ENV 101 Chapter 11

During the formation of sedimentary rock layers, sediments accumulate over time, leading to __________ of the layers.

Compaction

Australia is composed of relatively old and thick _____ .

Continental Crust

Mineral extraction by removing 100 vertical meters from hill and mountain tops

Mountaintop removal mining

The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is a divergent boundary that bisects the entire Atlantic Ocean. What is produced at this and other mid-ocean ridges?

New oceanic crust

Earthquakes, volcanoes, and landslides can displace large volumes of water in the ocean and trigger which of the following natural disasters?

Tsunamis

Inner Core

composed mostly of solid metal

Outer Core

composed of molten metal

Upper Mantle

contains the asthenosphere just below the crust

Plate tectonic movement results from ________.

convective movements of rock in the underlying mantle

Which of the following are responsible for the formation of some of the world's highest mountains?

convergent plate boundaries

Several times a year volcanoes erupt along the Aleutian Island chain in southern Alaska. What geologic feature is responsible for these hazardous events?

convergent plate boundary

Which of the following correctly represents the basic layers of Earth from the innermost to the outermost?

core, mantle, crust

Tunneling deep underground to extract minerals

subsurface mining

Earth's mantle ________.

surrounds the core as a thick, elastic rock formation

The lithosphere consists of ________.

the uppermost mantle and the continental and oceanic crust

The Pacific "ring of fire" is a volcanic area where ________.

there are many earthquakes and active plate boundaries

Lower Mantle

thick layer of dense rock surrounding the core

Crust

thin rock layer at Earth's surface

What type of rock results when rock is exposed to great pressure and high temperatures lower than the rock's melting point?

Metamorphic

The earthquakes that occur in Southern California generally occur above a _____ .

Fault

Old Faithful Geyser at Yellowstone National Park in the United States acquires its energy from a _____ .

Hot spot

Volcanoes are created when lava cools and accumulates over time. What type of rock are volcanoes made of?

Igneous Rock

When magma or lava cools, the result is ________.

Igneous rock

The formation of rock through compaction and cementation is termed __________.

Lithification

Excavating a giant hole in the landscape to remove widely spread mineral deposits

Open pit mining

Sifting through sand and silt in riverbeds for minerals using a sluice with running water

Placer mining

Restoration of mined areas to pre-mining conditions

Reclamation

_____ found in the Atlantic Ocean between North America and Europe is composed of dense and relatively young rock.

Seafloor Crust

The slowly increasing distance between South America and Africa is due to _____ .

Seafloor spreading

Both fossils and fossil fuels are found in __________ rock layers.

Sedimentary

Layered _____ exposed by erosion can be seen when looking at the Grand Canyon in the United States.

Sedimentary rock

Dissolves and extracts resources via a narrow borehole

Solution mining

Surface layers are removed to expose and extract horizontal mineral deposits

Strip mining

The extremely deep ocean Marianas Trench is a result of _____ .

Subduction

Many types of mining, such as for coal and copper, produce a specific type of water pollution called ________.

acid drainage

Earthquakes are likely to occur ________.

along tectonic plate boundaries where there is movement

Sedimentary rock is formed ________.

as sediment materials are pressed together and infiltrated by minerals

Where do large-scale strike-slip faults, which cut through the entire lithosphere, occur?

at transform plate boundaries

At ________ plate boundaries, tectonic plates are pushed away from each other when magma rises to the surface, creating new crust.

divergent