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". . . In a sense we've come to our nation's capital to cash a check. When the architects of our republic wrote the magnificent words of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, they were signing a promissory note to which every American was to fall heir. This note was a promise that all men, yes, black men as well as white men, would be guaranteed the 'unalienable Rights of Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.' It is obvious today that America has defaulted on this promissory note insofar as her citizens of color are concerned. Instead of honoring this sacred obligation, America has given the Negro people a bad check, a check which has come back marked 'insufficient funds.' ". . . — Martin Luther King, Jr., August 28, 1963 The focus of this passage from Dr. King's speech was his belief that A. equal rights for all were guaranteed by the founders of this nation B. Americans had become blind to racial differences C. violence was often necessary for the protection of civil liberties D. civil rights for African Americans would always be a dream

". . . The Director of the War Relocation Authority is authorized and directed to formulate and effectuate [implement] a program for the removal, from the areas designated from time to time by the Secretary of War or appropriate military commander under the authority of Executive Order No. 9066 of February 19, 1942, of the persons or classes of persons designated under such Executive Order, and for their relocation, maintenance, and supervision. . . ." — Executive Order 9102, March 18, 1942 Shortly after this executive order was signed, federal government authorities began to A. move Japanese Americans to internment camps B. deport German and Italian aliens C. detain and interrogate Chinese immigrants D. arrest the individuals who planned the attack on Pearl Harbor

"All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law; ..." An important effect that the principle stated in this quotation had on the United States legal system was to A. extend the protections of the Bill of Rights to include actions of the state governments B. permit states to define United States citizenship in their own ways C. reduce the control of the Federal Government over the legal rights of states D. make state governments less democratic

"Although important strides were made, Reconstruction failed to provide lasting guarantees of the civil rights of the freedmen." Which evidence best supports this statement A. passage of Jim Crow laws in the latter part of the 19th century B. ratification of the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments C. refusal of Southern States to allow sharecropping D. passage of the Civil Rights Acts of 1866

"But today we are raising more than we can consume. Today we are making more than we can use. Today our industrial society is congested, there are more workers than there is work, there is more capital than there is investment. We do not need more money—we need more circulation more employment. Therefore, we must find new markets for our produce, new occupation for our capital, new work for our labor. . . ." — Senator Albert J. Beveridge, 1898. This statement provides a reason why political leaders of the late 1800s adopted the policy of A. imperialism B. isolationism C. protectionism D. collective security

"I am tired of fighting.... Hear me, my chiefs. I am tired. My heart is sick and sad. From where the sun now stands, I shall fight no more forever!" -Chief Joseph, 1877 In this statement, Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce expressed his reluctant acceptance of a government policy of A. placing Native American Indian tribes on reservations B. requiring Native American Indians to settle west of the Mississippi River C. granting immediate citizenship to Native American Indians D. forcing Native American Indians to assimilate into American culture

"I think it will be a safer world and a better world if we have a strong, healthy United States, Europe, Soviet Union, China, Japan, each balancing the other, not playing one against the other, an even balance." — Richard Nixon, 1972 President Nixon put this idea into practice by A. expanding economic relations with communist nations B. abandoning his policy of détente C. declaring an end to the Korean War D. ending collective security agreements

"Native" Americans disliked immigrants for all of the following reasons EXCEPT A. immigrants were strong supporters of prohibition. B. the language and customs of immigrants were very different. C. most immigrants were not Protestant. D. many Americans believed immigrants to be racially inferior.

"Public Ignores Prohibition Restrictions" "Evolution and Creation Debated in Scopes Trial" "Women Bring Change to the Industrial Workforce" What do headlines such as these from the 1920s illustrate? A. conflict between traditional and modern values B. trend toward mass consumption of consumer goods C. hostility of certain groups toward ethnic minorities D. debate over the role of government in the economy

A common purpose of the Truman Doctrine, the Marshall Plan, and the Eisenhower Doctrine was to A. carry out the United States policy of preventing the spread of communism B. insure the survival of the newly independent nations of Africa andAsia C. limit the proliferation of nuclear weapons D. provide medical aid to Latin American nations

A main goal of the Granger movement of the 1870's and 1880's was to A. force the railroads to lower freight rates B. reduce the rate of inflation C. strengthen labor unions D. improve living conditions in urban slums

A major feature of the Reconstruction period was that new legislation and constitutional amendments attempted to A. provide equal rights and opportunities for blacks B. the South rapidly developed into the nation's major industrial center C. a spirit of cooperation existed between the executive and legislative branches D. new state governments in the South concentrated on ending corruption and enforcing Reconstruction plans

A progressive income tax is based on the idea that A. taxpayers with larger incomes should be taxed at a higher rate B. all taxpayers should be taxed equal amounts of money C. all income should be taxed at the same rate D. taxation should be used to encourage social programs

A significant cause of the Great Depression of the 1930's was that A. some banking policies were unsound and had led to the overexpansion of credit B. a decrease in protective tariffs had opened American business to competition from abroad C. a wave of violent strikes had paralyzed the major industries D. consumer goods were relatively inexpensive

A significant contribution to the industrialization of the United States was Henry Ford's development of A. the assembly line B. electric-powered vehicles C. the first holding company D. a new process for making steel

After the Civil War, one way business leaders tried to eliminate competition was by A. forming monopolies or trusts B. developing overseas markets C. increasing the prices of their products D. paying high wages to their workers

After the Civil War, the adoption of the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments led to A. greater Federal supremacy over the states B. the loss of equal rights for minorities C. an expansion of the power of the states to tax interstate businesses D. a narrowing of the role of the Federal government

American involvement in World War I brought about which of the following social and economic changes in the United States A. extensive black migration to the North. B. decline of trade unions. C. a loosening of controls on freedom of speech. D. reduction of the number of women in the workplace.

At the turn of the century, why did most immigrants to the United States settle in cities? A. Jobs were readily available. B. Government relief programs required immigrants to settle in cities. C. Labor union leaders encouraged unrestricted immigration. D. Immigrants were not permitted to buy farmland.

Between 1880 and 1900, most immigrants coming to the United States settled in the cities along the east coast because A. many factory jobs were available in the East B. little farmland remained to be settled in the Midwest C. most immigrants came from the cities of Europe D. city laws afforded special rights and protections for immigrants

Both the Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba (1961) and the invasion of Panama (1989) are examples of United States attempts to A. eliminate unfriendly governments geographically close to the United States B. cultivate good relations with Latin American nations C. stop the drug trade D. end the Cold War

Businesses formed trusts, pools, and holding companies mainly to A. increase profits by eliminating competition B. offer a wide range of goods and services to consumers C. provide employment opportunities for minorities D. protect the interests of workers

By the end of the 1800s, the use of pools, trusts, and holding companies by big business resulted in A. a concentration of economic power in the hands of a few. B. a slowing in the growth rate of the economy. C. a more even distribution of wealth. D. an increase in costs of production.

Cattle ranching developed on the Great Plains as a result of the _____________, which was a vast area of grassland owned by the government. A. open range B. long drive C. barbed wire D. Chisholm Trail

During World War I, thousands of blacks moved north because A. the best-paying jobs were located in the industrialized North. B. they would be better protected by northern anti-lynching laws. C. northern cities had finally started to desegregate. D. southerners finally allowed them to leave.

During World War II, posters of Rosie the Riveter were used to A. recruit women into wartime industries B. encourage women to serve in the armed forces C. promote women's suffrage D. support higher education for women

During World War II, women and minorities made economic gains mainly because A. a shortage of traditional labor created new opportunities in the workplace B. more educational opportunities increased the number of skilled workers in these groups C. labor unions successfully demanded equal opportunities for these groups D. new civil rights legislation forced businesses to change their hiring practices

During most of the 1920s, which group experienced the most severe economic problems? A. owners of small family farms B. workers in the automobile industry C. bankers in urban centers D. entertainers in the field of radio

During the early years of World War II, the Destroyer Deal and the Lend-Lease Act were efforts by the United States to A. help the Allies without formally declaring war B. maintain strict neutrality toward the war C. negotiate a settlement of the war D. provide help to both sides in the war

During the late 1800s and early 1900s, where did most of the immigrants to the United States settle? A. urban centers of the Northeast B. plantations of the New South C. mining areas of the Far West D. farming regions of the Great Plains

During the late 1800s, industrialization in the United States led to A. the growth of the middle class B. an overall decline in labor union membership C. the creation of affirmative action programs D. a decrease in the use of natural resources

During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, United States intervention in Latin America was motivated by the United States desire to A. protect its growing investments in Latin America B. encourage Latin American trade with Europe C. end Latin American independence movements D. reduce the influence of communism in Latin America

During the period from 1865 to 1900, disputes between labor and management were often marked by A. the use of violence by both sides B. cooperative efforts to resolve differences C. government support of striking workers D. arbitration by the Federal Government

How did Congress uphold individual property rights of southerners during Reconstruction? A. It returned confiscated land to former confederates. B. It allowed the Freedmen's Bureau to allocate farmland to former slaves. C. It permitted land ownership to anyone who would grow cotton. D. It enforced General William T. Sherman's field order to redistribute coastal land.

