound argument. > It may be logical, but not truthful ---> you need both to be sound argument > If argument is invalid, probably there's a fallacy > Always make sure that your arguments are sound

What is an argument?

(Sentence vs Statement, P + C, V + T) *Evangelist, 2007 - argument is the product of reasoning - Reasoning is basically a mental process and the product of this process is called an argument - Debate - has rules; you have time to speak and listen, rebut, there is a moderator; governed by reasoning - but delivery is rule-based - Argumentation - no rules, but governed in reasoning - not done in rules-based forum (can be done anywhere, everywhere) - Example: Arguing with brother, sales lady - argumentation Arguing in nation debate - debate *A claim put forward and defended with reasons - You need claim and logical reasons - Example: Your claims should be supported by strong evidences and premises. People on FB have claims supported by weak evidences - no reasoning that is valid; they will exist believing that there points are correct That's why teachers' role in molding students is crucial - critical thinking. *A group of statements in which one statement is claimed to be true on the basis of another statement

What is an essay?

(T-I-B-C) - A piece of writing on a particular subject often expressing one's POV (CLAIM); written in paragraphs to discuss or highlight several points (PREMISES) - Premises should support claim - Claim is also called as Thesis Statement

Ishikawa Diagram

(which is sometimes called "fish diagram") is used to illustrate several causes (and the causes of these causes) that lead to an ultimate effect. The Ishikawa diagram is very useful when trying to find out the root causes of a problem (effect).

Positive Self-talk

- "I can do it, yes I can." - Tell yourself that you can do it - Boost your confidence - Ask friends if you're good in writing - you are your greatest enemy - most effective when there's no one else to support you - if you can convince yourself, then you can convince your readers

Graphic Organizers

- 2 levels: (1) note taking and (2) formal writing - writing your paper/ research paper when you can present graphic organizers - Not used for personal note taking only - Systematic illustration of something - A systematic illustration of ideas taken from a text you've read - A more interesting wat of providing an overview of a text - Something that may be used to summarize information from an academic paper - Something that may also be used to simplify information about your research papers during defense

Reaction paper should not include

- A lot of "I think", "I feel", "I believe" --- too opinionated; use them sparingly to avoid sounding too autobiographical - Use the pronoun "you" --- avoid sounding too preachy or too imposing on readers - Repeating what the author said --- you should have your own insights, not just repeat what is stated by the author; common misconception

Concept Paper

- A type of text that discusses or classifies the "whatness" of idea or item a. What is it b. What about it - Presents concept, idea - Starts with a definition, either formal or informal, of the term or concept and proceeds with an expanded definition and analytic description of the aspects of the concept - D = what - E and A = answers what about it - TRUE: Qualifies as information report text because it presents info about concept - FALSE: Purely an info report type of text - we call it another way because it's not just an info report. Info report - just presents facts, concept paper presents facts and persuades people

Fear of the blank sheet

- Afraid to write on blank sheet because you know there's many possibilities - There are lots of ideas - You know that when you start writing, it'll flow so you're scared - Fear of success or failure

Stage 6: Composing - transforming

- After a clear structure has been identified, the next stage is composing - What to consider here is how to transform your outline to effective sentences - Transforming the ideas to actual sentences - This stage involves: > Sentence structures > Errors - Effective sentences - Additionally, for your sentences to be effective, you have to review how to construct different sentence structures: 1. Structure - Prevent monotonous paragraphs - same sentence all through out; use other types of sentences - Using different types of sentences is better - what are the different types of sentences according to structure which is more applicable in writing? > Independent clause - group of words, subject and a verb, expresses a complete thought > Dependent clause - has a subject and verb, does not express a complete thought; would not make sense without independent clause Types of Sentences (Because using just one sentence is monotonous, the ear finds and picks up better if you use different kind of sentences): a. Simple sentence - 1 independent clause b. Compound - 2 independent clauses fused into 1 sentence c. Complex - 1 independent and 1 dependent d. Compound complex - 2 independent and 1 dependent > Using both active and passive voice 1. ACTIVE VOICE: The doer of the action is the emphasis of the sentence BECAUSE it is the one which is mentioned first. Used for most business messages to recognize efforts of people Use the active voice for most business writing Sir Pau is teaching the lesson. 2. PASSIVE VOICE: The receiver of the action is the emphasis of the sentence BECAUSE it is the one which is mentioned first. The lessons are being taught by Sir Pau. Used to emphasize an action or the recipient of the action rather than the actor New laws were passed Drunk drivers were targeted Used to break bad news Although your lease cannot be renewed, we can offer... 3. Errors So that we can watch out for them and prevent them from happening Fragment Disguised sentences You fuse them to correct Example: Fragment Even though pay was low. Many candidates applied. Revised: Even though the pay was low, many candidates applied. Fused and comma splice No separator in forms of punctuations but there was none 5 Comma connector - comma was placed wrongly Example: Fused Sentence Two candidates applied one was hired. Revised: Two candidates applied. Only one was hired. Two candidates applied; only one was hired. Two candidates applied, but only one was hired. Example: Comma Splice Many were qualified, Jeff was hired. Revised: Many were qualified. He was hired. Many were qualified; he was hired. Many were qualified; however, Jeff was hired. Many were qualified, but Jeff was hired. Dangling modifier/misplaced modifier Missing modified word Far modified word - modifier was placed far and so caused confusion Example: Misplaced Modifiers It's hard to understand why employees would not go to our technical support staff with software problems. --> seems that the supporting staff have the software problems instead of employees Revised: It's hard to understand why employees with software problems would not go to our technical support staff. Example: Dangling Modifiers Using a search engine, the Web site was finally located. Revised: Using a search engine, we finally located the Web site. Faulty parallelism Inconsistent forms Sentence varies greatly with how they were written Solution: make everything as nouns Example: Developing Parallelism We are very concerned with the quality of raw materials, where they are located, and how much it costs to transport them. Revised: We are very concerned with the quality, location, and transportation costs of raw materials.

