Environmental Final

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In a food chain, snakes consume mice, which in turn feed on grasshoppers. The grasshoppers consume grass. How great a biomass of mice could 10,000 kg of grass likely support?

100 kg

A total fertility rate of ________ children is known as replacement fertility

2.1

Select the hypothetical forest with the greatest species evenness.

25 oak trees, 25 maple trees, 25 hickory trees, 25 pine trees

Based on this human population profile which age cohort (i.e. group) is the largest portion of the entire population?

50-60

Coral bleaching is occurring due to - warming ocean temperatures - decrease in ocean pH levels - increase in ocean pH levels - Arctic glaciers melting

A and B

Why were wetlands created along the Creek Turnpike in Jenks, OK? - flood control - mosquito control - fulfill the federal mandate of "no net loss of wetlands"

A and C

A computer model predicts a rise in mean global temperature by 3.6°F. How will this affect the oceans?

A computer model predicts a rise in mean global temperature by 3.6°F. How will this affect the oceans?

Which of the following represents a type of mutualism?

A honeybee feeds on nectar in an orange tree flower and pollinates the flower

Biocentric preservationists, first led by John Muir, advocate saving natural areas for their

Aesthetic and spiritual values and wildlife habitat

____________________ is called the "Father of Conservation Biology" as he considered land from an ecological-evolutionary viewpoint and to manage it for maintaining ecological integrity.

Aldo Leopold

From a Judeo-Christian perspective, which of the following would NOT be a "purpose" of the Creation? - Providing for the needs of human and non-human creatures - Praising God's glory and majesty as Creator - Testifies of God as Creator - Teaching us examples of godly principles

All of the above are Biblical purposes of the Creation

According to the second law of thermodynamics: - the tendency of any isolated system is to move toward disorder - energy degrades or is wasted as it is transferred or transformed - entropy increases without energy inputs

All of these are correct

Environmental science is an interdisciplinary area of study that deals with all of the following except: - politics, - economics, - ethics

All of these are correct

Eutrophication is caused when which of the following occurs? - Excess nutrients cause a large growth of phytoplankton and algae. - Decaying matter accumulates in the water. - Decomposing bacteria remove oxygen from the water.

All of these are correct

Pseudoscience: - is a deceptive practice, - utilizes appearance and language of science, - is misleading

All of these are correct

Which of the factors pertaining to women and girls increases as total fertility rate drops? - health - workforce participation - education level

All of these are correct

Which of the following is a human impact on biodiversity? - extinction of species - alteration of habitats - introduction of invasive species

All of these are correct

A coral reef ecosystem could include which list of components? - sponges, sea anemones, and fish - coral, sunlight, and water - minerals, microscopic organisms, and worms

All of these are correct.

An area described as a dead zone in the ocean is an area with - large amounts of decomposers present. - low oxygen concentration. - very few fish.

All of these are correct.

Nitrogen is converted from its free form to ammonia by which of the following? - decomposers - nitrogen-fixing bacteria - lightning strikes

All of these are correct.

Select the example of a proxy indicator of paleoclimate. - tree rings - ice cores - coral skeletons

All of these are correct.

Which of the following would be a sink for phosphorus? - lithosphere - hydrosphere - biosphere

All of these are correct.

Which of the following would be impacts of a decline in wild salmon populations? - Commercial fishing would decrease. - Cultural traditions would be lost. - Intrinsic value would be decreased.

All of these are correct.

Which of the following is a form of energy? - Electricity - Food - Heat - Light

All of these are forms of energy

Some scientists have proposed the ________ as a new epoch that encompasses the period in Earth's history during which humans have had a dominant influence over the environment.

