ENVR 1401 Chapter 6 Lab

In 1962 environmental costs amounted to approximately 1 trillion dollars. By 2002 environmental costs had: a) Quadrupled b) Stayed the same c) Tripled d) Doubled.

a) Quadrupled

Today, the reasons conservationists have given for protecting natural environments are shifting from arguments based upon __________ to arguments based upon __________. a) ethics; economics b) aesthetics; ethics c) politics; aesthetics d) religion; ethics

a) ethics; economics

In Costa Rica, cutting down forests will almost immediately increase the cost of producing __________. a) fresh water b) wood pulp for the many paper factories in the region c) timber for building homes and factories d) all of the listed choices

a) fresh water

According to these charts from textbook, when did resources start to decline? a) 2000 b) 1950 c) 1975 d) 2010

b) 1950

Although Jenks-Jay focuses on the role of colleges and universities in promoting sustainability, she does not discuss specific educational topics for students. Which topics does Orr consider essential knowledge? a) Engineering principles for renewable energy technology b) The fundamentals of carrying capacity c) Basics of mathematics d) Economic theory and applications

b) The fundamentals of carrying capacity

As the price of a good increases, the quantity of that good that buyers are willing to purchase ________. a) increases b) decreases c) remains stable d) cannot be determined from the graph

b) decreases

Due to the PSA and other conservation efforts, forest cover within Costa Rica has recovered since 1983 to cover how much land today? a) 17% b) 35% c) 53% d) 60%

c) 53%

Nature Centered Worldview

- Ecocentric - No right to impact diversity - Save a portion for the future - There is a reward for serving any living being - All species have equal worth - Resources are all common pool

When people alter the natural environment, ecosystem services can be affected. If the forest in the upper portion of the figure were clear cut, which of the following ecosystem services would be directly impacted? Select all that apply. - Purifying air; regulating atmosphere - Pollinating plants - Providing habitat - Controlling pests - Regulating water flow - Treating waste; filtering runoff

- Purifying air; regulating atmosphere - Providing habitat - Regulating water flow

Human Centered Worldview

- antropocentric - Human superiority - Be fruitful and multiply, subdue the earth - No need to preserve resources

Ecosystems provide us with unique biological materials and products. These resources are dependent on the organisms' unique genetics. Which of the following are ways that ecosystems provide genetic resources? Select all that apply. - medicines - ornamental plants - native plants that resist pests - pollution control - storm protection

- medicines - ornamental plants - native plants that resist pests

Decide whether each action described would increase a nation's gross domestic product (GDP) or its genuine progress indicator (GPI).

Increases GDP: - A forest is overharvested to keep up with increased demand for paper products - Employee benefits are cut to increase a company's profits - Farmers use fertilizers to increase crop yields - Construction workers rebuild a city block right after a disaster Increases GPI: - Old-growth forest is designated as a park - Volunteers clean animals after an oil spill - Parents take their children camping - Air quality is improved through increased regulations on industrial emissions

Match the names to the type of National lands by dragging them to the correct box.

National Park = Big Bend National Forest = Davy Crockett Nat. Monument = Waco Mammoth AND Alibates Flint Quarry Nat. Seashore = Padre Island Nat. Wildlife Refuge = Aransas AND Hagerman

At least these three ecosystem services would be affected by a clear cut in the forest: regulating water flow providing habitat purifying air; regulating atmosphere If you assume that clear cutting reduces the efficiency of these three ecosystem services by 40%, calculate the value of this loss, assuming that the value is proportional to the reduction in efficiency. a) $5.16 trillion b) $7.74 trillion c) $12.9 trillion d) $516 trillion

a) $5.16 trillion

How many megawatt hours (MWh) per year of savings did the students identify for computers at the Penn State Mueller Laboratory Building? a) 30 MWh b) 10 MWh c) 12 MWh d) 120 MWh

a) 30 MWh

If you assume that the Earth's ecosystem services are worth $153 trillion, what percentage of that total is from cycling nutrients? a) 7.25% b) 11.1% c) 14.5% d) 22.3%

a) 7.25%

What will occur if the demand for a product increases but the supply of that product remains the same? a) A shortage of the product will cause the price of the product to increase. b) A shortage of the product will cause the price of the product to decrease. c) A surplus of the product will lead to a lower price for the product. d) A surplus of the product will cause the price of the product to rise.

a) A shortage of the product will cause the price of the product to increase.

