English Exam 1st Semester

Demonstrative Pronoun

Used to point out a specific person or thing (this, that, these, those)

Articles

a, an, the

Complete Predicate

consists of a verb and all the words that describe the verb and complete its meaning

Simple Predicate

the verb in the sentence which expresses what is said about the subject

Simile

A comparison using "like" or "as"

Metaphor

A comparison without using like or as

Exposition

A comprehensive description and explanation of an idea or theory

Inference

A conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning

Internal Conflict

A conflict can be internal, involving opposing forces within a person's mind.

Irony

A contrast between expectation and reality - Verbal - Situational - Dramatic

Diary

A daily written record of (usually personal) experiences and observations

Personification

A figure of speech in which an object or animal is given human feelings, thoughts, or attitudes

Verbal Irony

A figure of speech in which what is said is the opposite of what is meant

Totalitarianism

A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator

Satire

A literary work that criticizes human misconduct and ridicules vices, stupidities, and follies

The Cask of Amontillado Summary

A man named Montresor decides to seek revenge against a man named Fortunato, who has insulted him. He meets Fortunato at a carnival, lures him into the catacombs of his home, and buries him alive

Flashback

A method of narration in which present action is temporarily interrupted so that the reader can witness past events

Indirect Objects

A noun, pronoun, or word group that often appears in sentences containing direct objects Tells to whom or to what (or for whom or for what)

Direct Object

A noun, pronoun, or word group that tells who or what receives the action of a verb or shows the result of the action *whom/what the verb*

Direct Quotation

A person's exact words

Noun

A person, place, thing, or idea

Adverb

A word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb

Collective Noun

A word that names a group

If I Forget Thee, O Earth Theme

Passing Knowledge from one generation to the next

1:00 AM

The time of day does Marley say the spirits will arrive

Foreshadowing

The use of hints and clues to suggest what will happen later in a plot

Antecedent

The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun

The Ghost of Marley

"Mankind was my business! The common Welfare was my business!"

Squealer

"The only good human is a dead human"

Body Paragraphs Structure

1. Claim 2. Evidence 3. Warrant *Paragraph 2 and 3 should begin with transition*

Hyphens Rules

- Divide words at the end of the line at their syllable - Use them with compound numbers from twenty-one to ninety-nine - Use them to indicate prefixes or suffixes - Use them for compound adjectives

The Ghost of Christmas Past

- Its legs and feet are bare - A bright, clear jet of light shines from its head - It wears a belt that sparkles and glitters

The Battle of Cowshed

- Jones fired his gun and grazed Snowball's back - Jones was hurled into a pile of dung - These geese rushed out and pecked at the calves of the mens' legs

Rituals created to honor The Battle of Cowshed

- Jones' gun is fired - Some animals receive military honors or decorations - They sang Beasts of England

Christmas Carol Setting

- Scrooge's counting house - Victorian Era London - Scenes from Scrooge's past, present, future

Titles for Napoleon

- Terror of Mankind - Our Leader, Comrade Napoleon - Father of All Animals

Why Napoleon conceals the animals' starvation

- The farm would appear weak and susceptible - The farm would appear to be a failure - He does not want the humans to gloat over Animal Farm's misfortunes

Why "Beasts of England" is forbidden to be sung

- The pigs explain that the rebellion is over and there is no need to sing the song anymore - The pigs do not want to stir up more rebellion against Napoleon - The pigs have a new, better song that warns of the dangers of going against your leader

Napoleon's dogs

- They are enormous - They resemble wolves - They wear studded collars

Apostrophes Rules

- Use them +s ('s) before singular nouns and plural nouns not ending in s to form possessive case - Use them after plural noun that already ends in s (s') - Possessive personal pronouns DO NOT require apostrophes - Indefinite pronouns in the possessive case require an apostrophe and s ('s) - Last word in a compound word gets the possessive form - Use them to form the plurals of lowercase letters , some capital letters, numerals, symbols, and some words that are referred to as words