Description of the project

- All details - Complete yet concise presentation and detailed description of the project; usually in 2 to 3 paragraphs - the presentation of project itself - how will this be implemented

Project title

- Catchy yet sensible - Provide to greatest extent possible what the project is all about - give clear idea what the project is, isang basa palang EXAMPLE: a. Project CHAMP (Community Health Advocates Mobilization Program) b. PRAGALA: The Central Luzon Media Awards

Project Proposals

- Concept paper in the workplace - A request for financial assistance to implement a project Projects require money - A statement of work --> what to do? What are the activities? - A detailed description of a series of activities aimed at solving a certain problem You want to solve a problem so you propose a project > Some propose for fun ---> wasting efforts because there's no problem Barangay level --> beauty contests, signages --> not addressing problems - Created to ensure that it gets the support (financial, administrative, logistical) it needs when the project is implemented ---> not just asking for money because it's not enough, you also need administrative, logical support

Once done with the draft, go over your work to make sure it fits as reaction paper:

- Do's and Don'ts 1. Is a reaction to something you have read or seen - you cannot give what you do not have 2. Should be organized - just like argumentative essays, it follows a structure 3. Has citations and references - you give claims that are also associated with claims of experts on the issue

Establish a routine and Show up for work

- E - fixed time in work schedule - E and HS are related = establish and commit to a routine (Example: Dedicate 8-9 pm to writing my research paper --> commit to this routine) - Cope with it

Economical

- Economy of words - You use right amount of words - Business message should not be too few words and not too many words - just enough - Brevity is very important - if you can relay message in just few words, that's good. But sometimes, in our desire to achieve brevity, we are compromising the message/meaning of the message - so we should balance. As long as we relay message better, not too few or too many.

business correspondents

- Emails, letters, minutes of the meeting - any type of document that people use in the workplace - They all have a business message inside them

Organizational Communication

- Is the type of communication that we use in organizations (such as companies, firms, universities, hospitals, workplace, whether private, government, etc. ---> as long as there are people working for the same goal, that can be an organization) - We use a different type of communication in organizations - We generally talk about 2 types: (1) Internal Organizational Communication, and (2) External Organizational Communication - Typically found in the workplace

Page freight

- Like stage freight, fear of the unknown - Fear to be judged - Different from reading because in writing, you will revise and consult people (and you don't have to be afraid)

Concept Paper in the Academe

- May come in form of a research proposal (usually) --> define topic and explains the topic with deeper understanding - Done before a full blown research paper is carried out, implemented, or approved for funding --> presenting concept of your study

Project proponents

- Members of the group - Name, organizational affiliation and contact details (email address, contact numbers)

Business Messages

- Messages done by people within organization - Memos, memoranda - Business letters - Proposals - Emails - A lot others - used by organizations - Curriculum vitae

Forms of persuasive writing

- Non-academic, non-scholarly - Highly opinionated - No thesis statement, no RRL - They come in different forms

Stage 9: Design

- Physical appearance of the whole business message/readability 1. Fonts - 2 types of fonts: serif - with serif and sans serif - no serif - Serif - the lines on letters Serif - titles, subtitles Sans serif - body of the text 2. Background - Principle of contrast - Darker background, lighter contrast Margins - If message is short, 1 for up and short, and 1.25 left and right - 1 for all sides if long Alignment Universal: aligned on left margin Philippines - justified 3. Numbers and bullets, letters - You want to show sequence, degree of importance, logic: numbers - To mention things: bullets - Used numbered list for instructions - Example: Instead of: To clean the printer, you should do the following. First, you should disconnect the power cord. Then you open the front cover, and the printer area should be cleaned with a soft cloth. ​ Try: To clean the printer, do the following:​ 1. Disconnect the power cord.​ 2. Open the front cover.​ 3. Clean the printer with a soft cloth.​ - Use letters to list items within sentences. Strive for parallelism. - Example: Instead of: Our team constantly tries to achieve our goals, customer service must be improved, and our production targets must be met. ​ Try: Our team constantly tries to (a) achieve our goals, (b) improve customer service, and (c) hit our production targets.​ 4. Column headings - If things have same element - Organize information with column headings - Example: Instead of: On April 3 we will be in Toledo, and the speaker is Troy Lee. On May 20 we will be in Detroit, and the speaker is Sue Wu. Try this: Date City Speaker​ April 3 Toledo Troy Lee​ May 20 Detroit Sue Wu ​ Paragraph headings - Improve organization of paragraphs and heading - Use paragraph headings to improve organization and readability - Example: Instead of: The next topic is vacations. A new vacation schedule will be available on May 1.​ To assist employees, we will begin a flex schedule in the fall. ​ Try this: Vacations. A new vacation schedule will be available on May 1.​ Flextime. To assist employees, we will begin a flex schedule in the fall. ​

Inability to get things started

- Promising self to start writing but it's been hours and you're still on Facebook - TIP: Zeygarnig Effect > he went to a restaurant and observed waiters. When a customer orders something, the waiters do not forget that the person hasn't paid yet. But, if the person already paid, the observation is the waiters already forget about those customers. ---> Drive thru, when they forget what you ordered, they will ask for receipt - When you start something, you won't forget it until it's ended - Try to start it for 15 minutes and then leave it behind Just start it and everything will flow since you'll start itching to finish it because it'll linger in your system for hours and weeks - Push yourself to start and jump into the task