Where do we find Whooping Cranes? a) Aransas b) Alibates c) Big Bend d) Big Thicket

a) Aransas

Which of these statements is supported by the graph? Select all that apply. a) Citizens of the Western world tend to have many happy life years as well as a large ecological footprint. b) The nations of the Middle East show the largest range in both happy life years and ecological footprint. c) Resource consumption in developed nations has increased over time. d) The larger a nation's ecological footprint, the more happy life years its citizens will have. e) Citizens of Sub-Saharan Africa tend to have few happy life years as well as a low ecological footprint.

a) Citizens of the Western world tend to have many happy life years as well as a large ecological footprint. b) The nations of the Middle East show the largest range in both happy life years and ecological footprint. AND e) Citizens of Sub-Saharan Africa tend to have few happy life years as well as a low ecological footprint.

This country was once losing its forests at an alarming rate. Today, this nation has regained much of its forest cover, boasts a world-class park system, and stands as a global model for sustainable resource management. a) Costa Rica b) The United States c) Ireland d) Hawaii

a) Costa Rica

You are a member of a student committee at your college that is evaluating building energy use and potential savings. If your committee finds that your college's potential savings would be similar to those shown for Penn State, action in which area or combination of areas would result in approximately 5% energy savings? a) Lighting b) Printers and elevator c)HVAC d) Computers, printers, and elevator

a) Lighting

Assume that the GDP and benefits for 2012 are the same as GDP and benefits for 2002. If the 2012 environmental costs increase by 100% but the social and economic costs decrease by 50%, the new GPI for 2012 would be: a) Lower than the GPI in 2002. b) There is not enough information to compare the 2002 GPI and the 2012 GPI. c) The same as the GPI in 2002. d) Higher than the GPI in 2002.

a) Lower than the GPI in 2002.

As forest cover has been rising due to the PSA, how has per capita income responded? a) Per capita income increased. b) Per capita income remained the same. c) Per capita income decreased.

a) Per capita income increased.

As the price of a good increases, the quantity of that good that sellers are willing to supply to the market ________. a) increases b) decreases c) approaches equilibrium d) remains stable

a) increases

What information is provided on the y-axis? a) index of life satisfaction, according to a numeric scale b) percent change in per capita GDP c) index of life satisfaction, as a percentage d) change in life satisfaction, on a numeric index

a) index of life satisfaction, according to a numeric scale

Find the left-most dot representing a country where people had the highest index of life satisfaction. How did the GDP in that country change in recent years? a) per capita GDP decreased by about 0.5% b) per capita GDP remained stable c) per capita GDP increased by about 0.5% d) per capita GDP increased by about 9.5%

a) per capita GDP decreased by about 0.5%

What information is provided on the x-axis? a) percent change in a country's gross domestic product divided by the number of people in that country b) average income of a person in a particular country c) life satisfaction of the people in a particular country d) percent change in a country's consumer price index

a) percent change in a country's gross domestic product divided by the number of people in that country

In Central and South America, people are more likely to protect the natural environment because they are learning that __________. a) the natural environment provides most of their basic needs b) natural environments prevent the formation of damaging weather systems such as hurricanes c) most of these systems are a major source of carbon dioxide d) they will pay high fines or be sent to prison if they travel into these regions

a) the natural environment provides most of their basic needs

What does the y-axis show? a) the price of a good or service b) the cost of producing a good or service c) the equilibrium price d) the quantity of a good or service

a) the price of a good or service

What does the blue graph line represent? a) the supply of a good or service b) the demand for a product or service c) the price of a good or service d) the equilibrium supply

a) the supply of a good or service

Find the dot that represents the country with the greatest increase in per capita GDP. What is the index of life satisfaction for people in that country? a) -0.10 b) -0.010 c) 0.010 d) 0.060

b) -0.010

Which of the following would lead to a GPI value closer to the GDP value for any given year? a) Developing new economic policies that allow increased pollution discharge. b) Adopting manufacturing processes with lower energy and resource use. c) Increasing natural resource use to make more material goods. d) Maintaining current fossil-fuel-based energy sources.

b) Adopting manufacturing processes with lower energy and resource use.