Anthropocene

This population profile would be most reflective of the following: - Profile of a developing, low income country - Profile of a developed, high income country - Profile with high population momentum - Profile with minimal population momentum

B and D are accurate

Most environmental problems result from

Complex, interrelated problems

Some people say that human ingenuity and technology is the ultimate resource. In the past, people have overcome the carrying capacity and thus there is no human carrying capacity. This perspective is often termed:

Cornucopian or Wizard

Select the correct statement regarding genetically modified organisms (GMOs)

Crops that are engineered to be herbicide resistant require less plowing to control weeds, which helps to protect soil from erosion.

In this population growth curve logistic growth is illustrated by

D

The issue that racial and ethnic minorities face unusually high exposure to environmental hazards is a central argument to

Environmental justice

Select the correct relationship among the variables population (P), affluence (A), and (T) technology, that influence environmental impact (I).

I = PAT

Which of the following is the most accurate conclusion about these results?

If a cornfield is sprayed with pesticide Z, it will have fewer grasshoppers 10 weeks later

Many state that the environmental crisis is really a moral crisis. Which of the following is the best pair of root moral causes?

Ignorance and Greed

Synthetic fertilizers greatly increase crop yields. However, excessive applications of nitrogen fertilizers can cause which of these problems?

Increased nutrient runoff leads to the eutrophication of aquatic

Admonitions from the Bible were used by the European powers during the colonial period to:

Justify exploitation of nature

The motion of a rock rolling downhill is known as __________ energy.

Kinetic

What is the difference between an area designated as wilderness (according to the Wilderness Act) and a national park?

Motorized transportation is only allowed in national parks, not wilderness areas

Select the description of exponential growth. - Density-dependent factors limit the rate of population growth. - A graph of population size over time shows an S-shaped curve. - Growth rate slows as the population approaches carrying capacity.

None of these are correct

Which person developed high yield, drought resistant wheat by traditional plant breeding that led to the "Green Revolution?"

Norman Borlaug

Who was NOT a notable 19th century conservationist philosopher?

Rachel Bilson

The process of cellular respiration

Releases energy from chemical bonds of molecules such as glucose

Photosynthesis is the process of converting __________ into __________ energy.

Sunlight; chemical bond

Which statement is correct regarding total fertility rates (TFR)?

The TFRs in developing countries are often above 3.0

Given that the populations of these countries are 320 million (United States), 1.4 billion (China), and 1.3 billion (India), which of the statements is correct?

The average footprint for an individual is larger in the United States than in China or India

The ecological footprint of the average U.S. citizen is significantly larger than the global average. What would happen if all humans on Earth each had an ecological footprint that matched that of a typical American?

The global usage of resources would become much less sustainable

Select the correct statement regarding hurricane activity over the past 70 years.

The intensity has shifted toward stronger hurricanes.

Select the phrase that correctly describes the transition that occurred about 10,000 years ago from hunter-gatherer to agricultural societies.

The transition involved people residing in one location and cultivating plants and domesticating animals for consumption instead of moving from place to place to find food.

Select the true statement regarding Earth's biodiversity.

Tropical regions have greater species richness than other areas of the globe

Select the true statement regarding Earth's biodiversity.

Tropical regions have greater species richness than other areas of the globe.

Which of the following acronyms apply to groups advocating limiting human population growth?

ZPG

Tracing the path of nitrogen as it travels through living things and nonliving things would be considered

a biogeochemical cycle

Select the example of a genetically modified organism (GMO).

a corn variety that produces an insecticide using a gene from a bacterium

Select the diet choice that likely has the least environmental impact.

a diet in which the majority of meals are vegetarian and avoid meat

Which description characterizes a concentrated animal feeding operation (CAFO)?

a facility that houses and feeds a large number of animals in confinement

Select the example of a monoculture.

a field of corn engineered to resist insect pests

An ecosystem is

a group of interactive species and their environment

Which of the following best represents kinetic energy?

a hot burner on a stove

Scientists are testing the impact of soil on the growth of a plant. They add the plant to soil that has been sterilized (removed of all microbes), and the plant fails to grow. What might be one cause of this finding?

a lack of microbes that will fix nitrogen

The basic premise behind the "The tragedy of the commons" is

a resource becomes overexploited when its ownership is shared.

