Enzyme Mini Test

How can an enzyme be compared to a wrench?

1) they remain the same even after use to speed up chemical reactions 2) They are extremely specific and work for only particular kinds of molecules 3) They either break apart (catalyze) or build up (anabolize)

According to the Bio Enzyme Lab, which temperature and pH are optimal for catalase?

37 degrees Celsius and pH 7

[Balance the Chemical Equation] C6H12O6 -->

6CO2 + 6H20

What is a chemical reaction?

A process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals by breaking and making bonds?

What is necessary for carrying out a chemical reaction?

A source of energy

Define Active Site

A special region of the enzyme that has a shape which fits with specific substrate molecules

What's a biological catalyst?

A substance that lowers the energy that is needed to begin a chemical reaction, therefore speeding up the rate of the reaction

What is lactose?

A sugar found in milk and milk products

What does Adrenoleukodystrophy mean?

Adreno - relating to the adrenergic portion of the autonomic nervous system leuko - "white blood cells" dystrophy - a disorder in which an organ or tissue of the body wastes away.

What is lactase?

An enzyme that breaks down lactose in two simpler forms of sugar, found in the small intestine

What is the common optimal temperature for enzymes?

Around 40 degrees Celsius

What do organisms need to do in order to stay alive?

Carry out reactions that require energy

What reaction is catalyzed by catalase?

Catalase is the enzyme that catalyzes the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into water (H2O) and oxygen (O2)

What are the three main things enzymes can be affected by?

Concentration, Temperature, and pH

Where do animals obtain energy from?

Consuming plants and/or other animals

How can an enzyme become denatured?

Extreme temperature changes or pH level shifts

What errors may have altered the data in the Bio Enzyme Lab?

Failure to keep the catalase and peroxide separate and failure to put equal amounts of catalase on the paper discs between trials

True or False: Enzymes are non-specific and can catalyze multiple reactions

False

How does an inhibitor work in relation to enzymes?

Inhibitors are molecules which bind or attach onto an enzyme, decreasing the enzyme's catalytic action (When the inhibitor binds to the enzyme, it can stop the substrate from going into the enzyme's active site, thus creating difficulties for the enzyme to catalyze the reaction)

Explain lactose intolerance

It results from a deficiency in the bodies ability to produce enough lactase, if any at all

What was used as the catalase in the Bio Enzyme Lab?

Liver Juice

The biochemical basis of ALD is related to the metabolism of what molecules?

Long chain fatty acids

What is activation energy?

Minimum amount of energy required for a chemical reaction to occur/ for reactants to form products

What would happen without enzymes?

Most chemical reactions would still occur, but they would happen much too slowly to sustain life

A source of energy is needed for what type of chemical reactions?

Ones that absorb energy

What results after the chemical reaction of an enzyme-substrate complex is released?

Products

What is the definition of an enzyme?

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions that take place in cells (biological catalyst)

What is catabolic?

Refers to a metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down large molecules into small ones

What is anabolic?

Refers to a metabolic pathway that uses the energy released by catabolic pathways to build large molecules from small molecules

What is the inheritance pattern for Adrenoleukodystrophy?

Sex-linked on the X chromosome. It's a recessive trait

Why can't a denatured enzyme speed up a chemical reaction?

Since its shape is permanently changed, it won't fit the molecules it's made to fit

Define Substrate

Specific molecules that enzymes bound to (at the active site) and are reactors

What is the function of an enzyme?

Speeding up the rate of chemical reactions, lowering the amount of energy needed to start that reaction

Chemical reactions that release energy often occur _____

Spontaneously

How did the buildup of molecules affect the myelin sheath of Lorenzo's neurons?

The build up of long chain fatty acids was breaking the myelin down

What are the products?

The elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction

What are the reactants?

The elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction

What is the Law of Conservation of Mass?

The principle that says matter cannot be created or destroyed, so all chemical equations must show this balance of mass

What is denaturation?

The process of changing an enzyme's shape, rendering it dysfunctional

What happens if you increase the concentration of an enzyme?

The reaction will speed up until all enzymes are working and a plateau is reached (the graph levels out)

What happens if you increase the temperature of an enzyme?

The reaction will speed up until the enzyme becomes denatured

What were the significance of the spigots and the drain in the sink model of ALD?

The spigots symbolized the intake of LCFA and the drain symbolized the enzymes that were meant to metabolize them

Which number indicates the number of atoms of each element in a molecule of a substance?

The subscript number

Where do plants obtain energy from?

The sun

What is myelin?

The tissue that surrounds and protects nerve cells

What was the purpose of the Bio Enzyme Lab?

To explore how various factors (acidity, temperature, and enzyme concentration) affect the rate at which enzymes catalyze a chemical reaction.

True or False: Reactants lead to Products

True

What does lactose add to one's diet?

Vitamin D and Calcium

What are endothermic reactions?

When energy is absorbed from surroundings in the form of heat

What are exothermic reactions?

When energy is released from the system into the surroundings

What is an orphan drug?

a drug used to treat a rare disease affecting fewer than 200,000 Americans

Which temperature and pH would you expect to produce the fastest results in the Bio Enzyme Lab? Why?

pH 7 on the pH chart is considered neutral or due to its balance of acidity and basicity. 37° C, when translated to Fahrenheit, is 98.6° F, which equals the normal human body temperature. Thus, the average amount from the pH scale and the average temperature should work best since the enzyme doesn't go through extreme conditions

What should happen with regard to the time it takes for peroxide to decompose as enzyme concentration increases? (Bio Enzyme Lab)

the decomposition should occur more quickly when the enzyme appears in higher concentration. This is likely because there are more enzyme molecules present in the solution to decompose the peroxide molecules

Substrates are____

the reactants of enzyme-catalyzed reactions

What happens if you increase of decrease the pH of an enzyme?

the reaction will slow down until the enzyme is unable to function

Enzymes provide a site...

where reactants can be brought together to react