In 1965, Congress established Medicare to A. provide health care to the elderly B. assist foreign nations with their health problems C. grant scholarships to medical students D. establish universal health care

In its approach to union organization, the Knights of Labor officially A. welcomed both skilled and unskilled workers. B. stressed the organization of workers by craft. C. encouraged the use of the strike. D. discriminated against Blacks and women.

In the 1930s, which geographic factor most influenced the westward migration of thousands of people from the southern Great Plains? A. extended drought in farming areas B. excessive flooding of the Mississippi River C. serious earthquakes in Pacific coastal areas D. destructive hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico

In the 19th century, the major national labor unions wanted to improve the position of workers mainly by A. obtaining the legal right to organize and bargain collectively B. using government troops to settle labor disputes with management C. supporting government ownership of major industries D. endorsing a third political party for workers only

In the United States, organized labor made its greatest membership gains when A. the right to unionize and bargain collectively was guaranteed by legislation B. international competition began to threaten jobs in the United States C. the major business groups encouraged unionization D. the economy began to shift from manufacturing to service employment

In the early 1940's, the "destroyers-for-military-bases deal" with Great Britain and the Lend-Lease Act were evidence that the United States A. recognized that its policy of neutrality conflicted with its self-interest B. followed its policy of neutrality more strictly as World War II progressed in Europe C. believed that the Allied policy of appeasement would succeed D. wanted to honor the military commitments it had made just after World War I

In the late 1800's, the goal of the Federal Government's policy toward Native American Indians was to A. destroy tribal bonds and thus weaken their traditional cultural values B. grant them full citizenship and due process C. give their tribal groups authority over their own affairs D. increase the land holdings of western tribes

In the late 19th century, the major argument used by labor union leaders against immigrants was that immigrants A. took jobs from United States citizens B. contributed little to enrich American life C. placed financial drains on social services D. refused to assimilate into American culture

Jacob Riis, in How the Other Half Lives, and Lincoln Steffens, in The Shame of the Cities, contributed to reform movements in the United States by A. exposing poverty and corruption B. opposing westward expansion C. criticizing racial injustice D. supporting organized labor

Laws requiring individuals to pass civil service examinations to obtain government jobs were enacted to A. eliminate patronage and corruption in government hiring B. allow the government to compete with private industry for employees C. support the development of public employee labor unions D. encourage the growth of local political parties

Many senators who opposed United States membership in the League of Nations argued that joining the League would A. involve the nation in future military conflicts B. reduce freedom of the seas C. end the country's free-trade policy D. endanger the nation's military preparedness

Martin Luther King, Jr. first emerged as a leader of the civil rights movement when he A. led the bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama B. refused to give up his seat on a bus to a white man C. challenged the authority of the Supreme Court D. was elected as the first black congressman from the South

Nativism in the late 19th century was motivated primarily by A. hostility toward immigrant workers B. the need to reduce overcrowding in western states C. cultural conflicts with Native American Indians D. the migration of African Americans to northern cities

One goal for a lasting peace that President Woodrow Wilson included in his Fourteen Points was A. establishing a League of Nations B. maintaining a permanent military force in Europe C. returning the United States to a policy of isolationism D. blaming Germany for causing World War I

One idea that both Booker T. Washington and W. E. B. Du Bois supported is that A. African Americans should have increased civil rights B. vocational training was the best approach to education C. immigration was responsible for racial segregation D. Jim Crow laws were needed to help African Americans

One major reason the United States Senate refused to approve the Treaty of Versailles after World War I was that many senators A. were concerned about future United States obligations in foreign affairs B. rejected United States colonial practices in Asia C. wanted immediate repayment of war debts from France D. supported increased foreign aid to Germany

One of the major problems facing farmers in the 1920s was? A. overproduction. B. the inability to purchase modern farm equipment. C. passage of the McNary-Haugen Bill. D. the prosecution of cooperatives under anti-trust laws.

One similarity between the actions of Samuel Gompers and Cesar Chavez is that both leaders A. organized workers to strive for better conditions B. relied on the use of force to gain minority rights C. advocated federal regulation of railroad rates D. worked to improve consumer product safety

Passage of the Neutrality Acts of 1935 and 1937 indicated that the United States desired to A. isolate itself from conflicts in Europe and Asia B. form alliances to stop the aggression of dictators C. expand trade outside the Western Hemisphere D. support the policies of the League of Nations

Political machines spread and thrived in urban areas during the late 19c because?: A. existing city government structures were so disorganized and chaotic. B. they represented efficiency and honesty in an age of political corruption. C. people were tired of the autocratic nature of existing city governments. D. the middle classes were angry at the favoritism shown by existing city governments to the urban poor and ethnic minorities.

Politicians of the Gilded Age used the spoils system to A. dispense government jobs for political purposes. B. elect all federal government officials. C. fill government jobs based on merit rather than patronage. D. remove incompetent politicians from office.

Poll taxes and grandfather clauses were devices used to A. deny African Americans the right to vote B. extend suffrage to women and 18-year-old citizens C. raise money for political campaigns D. prevent immigrants from becoming citizens

President Harry Truman's decision to use atomic bombs against Japan was primarily based on his belief that A. an invasion of Japan would result in excessive casualties B. Germany would refuse to surrender in Europe C. an alliance was developing between Japan and the Soviet Union D. Japan was in the process of developing its own atomic weapons

President John F. Kennedy supported the 1961 Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba as an effort to A. remove a communist dictator from power B. stop the flow of illegal drugs to the United States C. support Fidel Castro's efforts for reform D. rescue hostages held by Cuban freedom fighters

President Richard Nixon supported the policy of détente as a way to A. reduce tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union B. introduce democratic elections to communist nations C. encourage satellite nations to break their ties with the Soviet Union D. undermine Soviet influence among nonaligned countries in Africa and Asia

Prior to 1880, the number of immigrants to the United States was not restricted mainly because A. industry owners wanted cheap labor B. the nations of Europe discouraged emigration C. the United States birthrate was increasing D. Congress lacked the power to limit immigration

Ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment is considered a progressive victory because by A. providing for the direct election of United States senators, it took their election out of the hands of state legislatures. B. establishing a regulatory commission for all industry, it furthered the concept of a planned economy. C. providing for the income tax, it had the effect of redistributing wealth in the United States. D. making the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages illegal, it furthered the progressive goal of moral purity.

Shortly after entering World War II, the United States began the Manhattan Project to A. work on the development of an atomic bomb B. increase economic production to meet wartime demands C. defend New York City against a nuclear attack D. recruit men for the military services

The "big stick" policy and dollar diplomacy were attempts to A. increase the United States power in Latin America. B. contain the spread of communism in eastern Europe. C. protect free trade on the Asian continent. D. strengthen political ties with Western Europe.

The "new immigrants" to the United States between 1890 and 1915 came primarily from A. southern and eastern Europe B. northern and western Europe C. East Asia D. Latin America

The 1925 trial of John Scopes reflects the conflict between A. science and religion B. isolation and international involvement C. traditional roles and new roles for women D. Prohibition and organized crime

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed in an effort to correct A. racial and gender discrimination B. limitations on freedom of speech C. unfair immigration quotas D. segregation in the armed forces

The Dust Bowl experiences of the Oklahoma farmers during the Great Depression demonstrated the A. effect of geography on people's lives B. success of government farm subsidies C. limitation of civil liberties during times of crisis D. result of the Indian Removal Act

The Federal Reserve System was created to A. manage the nation's supply of currency and interest rates B. protect consumers from fraud C. provide military support for the armed forces D. maintain a national petroleum supply

The Fourteen Points and the Atlantic Charter were both A. statements of post-war goals for establishing world peace B. plans of victorious nations to divide conquered territories C. military strategies for defeating enemy nations D. agreements between nations to eliminate further development of weapons

The Homestead Act of 1862 helped the development of the West by A. providing free land to settlers B. granting land for construction of transcontinental railroads C. allowing slavery to spread to the territories D. placing Native American Indians on reservations

The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 is an illustration of the A. impact a single event can have on public opinion a time of crisis B. effectiveness of a policy of appeasement in stopping aggression C. success of the pacifist movement in the United States D. role of communism as a negative influence in global affairs

The Korean War and the Persian Gulf War were similar in that both A. represented United Nations efforts to assist nations in repelling aggressors B. involved unilateral military action by the United States C. were military defeats for the United Nations D. brought about lasting solutions to problems in each region

The Lend-Lease Act and the Destroyers-for-Bases deal were adopted prior to World War II primarily because these actions would A. help Allied nations without the United States entering the war B. stop the spread of communism C. convince the American people that war was necessary D. create jobs to end the Great Depression

The Neutrality Acts passed by Congress in the mid-1930s were efforts to A. avoid mistakes that led the country into World War I B. create jobs for the unemployed in the military defense industry C. support the League of Nations efforts to stop wars in Africa and Asia D. help the democratic nations of Europe against Hitler and Mussolini

The Pacific [Transcontinental] Railway Act (1862) and the Interstate Highway Act (1956) are both examples of A. federally supported internal improvement projects linking the nation B. regional construction projects coordinated by southern and western states C. military projects required to meet the needs of the defense industry D. transportation legislation designed to encourage foreign trade

The Populist movement was most interested in improving conditions for A. farmers B. business leaders C. African Americans D. Native American Indians

The Reconstruction Era ended when congressional Democrats agreed to the election of Rutherford B. Hayes, and the Republicans promised to A. withdraw Federal troops from the South B. give each freedman 40 acres and a mule C. do away with the electoral college D. repeal the 15th Amendment

The Supreme Court declared some New Deal laws unconstitutional because these laws A. overextended the power of the federal government B. forced the federal government into heavy debt C. ignored the rights of minority groups and women D. failed to solve the problems for which they were intended

The United States' policy toward the Native American changed dramatically with the passage in 1887 of the Dawes Act, which A. wiped out tribal ownership of property and granted 160 acres to heads of families. B. treated the tribes as independent nations. C. established new and larger reservations for all tribes. D. granted full citizenship to all tribal members.