A mining company plans to build a highway through a forest in northern Canada that is important for caribou migration. What could ensure the safe migration of caribou without having to cancel plans for this highway?

a wildlife corridor

Which of the following does not represent an important aspect of sound science? A scientist

accepts funding from an industry and tries to generate data to support their products to treat lung cancer

Which of the following ecosystem service degradations is not a major environmental concern for sustainable development? - overfishing the oceans - degrading agricultural soils - depleting supplies of oil - cutting forests faster than they can regrow

all of the above ARE major environmental concerns

Select the phrase that characterizes a synthetic fertilizer.

an industrially produced nutrient for plant growth

Total fertility rate refers to the

average number of children born to a woman in her reproductive years

A thermostat connected to a central air conditioning and heating system in your house serves to provide what change in the temperature?

balancing feedback

Select the phrase that best defines an aspect of pseudoscience

blocks findings from scientific scrutiny

Which of the following gases by virtue of its enormous amount in the atmosphere has the greatest impact on global climate change?

carbon dioxide

Which is the most significant greenhouse gas released by human activities?

carbon dioxide CO2

The increase in atmospheric levels of ________ is leading to a ________ in the pH of oceans.

carbon dioxide; decrease

Select the term that defines the maximum number of individuals of a species that a habitat can sustainably support.

carrying capacity

Scientists distinguish between situations that are merely correlated and those that are correlated and show

cause-and-effect relationships

Grazing animals and the grasses they eat have both evolved in response to each other's influence. This process is known as

coevolution

Some biologists have identified symbiotic relationships in which it appears that one organism gains from the relationship while the other organism is unaffected. Although after further research, the researchers find out that both members of the relationship actually benefit. The

commensalism is really an example of mutualism

On a farm, owls and cats feed on mice. Which scale of life do these interactions represent?

community

sustainable development

conservation

A ___________________ is established when land owners give up development rights, but not ownership, in order to protect natural areas.

conservation easement

According to the first law of thermodynamics, energy can be

conserved

Primary consumers get their energy from

consuming plants

A(n) ________ is a test in which researchers intentionally manipulate some aspect of a system and compare the changed system to an unaltered one.

controlled experiment

What is the primary environmental concern linked to open-water fishing?

declining fish populations due to overfishing

The term demographic transition refers to the

decrease in birthrates and death rates of a population as a nation becomes more developed

anthropomorphic, more capitalistic

development

Compared to sound science, junk science

does not conform to the established rigors of sound science

Which of the following is NOT an example of a keystone species? - bison in the prairies - sea kelp of marine forests - wolves of Yellowstone NP

each of A-C are examples of a keystone species

The classical economic paradigm and the new ecological economic paradigm differ in the way that

each views the land, either as a resource within the human economy (classical) or as something that encompasses the economy (ecological).

Mangroves are small shrubs and trees in intercostal regions. They protect shorelines from damaging storms, winds, waves, and floods, which have been found to be important in preventing erosion. This aspect of mangroves is considered a(n)

ecosystem service

Consider the following: we use wood to build our homes, we use compounds derived from plants for pharmaceutical drugs, and we use fish for sustenance, all of which are examples of

ecosystem services

The Mississippi River delivers runoff from farms in the Midwest to the waters of the Gulf of Mexico. Excess fertilizer enters the Gulf, resulting in a Dead Zone, or water area that cannot support life. As a shrimp farmer, you are concerned about how this affects the ________ of the Gulf.

ecosystem services

Biodiversity hot spots have a relatively high number of

endemic species

Tapeworms living inside the intestines of their host are an example of what type of relationship?

endoparasitism

The most effective way to reduce GHG emissions is to increase

energy efficiency and renewable energy.

The 3 Es that serve as key considerations for sustainability efforts are

environment, economy, equity

The ecological economic paradigm places the greatest emphasis on the

essential functions of the natural environment.

