Environmental Science Chapter 13 Forests Test

For what percentage of all terrestrial species do forests provide habitat?

80%

What percentage of wood harvested in Africa is consumed for fuel?

90%

Which forestry method removes the entire forest canopy.

clear-cutting

Know the ecosystem services provided by forests.

purify water, store carbon in atmosphere, conserve biological diversity, and are a source of beauty and inspiration to humans

How does ecotourism aid forests?

raises awareness/ people pay money helping preserve forests

What is the process of determining the amount of forest goods and services to be used by humans called?

rationing

What has been the human effect on primary forests?

they have been largely unaffected by humans

Know the United Nations 7 criteria for sustainable forest management. (in 13.5 somewhere)

1. Biological diversity 2. Productive capacity 3. Ecosystem health and vitality 4. Soil and water resources 5. Global carbon cycles 6. Socioeconomic benefits 7. Legal, institutional, and economic framework

Approximately how much of the Earth's land area is covered by forests?

30%

What have field experiments studying the effects of increased CO2 on forest growth shown?

increased NPP only when nitrogen and water are abundant

What is tree spiking?

involves hammering a metal rod, nail, or other material into a tree trunk, either inserting it at the base of the trunk where a logger might be expected to cut into the tree, or higher up where it would affect the sawmill later processing the wood.

What is causing over half of all deforestation in tropical regions?

the need for agricultural expansion

Which part of the forest would you expect to find squirrel nests?

the subcanopy

What is a prescribed burn?

Fires that are intentionally set by man and are done to burn excess fuel

Know the definition of highgrading and allocation.

Highgrading- In forest harvest, the removal of a particular species of tree for fuel and construction. Allocation- In forest management, decisions regarding the location and amounts of different forest uses.

Why is carving your initials into tree trunks harmful?

Removing the bark prevents the tree from transporting food and water supplies and leaves an opening for harmful pathogens to infect the tree

Know the definition of Minimum dynamic area.

The area necessary to maintain all different individual forest stand types and populations of their associated species, given the typical patterns of disturbance.

What does life as a tree begin with?

a seed

What are some of the consequences of clearing forests for agriculture?

biodiversity decreses, soil erosion increases, water runoff increases and CO2 levels in the atmosphere drop

Where are conifer seeds found in the tree?

cones

What is the clearing of a forest and its replacement by another land use called?

deforestation

What are the common causes of deforestation?

expansion of agriculture, unsustainable harvest, road construction, and urban development

What can fire suppression cause?

fire suppression can result in a build-up of material that fuels future fires

What does rotation time in a forest depend on?

forest management goals

What is wood consumption by humans in developing countries primarily used for?

fuel

What are some of the actions that can be taken to slow deforestation?

improved agricultural practices, management of population growth in forested regions, reduced demand for virgin wood products, reforestation and sustainable forest management, and sustainable economic development.

Why is paper relatively easy and cheap to recycle?

it can be decomposed with its original fibers and then reconsituted

What will the best approach for slowing worldwide deforestation require?

multiple strategies

Which type of forest most likely provides the greatest variety of habitats?

old-growth forests

What, currently, is the most economically valuable non-wood commodity to be harvested from forests?

pharmaceuticals

Which tree species is most widely used for the purpose of making paper?

pine

What did Smokey the Bear's message result in?

smokey the Bear's message resulted in suppression of all forest fires

What can the establishment stage of forest development following disturbance be described as?

tree seedlings germinating on the recently cleared ground

What is primary plant/tree growth mainly characterized by?

upward and downward growth due to cell division at tips of roots and shoots

Know what the rings in tree trunks represents. Be specific.

xylum shows the growth each year