Stage 7: Grammar

- Proper use of words as they relate with other words in a sentence - Made up of the following: 1. SVA/PAR - Pronoun-Antecedent Rel. - Subject-verb agreement - Singular subject take singular verbs Plural subjects take plural verbs 2. Redundancy - Avoid unnecessarily repetitious words - Advance warning - Close proximity - Exactly identical - Filled to capacity - Final outcome 3. Buried verbs - Revise verbs that have been converted to nouns - TIP: Look for words ending in tion or ment. - Could they be more efficiently and forcefully converted to verbs? - Give serious consideration - seriously consider - Example: Instead of this: Once we have the establishment of a Web site, our business will grow. Please give serious consideration to a company intranet. Try this: Once we establish a Web site, our business will grow. Please seriously consider a company intranet. 4. Exuberance - To sound credible, don't overuse intensifiers such as very, definitely, quite, completely, extremely, really, actually, and totally - Example: Excessive: The manager is actually quite pleased with your proposal because the plan is definitely workable.​ Businesslike: The manager is pleased with your proposal because the plan is workable. 5. Precise words - Be precise Instead of using all-purpose words, use specific ones - Revise your writing to include precise words. - Strive for specific verbs, concrete nouns, and vivid adjectives. Beware of unclear pronouns.​ - Example: Unclear​: The man asked for a raise.​ Revised: An employee presented a proposal.​ More precise: Jeff Jones asked for a 10 percent salary increase.​ Kelly Keeler, production manager, presented a plan to stagger hours.​ Revise your writing to include descriptive, dynamic adjectives instead of overworked, all-purpose ones.​ Example: Instead of this​: They thought her report was good. ​ Revised: She said she would get in touch.​ Try this: The management council thought Erin's report was factual and well written.​ Sheila said she would send you an e-mail.​

Reaction Papers

- Response to some sort of a prompt (question, current event, form of media - movies or video clips) - Popular academic assignment because is requires thoughtful-reading, research, and writing - Although relatively longer than other argumentative texts, reaction paper makes up the same parts: T, I, B, CONCLUSION and components such as PROPONENT, CLAIM, COUNTERARGUMENTS, AND REFUTATION - You don't just write a reaction paper - it is customary that you have spent enough time exposing yourself to the prompt that you are writing a reaction to (stimulus - response) - Reaction to something you have read or seen - expose yourself to the stimulus - reading and writing that prompt; you cannot give what you do not have - Should be organized - you organize what is needed; follow a structure - Has citations and references - you give claims that are associated to the claims you want to impart - your reactions should be supported by experts because you are not an expert; your opinions are not enough Includes opinions that are well-supported with evidence - backed up by evidence - A judgment, analysis, or evaluation of the issues about the topic - have reference list - although well-substantiated, it is still personal

Objectives of the project

- SMART - A number of specific, measurable, realistic/relevant, and timebound GOALS - Achievement of these specific objectives means addressing the social problem at hand. If you achieve these objects, you are contributing in the addressing of the social problem. - "To..." > How do we create SMART goals? - should have the elements of specifity, measurability, attainability, realistic/ relevance, and time boundedness - example: 1. To conduct series of seminars on Information Literacy in public schools and private schools in Quezon City for 7 months. --> S - series of seminars on Information Literacy > M - public and private schools in Quezon City (How many are the public and private schools in Quezon City?) > A - yes, it is a seminar, it is attainable > R - yes because of the problem and context is provided > T - 7 months

What is the difference between sentence and statement?

- Sentence is a group of words with subject that expresses complete thought. It is generic. - Statements is stating a basic fact or opinion. You are claiming something to be true. - Example: UST is oldest university - statement Jose Rizal is national hero - statement Lock the door - sentence I love you - statement In an argument, you need statements

WRITER'S BLOCK

- Something that blocks you from writing - Experience having a writing task in research and you're excited in writing and then after some time, you start becoming less interest - There are many things that block us - Realizing you are actually procrastinating - Happens to all writers regardless of proficiency or experience, they all face the challenge of overcoming it - Constant companion

Listing your achievements

- Tell yourself that you are good in writing and it's not new to you - Clear book of editorial board - Best essays - like self-talk, also gives assurance to writer that he can

Analyze your audience

- There are several considerations need to know to get clear view how we are going to investigate the background and personalities of audience: a. Primary audience - Who are the primary audience? - The decision makers or opinion holders - To whom the business message is addressed to - The primary consumers of the business message - The decision makers > Secondary Audience - Affected by business message - Example: supervisor released memo to managers - primary: managers; secondary: the employees - people affected by the content of the message - Why do we have to analyze? They are affected and experience the effects of the business message. Secondary audience will also get copy - so their language, intellect must also be considered. - Almost impossible to not have secondary audience, but can happen - Example: Directed to males b. Size and Composition Size - number of people; IV Composition - how the message is to be written based on the number; DV -You want to shorten message to lessen time of a lot of people to read Low readers - okay to increase and less economic on words; read by fewer number of people - Number of people - affects structure Higher number of people: more considerations; mas marami kang iniintindi - Number of readers affects composition c. Understanding level - What the audience knows and what they don't - You will know what to discuss or not If they already have background, you won't need anymore to expound - If they are not that knowledgeable about topic, you will include paragraphs to discuss the concepts d. Probable reaction - Positive = your message will be written if their probable reaction is negative - So you'll know how to write the message - Positive, negative, or neutral - Examples: letter of acceptance and letter of rejection - Writer of email from UST anticipated that your probable reaction is positive: news was immediately mentioned - If letter of rejection, there's a lot of running around the bush - news is not immediately mentioned - they will not read the rest if you put bad news at start of the letter e. Good relationships - No matter what you say, you have to establish good relationships - Bits and pieces of the actual message are considered - You have to say things in a positive way - Example: I hope you understand my view on this, if I allow your request, the task was done in asynchronous time, I will need to hold a separate asynchronous session for you - Always communicate positively - you are a family there; it wouldn't hurt to write messages positively - How: 1. Spotlight audience benefits - Focus on audience not sender 2. Cultivate a "you" view - Use you/your instead of first person pronouns 3. Sound conversational - Unprofessional and formal 4. Use positive language - Don't use the word "not" because it is negative - Avoid sounding demanding, preachy or rude 5. Use inclusive language (chair person instead of chairman or chairwoman)

