English Final

Metonomy

A figure of speech in which a person, place, or thing, is refereed to by something closely associated with it Ex: We requested from the crown support for our petition.

Aphorism

Aphorism is a statement of truth or opinion expressed in a concise and witty manner. The term is often applied to philosophical, moral and literary principles.

Style

-choice of words -arrangement of words in phrases or clauses -syntax -patterns of sentence -euphony of sentences -rhetorical devices

Stasis questions

1.Questions of conjecture- for example, What happened? does a shared reality exist? 2. Question of defenistion- for example, what should we call it 3. Questions of cause and consequence- for example, How did this come to happen? What will follow from it 4.Question of value- for example, is this good or bad? Is this funcional? Is this just? 5. Question of procedure and proposal- for example, what should we do about this?

Paradox

A contradiction that is apparently true Ex. "death, be not proud, though some have called thee mighty and dreadful, for, thou art not so, for those whom thou thickest thou dost overthrow, die not, poor death, nor canst thou kill me"

Oxymoron

A figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory terms in a brief phrase.

Hypothetical Examples

A hypothetical example is a fictional example that can be used when a speaker is explaining a complicated topic that makes the most sense when it is put into more realistic or relatable terms.

Analogy

A is to B as C is to D Ex. Lincoln- "you don't change horses in the middle of a stream.: He is referring to not changing presidents in the middle of a war

Lead in Phrase

A phrased used as a transition to a new topic

Allusion

Allusion is a brief and indirect reference to a person, place, thing or idea of historical, cultural, literary or political significance. It does not describe in detail the person or thing to which it refers. It is just a passing comment and the writer expects the reader to possess enough knowledge to spot the allusion and grasp its importance in a text

Rhetorical Question

Asking question, not for the purpose of eliciting an answer but for the purpose of asserting or denying something. Ex. "Are fleets and armies necessary to a work of love and reconciliation?"

Apostrophe

Calling out to an imaginary, dead, or absent person, or to a place or thing, or a personified idea. Ex. "Hello darkness, my old friend"

Common Topic (know the categories also)

Definition-used to ascertain the specific issue to be discussed Comparison- bringing two or more things together to study them for similarities, differences, superiority or inferiority Circumstance- A. Possible and Impossible- line of argument that shows the proposed course of action is possible or impossible B. Past fact and future fact. Relationship- Cause/Effect, Antecedent and Consequence, Contraies, Contradictions,

Epistrophe

Device of repetition in which the same expression (single word or phrase) is repeated at the end of two or more lines, clauses, or sentences. Ex. "When I was a child, I spake as a child, I understood as a child, I thought as a child."

Analepsis

Flashback Ex. All the King's Men- throughout: Chapter One- written in 1939; starts story in 1936; then relates even in 1922

Periodic Sentence

Main clause comes at the end of the sentence Ex. "the proper place in the sentence for the word or group of words that the writer desires to make prominent is usually the end"

Loose sentence

One in which the main clause come first, followed by further dependent grammatical units.

Parallel Structure

Parallel structure is a stylistic device, and a grammatical construction having two or more clauses, phrases or words, with similar grammatical form and length.

Particular Examples

The definition of particular is pertaining to a specific person, thing or place, or something that is noteworthy or under immediate consideration. An example of particular is a certain shoe style that a woman likes.

Ellipsis

The deliberate omission of a word or of words which are readily implied by the context. Ex. "Wise men talk because they have something to say; fools, because they have to say something

Antithesis

The juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, emphasized by a parallel structure Ex: It was the best of times; It was the worst of times, It was an age of wisdom; It was an age of foolishness

Euphemism

The substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive expression for one that might offend or express something unpleasant; often used to obscure the reality of a situation Ex. I just bought a wonderful pre-owned vehicle for my teenage daughter

Metaphor

a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable.

transition Paragraph

a paragraph used to flow into a new topic

Apophasis

a rhetorical figure in which one makes an assertion while pretending to deny it Ex. "I don't want to say something bad about another doctor, especially one who is a useless drunk."

Polysyndeton

a sentence high uses a conjunction with NO commas to separate the items in a series. Instead X, Y, and Z

telegraphic sentence

a sentence shorter than five words in length

Horatory Sentence

a statement urging others to join in some action

Pathos

an appeal based on emotion- these emotions could include pity, love, sorrow, affection, anger, gree, fear, lust, and hatred

Logos

an appeal based on reason- use logic to persuade the audience. A logical argument convinces its audience because of the perceived merit and reasonableness of the claims and proof offered in support of the thesis

Ethos

an appeal based on the character of the speaker- also known as the credibility or believableability of the speaker. "The audience would ask 'why should i trust this person?'"

Ad populum

appealing to irrational fears and prejudices to prevent audiences from facing the issue. Ex. Paine - If we lose this war for independence, if we submit, we are choosing a "ravaged country- a depopulated city- habitation without safety, and slavery without hope- our homes turned into barracks and bawdy houses for Hessians, and a future race to provide for. Ex. Bush- "Sadam Hussein will give his weapons of mass destruction to the terrorists"

Exigence

background info/ reasoning

Litotes

ironical understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by the negative of its contrary (Ex.., you won't be sorry, meaning you'll be glad ).

Works Cited

list of works used as refernces

Reason

logic/logos

Informed Opinion

opinion based on logic or previous information

Anadiplosis

repetition of the last word of one clause at the beginning of the following clause Ex. Queeg: "aboard my ship, excellent performance is standard, Standard performance is sub-standard. Sub-standard performance is not permitted to exist."

Antimatabole

repetition of words in successive clauses, in reverse grammatical order Ex. "We didn't land on Plymouth Rock; Plymouth Rock landed on us."

Chiasmus

reversal of grammatical structures in successive phrases or clauses. Ex. Exalts his enemies, his friends destroys.

Common Knowledge

something known by most people

Fact

something that can be proven

Ad Hominem

switching the argument from a discussion of the issues to a discussion of the person/personality Ex. Paine: "Every tory is a coward." George III is a "Scottish, stupid, stubborn, worthless, brutish man."

Plagiarism

taking someone's else work passed off as your own

Asyndeton

the deliberate omission of conjunctions between a series of related clauses. Ex. "He was a bag of bones, a floppy doll, a broken stick, a maniac"

Anaphora

the inversion of the usual, normal, or logical order of the parts of a sentence Ex. "Not in the legions of horrid hell cam a devil more damned in ills to top Macbeth"

Anastrophe

the inversion of the usual, normal, or logical order of the parts of a sentence Ex. "Not in the legions of horrid hell cam a devil more damned in ills to top Macbeth"

Alliteration

the occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words.