The creation of the Tennessee Valley Authority is an example of A. federal intervention to meet regional needs B. state-funded regional transportation C. free-market capitalism D. laissez-faire economics

The demand for German war reparations by the European Allies helps to explain the failure of the peace settlement following A. World War I B. World War II C. the Korean War D. the Vietnam War

The economic boom and the financial speculation of the 1920's were caused in part by A. installment buying and an unregulated stock market B. the expansion of civil rights to women and minorities C. the mobilization of the economy for war D. increased government restrictions on big business

The growth of McCarthyism in the early 1950s was based on A. public fear concerning the spread of communism B. outrage over government corruption C. dissatisfaction with the results of World War II D. opposition to the policy of containment

The main reason the United States developed the Open Door policy was to A. allow the United States to expand its trade with China B. demonstrate the positive features of democracy to Chinese leaders C. aid the Chinese Nationalists in their struggle with the Chinese Communists D. encourage Chinese workers to come to the United States

The mechanization of agriculture in the United States led directly to A. an increase in production B. less dependence on railroads by farmers C. fewer agricultural exports D. the decreasing size of the average farm

The poll tax, the literacy test, and the actions of the Ku Klux Klan were all attempts to limit the effectiveness of A. the 14th and 15th amendments B. the Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education C. civil rights legislation passed in all states after the Civil War D. immigration laws such as the Gentleman's Agreement and the Chinese Exclusion Act

The president acted as commander in chief in response to which event of the civil rights movement? A. refusal of the governor of Arkansas to obey a federal court order to integrate public schools in Little Rock B. desegregation of the city bus system in Montgomery, Alabama C. arrest of Martin Luther King Jr. during protests in Birmingham, Alabama D. assassination of Medgar Evers in Mississippi

The purpose of the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 was to: A. weaken tribes, allot land to individual Indians, and promote assimilation. B. geographically disperse the reservations so it would be more difficult for Indian warrior forces to unite. C. increase tribal loyalty and reduce violence by allowing chiefs and tribal councils to act autonomously on the reservations. D. restore economic viability to the nomadic way of Plains Indian life by revitalizing the bison herds.

The purpose of the Homestead Act of 1862, which provided free federal land, was to A. encourage settlement of the West B. set up reservations for Native American Indians C. establish land-grant agricultural colleges D. assist in the construction of transcontinental railroads

The purpose of the Interstate Commerce Act (1887), the Sherman Antitrust Act (1890), and the Clayton Antitrust Act (1914) was to A. eliminate unfair business practices B. reduce imports from foreign nations C. reduce the power of the unions D. increase the power of local governments

The purpose of the Pendleton Act of 1883 was to A. fill some government jobs on the basis of competitive exams. B. establish the first racial quotas for government jobs. C. ensure that appointments to government jobs were approved by Congress. D. declare illegal the system of city political machines and boss rule.

The ratification of the 26th amendment, which lowered the voting age to 18, was a result of the A. participation of the United States in the Vietnam War B. fear of McCarthyism C. reaction to the launching of Sputnik by the Soviet Union D. reporting of the Watergate scandal

The successful launching of Sputnik by the Soviet Union in 1957 signaled the beginning of A. American fears that the Soviets had achieved technological superiority B. the Cold War with the United States C. Soviet aggression in Afghanistan and China D. disarmament discussions between the superpowers

The term robber baron was used to criticize the A. tactics of big-business leaders B. corruption of government officials C. dishonesty of carpetbaggers D. unskilled labor of illegal immigrants

The terms "Big Stick" and "Good Neighbor" are generally used when discussing U.S. connection with which area of the world? A. Latin America B. the Middle East C. Eastern Europe D. Africa

What effect did the Platt Amendment have on Cuba? A. It made Cuba a virtual protectorate of the United States. B. It cut sugarcane production so Cuba could not compete with production in the United States. C. It guaranteed all the freedoms of the Bill of Rights to Cubans. D. It gave Cuba the right to allow European countries to buy or lease naval stations in Cuba.

What effect did the system of sharecropping have on the South after the Civil War? A. It kept formerly enslaved persons economically dependent. B. It brought investment capital to the South. C. It encouraged Northerners to migrate south. D. It provided for a fairer distribution of farm profits

What was a cause for the investigations of the House Un-American Activities Committee in the late 1940s and the investigations of a Senate committee headed by Joseph McCarthy in the early 1950s? A. the belief that there were Communist agents in the federal government B. excessive spending by the United States military C. the corruption and bribery of members of Congress D. actions of President Harry Truman that might have led to his impeachment

What was the experience of most of the "new immigrants" who arrived in the United States from southern and eastern Europe in the late 1800s and early 1900s? A. They lived in urban areas and most held lowpaying jobs. B. They obtained free land in the West and became farmers. C. They became discouraged with America and returned to their homelands. D. They were easily assimilated into mainstream American culture.

Which action designed to oppose a political or business policy is closest to the approach used by Martin Luther King, Jr.? A. a war protester accepting a jail term rather than registering for the draft B. a union picketer assaulting a strikebreaker C. a government employee resisting arrest for failure to pay income taxes D. dissatisfied workers destroying machinery in their factory

Which action was necessary to change from the indirect to the direct election of United States Senators? A. ratification of a constitutional amendment B. passage of a Federal law C. a Supreme Court decision D. a national referendum

Which argument did President Woodrow Wilson use to persuade Congress to enter World War I? A. making the world safe for democracy B. retaliating against the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor C. assisting the neutral nations with their defense D. removing the Nazi threat from the Western Hemisphere

Which argument was used to support United States acquisition of overseas possessions in the late 1800's? A. The United States needed to obtain raw materials and new markets. B. The spread of Marxist ideas had to be stopped because they threatened world peace. C. The United States should be the first world power to build a colonial empire. D. The doctrine of Manifest Destiny had become obsolete.

Which argument was used to support United States acquisition of overseas possessions in the late 1800s? A. The United States needed to obtain raw materials and new markets. B. The spread of Marxist ideas had to be stopped because they threatened world peace. C. The United States should be the first world power to build a colonial empire. D. The doctrine of Manifest Destiny had become obsolete.

Which development is most closely associated with the belief in the domino theory? A. military involvement in Vietnam B. construction of the Berlin Wall C. signing of the nuclear test ban treaty D. end of the Korean War

Which economic factor was a major cause of the Great Depression? A. purchase of stocks on credit B. increases in taxes on business C. reduction of tariffs on imports D. failure to produce enough consumer goods

Which events best support the image of the 1920's as a decade of nativist sentiment? A. the passage of the National Origins Act and the rise of the Ku Klux Klan B. the Scopes trial and the passage of women's suffrage C. the Washington Naval Conference and the Kellogg-Briand Pact D. the growth of the auto industry and the Teapot Dome Affair

Which expression most accurately illustrates the concept of nativism? A. "Help Wanted — Irish Need Not Apply" B. "Go West, young man." C. "America — first in war and peace" D. "The only thing we have to fear, is fear itself."

Which factor most limited the growth of labor unions during the late 1800's? A. Most employers were very hostile toward workers' efforts to organize. B. Most factory workers were satisfied with their wages and working conditions. C. The Federal Government declared that unions were illegal. D. Workers preferred to negotiate with factory owners as individuals rather than as members of a group.

Which feature of the immigration laws of the 1920's was different from prior laws? A. Quotas were set to limit immigration from many countries B. Preference was granted to Chinese immigrants C. Refugees from war-torn Europe were encouraged to enter the United States. D. Efforts were made to stop illegal immigration from Latin America.