Critique papers

- Why separate and what's the difference? > RP - Give your reactions > CP - Ask to critique, not criticize; strengths and weaknesses - Critical evaluation what the prompt is talking about and how was the prompt written - RP - Usually done by grade school, high school, and college students - CP - College and masterly, PhD students -- When writing CP, make sure that your expertise is the same as the field of the study of the writer of the prompt (If HA, the prompts you critique should also be from HA). You can't critique something you're not an expert in. --- Film student writing about the film - critique --- In RP, you can decide on angle because it's generic - Briefly summarizes and critically evaluates a work or concept - A genre of academic writing that briefly summarizes and critically evaluates a work or concept

Parts of an argumentation

- With exception of propaganda and advertisements, regardless of the form, all argumentative essays would have the following: 1. Argument/claim - Provided by writer - States a claim and supports it with reasons and evidence from sources - The thesis statement - Types of claims: > Claims of fact - argument is based on verified data - figures, statistics, and the likes > Claims of policy - either propose or challenge existing rules > Claims of value - based solely on your opinions - Proponent - refers to you who is making the claim 2. Counterarguments - Made by opponents - Tries to explain why you are wrong - Argument (point/ reason/ view/ evidence) that your opponent would make - Arguments that oppose your claim - Thought by others to unnecessary because they weaken one's claim, however, that is not the case. You provide counterarguments to prove to your reader that you can counter refute them. This is the reason why we also have REFUTATION. If counter claims provide an opportunity for you to refute ideas that oppose your main claim, refutations are the ideas that oppose counterclaim. - If you will only present supporting premises to your claim ---> Confirmation Bias (Absence of evidence is not an evidence of absence --hind porket walang cumocontradict sa'yo eh tama ka na) 3. Refute - Is when you respond directly to your opponent's arguments/ point to explain how/why they are wrong - Simply disproving an opposing argument ---- Having these elements will surely improve your skills in writing argumentative essays

Choosing Channel and Medium

- You choose channel where to relay your message - Medium - what language and style of language a. Face-to-face conversation b. Telephone conversation c. Video call - teleconferencing f. Group meetings Voicemail g. Memos - formal or informal h. Letters - handwritten or typewritten i. Fax j. Email - formal and informal k. Report/ proposal - very formal > May be hard to choose so you use: Media richness theory - All is possible but not all will be equally effective Assess the effectivity of channels based on: - Urgency of feedback - face to face, telephone Cost - face to face, group meetings, handwritten letters Formality - fax, emails, formal letters and memos Confidentiality - encrypted message, use sealed letter, face to face Permanence - email, fax, letters, reports and proposals, memos Just choose which of the 5 is your priority to know the proper channel to use for sending the business message

Phase 1: Pre-Writing Phase

- You do before writing your business message - This is cerebral - purely mental; done inside your mind - You conceptualize (RES Chapter 1-3) - There are 3 stages: 1. Defining your purpose - You have generally 4 purposes (to inform, to inquire, to request, to reply) - Not enough that you identify what your purpose is, you also have to test it by knowing if it is: a. Realistic - Example: sending you message today saying that your due date is postponed and to inform you rescheduling of exam - not realistic, not timely, it may be appropriate, not acceptable Is it doable? - Request Malacañang a copy how the funds are spent - realistic, timely, appropriate, acceptable b. Timely - Is it relevant? - Is it timely? - Is it the right time to request for that? - Example: requesting for 3rd quarter grade - not timely anymore - Speaks of timing - Example: Christmas party - requests you to come up with intermission numbers - it's not timely because it's just April c. Appropriate - Are you right the person to create and send that business message? - Example: sir did not attend class - received message from Ash - to inform absence and request explanation - not appropriate, should be principal - Example: you can't send memo to suspend classes - You may be requesting for something that is not yet existing d. Acceptable - Is it compliant to what the company stands for? - Example: company is advocating for preservation of environment - you write to request for funds to buy balloons - not acceptable - Each organization has its principles and advocacies - you have to comply * Purpose should pass all 4 and not just 1 to know that it's good, proper, correct * If one of the tests is absent, your purpose needs redefining or you may entirely postpone the writing of the business message 2. Analyze your audience - There are several considerations need to know to get clear view how we are going to investigate the background and personalities of audience: a. Primary audience - Who are the primary audience? - The decision makers or opinion holders - To whom the business message is addressed to - The primary consumers of the business message - The decision makers > Secondary Audience - Affected by business message - Example: supervisor released memo to managers - primary: managers; secondary: the employees - people affected by the content of the message - Why do we have to analyze? They are affected and experience the effects of the business message. Secondary audience will also get copy - so their language, intellect must also be considered. - Almost impossible to not have secondary audience, but can happen - Example: Directed to males b. Size and Composition Size - number of people; IV Composition - how the message is to be written based on the number; DV -You want to shorten message to lessen time of a lot of people to read Low readers - okay to increase and less economic on words; read by fewer number of people - Number of people - affects structure Higher number of people: more considerations; mas marami kang iniintindi - Number of readers affects composition c. Understanding level - What the audience knows and what they don't - You will know what to discuss or not If they already have background, you won't need anymore to expound - If they are not that knowledgeable about topic, you will include paragraphs to discuss the concepts d. Probable reaction - Positive = your message will be written if their probable reaction is negative - So you'll know how to write the message - Positive, negative, or neutral - Examples: letter of acceptance and letter of rejection - Writer of email from UST anticipated that your probable reaction is positive: news was immediately mentioned - If letter of rejection, there's a lot of running around the bush - news is not immediately mentioned - they will not read the rest if you put bad news at start of the letter e. Good relationships - No matter what you say, you have to establish good relationships - Bits and pieces of the actual message are considered - You have to say things in a positive way - Example: I hope you understand my view on this, if I allow your request, the task was done in asynchronous time, I will need to hold a separate asynchronous session for you - Always communicate positively - you are a family there; it wouldn't hurt to write messages positively - How: 1. Spotlight audience benefits - Focus on audience not sender 2. Cultivate a "you" view - Use you/your instead of first person pronouns 3. Sound conversational - Unprofessional and formal 4. Use positive language - Don't use the word "not" because it is negative - Avoid sounding demanding, preachy or rude 5. Use inclusive language (chair person instead of chairman or chairwoman) 6. Adopt plain language - Avoid federalese, bureaucratese, and inflated language 7. Draw on familiar words - Avoid long, difficult words 3. Choosing Channel and Medium - You choose channel where to relay your message - Medium - what language and style of language a. Face-to-face conversation b. Telephone conversation c. Video call - teleconferencing f. Group meetings Voicemail g. Memos - formal or informal h. Letters - handwritten or typewritten i. Fax j. Email - formal and informal k. Report/ proposal - very formal > May be hard to choose so you use: Media richness theory - All is possible but not all will be equally effective Assess the effectivity of channels based on: - Urgency of feedback - face to face, telephone Cost - face to face, group meetings, handwritten letters Formality - fax, emails, formal letters and memos Confidentiality - encrypted message, use sealed letter, face to face Permanence - email, fax, letters, reports and proposals, memos Just choose which of the 5 is your priority to know the proper channel to use for sending the business message

