Enhancement 06

Spearman's g factor refers to a) a general intelligence that underlies successful performance on a wide variety of tasks. b) a highly developed skill or talent possessed by a person with an otherwise limited mental ability. c) the genetic contribution to intelligence. d) the ability to understand and regulate emotions.

a) a general intelligence that underlies successful performance on a wide variety of tasks.

The bystander effect refers to the tendency for an observer of an emergency to withhold aid if the a) emergency is being observed by a number of other people. b) emergency takes place in a large city. c) observer has just endured a frustrating experience. d) observer has been exposed to many similar emergencies in the past.

a) emergency is being observed by a number of other people.

When Professor McGuire asks her students to answer questions in class, she can quickly tell from their facial expressions whether they are happy to participate. Professor McGuire's perceptual skill best illustrates a) emotional intelligence. b) analytical intelligence. c) practical intelligence. d) factor analysis.

a) emotional intelligence.

The study of how genes and environment interact to influence intelligence and other human characteristics is called a) epigenetics. b) growth mind-set. c) tutored human enrichment. d) polygenetics.

a) epigenetics.

The similarity between the intelligence test scores of identical twins raised apart is a) greater than that between ordinary siblings raised together. b) equal to that between identical twins raised together. c) equal to that between fraternal twins raised together. d) less than that between children and their biological parents.

a) greater than that between ordinary siblings raised together.

The enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through group discussion is called a) group polarization. b) the chameleon effect. c) mood linkage. d) social facilitation.

a) group polarization.

A measure of intelligence based on head size is likely to have a ________ level of reliability and a ________ level of validity. a) high; low b) low; low c) high; high d) low; high

a) high; low

Binet and Simon designed a test of intellectual abilities in order to a) identify children likely to have difficulty learning in regular school classes. b) provide a quantitative estimate of inherited intellectual potential. c) distinguish between verbal comprehension and working memory. d) assess general capacity for goal-directed adaptive behavior.

a) identify children likely to have difficulty learning in regular school classes.

By demonstrating both intelligence and grit, highly successful people demonstrate the importance of both ability and a) motivation. b) creativity. c) aptitude. d) problem solving.

a) motivation.

The importance of environmental influences on intelligence is provided by evidence that a) the cognitive development of neglected children is often delayed. b) general intelligence scores predict performance on a variety of complex tasks. c) mental similarities between adopted children and their adoptive families increase with age. d) identical twins raised together have more similar intelligence scores than fraternal twins raised together.

a) the cognitive development of neglected children is often delayed.

Compared with people from East Asian cultures, those from individualist Western countries are more likely to demonstrate a) the fundamental attribution error. b) positive attitudes. c) cognitive dissonance. d) situational attributions.

a) the fundamental attribution error.

In 1942, German reserve police officers obeyed orders to kill some 1500 Jews in the village of Jozefow, Poland. This incident illustrated that people are most likely to be destructively obedient when a) they perceive their orders to come from legitimate authority figures. b) they derive personal satisfaction from destructive acts. c) they fail to realize their actions are morally wrong. d) their victims are distant and depersonalized.

a) they perceive their orders to come from legitimate authority figures.

Deindividuation refers to a) the enhancement of a group's prevailing attitudes through group discussion. b) a loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that fosters arousal and anonymity. c) the tendency to comply with a large request after agreeing to a small request. d) lack of critical thinking due to a strong desire for social harmony within a group.

b) a loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that fosters arousal and anonymity.

The fundamental attribution error is most likely to occur when we explain an instance of a) good behavior performed by a person we have never met before. b) bad behavior performed by a person we have never met before. c) good behavior performed by a person we have previously met in a number of different situations. d) bad behavior performed by a person we have previously met in a number of different situations.

b) bad behavior performed by a person we have never met before.

The discomfort we feel when two thoughts are inconsistent is called a) an attitude. b) cognitive dissonance. c) role playing. d) an attribution.

b) cognitive dissonance.

The foot-in-the-door phenomenon refers to the tendency to a) change our attitude because it differs from our behavior. b) comply with a large request if one has previously complied with a small request. c) attribute strangers' behavior to their personal dispositions. d) behave according to our feelings rather than our beliefs.

b) comply with a large request if one has previously complied with a small request.

Energetic persistence in pursuit of challenging goals is most clearly an indication of a) street smarts. b) grit. c) the g factor. d) emotional intelligence.

b) grit.

Alex thinks smoking is addictive but other players on his hockey team insist that it's not. Alex is likely to conform to their opinion if a) there is obvious disagreement among team players regarding the issue. b) he feels insecure in his role as a new member of the team. c) he has publicly voiced his opinion on this issue. d) there are very few team members whom he currently wants to befriend.

b) he feels insecure in his role as a new member of the team.

