ENV 101 - Chapter 3

climax

A community that is stable for long periods of time and does not change is a(n) ______ community.

True

A core habitat has more consistent conditions than the edge of a landscape (true or false).

secondary

A forest fire burns all of the vegetation to the soil and the seeds in the soil quickly sprout and begin the succession process. This example is _____ succession.

false

A habitat includes the role that an organism fills. (True or false)

primary, secondary

A lava flow would result in ______ succession whereas a forest fire would result in ______ succession.

tolerance limit

A particular species cannot live at temperatures above 39∘C for more than 40 to 45 minutes; this set of conditions is the species' _____.

sympatric

A species of moth has a range of mating times within the same forest. Over time, there is a divergence with moths either mating in the morning or in the late afternoon until the two groups no longer interbreed, leading to two unique species. This type of speciation is _____.

K-selected

A species that exhibits high parental care and tends to be high in trophic level is a(n) ______ species.

endemic

A species that occurs only in one specific geographic area is referred to as a(n) _______ species.

Disturbance

A(n) ___________ a force that disrupts community structure.

the same

Abundance is the number of individuals of ____ species in a particular area.

heritable, hereditary, inheritable, inherited, or genetic

Adaptation is the acquisition of advantageous traits. These traits must be _____ , in order to be passed on and benefit future generations.

false

All disturbances are unhealthy for ecosystems (true or false).

allopatric

An earthquake creates a physical barrier that separates a population of cute mountain bunnies. Over many generations the two mountaintops have distinctly different types of bunnies. The type of speciation event is _____.

generalist

An omnivore that lives in a mid-latitude climate is more likely to be a _____.

indicator

An organism that is sensitive to environmental conditions can make a good _______ species for the health of the entire ecosystem.

factor or limiting factor

An organism's ability to survive in a given area may be limited by the least available resource, also known as the critical ________ .

-Digestion of nutrients -Supply hormones and neurotransmitters -Exclusion of pathogens

Bacteria in your gut are part of your microbiome, and are only a few of the thousands of different organisms that live symbiotically with you. Choose three of the important functions of gut microorganisms.

taxonomy

Before a scientist can explore evolutionary relationships, behavior, ecology, and other aspects, he or she first must know the _____ of an organism.

taxonomy

Biologists use _____ to categorize and organize research collections so that work may be carried out in the future. (Use just one word for your answer.)

An old-growth forest

Choose the situation that best represents a climax community.

spatial

Community structure is the ______ distribution pattern of individuals.

antagonistic

Competition is a type of ____ relationship.

dependent

Density-__ mechanisms are a result of interactions between and/or among populations.

species

Diversity is the number of different _______ in an area

tolerance

Environmental factors have levels beyond which a species cannot survive; we refer to these as ______ limits.

temperature, pH

Examples of environmental factors that cause physiological stress are ____ and ____.

Disturbances

Floods and fires are considered natural ____ that are essential for ecosystem health.

differences

Genetic isolation may lead to speciation because the separated populations build up genetic ____ over time.

Sheep and cows grazing in a field

Identify the example of competition.

-Gorillas -Florida panthers

Identify the examples of a K-selected species.

-Roach -Wildflower

Identify the examples of an r-selected species.

Exponential

Identify the type of growth pattern seen in the first part of the graph represented by the J-curve.

Logistic

Identify the type of growth pattern seen in the graph (line A).

dynamics

If a scientist were tracking the birth rates, death rates, and overall population fluctuations of mountain gorillas in Uganda, then that scientist is studying the population ______ of the gorillas.

complexity

If an ecosystem has a substantial number of species in each trophic level, then it is said to have high _____.

population or exponential

If houseflies were freed of predation and given unlimited food, this would result in extreme _____ growth.

moisture

In a desert habitat, plant survivability is most limited by the amount of _____.

speciation

In order for _______ to occur, reproductive isolation must occur; this may occur either geographically or behaviorally.

isolation

In order for a new species to arise, there must be genetic ______.

reproduce, breed, or procreate

Natural selection refers to the process where individuals with a useful trait _____ more successfully than those without the trait. This is a major driver of evolution.

productivity

Net primary _______ is the amount of biomass stored after respiration.

amount of biomass stored after respiration

Net primary productivity is the ______.

Disease

Of the following environmental factors, which is not classified as physiological?

-genetic drift -random mutation

Once a population has been separated, the DNA structure of that population begins to diverge as a result of _____, which may lead to speciation.

coevolution

Physical change that occurs in a species as a response to its predator over thousands of years is _____.

adaptation

Poison dart/arrow frogs (families Aromobatidae and Dendrobatidae) have evolved an ability to sequester potent toxins from their diet which they use for defense against predators. The predation pressures have driven the frogs' evolutionary _______ and therefore natural selection of this group of frogs.

dynamics

Population _______ describes the changes in population size over time.