Cope with badness

- You don't give up just because it started with a poorly written sentence - It's not always already good at first try - Don't think that your writing is bad Revise and revise - Every written work starts out as bad - After revising, what you've written is actually different from the first and initial

Process Oriented

- You follow a process - Process: (a sequence yes, but is interactive and you can go from one process to next except prewriting to revising) 1. Prewriting - Conceptualization - Analyzing, anticipating, adapting 2. Writing - Researching, organizing, composing Revising 3. Revising, - revising, proofreading, evaluating

Defining your purpose

- You have generally 4 purposes (to inform, to inquire, to request, to reply) - Not enough that you identify what your purpose is, you also have to test it by knowing if it is: a. Realistic - Example: sending you message today saying that your due date is postponed and to inform you rescheduling of exam - not realistic, not timely, it may be appropriate, not acceptable Is it doable? - Request Malacañang a copy how the funds are spent - realistic, timely, appropriate, acceptable b. Timely - Is it relevant? - Is it timely? - Is it the right time to request for that? - Example: requesting for 3rd quarter grade - not timely anymore - Speaks of timing - Example: Christmas party - requests you to come up with intermission numbers - it's not timely because it's just April c. Appropriate - Are you right the person to create and send that business message? - Example: sir did not attend class - received message from Ash - to inform absence and request explanation - not appropriate, should be principal - Example: you can't send memo to suspend classes - You may be requesting for something that is not yet existing d. Acceptable - Is it compliant to what the company stands for? - Example: company is advocating for preservation of environment - you write to request for funds to buy balloons - not acceptable - Each organization has its principles and advocacies - you have to comply * Purpose should pass all 4 and not just 1 to know that it's good, proper, correct * If one of the tests is absent, your purpose needs redefining or you may entirely postpone the writing of the business message

Read for a break

- allow yourself to have a break - there is idle time for writers but being too idle is not great - Best ideas come when you rest - Your mind can breathe and idea is fluid

Morning pages

- another strategy - an activity to overcome writer's block - Getting 3 sheets of paper and write anything in the morning - Will serve as mental exercise - Should be pen and paper - Will help you - Clearer focus and sense of direction - More honest when hand writing 1. serves as dumping site of the writer 2. is a tool where the writer disposes ideas that get in the way of writing 3. is not something that the writer may use for his actual message 4. is done usually before a writer starts writing 5. is a piece of writing that is made up of 3 pages 6. takes writer's mind off of things that are not related to his writing task

Stage 5: Organizing

- arranging information logically; done in 2 ways: scratchlist and outline - After researching, you organize the info you gathered logically - You start with scratchlist - Randomly enumerate ideas; assessing whether they will be useful or not; possible that even after researching all needed info, not everything will be useful - And then, you create outline - Identifying the major and minor points; more systemized way of arranging your ideas; created identifying what are the main or subtopics - Follow the direct or indirect pattern Unorganized - scratch listing Organized - outlining - Organizing also involves arranging of ideas based on probable reaction of your readers: a. Direct pattern/strategy - you use if you are pleased with message of correspondents, mildly interested, neutral - For positive ad neutral reactions - You frontload the good news - Since good, etc., you can say it immediately > Benefits: - Saves reader's time - Sets a proper frame of mind - Prevents frustration - Appears businesslike b. Indirect pattern - you use when you are unwilling or uninterested, displeased, hostile - For negative reactions - There's beating around the bush - Not delivered immediately > Benefits: - Respect feelings of audience - Encourages a fair hearing - you have chance to explain why the decision was made that way - Minimizes a negative reaction

Stage 4: Researching

- finding info what to write on the topic; can be done in 2 ways: formal and informal - Getting as much info as you can on the topic to write on the business message - 2 ways of gathering info/conducting research: a. Formal - looking for info from books, journals, internet, go to the source and purchase the book, conduct scientific experiments - Your data source is actually published - This is done when after all the efforts of trying informal research is made, and yet there is still a lack of information - You use outside sources to complete your research b. Informal - look in your organization's files, talk with your boss, conduct an informal survey by interviewing the target audience - you ask people around about questions you find difficult to answer - Your data source is not published - Your organization's files are confidential and therefore not published - Used when the information you need to write your message is readily available or can be easily provided by company - Example: if asked to draft a memo reminding the employees in the company of policies on loan applications, informal research is conducted when you're looking for whatever files the company keeps and the people who know the policy * Material is published when it is accessible to the public