Quotation Marks Rules

- Use them around a direct quotation (begins with a capital letter unless the quotation is split into more than one part, then the other parts are lowercase) - Set off by a comma, a question mark, or an exclamation point, but NEVER a period - When writing dialogue begin a new paragraph every time the speaker changes - Use single quotation marks to enclose a quotation within a quotation - Use them to enclose titles and subtitles of articles, essays, short stories, poems, songs, individual episodes of TV series, and chapters and other parts of books and periodicals

Comma Rules

- Use them before Coordinating Conjunctions - Use them to set off nonessential subordinate clauses - Use them after certain introductory elements - Use them with interrupters - Use them to separate items in dates and addresses - Use them after the salutation of a personal letter and after the closing of any letter - Use them to set off abbreviations when they follow a person's name

Colon Rules

- Use them before a list of items *never after verb* - Use them before a long, formal statement or a long quotation - Use them between independent clauses when the second clause explains or restates the idea of the first - Use them between hour and minute - Use them between chapter and verse in Biblical references - Use them after the salutation of a business letter

Semicolon Rules

- Use them between independent clauses that are closely related in meaning (IF NOT USING FANBOYS) - Use them between coordinating conjunctions when the clauses contain commas - Use them between items in a series if the items contain commas

Italics Rules

- Use them for titles and subtitles of books, periodicals, long poems, plays, films, television series, long musical works and recordings, and works of art - Use them for names of ships, trains, aircraft, and spacecraft - Use them for words, letters, symbols, and numerals and for foreign words that are not yet a part of the English vocabulary

Dashes Rules

- Use them to indicate an abrupt break in thought or speech or an unfinished statement or question - Use them to indicate words that introduce an explanation

Preposition

A word that shows the relationship of a noun or pronoun to some other word in the sentence

Lifespan of the Ghost of Christmas Present

1 day

Pronoun

A word that takes the place of a noun

Introduction Structure

1. Hook 2. Bridge 3. Thesis

Conclusion Structure

1. Reconnect Hook and Bridge 2. Rephrase Thesis

The 7 Commandments

1. Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy. 2. Whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings, is a friend. 3. No animal shall wear clothes. 4. No animal shall sleep in a bed. 5. No animal shall drink alcohol. 6. No animal shall kill any other animal. 7. All animals are equal.

Connotation

An idea or feeling that a word invokes in addition to its literal or primary meaning

Utopia

An imagined place or state of things in which everything is perfect

Tone

Attitude a writer takes toward the audience, a subject, or a character

Direct Characterization

Author directly describes character

Flat Character

A character who embodies a single quality and who does not develop in the course of a story

Dynamic Character

A character who grows, learns, or changes as a result of the story's action

Fable

A brief story that leads to a moral, often using animals as characters

Antagonist

A character or force in conflict with the main character

Static Character

A character that does not change from the beginning of the story to the end

Foil

A character who acts as a contrast to another character

Round Character

A character who demonstrates some complexity and who develops or changes in the course of a work

Allusion

A reference to another work of literature, person, or event

Exclamatory Sentence

A sentence expressing strong feeling, conveys excitement or force

Interrogative Sentence

A sentence that asks a question

Sentence Fragment

A sentence that does not contain both a subject and a verb or does not express a complete thought

Declarative Sentence

A sentence that makes a statement

Imperative Sentence

A sentence that requests or commands

Anecdote

A short and amusing or interesting story about a real incident or person

Essay

A short piece of writing on a particular subject - Reflective - Persuasive - Narrative - Expository

Abbreviation

A shortened form of a word or word group - Abbreviate given names only if the person is most commonly known by the abbreviated form of the name

Description

A spoken or written representation or account of a person, object, or event

Suspense

A state or feeling of excited or anxious uncertainty about what may happen

Thesis

A statement or theory that is put forward as a premise to be maintained or proved.