Which group of Americans generally failed to experience the economic prosperity of the 1920s? A. farmers B. retailers C. consumers D. manufacturers

Which historic period was marked by the military occupation of a portion of the United States, attempts to remove the President from office, and major constitutional revisions? A. Reconstruction B. Roaring Twenties C. Depressions and New Deal D. Vietnam War Era

Which initiative was part of President Lyndon Johnson's Great Society program? A. providing medical care to the poor and elderly B. reducing federal aid to education C. increasing foreign aid to the Soviet Union D. opposing civil rights legislation

Which is a valid conclusion based on United States involvement in the Korean War? A. The policy of containment was applied in Asia as well as in Europe B. United Nations economic sanctions are more effective than military action. C. The American people will support United States participation in any war, whether declared or undeclared. D. United States cooperation with a wartime ally ends when the war ends.

Which long-awaited goal of the women's rights movement was achieved during the Progressive Era? A. right to vote B. right to own property C. equal pay for equal work D. equal access to employment and education

Which of the following did NOT contribute to the end of the open range cattle industry A. droughts. B. farming. C. railroads. D. barbed wire.

Which pair of circumstances represents an accurate cause-and-effect relationship? A. more jobs in factories ---> migration of African Americans from the South to northern cities B. establishment of Jim Crow laws ---> beginning of Reconstruction C. Dred Scott decision ---> passage of the Fugitive Slave Law D. closing of the frontier ---> completion of the transcontinental railroad

Which situation helped cause the stock market crash of 1929? A. excessive speculation and buying on margin B. unwillingness of people to invest in new industries C. increased government spending D. too much government regulation of business

Which statement about immigration to the United States is most accurate? A. The desire for economic advancement has been a major reason for immigration to the United States B. The ethnic mix of immigrants to the United States has remained mostly unchanged. C. The number of immigrants has remained constant in each decade during most of United States history. D. Nearly all immigrants have easily assimilated into American culture.

Which statement identifies a change in American society during World War II? A. Economic opportunities for women increased B. Government regulation of the economy decreased. C. The Great Depression worsened. D. Racial tensions were eliminated.

Which statement is most accurate about the economy of the United States during the 1970's and early 1980's? A. The increased cost of imported oil hurt economic growth. B. The Federal budget was balanced. C. Inflation declined sharply throughout these years . D. The number of jobs in farming increased while service jobs decreased.

Which term best describes United States economic policy during the era of the rise of big business (1865-1900.? A. laissez-faire capitalism B. mercantilism C. Marxism D. welfare-state capitalism

Why did the Senate reject the Versailles Treaty (1919)? A. to keep the United States free from foreign entanglements B. to express opposition to the harsh sanctions imposed on Germany C. to avoid the dues for membership in the League of Nations D. to reduce United States military forces in Europe

World War I and World War II brought about changes for minorities and women because these conflicts led to A. the creation of new job opportunities B. the passage of the Equal Rights Amendment C. a greater number of high-level management positions D. greater integration in housing and schools throughout the nation

• Cash and Carry (1937) • Destroyers for Naval Bases Deal (1940) • Lend-Lease Act (1941) Which change in United States foreign policy is demonstrated by the passage of these acts prior to World War II? A. a shift from neutrality toward more direct involvement B. an effort to become more neutral C. a movement from isolationism to containment of communism D. a desire to provide aid to both Allied and Axis powers

• Teapot Dome Scandal • Harlem Renaissance • Scopes trial During which decade did these events occur? A. 1920s B. 1930s C. 1940s D. 1950s

". . . Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty." Which conclusion is best supported by this quotation from the Inaugural Address of President John F. Kennedy in 1961? A. The Cold War was over, and the Soviet Union was beginning to unravel. B. President Kennedy was encouraging a very strong presence in foreign policy in the post-World War II period. C. Compromise and appeasement were the best avenues to world peace. D. President Kennedy understood the limitations of power, even for a strong nation like the United States

"Batista Driven from Power" "Bay of Pigs Invasion Fails" "U-2 Planes Reveal Soviet Missiles" These headlines refer to the relationship between the United States and A. Canada B. Cuba C. Mexico D. Panama

"I, Too, Sing America" I, too, sing America. I am the darker brother. They send me to eat in the kitchen When company comes, But I laugh, And eat well, And grow strong. Tomorrow, I'll sit at the table When company comes. Nobody'll dare Say to me, "Eat in the kitchen," Then. Besides, They'll see how beautiful I am And be ashamed— I, too, am America. — Langston Hughes, 1926 The main purpose of this poem was to A. end the institution of slavery B. demonstrate self-respect by African Americans C. maintain separation of the races D. promote the back-to-Africa movement

"Jane Addams Opens Hull House" "Jacob Riis Photographs Tenement Residents" "Ida Tarbell Exposes Standard Oil Company" These headlines represent efforts by individuals to A. support business monopolies B. improve depressed urban areas C. solve problems of American farmers D. correct abuses of the Industrial Revolution

"Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." -Brown v. Board of Education The effect of this Supreme Court ruling was to A. establish affirmative action programs in higher education B. require the integration of public schools C. desegregate the armed forces and the military academies D. force states to spend an equal amount on each public school student

"[Buffalo hunters] have done more in the last two years, and will do more in the next year, to settle the . . . Indian question than the entire regular army has done in the last thirty years. . . . For the sake of peace let them kill, skin, and sell until the buffalo are destroyed." —General Philip Sheridan What was the result of the process described in this quotation A. Native American Indians were granted farmland under the Homestead Act. B. The disappearance of their economic base helped drive Native American Indians onto reservations. C. Many Native American Indians moved to Eastern cities to work in factories. D. Most Native American Indians migrated to Canada to find new ways to earn a living.

A controversial issue that resulted from World War II was the A. future role of the League of Nations B. morality of nuclear warfare C. commitment of troops without congressional approval D. civilian control of the military

A goal of the Granger and Populist movements was to A. expand rights for African Americans B. help western farmers fight unjust economic practices C. provide support for the banking industry D. enable big business to expand without government interference

A major cause of the Great Depression was A. the stock market crash. B. the inability of wages to keep pace with production increases. C. reliance upon a single metallic base for currency. D. the inability of production to keep pace with wage increases.

A major goal of President Lyndon B. Johnson's Great Society was to A. provide government aid to business B. end poverty in the United States C. conserve natural resources D. stop emigration from Latin America

A major goal of reformers during the Progressive Era was to A. end segregation in the South B. correct the abuses of big business C. limit immigration from Latin America D. enact high tariffs to help domestic industry grow

A major result of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal was A. a decline in the Federal deficit B. an expansion of the power of the Federal Government C. a change in the voting rights of women D. a reinstitution of the gold standard for United States currency

A member of the Social Gospel movement would probably A. hold their religion is an entirely individualistic matter. B. consider such social sins as alcohol abuse and sexual permissiveness as society's most serious problems. C. assert that the poor themselves were at fault for their circumstances. D. maintain that abuses and social degradation resulted solely from a lack of willpower on the part of those who committed them.

A result of the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s was the A. restoration of buildings and the infrastructure in New York City B. increased recognition of African-American writers and musicians C. end of racial segregation laws in New York State D. appointment of several African Americans as presidential advisors

After World War I, which factor was the major cause of the migration of many African Americans to the North? A. the start of the Harlem Renaissance B. increased job opportunities in Northern cities C. laws passed in Northern States to end racial discrimination D. Federal Government job-training programs

An important factor in the rapid development of industry in the United States during the last half of the 19c was A. increasing competition in the oil business. B. the availability of capital for investment purposes. C. a stable economic cycle. D. effective regulation of monopolistic business practices by the national government.

An important political aim of the Progressive movement was to A. guarantee government jobs for the unemployed B. stimulate democratic reforms such as the initiative and the referendum C. create a unicameral national legislature D. increase the participation of African Americans in the Federal Government

As a result of the introduction of mass transit in cities A. working-class neighborhoods were broken apart. B. different social groups no longer lived close together. C. more mixed-use areas consisting of residences, shops, and factories emerged. D. human resources were drawn inward toward the central city.