Recent studies have examined the relationship between a society's quality of life or "happiness", and its resource use as measured by its ecological footprint. When the values for these measures were graphed for a large number of nations on one figure, it indicated that happiness increased with increased resource use up to a certain point (the point at which people's basic life needs were met). What trend do you think appeared in these data as resource use continued to increase? a) As resource use increased, happiness level decreased correspondingly b) As resource use increased, happiness level leveled off c) As resource use increased, happiness level increased correspondingly

b) As resource use increased, happiness level leveled off

Between 1972 and 1992, GDP increased by approximately 2 trillion dollars. In comparison, GPI: a) Decreased by 1 trillion dollars. b) Increased only slightly. c) Stayed exactly the same. d) Also increased by 2 trillion dollars.

b) Increased only slightly.

The Happy Planet Index assesses nations in various regions of the world for "sustainable well-being" by measuring the happy life years of citizens and the ecological footprint made by their resource consumption. Find the nation on the graph whose citizens experience about 43 happy life years and have an ecological footprint of over 6 hectares per capita. Which region is this nation found in? a) East Asia b) Middle East c) Western world d) Latin America

b) Middle East

Douglas McCauley argues we should protect natural resources by valuing: a) Their structural worth. b) Their cultural significance to humans. c) Their carbon storage capacity. d) Their ability to remove air pollution.

b) Their cultural significance to humans.

Imagine that the i-Tree program was used to determine the value of an urban tree island. Given the abilities and limitations of the i-Tree program, if the parcel is adjacent to high-value commercial real estate, the most likely outcome is: a) i-Tree will correctly value the trees and land as being of far less economic value than a commercial use of the trees and land. b) i-Tree will incorrectly assess the true value of the trees and land because it does not assign monetary values for their inherent natural qualities. c) i-Tree will correctly value the trees and land as being of far more economic value than a commercial use of the trees and land. d) i-Tree will be of no use because the only value of the trees and land is aesthetic and cultural.

b) i-Tree will incorrectly assess the true value of the trees and land because it does not assign monetary values for their inherent natural qualities.

When does the equilibrium price of a product (good or service) occur? a) when the demand for the product is greater than supply b) when the supply of the product is equal to the demand for the product c) when the demand for a product is stable d) when the supply of the product is stable

b) when the supply of the product is equal to the demand for the product

If current manufacturing, consumption, and energy use trends continue, an increase in global population with time will likely result in: a) The same GDP and environmental costs. b) A higher GDP and lower environmental costs. c) A higher GDP and higher environmental costs. d) A lower GDP and lower environmental costs.

c) A higher GDP and higher environmental costs.

Nan Jenks-Jay describes a number of ways colleges and universities can advance goals for global sustainability. Which examples does she include in her essay? a) Investigate alternative energy sources. b) Monitor campus carbon emissions. c) Certify building design and construction through LEED standards. d) Serve gourmet food in dining halls.

c) Certify building design and construction through LEED standards.