Allegory

A story in which each aspect of the story has a symbolic meaning outside the tale itself

Fiction

A story that is not true or is made up

External Conflict

A struggle between a character and an outside force

Conflict

A struggle between opposing forces - External - Internal

Symbol

A thing that represents or stands for something else

Old Joe

A trader in stolen goods

Transitive Verb

A verb that expresses an action directed toward a noun *Verb that typically has a direct object*

Intransitive Verb

A verb that expresses an action without the action passing to a receiver or object

Acronym

A word formed from the first (or first few) letters of a series of words - Acronyms are written WITHOUT periods

Sentence

A word or group of words that contains a subject and a verb and that expresses a complete thought

Complement

A word or word group that completes the meaning of a verb

Predicate Nominative

A word or word group that is in the predicate and identifies the subject or refers to it

Predicate Adjective

A word or word group that is in the predicate and that describes or identifies the subject

Subject Complement

A word or word group that is in the predicate and that describes or identifies the subject 1. Predicate Nominative 2. Predicate Adjective 3. Direct Object 4. Indirect Object

Verb

A word that expresses action or otherwise helps to make a statement

Interjection

A word that expresses emotion and has no grammatical relation to the rest of the sentence

Adjective

A word that modifies a noun or pronoun

Letter

A written message addressed to a person or organization

Annotate

Add brief notes to a diagram or graph

Indirect Characterization

Author subtly reveals the character through STEAL *S*peech *T*houghts *E*ffects on Others *A*ctions/Reactions *L*ooks

Only Commandment Remaining

All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others

Correlative Conjunctions

Always in pairs Both...and; Not only...but also; Either...or; Neither...nor

Autobiography

An account of a person's life written by that person

Claim

An assertion, usually supported by evidence

Ad Hominem Attacks

An attack on a person (person's character) instead of an issue

Scrooge

An elderly stingy miser who is given a reality check by 3 visiting ghosts

The Scarlet Ibis Summary

An older brother takes on the responsibility of his younger, disabled brother, and teaches him everyday activities In the end, he pushes him too hard and Doodle dies

Situational Irony

An outcome that turns out to be very different from what was expected

Prose

Any writing that is not poetry

Pathos

Appeal to emotion

Ethos

Appeal to ethics

Logos

Appeal to logic

If I Forget Thee, O Earth

Arthur C. Clark

Red Herring

Attempt to distract the reader or audience with details not relevant to argument

Bob Cratchit's Family

Bob Mrs Cratchit Martha Peter Belinda Tiny Tim

Theme

Central idea of a work of literature

Revisionist History

Change history to fit the person's needs

Mood

Feeling or atmosphere that a writer creates for the reader

Linking Verb

Connects the subject to a word or word group that identifies or describes the subject *Verb that typically has a predicate nominative*

Compound Subject

Consists of two or more subjects that are joined by a conjunction and that have the same verb

Compound Verbs

Consists of two or more verbs that are joined by a conjunction that have the same subject

Compound Noun

Consists of two or more words used together as a single noun

Dialogue

Conversation between two or more characters

Correct MLA Date Format

Day Month Year *Ex: 20 April 2020*

Imagery

Description that appeals to the senses (sight, sound, smell, touch, taste)

Benjamin

Donkey; oldest animal on the farm "Fools! Fools! Do you not see what is written on the side of that van?"

Correct MLA Spacing

Double Spaced All Throughout the Paper

The Cask of Amontillado

Edgar Allan Poe

Resolution

End of the story where loose ends are tied up

Period

Ends a Declarative or Imperative sentence *States something* or *Commands something*

Exclamation

Ends an Exclamatory sentence *Exclaims something*

Question Mark

Ends an Interrogative sentence *Questions something*

Falling Action

Events after the climax, leading to the resolution

Rising Action

Events leading up to the climax

Hyperbole

Exaggeration; overstatement

Single Room, Earth View

Expository Essay Sally Ride

Action Verb

Expresses either physical or mental action

Coordinating Conjunctions

FANBOYS For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So

I Have a Dream Summary

Famous speech given in regards to the mistreatment of African-Americans in the midst of the civil rights movement

The Interlopers Theme

Foolishness and Petty Quarrels

Animal Farm

George Orwell An Allegory

The Schoolmaster

Had "a terrible voice" "glared [at Scrooge] with a ferocious condescension, and threw him into a dreadful state of mind by shaking hands with him"

Moses

He helps to keep up morale on the farm

Why Napoleon sentences Frederick to death

He used counterfeit cash to pay for the timber

Ad Naseum

Heard so many times that it is "nauseating"

Helping Verb

Helps the main verb express action or a state of being *Ex: am, is, are, do, does, was, were, used to, did*

Propaganda

Ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause

Appeal to Authority

If someone with authority says it's true, then it must be true

Complete Subject

Includes all the words that tell whom or what the sentence is about

Data/Evidence

Information gathered from observations

Observation

Information obtained through the senses.