Poverty and unemployment are likely to be explained in terms of personal dispositions by ________ and in terms of situational influences by ________. a) social psychologists; evolutionary psychologists b) political conservatives; political liberals c) women; men d) the poor; the rich

b) political conservatives; political liberals

After she was promoted to a high-level executive position in the large company for which she worked, Jorana developed more pro-business political attitudes. This best illustrates the impact of ________ on attitudes. a) cognitive dissonance b) role playing c) dispositional attributions d) peripheral route persuasion

b) role playing

Blindfolded university students were observed to pull harder on a rope when they thought they were pulling alone than when they thought three others were pulling with them on the same rope. This best illustrates a) social facilitation. b) social loafing. c) group polarization. d) the chameleon effect.

b) social loafing.

In Milgram's obedience experiments, "teachers" were MOST likely to deliver high levels of shock when a) the experimenter was perceived to be an ordinary college student like themselves. b) the "learner" was placed in a different room from the "teacher." c) they saw that other "learners" disobeyed the experimenter. d) they saw how "learners" who disobeyed the experimenter were punished.

b) the "learner" was placed in a different room from the "teacher."

Jackson agreed to Stanley's suggestion that they shoplift some video games. Later in the week, Jackson agreed to go along with Stanley's suggestion to steal a neighbor's expensive racing bike. Reflecting on what he had done, Jackson was surprised by his willingness to comply with Stanley's request. Jackson's experience illustrates a) central route persuasion. b) the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. c) the fundamental attribution error. d) cognitive dissonance.

b) the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

Monica sees Laurena, who is normally shy, give a speech in class with confidence. Monica therefore attributes Laurena's behavior to the course requirement. Monica's explanation for Laurena's behavior is an example of a) cognitive dissonance. b) the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. c) a situational attribution. d) a dispositional attribution.

c) a situational attribution.

Adjusting our behavior or thinking toward a group standard is called a) social loafing. b) groupthink. c) conformity. d) mood contagion.

c) conformity.

Schooling ________ children's intelligence test performance. Children's intelligence ________ their later adult income. a) has no effect on; has no effect on b) enhances; has no effect on c) enhances; enhances d) has no effect on; enhances

c) enhances; enhances

Social loafing refers to the tendency for people to a) become more distracted from their tasks when working with friends than when working with strangers. b) perform a complex task more poorly when others are present. c) exert less effort when they are pooling their efforts toward a common goal. d) exert less effort when they are paid by the hour, not by the amount of work completed.

c) exert less effort when they are pooling their efforts toward a common goal.

Group polarization is most likely to occur in a group in which a) little communication is possible. b) individuals have not formed any opinion. c) individuals share a similar opinion. d) each individual has a unique perspective.

c) individuals share a similar opinion.

Marta is known for her sense of humor and joke telling. Even though her friends are down about their football team losing a game, as soon as Marta enters the room everyone begins to smile. This best illustrates a) deindividuation. b) informational social influence. c) mood contagion. d) groupthink.

c) mood contagion.

Social facilitation refers to the tendency to a) neglect critical thinking because of a strong desire for social harmony within a group. b) comply with a large request if one has previously complied with a small request. c) perform well-learned tasks more effectively in the presence of others. d) lose self-restraint in group situations that foster anonymity.

c) perform well-learned tasks more effectively in the presence of others.

Sweden and Iceland exhibit little of the gender gap in mathematical abilities found in Turkey and Korea. This best illustrates that mental abilities are a) genetic. b) polygenetic. c) socially influenced. d) stable.

c) socially influenced.

Psychologist Carol Dweck believes that training students to believe that intelligence is changeable, not fixed, can help them develop ________, in which students attribute their successes to hard work, not to fixed intelligence. a) their polygenetics b) their general intelligence c) their epigenetics d) a growth mind-set

d) a growth mind-set

Attribution theory suggests that we tend to attribute others' behavior either to their a) heredity or their environment. b) thoughts or their emotions. c) biological motives or their psychological motives. d) dispositions or their situations.

d) dispositions or their situations.

We have a tendency to explain the behavior of strangers we have observed in only one type of situation in terms of ________ and to explain our own behavior in terms of ________. a) cognitive dissonance; attitudes b) attitudes; cognitive dissonance c) situational constraints; personality traits d) personality traits; situational constraints

d) personality traits; situational constraints

Compared with traditional college entrance exams, assessments that include tests of Sternberg's three intelligences reveal ________ ethnic group differences in intelligence and ________ accurate prediction of American students' first-year grades. a) increased; less b) increased; more c) reduced; less d) reduced; more

d) reduced; more

The fundamental attribution error refers to our tendency to underestimate the impact of ________ and to overestimate the impact of ________ in explaining the behavior of others. a) cognitive dissonance; attitudes b) attitudes; cognitive dissonance c) personal dispositions; situational influences d) situational influences; personal dispositions

d) situational influences; personal dispositions

Professional athletes perform better before an audience than when alone. This best illustrates a) social loafing. b) group polarization. c) conformity. d) social facilitation.

d) social facilitation.