Other forms

- no matter how they differ, they share same goal to make reader believe their claim; there are also short argumentative texts that may not contain the title, introduction, and conclusion but since they are created to persuade, they still count as forms of argumentation 1. Propaganda - Uses emotional appeal (a fallacy); uses biased, false, misleading info to persuade people to think or act in a certain way - Uses emotional appeal and often biased, false or misleading information to persuade people to think or act in a certain way - Negative write-ups about an issue meant to misinform or disinform readers about an issue - Example: Mocha Uson - FB Blog 2. Reviews - Evaluate items and activities from writer's POV - Books, movies, plays, and music - Example: movie reviews, you first read reviews 3. Advertisement - Paid announcements that try to convince people to buy or do something

Workplace

- project proposal - People study at minimal level and work, so they create project proposals - Asked before a full proposal - Contains proposed idea that may not be detailed yet, bit somehow provided the reader a framework or an overview of how it can be carried out or implemented - Product, program, service, software, policies - When presented, should give a clear picture of what the research, project, or feasibility study is all about - Clarifies from the very beginning what the purpose if and what process is necessary to carry out the purpose - Objectives of the project, ACTIVITY

Divide large tasks

- reason: to overwhelmed - accomplish each tasks one at a time - be sure to have time table - Writing is a developmental process - No love at first sight - A big thing, so you should divide it - At second and third glance, you'll have ideas

Concede its existence

- reason: you are already experiencing or thinking of the block - Inability to start can be addressed by simply starting it - Reject the idea of a writer's block - There is no page freight, inability to write - As long as you recognize the idea, it seems true to you - The more you recognize, the more it becomes true - Tell yourself that it's not true

Academe

- research proposal - People study and create research proposal - SOP/ Objectives of the study, METHOD

Brainstorm

- sometimes our problem is we don't have anything to write about, that is why you should brainstorm first - gathering major to minor ideas that you wish to include in your writing task before you actually start writing - Think of relevant ideas - Everything is understandable - How do you write effectively? There are 7 step 1 is the secret: outlining --> don't jump agad to writing, outline first where you can brainstorm - You should have organized way of thoughts STEP 1: Brainstorming by means of outlining (What are dogs --- using dogs for medical therapy) STEP 2: Researching - you know what to research because you have an outline STEP 3: Writing it STEP 4: Finishing it = S3 and S4 are different steps because they are different things STEP 5, 6, 7: Revising = Revise over and over again until it becomes a great output. Ask friends to comment, etc.

Rationale

- the logic - (context --> situation, reasoning --> problem present in situation, introduction) - First impression about the project - answers: a. Why is the project being proposed? What problem/s does the project intend to do? Problem --> Solution (Project) - divided into 3 parts: a. context - presents observation of the current situation b. reasoning - you present the problem c. introduction of project - you present one of the solutions, it may not solve all the problems, but it can help solve one problem. The solution is your project (evidently solves a problem that came from a situation aka context).

Project duration/ program flow

- when is the project going to be held? - Schedule, Gantt chart - Not a "one-event" project, charts may be used to present the whole projects' timeline (usually Gantt Chart) - If "one-day" event, use program flow > usually in "single event projects", a sample list of activities and persons involved may be used > example: 2-day activity

Venue

- where is the problem going to be held? - Complete address, photos if available

Target beneficiaries/ audience

- who will benefit from the project? - how many are expected to be catered by the project?

Newspaper

- you encounter argumentative essay in the forms of editorials, opposite editorials, and letters to the editor 1. Editorials - opinion from the editorial board; state the opinion of the editors and publishers of news organizations 2. Opposite editorial (OP-ED) - tries to convince readers of writer's POV who is not part of EB, not a formal writer; commissioned by news companies to write for them; called opposite editorial because you find them opposite on the editorial 3. Letters to the editor - EB receives opinions to what they have published; can be published as well if wonderfully written; are letters sent to print and internet publications to express opinions in response to previously published articles

Criteria of a Good Project Proposal

1. CLEAR - UNDERSTANDABLE,NO HIGHFALUTIN WORDS - SHOULD BE CLEAR IMAGE - SHOULD BE UNDERSTOOD - WHY FUND SOMETHING YOU DON'T UNDERSTAND - PROJECT PROPOSAL SHOULD GIVE CLEAR IMAGE, IF YOU'RE USING UNFAMILIAR WORDS AND GRAMMAR ERRORS = IT'S NOT CLEAR 2. ACCURATE AND SUBJECTIVE - BASED ON FACTS NOT JUST MERE HYPOTHESIS, NOT ON ALLUSIONS - FACTS THAT PROBLEM IS ACTUALLY EXISTING, REPORTS FROM RRL - NOT JUST OBSERVATION BECAUSE PLAIN EYE OBSERVATION MAY BE INCORRECT 3. ACCESIBLE -ANSWER ALL POSSIBLE QS ANSWERED - ANSWERS 2 QUESTIONS - EX. INSTRUCTION SHEET OF PETA: POSIBLE QUESTIONS ARE ANSWERED (G, R, A, S, P, DEADLINE, SUBMISSION LINK, RUBRICS, FORMAT, DETAILED INSTRUCTIONS, GROUPINGS, EXAMPLES) 4. CONCISE - BRIEF, SHORT YET SUBSTANCIAL - SHOULD PROVIDE CLEAR IMAGE WHAT PROJECT IS WITHOUT USING TOO MANY PAGES - ADMIN WILL HAVE BUSY SCHEDULES - DON'T CONSUME THEIR DAYS WITH LONG PROPOSALS - COMMENDABLE IF YOU CAN PRESENT PRJECT WITH LIMITED PAGES

Critique paper evaluates works such as

1. Creative works - Novels, exhibits, film, images, poetry 2. Research - Monographs, journal articles, systematic reviews, theories 3. Media - News reports, feature articles