Relative Pronoun

Introduces an adjective clause (who, whom whose, which, that)

The Scarlet Ibis

James Hurst

Conjunction

Joins a word or group of words

The initial Revolution starts when...

Jones forgets to feed the animals

Correct MLA Header

Last Name Pg# *Ex: Student 2*

False Dichotomy

Limited options when in fact there is at least one other option

Protagonist

Main character in a story

The Most Dangerous Game Theme

Man is most dangerous when exerting power over others

If I Forget Thee, O Earth Summary

Marvin, who is a child that lives on the moon, learns from his father that the Earth was destroyed in a nuclear war

Cult of Personality

Methods used to create an idol or a worshipful image

Poem "Comrade Napoleon" Author

Minimus

Atmosphere

Mood created in a narrative through descriptive language

Climax

Most exciting moment of the story

The Interlopers

Saki

Proper Noun

Names a particular person, place, thing, or idea and is capitalized

Concrete Noun

Names a person, place, or thing that can be perceived by one or more of the senses

Abstract Noun

Names an idea, a feeling, a quality, or a characteristic

Common Noun

Names any one of a group of persons, places, or things and is generally not capitalized

New Directions

Narrative Essay Maya Angelou

Third Person Limited

Narrator sees the world through only one characters eyes and thoughts.

I Have a Dream Thesis

Negroes should rise above their persecution and that all men, women, and children should be free

New Directions Thesis

No matter what life throws our way, we can still succeed if we are willing to put in the effort

Indefinite Pronoun

Not referring to a definite person or thing; frequently used without an antecedent

Belle

Once engaged to Scrooge "Our contract is an old one. It was made when we were both poor and content to be so, until, in good season, we could improve our worldly fortune by out patient industry"

False Cause and Effect

One event caused another when it actually happened before

Purpose

One's intention or objective in a piece of writing.

Speech

Oral expression of language

Snowball

Organized the others into committees

Scare Tactics

Person attempts to scare people for support

Scapegoat

Person used to take the blame

I Have a Dream

Persuasive Speech Martin Luther King Jr.

Pronouns Used as Adjectives

Possessive and Demonstrative pronouns can serve as adjectives when they modify a noun

The Scarlet Ibis Theme

Pride can be harmful to yourself and to others

The Most Dangerous Game Summary

Rainsford falls off his boat and is left on the island to do whatever it takes to live against General Zaroff

Personal Pronouns

Refers to the one speaking (1st Person), the one spoken to (2nd Person), or the one spoken about (3rd Person)

Reflexive Pronoun

Refers to the subject of a sentence and functions as a complement or as an object of a preposition

A Celebration of Grandfathers

Reflective Essay Rudolfo A. Anaya

Repetition

Repeated use of sounds, words, or ideas for effect and emphasis

A Celebration of Grandfathers Thesis

Respect for elders is a cultural value that should be passed on from generation to generation

The Most Dangerous Game

Richard Connell

Denotation

The dictionary definition of a word

Predicate

Says something about the subject

Dick Wilkins

Scrooge's fellow apprentice under Fezziwig. He was once a good friend

Fred

Scrooge's nephew - Visits Scrooge's office in Stave 1 to invite him to dinner

Fezziwig

Scrooge's old boss/mentor "He has the power to render us happy or unhappy; to make our service light or burdensome; a pleasure or a toil...The happiness he gives is quite as great as if it cost a fortune" -Scrooge - Scrooge is reminded of the benefits of kindness

Fan

Scrooges younger sister Mother of Fred

Plot

Sequence of events in a story 1. Exposition 2. Rising Action 3. Climax 4. Falling Action 5. Resolution

Parallelism

Similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses

Explanation of the destroyed windmill

Snowball was responsible

Mrs. Dilber

Sold Scrooge's belongings after his death

Warrant

Statement backed up by evidence

Biography

Story of a person's life written by another person

Correct MLA Heading

Student Name Teacher Name Class Name (, Period) Date *Ex:* *Joe Student* *Mr. Teacher* *English, 7* *20 April 2020*

Interrogative Pronoun

Used in questions (Who? Whom? Whose? Which? What?)