Before entering World War II, the United States acted as the "arsenal of democracy" by A. financing overseas radio broadcasts in support of democracy B. supplying war materials to the Allies C. creating a weapons stockpile for use after the war D. providing workers for overseas factories

Between 1880 and 1920, the majority of the "new" immigrants to the United States came from A. northern and western Europe B. southern and eastern Europe C. Canada and Latin America D. China and Southeast Asia

Business leaders John D. Rockefeller, J. P. Morgan, and Cornelius Vanderbilt were referred to as robber barons primarily because they A. bought titles of nobility from foreign governments B. were ruthless in dealing with competitors C. stole money from state and local governments D. gained all of their wealth by illegal means

Cesar Chavez created the United Farm Workers Organization Committee (UFWOC) in 1966 primarily to A. secure voting rights for Mexican Americans B. improve working conditions for migrant laborers C. provide legal assistance to illegal aliens D. increase farm income

During World War I, many American women helped gain support for the suffrage movement by A. protesting against the war B. joining the military service C. lobbying for child-care facilities D. working in wartime industries

During World War II, many Japanese Americans living on the West Coast were relocated to detention centers primarily because they A. were known spies for Japan B. were seen as a security threat C. refused to serve in the United States military D. expressed their support for Italy and Germany

During World War II, many women experienced a change in role in that they A. served in military combat positions B. worked in jobs formerly held by men C. controlled most corporations D. chaired several congressional committees

During the 1870's and 1880's, midwestern farmers found that earning a living was increasingly difficult because A. prices of agricultural products were increasing B. railroad companies charged high rates for transporting farm products C. agricultural output was declining rapidly D. farm labor was becoming more unionized

During the 1920s, controversies concerning the Scopes trial, national Prohibition, and the behavior of "flappers" were all signs of disagreement over A. increase in organized crime B. traditional values and changing lifestyles C. causes of the Great Depression D. the benefits of new technology

During the Progressive Era, muckrakers published articles and novels primarily to A. advance their own political careers B. make Americans aware of problems in society C. help the federal government become more efficient D. provide entertainment for readers

During the early 1900's, the initiative, recall, and referendum were changes made in many states to give A. citizens the right to choose Presidential candidates B. voters greater direct participation in government C. workers more rights in the collective bargaining process D. business leaders more control over their industries

During the late 1800s, business leaders formed trusts mainly to A. reduce prices B. eliminate competition C. improve worker productivity D. establish overseas factories

During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, United States policy toward Latin America was most strongly characterized by A. friendship and trust B. intervention and paternalism C. tolerance and humanitarianism D. indifference and neglect

How did the Freedmen's Bureau influence the lives of African Americans during Reconstruction? A. It worked to limit Reconstruction policies. B. It supervised relief and improvement efforts. C. It prevented wealthy southerners from regaining power. D. It improved the economic situation of plantation owners.

In 1890, Jacob Riis vividly portrayed life in an American urban slum in his work?: A. The Jungle. B. How the Other Half Lives. C. Ragged John. D. Maggie, Girl of the Streets.

In a United States history textbook, the terms bread and butter unionism, Gospel of Wealth, and mechanization would most likely be found in a chapter entitled A. Reconstruction (1865-1877). B. Industrialization (1870-1900). C. Imperialism (1898-1905). D. The Roaring Twenties (1920-1929).

In response to the demands of farmers and small business owners, Congress enacted laws in the late 19th century that A. supported the organization of farm cooperatives B. regulated the activities of railroads and trusts C. provided direct payments to farmers to help them buy modem machinery D. dropped tariff rates to the lowest point in the century

In the 1920's, the depressed situation of United States agriculture was chiefly caused by A. overregulation by government B. mechanization and overproduction C. inefficient production techniques D. stock-market speculation

In the 1930s, Congress attempted to avoid the situations that led to United States involvement in World War I by A. enacting a peacetime draft law B. passing a series of neutrality acts C. authorizing the deportation of American Communist Party members D. relocating Japanese Americans to internment camps

In the 19th c, railroads formed pools in order to A. increase competition by dividing up large companies into smaller ones B. fix prices and divide business for greater profit. C. inflate the value of assets and profits before selling the stock. D. better serve farmers in remote rural areas.

In the United States, the decade of the 1920's was characterized by A. a willingness to encourage immigration to the United States B. increased consumer borrowing and spending C. the active involvement of the United States in European affairs D. major reforms in national labor legislation

In the United States, the main purpose of antitrust legislation is to A. protect the environment B. increase competition in business C. encourage the growth of monopolies D. strengthen the rights of workers

In which pair of events did the first event most directly influence the second? A. discovery of gold in California --> Louisiana Purchase B. building of the transcontinental railroad --> disappearance of the frontier C. settling of the Oregon Territory --> passage of the Homestead Act D. assimilation of Native American Indians into American society --> passage of the Dawes Act

Industrialists of the late 1800s used pools and trusts to A. promote fair business practices in the marketplace B. increase profits by minimizing competition C. work cooperatively with labor unions D. exclude immigrant workers from factory jobs

Involvement in the Spanish-American War, acquisition of Hawaii, and introduction of the Open Door policy in China were actions taken by the United States Government to A. establish military alliances with other nations B. gain overseas markets and sources of raw materials C. begin the policy of manifest destiny D. support isolationist forces in Congress

Many wealthy American industrialists of the late 19th century used the theory of Social Darwinism to A. support the labor union movement B. justify monopolistic actions C. promote legislation establishing a minimum wage D. encourage charitable organizations to help the poor

Much of the economic growth of the 1920s was based on A. increased trade with other nations B. the production of new consumer goods C. rising prices of agricultural products D. the rapid development of the West

Muckrakers contributed to the rise of Progressivism in the early years of the 20th century by A. challenging big government and urging a return to past conditions B. exposing widespread corruption in business and government C. writing favorable biographies about wealthy Americans D. aligning themselves with the women's suffrage movement

One of the most important economic transformations in the years after World War I was A. the move from the Northeast and Midwest to the West Coast as the country's industrial heartland. B. the shift in production from heavy industry to consumer goods and services. C. a change from a more cooperative to a more adversarial relationship between government and business. D. the shift from industry's reliance on railroads to reliance on the automobile.

One similarity between President Franklin D. Roosevelt and President Lyndon B. Johnson is that both A. believed strongly in States rights B. expanded the power of the Presidency C. supported a strict construction of the Constitution D. opposed most civil rights legislation

President Theodore Roosevelt's policies toward Latin America were evidence of his belief in A. noninvolvement in world affairs B. intervention when American business interests were threatened C. the sovereign rights of all nations D. the need for European interference in the Western Hemisphere

Prohibition failed because A. organized crime controlled illegal liquor production. B. many Americans believed the law interfered with their personal freedom. C. the costs of enforcing it were too expensive. D. it adversely affected American productivity.

Shortly after World War II, the cold war developed mainly as a result of the A. United States refusal to send economic aid to European nations B. Soviet domination of Eastern Europe C. competition between the superpowers to explore outer space D. continuation of the pre-World War II balance of power

Speaker A: "The current situation has necessitated that more women enter the workforce." Speaker B: "My family will have to get along without sugar and flour this week." Speaker C: "I say we should continue to support our president, even if a president has never been elected to four terms before now." Speaker D: "I support the government in everything it has to do, to be sure we are safe from fascism here at home." These speakers would have made these statements during A. World War I B. World War II C. the Korean War D. the Vietnam War

Speaker A: "The use of the bomb shortened the war and saved American lives." Speaker B: "The United States might have been able to force the Japanese to surrender simply by demonstrating the power of the bomb on a deserted island." Speaker C: "The use of the bomb was justified because of the Japanese attack on PearlHarbor." Speaker D: "In Hiroshima, the bomb instantly incinerated more than 60,000 people. Most were civilians." Which speakers hold the view that using the bomb was an appropriate military action? A. A and B B. A and C C. B and C D. B and D

Speaker A: "When demand ran high, and markets were scarce, he showed little mercy, broke his contracts for delivery and raised prices." Speaker B: "The man of wealth must hold his fortune 'in trust' for the community and use it for philanthropic and charitable purposes." Speaker C: "It is cruel to slander the rich because they have been successful. They have gone into great enterprises that have enriched the nation and the nation has enriched them." Speaker D: "The fruits of the toil of millions are boldly stolen to build up colossal fortunes for the few, unprecedented in the history of mankind." Which two speakers would most likely label late 19th-century industrialists as robber barons? A. A and B B. A and D C. B and C D. C and D

Speaker A:"We must take action even if we are not sure it will work. To do nothing to stop them would be a repeat of the Munich mistake." Speaker B:"We must recognize the increasing interdependence of nations and join the United Nations." Speaker C:"Stopping the spread of communism can and must take several forms. We must be willing to do whatever is necessary." Speaker D:"Involvement in European affairs would be a mistake. We should not jeopardize our peace and prosperity over issues that Europe's ambitions and rivalries control." The "Munich mistake" mentioned by speaker A refers to a policy of A. interdependence B. appeasement C. balance of power D. collective security

The 1880s movement for the eight-hour working day is usually associated with which of the following labor organizations A. the Teamsters Union. B. the Knights of Labor. C. the Industrial Workers of the World. D. the International Ladies' Garment Workers Union.

The Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Fair Housing Act, and the Americans with Disabilities Act were government efforts to A. eliminate restrictions on immigration B. end discrimination against various groups C. provide federal aid for children D. require equal treatment of men and woman

The Federal Civil Service System was begun in the late 19th century primarily to A. reward political party supporters B. reduce the practice of political patronage C. secure political campaign contributions D. provide government contracts for big business

The Harlem Renaissance of the 1920's was a period when African Americans A. left the United States in large numbers to settle in Nigeria B. created noteworthy works of art and literature C. migrated to the West in search of land and jobs D. used civil disobedience to fight segregation in the Armed Forces

The Homestead Act provided A. that Indians should henceforth own their lands as individuals rather than collectively as tribes. B. 160 acres of free land within the public domain to any head of household who would settle on it and improve it over a period of five years. C. large amounts of federal government land to Great Plains cattle ranchers who would contract to provide beef for the Union army. D. that the land of former Confederates should not be confiscated.

