English III Final Study Guide

Be able to list and identify all epic characteristics/conventions

1) Must excel in strength, skill, and courage, 2) Often a warrior who is experienced in war and adventure, 3) Hero is introduced in media res, 4) Honor and Glory are ideals of the epic hero, 5) Hero is a demi-god or possesses a weapon that has been bestowed upon them, 6) Hero's journey must test his skill, courage, and strength, 7) Monsters or temptations will greet and challenge every epic hero, 8) Epic hero gains aristea, 9) Hero will display any qualities that are admired by the epic's culture, 10) Epics are vast in scope, 11) Epic hero will always achieve death, even if it costs death, 12) Epic hero is humble, kind, and generous to followers, but ruthless to enemies.

How many sonnets did Shakespeare write?

154

How many tales does each pilgrim tell and why?

4 tales; 2 going and 2 back The host wanted them to tell stories in order to pass the time; the best story won a free meal at the tavern

Iambic pentameter

5 stressed syllables (meters) and 5 unstressed syllables (iambs); Total of 10 syllables per line and creates seamless rhythm

Sestet

6 lines

Octave

8 lines

Death

A being that the Rioters want to kill. The Old Man tells them that death is by the oak tree

Comedy

A humorous work of drama

Epic/Heroic Poem

A long poem, typically one derived from ancient oral tradition, narrating the deeds and adventures of heroic or legendary figures or the history of the nation

The Pardoner

A part of the clergy. Dresses religious so people will trust him. Receives their money and keeps it. More sin more money. Greedy

What is the purpose of a quatrain? Of a couplet?

A quatrain presents a question and a couplet restates, or redefines the problem presented Analyze and interpret a sonnet;

King James IV of Scotland/King James I of England

A successful political move unifying England & Scotland; Was infatuated with witches/Macbeth was written for him

Satire

A technique employed by writers to expose and criticize foolishness and corruption of an individual or a society by using humor, irony, exaggeration, sarcasm, or ridicule. It strives to improve humanity by criticizing its follies and limitations. Ex: South Park & SNL

Exemplum

A type of allegory that teaches a lesson

Sonnet

A type of poem used by Shakespeare, written in iambic pentameter and consisting of three quatrains and a final couplet with the rhyme scheme ABAB, CDCD, EFEF, GG

Rhyme scheme

ABAB, CDCD, EFEF, GG

What is Macbeth's tragic flaw?

Ambition

Aristea

An epic hero characteristic; Nobility gained through battling a foe only of equal or greater strength than himself

Thomas á Becket

Archbishop of Canterbury was appointed by King Henry II -> Principal leader of the Church of England. He was murdered at Canterbury Cathedral

Geoffrey Chaucer

Author of The Canterbury Tales.During his early teens he was sent to work as a page -> 1357 Public servant to Countess Elizabeth of Ulster who was married to Lionel of Antwerp-> son of the reigning of the reigning monarch Edward III. This experience introduced him to the aristocratic side of England's society.

Foreshadowing

Be a warning or indication of (a future event)

Soliloquy

Between the audience and character on stage. Demands the attention

Which biblical figures are Grendel's ancestors?

Cain and Abel

1359-> Chaucer fought for the English Army in the Hundred Years' War in France

Captured and held for ransom-> King Edward paid 16E for his release

What are Hrothgar's men doing prior to the attack?

Celebrating

1366-> Chaucer married Philippa Roet, a lady in waiting to the Queen

Chaucer and Roet's eldest son, Thomas married a noblewoman -> Perpetuated his father's rise in social class.

Elizabethan tragedy vs. Elizabethan comedy

Comedy: A lighthearted tone, ends in marriage, typically written while Queen Elizabeth was in power. Ends in integration and unity Tragedy: The story of a seemingly heroic figure whose major flaw causes the tragedy to end with this tragic downfall. Ends in disintegration

Literary Epic

Composed by an individual author who borrowed elements from folk epics Ex. Paradise Lost (John Milton)

Petrarchan Sonnet

Creates a statement and response structure; Traditionally poems about the speaker's love for an idealized person

Couplet

Dramatic and resolves, restate, or redefines the problem presented (2 lines at the end)

What type of events in Macbeth attempt to break the Great Chain of Being?

Duncan's death Horses eating each other and going against man The mousing owl eats hawk

To whom were Shakespeare's sonnets addressed?