Reaction paper should include

1. Evidence - Prove that you understand what the material said - Provide ideas as proof of understanding 2. Reaction - Your reaction to the writer or creator's ideas - Don't deviate from the topic 3. Evaluation - Material's strengths and weaknesses; your premises - why your claim is such - Avoid sounding too biased

The 2 types of Organizational Communication

1. Internal Organizational Communication - Interaction between and among company employees (people who belong in same organization) - Can be (1) vertical and (2) horizontal: a. Vertical (Upward/Downward) b. Horizontal 2. External Organizational Communication - Interaction between and among different company representatives (people who are not from same organization or company) - Different employees from different companies

Parts of a critique paper

1. Introduction - Article and its author - Your main point (evaluation of the article) - CLAIM 2. Body - Summary of the issues - Author's key assumptions - Your perspective on these assumptions - PREMISES - Basis/ criteria used for evaluation 3. Conclusion - Overall evaluation of the work - A summary of the key reasons, identified during the critical evaluation, why this evaluation was formed - There is a future guide and recommendations - Sometimes: recommendations for improvement

Writing Block's

1. Page fright 2. Writing without the muse 3. Fear of the blank sheet 4. Inability to get things done - they all mean the same thing

Phases of Creating a Business Message

1. Phase 1 - Pre Writing Phase (1, 2, 3) 2. Phase 2 - Writing (4, 5, 6) 3. Phase 3 - Revising (7, 8, 9) - Covers 9 Stages under the 3 Phases

OVERCOME writers' block by

1. Positive Self-talk 2. Listing your achievements 3. Brainstorm 4. Dividing large tasks 5. Concede its existence 6. Read for a break 7. Establish a routine 8. Show up for work 9. Cope with badness 10. Reinvent your space 11. Go back to the start

Parts of an argument

1. Premises - The reasons for your claim - evidences 2. Conclusion - More inclined to use "claim" - The claim is the conclusion - What you try to claim to be true or false by presenting premises - Example: UST in Manila - statement - P1 Manila is in the Philippines - P2 UST is in the Philippines - claim > This is an argument > You can have more premises > UST is a university Claim: UST is a university in the Philippines > When you give a statement, not everyone would believe immediately - you need more premises

Outline of Project Proposals

1. Project title - Catchy yet sensible - Provide to greatest extent possible what the project is all about - give clear idea what the project is, isang basa palang EXAMPLE: a. Project CHAMP (Community Health Advocates Mobilization Program) b. PRAGALA: The Central Luzon Media Awards 2. Rationale - the logic - (context --> situation, reasoning --> problem present in situation, introduction) - First impression about the project - answers: a. Why is the project being proposed? What problem/s does the project intend to do? Problem --> Solution (Project) - divided into 3 parts: a. context - presents observation of the current situation b. reasoning - you present the problem c. introduction of project - you present one of the solutions, it may not solve all the problems, but it can help solve one problem. The solution is your project (evidently solves a problem that came from a situation aka context). 3. Objectives of the project - SMART - A number of specific, measurable, realistic/relevant, and timebound GOALS - Achievement of these specific objectives means addressing the social problem at hand. If you achieve these objects, you are contributing in the addressing of the social problem. - "To..." > How do we create SMART goals? - should have the elements of specifity, measurability, attainability, realistic/ relevance, and time boundedness - example: 1. To conduct series of seminars on Information Literacy in public schools and private schools in Quezon City for 7 months. --> S - series of seminars on Information Literacy > M - public and private schools in Quezon City (How many are the public and private schools in Quezon City?) > A - yes, it is a seminar, it is attainable > R - yes because of the problem and context is provided > T - 7 months 4. Project proponents - Members of the group - Name, organizational affiliation and contact details (email address, contact numbers) 5. Description of the project - All details - Complete yet concise presentation and detailed description of the project; usually in 2 to 3 paragraphs - the presentation of project itself 6. Target beneficiaries/ audience - who will benefit from the project? - how many are expected to be catered by the project? 7. Venue - where is the problem going to be held? - Complete address, photos if available 8-9. Project duration/ program flow - when is the project going to be held? - Schedule, Gantt chart - Not a "one-event" project, charts may be used to present the whole projects' timeline (usually Gantt Chart) - If "one-day" event, use program flow > usually in "single event projects", a sample list of activities and persons involved may be used > example: 2-day activity 10. Budget proposal - Where will the money go? --- PRESENT REFERENCES IN APA 6 ON LAST PAGE

In order to be successful, the document should

1. Provide a logical presentation of a research idea - Follows a format 2. Illustrate significance of idea - Why is this project important? - establishes worth of project to the company - Why is it worthy of being pursued? 3. Shows idea's relationship to past actions - Justifies how it supports the company's causes - shows how your project is connected to the advocacies of your company - try to show how your project supports previous achievements of other previous projects, not contradict - How it supports previous projects, not contradict previous projects. Make it appear like it supports, reinforces, reimplements. 4. Articulate the activities for the proposed project - it is a project, not just a one-shot activity, it is composed of series - Series of activities should be articulated and worded out. You say them out loud in the paper.in - Gives detail how exactly you want to implement

Characteristics of Business Messages (4)

1. Purposeful 2. Economical 3. Audience Oriented 4. Process Oriented

Steps in writing a reaction paper:

1. Reading and studying the material - Understand - You cannot write something you do not have - Establish first your full understanding of the material that you will be talking about before you venture in writing the reaction paper 2. Annotate the text as you read - margin, highlight 3. Ask questions as you read - have deeper understanding of material to have better reaction if questions are answered - 2 and 3 suggests that while you're reading the material you are to write about, you have to digest every little info about it 2 ways to do so: > Writing down notes on side of material to indicate ideas about it > Answer questions to challenge what you know about it to further shed light on material 4. Free write - Important ideas - As your understanding in the material deepens and widens, ideas may come up into your mind - Write as many of them down - No need to translate in perfect words - Just have ideas about the work 5. Decide on your angle and determine your thesis - Thesis statements; POV of student or citizen; write with different lenses - high-level writing - Using ideas you've previously written, you should be able to figure out how the odd relates to one another and how all of them fit in one puzzle --> you will have claim and supporting info 6. Organize your paper - outlining 7. Gather your quotations - Having questions while reviewing is helpful - For every comment that you write, make sure to provide your readers with the location where in the paper they will find the ideas that you are talking about - Does not only assist your readers in validating what you're saying but would also increase the level of your paper's formality, objectivity and credibility 8. Structure your paragraph - Follow T, I, B, C format