The Jim Crow laws of the post-Civil War Era were attempts by A. the Federal Government to improve the status of African Americans and Native American Indians B. state and local governments to restrict the freedoms of African Americans C. states to ban organizations such as the Ku Klux Klan D. the Radical Republicans in Congress to carry out Reconstruction plans

The Jim Crow laws, upheld by the Supreme Court in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), provided for A. free land for former slaves B. separate public facilities based on race C. racial integration of public schools D. voting rights for African-American males

The New Deal tried to solve many problems of the Great Depression by A. reducing taxes on big business to stimulate job creation B. providing federal aid to many sectors of the economy C. lowering federal spending to maintain a balanced budget D. decreasing foreign competition by raising tariffs

The Rockefeller Foundation, Carnegie Hall, and the Morgan Library illustrate various ways that entrepreneurs and their descendants have A. suppressed the growth of labor unions B. supported philanthropic activities to benefit society C. applied scientific discoveries to industry D. attempted to undermine the United States economic system

The Truman Doctrine and the Eisenhower Doctrine were United States foreign policies concerning A. the international balance of payments B. the containment of communism C. world-wide environmental pollution D. nuclear disarmament

The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan represented attempts by the United States to deal with the A. national debt B. spread of communism C. President's political opposition D. arms race

The United States issued the Open Door policy (1899-1900) primarily to A. bring democratic government to the Chinese people B. secure equal trade opportunities in China C. force China to change its immigration policies D. use China as a stepping stone to trade with Japan

The decision of the Supreme Court in Korematsu v. United States (1944) upheld the power of the president during wartime to A. ban terrorists from entering the country B. limit a group's civil liberties C. stop mistreatment of resident legal aliens D. deport persons who work for enemy nations

The economic boom of the 1920s was primarily caused by the A. new economic policies of the League of Nations B. development of new consumer goods industries C. advent of advertising on radio D. elimination of barriers to international trade

The effectiveness of the New Deal in ending the Great Depression is difficult to measure because A. President Franklin D. Roosevelt died during his fourth term B. United States involvement in World War II rapidly accelerated economic growth C. the Supreme Court declared most New Deal laws unconstitutional D. later Presidents failed to support most New Deal reforms

The federal voting rights laws passed in the 1950s and 1960s were designed to A. return control of voting regulations to the states B. remove racial barriers to voting C. extend suffrage to American women D. prevent recent immigrants from voting

The historian Frederick Jackson Turner argued that the frontier shaped America by A. killing off many of the most adventurous individuals. B. stimulating individualism, nationalism, and democracy. C. producing institutions very much like those of Europe. D. creating new opportunities for women.

The main purpose of New Deal measures such as the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) was to A. provide immediate employment opportunities B. develop rules to limit speculation and safeguard savings C. enable the Federal Government to take over failing industries D. assure a guaranteed income for American families

The main purpose of initiative, referendum, and recall was to A. reduce federal control over local government. B. enlarge citizens' control over state and local governments. C. stimulate economic growth. D. restore the balance between state and federal power.

The main significance of the Watergate affair was that it A. led to the impeachment and conviction of President Richard Nixon B. showed that the laws of the United States are superior to the actions of a President C. was the first time a President had disagreed with Congress D. proved that Presidential powers are unlimited

The major European powers each had a(n) ___________ in China. A. protectorate B. sphere of influence C. Open Door policy D. tariff policy

The open range was closed to grazing with the use of A. the long drive. B. barbed wire. C. hydraulic mining. D. placer mining.

The underlying reason for the impeachment of President Andrew Johnson was A. the Credit Mobilier scandal B. a power struggle with Congress over Reconstruction C. his refusal to appoint new justices to the Supreme Court D. his policies toward Native American Indians

The works of Duke Ellington and Langston Hughes reflected the A. expanding role of women in the 1920s B. achievements of the Harlem Renaissance C. architectural innovations of the 1930s D. influence of southern European immigrant groups

To help pay for World War II, the United States government relied heavily on the A. money borrowed from foreign governments B. sale of war bonds C. sale of United States manufactured goods to neutral nations D. printing of additional paper money

What common problem did farmers of the 1890s and farmers of the 1920s face? A. government overregulation of farming B. overproduction compared to consumer demand C. failure to plant enough crops to meet local needs D. low tariffs on crops

What was a key challenge faced by the United States during World War II? A. lack of public support for the war effort B. fighting the war on several fronts C. difficulty gaining congressional support D. total reliance on naval power

What was a major effect of the Agricultural Revolution in the United States during the late 1800s? A. Unemployed factory workers could find jobs in agriculture. B. Food supplies were increased to feed urban dwellers. C. The size of farms decreased. D. United States farm exports decreased.

What was a major result of the Watergate controversy? A. Presidential veto power was expanded. B. The president resigned from office. C. Congressional power was reduced. D. The Supreme Court was weakened.

What was the main benefit that labor unions of the late 19th century gained for their members? A. job security B. improved wages and hours C. paid vacations D. health insurance

What was the primary focus of United States foreign policy in the decade after World War I? A. to defend the price of freedom of the seas. B. to reduce United States commitments to other nations. C. to contain the spread of communism in Eastern Europe. D. to fulfill collective security agreements with Western European nations.

What were two basic causes of the Dust Bowl during the early 1930s? A. strip mining and toxic waste dumping B. overfarming and severe drought C. clear-cutting of forests and construction of railroads D. overpopulation and urban sprawl

When necessary to achieve justice, which method did Martin Luther King, Jr., urge his followers to employ? A. using violence to bring about political change B. engaging in civil disobedience C. leaving any community in which racism is practiced D. demanding that Congress pay reparations to African Americans

Which United States foreign policy was most directly related to the rise of big business in the late 1800s? A. containment B. imperialism C. détente D. neutrality

Which action best illustrates the policy of isolationism followed by the United States before it entered World War II? A. signing of a collective security pact with Latin American nations B. passage of neutrality legislation forbidding arms sales to warring nations C. President Franklin D. Roosevelt's exchange of American destroyers for British naval and air bases D. embargo on the sale of gasoline and steel to Japan

Which action was a common objective of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal and President Lyndon B. Johnson's Great Society? A. eliminating nuclear weapons B. helping those living in poverty C. lowering barriers to immigration D. breaking up business monopolies

Which economic practice became significantly more widespread during the 1920s? A. governmental regulation of business B. stock market speculation C. dependence on government welfare programs D. reduction of tariff rates

Which event is most closely associated with the end of the Great Depression? A. passage of the Social Security Act B. beginning of World War II C. reelection of President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1940 D. announcement of the Marshall Plan

Which event represents an expression of nativism during the 1920s? A. trial of John Scopes for teaching evolution B. adoption of a quota system to limit immigration C. Charles Lindbergh's solo transatlantic flight D. rise in popularity of spectator sports

Which factor contributed most to inflation in the United States during the 1970s? A. high tariffs B. oil embargoes C. tax increases D. high unemployment

Which factor is most closely associated with McCarthyism? A. buildup of Soviet missiles in Cuba B. fear of communist influence in the United States C. rise of the Communist Party in China D. creation of the Warsaw Pact by the Soviet Union

Which federal policy was enacted during World War II and justified as a wartime necessity? A. a ban on German-language books B. internment of Japanese Americans C. exclusion of Chinese immigrants D. adoption of the quota system of immigration

Which newspaper headline would have appeared during the Reconstruction Period after the Civil War? A. "Jim Crow Laws End" B. "Former Slaves Made Citizens" C. "Supreme Court Issues Dred Scott Decision" D. "Emancipation Proclamation Issued"

Which of the following characterized the economy of the 1920s? A. an emphasis on heavy industry, such as the production of locomotives. B. a shift to the production of consumer goods. C. increasing wealth for the agricultural sector. D. an emphasis on cash rather than credit purchases.

Which of the following statements is most consistent with the Supreme Court's ruling in Schenck v. U. S. A. the government's seizure and operation of the railroad industry is a constitutional use of its wartime powers. B. the government can restrict the First Amendment right to free speech in time of war. C. the government's prohibition of the manufacture and sale of distilled liquor is a constitutional use of its wartime powers. D. the government does have the power to compel young men to serve in the armed forces during time of war.

Which of the following statements is most consistent with the philosophy of Marcus Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association A. blacks should demand integration in all areas of American society. B. blacks should separate themselves from corrupt white American society. C. blacks must elect their own candidates to state and national offices in order to become an integral part of white society. D. blacks must prove their ability at manual jobs in order to achieve upward mobility.