Corporate actions that release toxic fumes into the atmosphere from their smoke stacks without installing cleaning scrubbers and thus, making the public pay for cleaning the air is an example of:

externalize costs

Energy

flows through and nutrients cycle within ecosystems

A baby "boom" in the U.S. was experienced

following WWII

The Native peoples of the Pacific Northwest practiced sustainability by

following rituals and rules that allowed a large share of salmon to reproduce

Habitat destruction that leaves only small patches of natural habitat is considered

fragmentation

The Biblical concept of God blessing humans and all creatures with quality of life and ability to multiply is termed the

fruitfulness principle

The Endangered Species Act of 1973

gave the federal government jurisdiction over any species that were designated as endangered.

Many consumer products are labeled with a certification from the Forest Stewardship Council that guarantees that sustainable forest management was used for that product. What is one example of a practice done in sustainable forest management?

harvesting selectively and leaving large dead trees

Declining agrobiodiversity with the Green Revolution correlates with which outcome?

higher-yield varieties grown as single-crop monocultures

NIMBY is an acronym that refers to:

homeowners attitude of keeping polluting industries or waste out of their neighborhood

Most methane emissions arise from

human sources

Ecological footprint analysis is a method used to understand the

impact of choices on the environment

The most dramatic temperature shifts in the past few decades have been

in the north and south polar regions

The Endangered Species Act

includes species recovery plans intended to help listed species survive and thrive in their habitat.

Which of the following activities have contributed the greatest amount of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere over the past 100 years?

increased reliance upon coal, oil, and natural gas

Which phrase characterizes how agricultural production has changed over the last 100 years?

increasing scale of farming and decreasing diversity of food resources

Prior to publication in a scientific journal, an article must undergo the process of peer review. In this process, "peer" refers to which group?

independent experts in the field of study

What concept if practiced would best reduce the environmental impact of populations rising consumption of resources?

individuals practicing stewardship of resources

Many people desire to have a home with a view of a river or lake. While there is no monetary value in this view of water, it still has

intrinsic value

Rabbits are not native to Australia. They were first introduced by humans in a game ranch by for hunting, and subsequently escaped and reproduced into the millions. This is an example of

invasive species

The sea lamprey was accidentally brought into the U.S. Great Lakes and preyed on the endemic lake fish resulting in drastic population reduction of the native fish in the lakes. The lamprey is considered a:

invasive, non-native species

Biodiversity is important because

it is necessary to maintain stability of ecosystems

Carbon dioxide is considered to be the primary greenhouse gas because

it is responsible for most of the recent global warming.

Private conservation efforts to protect against the private development of land have relied upon the formation of

land trusts

The Amazon rainforest receives large amounts of precipitation that moves nutrients in the topsoil, potentially below the reach of plant roots. What is this process called?

leaching

Which of the following is NOT a trait of an edge habitat:

less sunlight vs. the interior

The planet T shirt videos illustrate the concept of

life cycle analysis

Desertification refers to the

loss of more than 10% of land's productivity due to factors such as drought, extreme erosion, and soil infertility.

Ecological footprint analysis

measures the rate of resource consumption and waste generation

A sustainable society

meets the needs and aspirations of the present without compromising those of the future

Global warming is raising sea levels because of

melting ice and thermal expansion

On a farm, owls feed on mice, which in turn prey on grasshoppers. The grasshoppers consume grass. Select the secondary consumer.

mice

All of the following are anthropogenic greenhouse gases except

molecular oxygen

The impact of global warming on the water cycle is expected to produce

more precipitation

Carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration in the atmosphere increased from 280 parts per million (ppm) in 1750 to 400 ppm in 2013. How has this change affected the oceans?

movement of CO2 from the atmosphere to the ocean has decreased the pH of ocean waters

Gifford Pinchot's quote "greatest good for the greatest number for the longest time" is the basis for this approach of federal land management called:

multiple use concept

Lands used by the United States Department of Agriculture for provisioning services, such as timber, would be considered a

national forest

A unique series of connected forest ecosystems has been found on public lands in the western United States, which has been found to contain three species of rare toads. What type of designation would be best to preserve the toads in this ecosystem?

national wildlife refuge system

Which process involves the conversion of ammonia to other nitrogen-containing compounds?

nitrification

Species richness refers to the

number of different kinds of species in an area.