Subject

Tells whom or what the sentence is about

The Interlopers Summary

The Gradwitz and Znaeym family had been feuding for generations over a narrow strip of land and they make up after a tree falls on them. Eventually "the forest" kills them both

Where the pigs acquired the money to purchase a crate of whiskey

The Knacker

Victorian England's Welfare Laws

The Poor Laws

1 Night

The amount of nights the 3 Spirits visit Scrooge

Man

The animals' source of misery and slavery

Harness Room

The area that the pigs set aside for themselves

Rhetoric

The art of using language effectively and persuasively

Audience

The listener, viewer, or reader of a text

Third Person Omniscient

The narrator knows all of the thoughts and feelings of all of the characters in a work

Napoleon

The only Berkshire Boar - Selfish - Cruel - Controlling "To protect the farm we must procure firearms and train ourselves in the use of them"

Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come

The third and final spirit to visit Scrooge, a silent phantom clad in a hooded black robe - He presents Scrooge with an ominous view of his lonely death and brings him to his own grave - Makes Scrooge sob violently

Setting

The time and place of a story

Point of View

The perspective from which a story is told

Characterization

The process by which the writer reveals the personality of a character - Direct - Indirect

Anaphora

The repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses

Ghost of Christmas Present

The second spirit to visit Scrooge, a majestic giant clad in a green robe - Sits on a "throne" of food - His lifespan is restricted to Christmas Day - He escorts Scrooge on a tour of his contemporaries' Holiday celebrations - Uses a torch to sprinkle blessings on people - Uses Scrooge's own words against him - Jolly

End of Chapter 10

There is no distinguishable difference between the pigs and the humans

What happens to animals after they can no longer work?

They will get a paid pension and spend the rest of their lives in the pasture

Logical Fallacy

Things not true that people say is true

Manor Farm

This is what Animal Farm is renamed to

Fear

This is why the animals don't speak out against Napoleon

Single Room, Earth View Summary

This story details a female astronauts views of earth's beauty and all other things visible from space, while hammering in the fact that her experience is incomparable to anything else

A Celebration of Grandfathers Summary

This story details a man's relationship with his wise grandfather throughout the years in their predominantly traditional, Hispanic, New Mexico town

New Directions Summary

This story details a single mothers innovate solution to provide for her family by selling meat pies to workers

Persuasive Essay Purpose

To convince the reader that the opinion or claim of the writer is correct or valid

Expository Essay Purpose

To describe, to explain

Reflective Essay Purpose

To learn from a particular experience

Narrative Essay Purpose

To tell a story

First Person

Told from the narrator's point of view, using "I"

Bandwagon

Tries to persuade someone to do something because "everyone" is doing it

Single Room, Earth View Thesis

Understanding what space is like is not really possible unless you have experienced it

Brackets Rules

Use brackets to enclose an explanation within quoted or parenthetical material

Parentheses Rules

Use them to enclose material that is added to a sentence but is not considered to be of major important

Ellipsis Points Rules

Use them to mark omissions from quoted materials and pauses in a written passage

Understood Subject

Used in a request or a command It is not usually stated in the sentence *You*

Cultural Point of View

Way of seeing the world that is influenced by a particular culture

Questions an Adjective Answers

What Kind? Which One? How Many?

The Cask of Amontillado Theme

When a person believes he has been wronged, his seeking revenge seems justified

Dramatic Irony

When a reader is aware of something that a character isn't

Questions an Adverb Answers

Where? When? How? To what extent?

Diction

Word choice

Contractions

Word containing omitted letters, numerals, or words and uses apostrophes to indicate that this has been done

Figurative Language

Writing or speech that is not meant to be taken literally

Tacitly

expressed or carried out without words; silently

Generalizations

makes an oversimplified statement about a group based on limited information

Slogans

short, striking, and memorable phrase

Simple Subject

the main word or word group that tells whom or what the sentence is about