Early sonnets are addressed to a young man Final sonnets are addressed to a "dark lady"

Upon Chaucer's release, he joined the Royal Service to complete diplomatic missions in Italy, Spain, and France throughout the early to mid 1360's

Edward paid Chaucer 20 marks for his service

What is an example of a folk epic? A literary epic?

Folk Epic: Beowulf Literary: Paradise Lost

The Great Chain of Being → correct order and its purpose

God Angels Humans Animals Plants Minerals

Radix malorum est cupiditas" → What does this mean?

Greed is the root of all problems

TOXI

Greek and Latin for "poison"

PHOT

Greek for "light"

EPI

Greek prefix meaning "on," "over," or "attached to"

The Gunpowder Plot

Guy Fawkes and his men tried to blow up King James and Parliament in 1605 b/c he did not support Catholics

How does the Pardoner make money during his travels?

He dresses religious and people give him money hoping to be cleansed of sin More sins - More money

How does the Pardoner feel about preaching?

He thinks of it as a joke and wants to "win" the money and their affection

What was Chaucer's inspiration for writing The Canterbury Tales?

His disapproval of religion and the church fighting with the nobility

In media res

In the middle of; All epics begin during a time of a nation's turmoil (Epic convention and third characteristic of an epic hero)

Petrarch

Italian poet in the 1400's who popularized Sonnets.

For whom was Macbeth written?

King James I

OMNI

Latin for "all"

CARN

Latin for "flesh" or "meat

PEND

Latin for "hang" or "weigh."

MAND

Latin for "mandare," to entrust or order

NOM

Latin for "name"

PRIM

Latin for "primus," meaning "first"

VERT

Latin verb "vertere" meaning "to turn" or "to turn around"

Macbeth vs. Banquo: Reaction to prophecies

Macbeth: Amazement and shock at first. He sees the prophecies as the truth Banquo: Hesitant to believe them and realizes the potential evil & chaos they can create

Macbeth and Lady Macbeth → Role reversal

Macbeth: Originally a coward but became power hungry and unsatisfied Lady Macbeth: Originally manipulative and controlling but was driven insane by guilt

Tragic hero

Making a judgement error that leads to their own destruction

Folk Epic

Passed down orally during ancient times; No definitive authorship; Written down long after composed Ex. Beowulf (Anglo-Saxon)

The Great Chain of Being

People of the Renaissance deeply believed that everything within the universe has a fixed place. People believed in this hierarchy of the universe.

Hamartia

Personal error in protagonist personality that brings about his tragic downfall in tragedy

Why is comedic relief necessary in Macbeth?

Porter: distressed the audience and gave a break from the intensity

Quatrain

Presents a question (4 lines each)

Who brought Christianity to the Anglo-Saxon people?

Saint Augustine

Monologue

Spoken out loud and everyone can hear it

Tragedy

Story of seemingly heroic figure whose major flaw causes the tragedy to the end of the tragic downfall

ITIS

Suffix found in Greek & Latin, meaning "disease" or "inflammation"

When does the Pardoner tell this tale?

Tells it during his sermons

The Three Estates of Medieval Society:

The "First Estate"-> The Church (Clergy= those who prayed) The "Second Estate"-> Nobility (Knights= those who fought) The "Third Estate"-> Peasantry (Everyone else including workers, landowners, lawyers, doctors, etc)

Where did the Anglo-Saxons record their years' events?

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle

Regicide

The Killing of a King

Elizabethan Interests

The country is only stable if the King is good and virtuous Evil occurs in darkness Fascination of blood and murder The notion and consequence of regicide

The Rioters

Three men who want to kill Death. Ended up dead because of their greed. Wanted the treasure

The concept of insanity as it applies to Macbeth and Lady Macbeth

To not think so much about the killing of Duncan, otherwise they will go insane and Lady Macbeth does later on from the overload of guilt

Tragic flaw

What brings the character to their downfall Ex. Macbeth: Ambition

Aside

When a character is speaking to another and only the speaker, the listener, and the audience are only able to hear

Archetypal Narrative Elements (definition and examples from "The Pardoner's Tale"

he Rule of Three, Test of Morality, Mysterious Guide, Justice

Be able to list and identify all epic hero characteristics

stating the theme, invoking a muse, begins in media res, includes a catalogue, writes in elevated style, frequent use of the epic simile, setting is vast in scope, supernatural influences

Guy Fakes

the gunpowder plot