Some of the steps followed in the scientific method include:

observation, formulate and test a hypothesis, compare results to others and publish

One human impact on biodiversity is the overexploitation of resources. Which of the following best exemplifies this?

overhunting of the passenger pigeon

What is the "triple bottom line" that is a motto of Sustainable Tulsa?

people, profit, planet

What was the experimental variable in the above experiment?

pesticide Z

All the wolves in Yellowstone Park represent a(n)

population

Select the consequence of bycatch.

population decline for a non-food species

ecocentric, intrinsic and aesthetic value

preservation

Atmospheric greenhouse gases cause the greenhouse effect by

preventing the escape of radiant heat from Earth's surface into space

For a given square mile of an ecosystem, which trophic level will have the greatest total biomass?

primary producer

Carbon dioxide moves out of the atmosphere by the

process of photosynthesis

Which reproductive strategy is correctly paired with its example or description?

r-strategist; high mortality rates

Ice cover in the Arctic reflects sunlight and therefore prevents the warming of ocean water. Each year, as less ice accumulates, more sun reaches the water and heats it up, leading to less ice, warmer water and even less ice, and so on. This is an example of

reinforcing feedback

A study published in the scientific journal PLOS-One in 2008 found that if insects were not available, the cost to pollinate all fruit crops in just one region of South Africa would be over $350 million. This shows the ________ for this ecosystem service.

replacement cost

The ability of an environment to absorb damage and recover quickly is known as ecological

resilience

Slowing the rate of population growth in developing countries is associated with

rising consumption of resources.

In a community, sea otters prey on sea urchins, which in turn consume kelp. Kelp forests make up the habitat for many types of fish, such as rockfish, and a wide range of other species. Identify the keystone species in this community

sea otter

Which of the following is a common edge effect in areas of deforestation?

species are more vulnerable to predation

Mycorrhizae are

symbiotic fungi that increase soil nutrient uptake in plant roots

What is the primary source of biologically available nitrogen on Earth?

synthetic fertilizer

A species at which trophic level would be most vulnerable to extinction due to poaching (illegal hunting)?

tertiary consumer

The confidence in a scientific theory is most related to

the amount of supporting evidence

Most ecosystems have only four or five trophic levels. What limits the number of levels?

the available energy

Cheetahs are found in many protected preserves in Africa, including the Masai Mara National Reserve in Kenya. Many of the preserves are isolated and surrounded by areas without protections for cheetahs. When cheetahs travel outside the preserves to hunt and find mates, they are often hit by cars or exposed to diseases from pests. This is an example of

the ecological island effect

What event 10,000 years ago powered population growth?

the switch from "hunting and gathering" to an agricultural society

What is the main way in which excess phosphorus and nitrogen get into bodies of water to

through agricultural runoff

Countries with larger ecological footprints tend to have

total fertility rates near replacement

In the United States, which source of greenhouse gas emissions is the largest?

transportation

Which answer choice describes a fallow field?

unplanted

Which of the following represents a market approach to environmental policy?

using a cap-and-trade system to control the levels of carbon dioxide released into the air

Which of the following does NOT demonstrate the use of renewable resources?

using underground coal deposits to produce heat and electricity

Which one of the following global climate changes is most associated with increased hurricane activity?

warmer oceans

Which of the following represents an abiotic component of a forest community?

water trickling in a small stream

Natural selection is the process that determines

which individuals within a species will reproduce and pass their genes to the next generation


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