Reasons why you should learn how to write business messages

1. Reason 1: Why is this important? - We are part of the organization - UST - You write business messages yourselves - excuse letters, inquiry letters to professors - You have to learn how to do them 2. Reason 2: Because someday, you will be part of another organization where you are expected to write business communication - Example: a. Cover Letter - Application Letter - HR managing applications will see that you can't write properly, will doubt your capability to work for the job you're applying for - While being able to speak English is not the whole thing, these simple things give us the glimpse of what you can and can not do b. Curriculum Vitae 3. Reason 3: This is the last time that you will encounter a course where these topics will be thoroughly discussed - Though writing emails have already been discussed during JHS, you may have not given full attention - your last chance; make sure that you pay attention - Will not be taught in college anymore

Parts of an essay:

1. Title - Catch interest of readers - Not too long or too short - Makes or breaks writers Judge by title Ex. Newspaper - readers read just the title; you have to make it interesting enough 2. Introduction - Introduces thesis statement (CLAIM) - the main idea of your essay; where ideas all throughout your work will have to be based on - Should serve to sustain readers' interest - Consequently, you have to strategize by using statistics, quotable quotes, lines from movies, poems, or songs, and other interesting ways to introduce the topic - Provide an idea of what to expect from the essay; gives background information ---> CONTEXT - Establish territory - you provide to readers what to expect throughout the essay and they will not expect beyond what you're writing about 3. Body - Where you put your premises - Justifies main idea - Provides supporting details - sub-points that will support thesis statement (main idea of your essay) Should justify why your reader should believe the thesis statement - Justifies the thesis statement 4. Conclusion - Summarize everything that has been discussed - Reviews main points > Law of Receny - whatever is fed to you at latter part will be vaguely remembered; retention is higher > Law of Primacy - remembering those from 1-4; what you first studied about - Provides your last or final say about the topic

Types of Internal Organizational Communication

1. Vertical Internal Organizational Communication - May come in 2 forms: a. Upward-Vertical Internal Organizational Communication - From lower ranking employees communicating to higher ranking employees - Example: sending emails to your boss, communicating with your boss - Upward - because you are writing to person whose position is higher than yours - Vertical - because of the hierarchical difference of the 2 of you - When we do this form, we use: emails, business letters in communication --> usually the modes or types of correspondences we do through this form b. Horizontal Internal Organizational Communication - Communicating to people within your level in terms of position - People whose positions are not higher or lower - Usually your colleagues - When we do this from, we use: emails, business letters

Timeline

As the name suggests, a ______________ is simply a line that is filled with details of chronologically arranged events that make up a bigger event.

different

Business letters and business messages are _________________ - BL - a type of business message - BM - may come in different forms; can be any document used by specific organization

What are Graphic Organizers?

Graphic Organizers are visual representations (composed of figues, shapes, and or images) of how several smaller ideas are connected to one another making up a bigger idea. Graphic organizers are useful in organizing and systematizing thoughts so as to make complex ideas easy and quick to understand.

3rd Phase: The Revising Phase

Has 3 stages: Stage 7, 8, 9

Budget proposal

Where will the money go? --- PRESENT REFERENCES IN APA 6 ON LAST PAGE

Can we create research proposals in the workplace?

Yes, because you still study minimally, and so you're still curious. You don't stay stagnant, you still study in the medical field. You ask people how it tastes to see if it sells. Vaccines are products of research in the workplace.

Project Proposal

_____________________ is type of concept paper

General Types of Concept Papers:

a. Academe b. Workplace

BEFORE (Graphic Organizers):

a. Read text and get as much info as you can b. Analyze relationships that exist between and among the you were able to gather c. Identify shapes and line you will be using -----> If doing one while reading, you will have many erasures -----> 10 types of graphic organizers (there are actually a hundred)

Data Retrieval Chart

is a two-column chart that is used to list down several ideas (first column) and their characteristics (second column).

T-Chart

is a two-column chart that is used to list down the differences of two ideas.

Data Storage Chart

is almost the same as the T-chart or the data retrieval chart except that a data storage chart does not have complete details and such missing details are still yet to be recovered/learned after further research. Further, any type of graphic organizer can be a data storage chart if there are areas which are not yet filled with data.

Venn Diagram

is composed of two overlapping circles to show the differences (contrasting) and similarities (comparing) of the two ideas they. Further, academics these days use the Venn Diagram to compare and contrast three or more ideas.

Flow Chart

is used to graphically show sequence of events, processes, procedures, or cause end effect.

Pyramid

shows hierarchy of concepts. The pyramid arranges several concepts from most simple to most complex, or least important or most important, least relevant to most relevant, least applicable and most applicable, and so on.

Fire Triangle

shows how an event (effect) can be caused by three ideas or elements. Also, a fire triangle is used to show the relationships of three interdependent ideas in building up a central idea.

Sungram

simply illustrates what sub-ideas (rays) arise from a major idea (sun).

Communicating in the workplace

when communicating in an organization

Graphic organizers serve several uses when it comes to dealing with textual and non-textual sources of information, such as (but not limited to):

• Presentation of the overview of information presented in a source; • Organization of detailed ideas presented in a source; • Summarizing of information from a source; • Simplify ideas presented by the source; and • Presentation of conceptual and/or theoretical framework in research papers and other highly scholarly/academic work.