Which of the following was most crucial in bringing about U. S. participation in World War I A. British propaganda. B. German use of submarines against merchant and passenger ships. C. German violation of Belgian neutrality. D. German atrocities against French and Belgian civilians in the occupied areas of those countries.

Which principle was most weakened as a result of the Watergate controversy? A. congressional immunity B. executive privilege C. judicial review D. States' Rights

Which situation brought about the rapid growth of industry between 1865 and 1900? A. high worker morale resulting from good wages and working conditions B. availability of investment capital C. establishment of western reservations for Native American Indians D. decline in the number of people attending schools

Which statement best describes President Theodore Roosevelt's foreign policy position toward Latin America in the early 1900's? A. The United States should reduce its involvement in Latin American affairs. B. The Monroe Doctrine permits the United States to intervene actively in the affairs of Latin American nations. C. Latin American nations should form an organization to help them achieve political and economic stability. D. The United States should give large amounts of financial aid to help the poor of Latin America.

Which statement most accurately describes conditions of American farmers during the economic boom of the mid-1920s? A. Shortages of fertile land and farm equipment lowered farm income B. Overproduction helped keep farmers from participating in the prosperity of the times C. Subsidies and other government programs dr D. Higher prices for farm products resulted in a higher standard of living for farmers

Why did Congress pass laws protecting civil rights during Reconstruction? A. to reverse the Dred Scott decision B. to abolish black codes in the South C. to punish former Confederate soldiers D. to help former slaves migrate to the North

Why did the United States follow a policy of open immigration during much of the 1800s? A. Many United States citizens wanted to live abroad. B. The United States had a shortage of labor. C. Prosperous conditions in Europe resulted in fewer immigrants coming to the United States. D. Immigrants provided United States industry with investment capital.

Why did the United States follow a policy of unrestricted immigration for Europeans during most of the 1800's? A. Business and industry depended on the foreign capital brought by immigrants. B. The American economy needed many unskilled workers. C. Most Americans desired a more diversified culture. D. The United States wanted to help European nations by taking in their surplus population.

Why did the United States formulate the Open Door policy toward China? A. to develop democratic institutions and practices in China B. to prevent a European and Japanese monopoly of Chinese trade and markets C. to establish a military presence on the Chinese mainland D. to support Japanese efforts to industrialize China

Why were some Americans concerned about the closing of the frontier? A. People were worried that Native Americans might revolt. B. People were worried that the idea of Americans traveling west to make a new start had come to an end. C. Some farmers wanted more land to increase their political power with the federal government. D. Settlers worried about the cost of supplies with the increased number of homesteaders.

". . . I also ask this Congress for authority and for funds sufficient to manufacture additional munitions and war supplies of many kinds, to be turned over to those nations which are now in actual war with aggressor nations. Our most useful and immediate role is to act as an arsenal for them as well as for ourselves. They do not need man power, but they do need billions of dollars worth of the weapons of defense. The time is near when they will not be able to pay for them all in ready cash. We cannot, and we will not, tell them that they must surrender, merely because of present inability to pay for the weapons which we know they must have. . . . — President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Annual Message to Congress, January 6, 1941 Which program was President Franklin D. Roosevelt proposing in this speech? A. Fair Deal B. Great Society C. Lend-Lease D. Cash and Carry

". . . This, then, is held to be the duty of the man of Wealth: First, to set an example of modest, unostentatious living, shunning display or extravaganceto provide moderately for the legitimate wants of those dependent upon him and after doing so to consider all surplus revenues which come to him simply as trust funds, which he is called upon to administer, and strictly bound as a matter of duty to administer in the manner which, in his judgment, is best calculated to produce the most beneficial results for the community— . . ." — Andrew Carnegie, "Wealth," North American Review, June 1889 According to this passage, the responsibility of the wealthy is to A. invest in future industry to increase wealth B. share their excess wealth with the community C. maintain a lifestyle consistent with their wealth D. influence government to assist all people

"Korematsu was not excluded from the military area because of hostility to him or his race. He was excluded because we are at war with the Japanese Empire, because the . . .authorities feared an invasion of our West Coast and felt constrained to take proper security measures." —Justice Hugo Black Korematsu v. United States, 1944 Which generalization is supported by this quotation? A. Individual rights need to be maintained in national emergencies. B. The Supreme Court lacks the power to block presidential actions taken during wartime. C. Individual rights can be restricted under certain circumstances. D. Only the Supreme Court can alter the constitutional rights of American citizens.

"President Nixon Plans Trip to China To Meet with Chairman Mao" "President Carter Signs New Panama Canal Treaty" "President Clinton Concludes Trade Agreement with Japan" Each headline illustrates an action of a President fulfilling his role as A. head of his political party B. Commander in Chief C. chief diplomat D. chief legislator

"The great rule of conduct for us in regard to foreign nations is, in extending our commercial relations, to have with them as little political connection as possible." This quotation supports a foreign policy of A. imperialism B. appeasement C. neutrality D. economic sanctions

"We are to be an instrument in the hands of God to see that liberty is made secure for mankind." -President Woodrow Wilson President Wilson tried to carry out the idea expressed in this quotation by A. protesting the sinking of the Lusitania B. proposing a program of civil rights for minorities in American society C. urging the Allies to adopt the Fourteen Points D. taking control of territories conquered in World War I

"You cannot extend the mastery of government over the daily working life of the people without, at the same time, making it the master of the people's souls and thought." -President Herbert Hoover The idea expressed in the quotation is a basis for President Hoover's belief that the problems of the Great Depression could best be solved by A. nationalizing major industries B. requiring business to pay a minimum wage to workers C. relying mostly on private enterprise and individual initiative to improve economic conditions D. creating government job programs for the unemployed

A constitutional issue that was frequently raised about United States involvement in the Korean conflict and the Vietnam conflict was the A. right to regulate commerce with foreign nations B. use of deficit spending to finance wars C. lack of a formal declaration of war by Congress D. Supreme Court's role in foreign policy decision-making

A main purpose of President Theodore Roosevelt's trustbusting policies was to A. reduce corruption in government B. save the nation's banks C. encourage competition in business D. end strikes by labor unions

A main purpose of government-ordered rationing during World War II was to A. increase foreign trade B. limit the growth of industry C. conserve raw materials for the war effort D. encourage women to enter the workforce

A major cause of the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II was A. national segregation policies B. immigration quotas C. racial prejudice D. economic depression

A major effect of the National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act, 1935) was that labor unions A. were soon controlled by large corporations B. experienced increasing difficulty in gaining new members C. obtained the right to bargain collectively D. lost the right to strike

A negative effect of holding companies, mergers, and pools on the United States during the late 19th century was that these combinations A. encouraged the Federal Government to spend more than its income B. reduced the need for labor unions C. decreased competition between businesses D. ended United States participation in inter-national trade

A violation of civil rights that occurred in the United States during World War II was the A. arrests made as a result of the Palmer raids B. passage of an open immi-gration law C. internment of Japanese Americans D. forced removal of Native American Indians from their reservations

Advocates of Manifest Destiny claimed the motive for territorial expansion was to A. achieve a political balance between North and South. B. secure new resources and markets for the United States. C. extend American liberty to new territories. D. ensure that no foreign powers gained territory in North America.

After World War I, the opposition of some Members of Congress to the Versailles Treaty was based largely on the idea that the Treaty A. did not punish the Central Powers harshly enough B. did not give the United States an important role in world affairs C. would require the United States to join the League of Nations and might result in a loss of United States sovereignty D. would require the United States to assume the cost of rebuilding the war-torn European economies

After World War II, the United States departed most sharply from its traditional foreign policy when it A. stopped foreign-aid programs B. sponsored disarmament treaties C. organized global systems of alliances D. recognized revolutionary governments

After the passage of the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments, African Americans continued to experience political and economic oppression mainly because A. the amendments were not intended to solve their problems B. many African Americans distrusted the Federal Government C. Southern legislatures enacted Jim Crow laws D. poor communications kept people from learning about their legal rights

An important result of the Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act was? A. an increase in farm income. B. a great increase in the development of foreign trade. C. tariff reprisals from a number of foreign countries. D. new prosperity for factory workers in the United States.