If things remain as is (chart a, status quo policies); look at the three high points for food, population and industrial output . Which one of these drops first and ink doing so implies that it is the cause of the next item to drop.. Choose the answer that expresses the correct cause relationship. a) Pollution causes industrial output to drop b) Industrial output level causes pollution to drop c) Food causes population to drop d) population drop causes industrial output to drop

c) Food causes population to drop

Which area near us is on the Monarch butterfly migration route? a) Big Bend b) Guadalupe mountains c) Hagerman d) Alibates

c) Hagerman

Orr describes a sustainable neighborhood model, whereas Jenks-Jay describes a sustainable campus model. What is prominent in the neighborhood plan but not the campus plan? a) LEED standards b) Locally grown food c) Many opportunities for social interaction d) Switch to alternative energy

c) Many opportunities for social interaction

The Payment for Environmental Services Act (PSA) was designed to protect forests and their services. How did Costa Rica fund the PSA? a) The PSA was funded through taxes on everyone's income. b) The PSA was funded through only a fossil fuel tax. c) The PSA was funded mostly through taxes on industries that benefited most from the program. d) The PSA was funded through taxes on all industries in Costa Rica.

c) The PSA was funded mostly through taxes on industries that benefited most from the program.

According to the figure, which of the following is the most valuable ecosystem service? a) Enabling recreation b) Providing food c) Treating waste; filtering runoff d) Regulating climate

c) Treating waste; filtering runoff

Many communities are considering river floodplain restoration as a viable alternative to floodwalls and other "engineering solutions." The use of natural system restoration: a) Will always be more expensive than engineered solutions. b) Will be less cost effective in the long term. c) Will provide both flood control and ecosystem function benefits. d) Will always be cheaper than engineered solutions.

c) Will provide both flood control and ecosystem function benefits.

Is the following statement supported or not supported by the data shown in the graph? Improving the average wealth of people in very poor countries would not improve their overall life satisfaction.

cannot be determined from the graph

How many MWh per year of savings are possible for HVAC? a) 1,100 MWh b) 1,050 MWh c) 1,000 MWh d) 1,500 MWh

d) 1,500 MWh

The student report estimated $45,500 in electricity savings. What was the approximate cost of electricity in cents per kilowatt hour (kWh) used to calculate this savings? a) $2.70 per kWh b) 0.027 cents per kWh c) 27 cents per kWh d) 2.7 cents per kWh

d) 2.7 cents per kWh

Estimate the total energy use at the lab building and the total estimated savings. Approximately what percentage of the total electrical energy use do these savings represent? a) 95% b) 55% c) 5% d) 62%

d) 62%

You are a member of a student sustainability group. What type of information would be useful for planning a campus sustainability initiative? a) Current campus energy use and greenhouse gas emissions b) Student and administrative willingness to support sustainability initiatives c) Potential budget savings associated with sustainable practices d) All of the above are important.

d) All of the above are important.

The Payment for Environmental Services (PSA) program in Costa Rica collects payments from the beneficiaries of ecosystem services and pays landowners to: a) Build small-scale hydroelectric plants. b) Switch to cattle ranching. c) Remove trees from forested areas. d) Begin reforestation projects.

d) Begin reforestation projects.

David Orr holds great hope for a sustainable future. What does Orr think is needed to achieve this sustainable future? a) People must avoid focusing on our societal failures. b) People must let government officials guide budget and policy decisions. c) People must accept our affluent consumer society. d) People must see the connections between the cars they drive and the wars they fight.

d) People must see the connections between the cars they drive and the wars they fight.

An ideal valuation model achieves the following: a) The model pits the environment versus the economy. b) The model output always finds the cheapest solution, whether engineered or natural. c) The model output always promotes intact ecosystems rather than engineered solutions. d) The model output incorporates both ecosystem-service values and aesthetic and cultural values.

d) The model output incorporates both ecosystem-service values and aesthetic and cultural values.

Which of the following is a type of ecosystem service in the United States? a) production of clean water for human consumption b) production of oxygen by trees c) pollination of apple, orange, and peach trees d) all of the listed choices

d) all of the listed choices

Which of these behaviors is not involved in determining the market price of a product? a) consumers seeking to maximize their benefits relative to price b) sellers seeking to maximize profits c) competition among sellers seeking to maximize sales d) consumers seeking to maximize external costs

d) consumers seeking to maximize external costs

Is the following statement supported or not supported by the data shown in the graph? Overall life satisfaction increases as a country's wealth increases (as indicated by per capita GDP).

not supported