-behavior and physical changes -food-obtaining mechanisms -all life-cycle stages

Predation affects _____ in both predator and prey species.

all

Predation can affect a species population during _____ life stages of both predator and prey species.

inter

Predation of one species on another is an example of an ______ -specific interaction. A good example is between foxes and rabbits.

productivity

Primary _____ is the creation of biomass by photosynthesis.

much biomass

Primary productivity is measured in terms of how ______ (in grams) is produced per unit area (square meters) in a given year.

keystone

Sea otters are a(n) __ species in the kelp forests of the Pacific coast. The overhunting of sea otters may cause catastrophic change in the kelp forest.

mutations, traits, or adaptations

Selection pressure is a term that refers to factors that make certain _______ within a species advantageous.

environmental factors

Species are limited to where they can live by ____.

becomes too extreme

Species become more infrequent when the level of environmental factors _____.

Specialist

Species that are extremely efficient in a particular habitat

Generalist

Species that tend to have large geographic ranges and thrive in a broad variety of habitats

-the study of types of organisms -important in scientific research

Taxonomy is ____.

inseparable

Termites have a protozoan symbiote in their gut that breaks down the cellulose in wood, allowing the termite to obtain nutrients from the wood while the protozoan is protected from the external environment. Therefore, the termite and the protozoan are _____.

niche

The American carrion beetle, Necrophila americana, is a decomposer that lives in marshy and forested areas in North America east of the Rockies. The role and location together are the ____ of the beetle.

habitat, niche

The Florida Everglades is the ecological ______ of the osprey, and a wetlands secondary consumer is its ecological _______.

competitive, exclusion

The _____ _____ principle states that no two species may occupy the same ecological niche for long.

speciation

The development of a new species is ______.

role or function

The difference between a habitat and a niche is that a niche includes the organism's _______ within a specific community.

a bamboo forest herbivore

The ecological niche of a giant panda is _____.

ecosystem

The elimination of a keystone species may cause catastrophic change to the __.

populations, species, or organisms

The graph indicates that density-dependent mechanisms affecting population growth may be a result of interactions between different ______.

North American wetlands

The habitat of the American alligator, (Alligator mississippiensis), is _____.

microbiome

The human ______ is the collection of cells that inhabit our bodies and with which we have a symbiotic relationship.

selection

The monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus (Latin), has developed a chemical defense against predation from birds. This adaptation has led to increased survival from predators overall and therefore is driving natural ______ .

carrying capacity

The number of animals that can be supported in an environment is called ______.

r-selected

The number of animals that can be supported in an environment is called ______.

physiological stress

The saguaro cactus (Carnegiea gigantea) can only exist in environments that do not go below freezing. This would be an example of __ limiting species distribution.

exponential

The type of population growth pattern that displays a J-shaped curve, and has no limit, is ______ growth.

logistic or sigmoidal

The type of population growth pattern that slows as the carrying capacity is approached, and makes an S-shaped curve on a graph, is ______ growth.

predation, competition

The types of limitations that may affect a species' distribution are _______ ,_______ , and (physiological) stress. (Use just one word for each answer.)

coevolution

The zebra longwing butterfly (Heliconius charitonius) has adapted to withstand the toxins and defenses in its host plant, the passion flower (Passiflora sp.). This back-and-forth response of adaptations between the butterfly and plant that has lasted thousands of years is _______.

indicator species

Trout are reliable ____ because they are sensitive to water quality; their absence or presence represents the health of the entire ecosystem.

reach huge numbers

Under the right conditions and if there are no constraints, a population can __.

Core habitat

Uniform environment that is free of the influence of edges

One that occurs only in a specific environment

What is an endemic species?

Selection pressure

What is the term or phrase we use to describe factors that make certain mutations advantageous?

intraspecific or intraspecies

When a new male lion from a different population takes over a pride, often that new male kills all of the cubs. This is an example of a(n)_______ interaction.

interspecific

When a population is affected by a population of another species, this is an example of a(n) _____ interaction.

natural selection

When a version of an organism in a population has a useful trait that leads to a higher reproductive success, this is known as _____.

symbiotic

When the fate of two species are intimately linked, they share a(n) __ relationship.

competitive exclusion

When two similar species occupy the same niche, competition will eventually eliminate one of the species from that niche. This is the principle of __ __.

Edge effects

Where communities meet, and environmental conditions blend

-An adult mother polar bear chasing her full-grown young out of her territory. -Two stallions fighting over a mare.

Which of the following are examples of intraspecific interactions?

Disease

Which of the following is not an example of an ecological disturbance?

Carrying

_____ capacity is the maximum abundance of a species that can be supported without depleting resources.

Adaptation

_____ is the acquisition of advantageous traits.

Diversity

_____ is the number of unique species in a given area.

Abundance

_____ refers to the number of individuals of a given species in a particular area.

Taxonomy

______ is the study of types of organisms and their relationships. Scientists use it to classify and organize organisms.

Complexity

______ refers to the number of species in each trophic level.

Community

______ structure refers to patterns of spatial distribution and the relation of a particular species to its surroundings.

Environmental

_______ factors can limit where a species exists.