As World War II was ending, the United States decided to join the United Nations mainly because the United States A. sought to meet the American public's overwhelming demand for free-trade agreements B. wanted to continue to play the same role it had in the League of Nations C. recognized that efforts to achieve world peace required United States involvement D. wanted to stop the growing influence of newly independent developing nations

At the beginning of World War I, President Woodrow Wilson followed a traditional United States foreign policy by A. refusing to permit trade with either side in the conflict B. sending troops to aid Great Britain C. declaring American neutrality D. requesting an immediate declaration of war against the aggressors

Base your answer to the question below on the passage below "[The registrar] brought a big old book out there, and he gave me the sixteenth section of the constitution of Mississippi, . . . I could copy it like it was in the book, but after I got through copying it, he told me to give a reasonable interpretation and tell the meaning of the section I had copied. Well, I flunked out." Source: A History of the United States since 1861 The main intent of the literacy test described in the passage was to A. encourage reform of the political system B. encourage Mississippi residents to learn about their state's legal system C. prevent African Americans from exercising a basic right D. enforce the provisions of the United States Constitution

Between 1870 and 1920, the federal government placed few restrictions on immigration primarily because it wanted to A. sell land in the West B. recruit men for the military C. ensure that there would be workers for the factories D. avoid offending foreign governments

Critics charged that New Deal policies favored socialism because the federal government A. took ownership of most major industries B. favored farmers over workers and business owners C. increased its responsibility for the welfare of the economy D. declined to prosecute business monopolies

During President Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration, which situation was viewed by critics as a threat to the principle of separation of powers? A. changing the date of the Presidential inauguration B. congressional support of banking legislation C. proposing the expansion of Supreme Court membership D. passage of Social Security legislation

During the Great Depression, expressions such as Hoovervilles and Hoover blankets showed that President Hoover A. was seen as a role model B. used the military to aid the unemployed C. was blamed for the suffering of the poor D. supported relief and public housing for the needy

During the Korean War, what was the main reason that President Harry Truman dismissed General Douglas MacArthur as commander of the United States troops? A. The United States had suffered many severe military losses. B. Congress refused to appropriate any more money to support the war. C. President Truman believed that General MacArthur's conduct threatened the concept of civilian control over the military D. General MacArthur disobeyed President Truman by deciding to stop fighting the war.

During the late 1800's, a major reaction to the activities of labor unions in the United States was that A. the press in most communities supported unions B. United States Presidents opposed the use of Federal troops to end strikes called by organized labor C. courts frequently issued injunctions to stop strikes D. most factory workers quickly joined the unions

During the late 1800s, many North American Indian tribes were sent to reservations that were located A. along the major rivers and lakes of the Midwest B. near large cities in the Northwest C. in sparsely populated regions of the West D. east of the Mississippi River

During the late 1800s, the defenders of Social Darwinism would most likely have supported A. labor unions B. progressive income taxes C. laissez-faire capitalism D. environmental conservation

During the late 19th century, which practices were used by employers against workers? A. boycotts and lockouts B. picketing and walkouts C. blacklists and yellow-dog contracts D. mass rallies and sit-down strikes

During the late nineteenth century, many anti-imperialists worried that imperialism might threaten United States democratic values by A. opening more doors of diplomacy B. considering the needs of native peoples C. violating fundamental human rights D. establishing protection for weaker countries

During the latter half of the 19th century, many business organizations in the United States combined into large corporations because A. income levels for workers would be improved B. government intervention in economic affairs would decline C. efficiency in production methods could be increased D. economic possibilities outside the United States could be explored

During which period in United States history were the amendments concerning the income tax, direct election of Senators. Prohibition, and women's suffrage enacted? A. Reconstruction B. The Gilded Age C. Progressive Era D. New Deal

Early in the 20th century, Presidents William Taft and Woodrow Wilson used the concept of dollar diplomacy to A. help European nations avoid war B. expand United States influence in China C. protect United States investments in Latin America D. support welfare programs for immigrants to the United States

Following World War I, the United States Senate refused to ratify the Treaty of Versailles primarily because the treaty A. failed to include most of President Wilson's Fourteen Points B. did not punish Germany for starting the war C. contained provisions that might lead the United States into foreign conflicts D. made no provision for reduction of military weapons

From 1900 to 1915, a basic aim of United States foreign policy was to A. develop close economic ties with African nations B. oppose revolutionary movements in western Europe C. promote United States influence in Latin America D. prevent the spread of communism in western Europe and Asia

From 1914 to 1916, as World War I raged in Europe, Americans were not able to remain neutral in thought as well as action mainly because A. United States membership in military alliances required the nation to fight B. United States newspapers encouraged a policy of imperialist expansion C. the warring powers interfered with the United States right to freedom of the seas D. President Woodrow Wilson supported the war aims of Germany and Austria-Hungary

Henry Ford produced a more affordable car primarily because his company A. paid workers lower wages than its competitors paid B. used foreign-made parts C. developed a less expensive method of production D. offered a variety of options to buyers

How did the use of literacy tests impact the post-Civil War South? A. They led to an increase in voter turnout by African Americans B. They led to the election of more African American government officials in the South C. They led to the disenfranchisement of a large number of African Americans. D. They led to an increase in the power of the Republican Party in the South

How were many African Americans in the South affected after Reconstruction ended in 1877? A. A constitutional amendment guaranteed their social advancement B. The Freedmen's Bureau helped them become farmowners. C. Jim Crow laws placed major restrictions on their rights. D. Southern factories offered them job training and employment opportunities

How were many African Americans in the South affected after Reconstruction ended in 1877? A. A constitutional amendment guaranteed their social advancement. B. The Freedmen's Bureau helped them become farmowners. C. Jim Crow laws placed major restrictions on their rights. D. Southern factories offered them job training and employment opportunities

In 1954, the Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka advanced the civil rights movement by A. guaranteeing equal voting rights to African Americans B. banning racial segregation in hotels and restaurants C. declaring that racial segregation in public schools violated the 14th amendment D. upholding the principle of separate but equal public facilities

In 1957, President Dwight D. Eisenhower sent federal troops to Little Rock, Arkansas, to A. protect civil rights marchers B. help African Americans register to vote C. enforce a Supreme Court decision to desegregate public schools D. end race riots resulting from a bus boycott

In Plessy v. Ferguson (1896., the Supreme Court ruled that A. states may not secede from the Union B. all western territories should be open to slavery C. racial segregation was constitutional D. slaves are property and may not be taken from their owners

In its decision in the case of Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court held that A. separate facilities for different races were inherently unequal and therefore unconstitutional. B. no black slave could be a citizen of the United States. C. separate but equal facilities for different races were constitutional. D. imposition of a literacy test imposed an unconstitutional barrier to the right to vote.

In the 1920's, the Immigration Act of 1924 and the Sacco-Vanzetti trial were typical of the A. rejection of traditional customs and beliefs B. acceptance of cultural differences C. increase in nativism and intolerance D. support of humanitarian causes

In the 1930s, one factor that accounted for the westward migration of farmers from the Great Plains was A. high farm prices B. new technologies C. the Dust Bowl D. the baby boom

In the 1944 case Korematsu v. United States, the Supreme Court ruled that wartime conditions justified the A. use of women in military combat B. ban against strikes by workers C. limitations placed on civil liberties D. reduction in the powers of the president

In the 19th century, protective tariffs, subsidies for railroads, and open immigration showed that the federal government followed a policy of A. support for economic development B. noninterference in the free-market system C. regulation of unfair business practices D. support for organized labor

In the South after the Civil War, which system of land usage was developed to replace the major system destroyed by the war? A. plantation B. small self-sufficient farming C. sharecropping D. corporate farming

In the early 20th century, muckrakers were able to influence American society mainly through their A. frequent acts of civil disobedience B. activities as government officials C. publication of articles and books D. control over factories

In the late 1800s, the theory of laissez-faire capitalism was used by many industrialists to A. petition the government for assistance during times of financial crisis B. oppose colonial expansion in Africa and Asia C. argue against government regulation of business practices D. defend limits on the number of immigrants allowed to work in factories

In the late 19th century, the major argument used by labor union leaders against immigrants was that immigrants A. contributed little to enrich American life B. refused to assimilate into American culture C. took jobs from United States citizens D. placed financial drains on social services

In the late 19th century, the pattern of United States immigration changed in that A. far fewer immigrants arrived in the United States than in previous years B. most immigrants chose to settle in the rural, farming regions of the western United States C. increasing numbers of immigrants came from eastern and southern Europe D. most immigrants were political refugees

In the post-World War II era, Senator Joseph McCarthy and the House Un-American Activities Committee attempted to A. develop an effective system for spying on other countries B. make Cold War programs a priority in United States foreign policy C. identify Communists in the government and elsewhere in American society D. establish a policy of détente with the Soviet Union

In the ten years following the Civil War, a large numbers of former slaves earned a living by becoming A. conductors on the Underground Railroad B. workers in Northern factories C. sharecroppers on Southern farms D. gold miners in California

In their plans for Reconstruction, both President Abraham Lincoln and President Andrew Johnson sought to A. punish the South for starting the Civil War B. force the Southern States to pay reparations to the Federal Government C. allow the Southern States to reenter the nation as quickly as possible D. establish the Republican Party as the only political party in the South

Issuing the Truman Doctrine, defending South Korea, and sending military advisors to Vietnam were actions taken by the United States to A. encourage membership in the United Nations B. promote American business in Asia C. limit the spread of communism D. gain additional overseas colonies

Langston Hughes and Duke Ellington are noted for their contributions to the cultural movement of the 1920s known as the A. Gospel of Wealth B. Lost Generation C. Harlem Renaissance D. Gilded Age

Mark Twain called the era following the Civil War the "Gilded Age" because A. it was an age of universal benefit for all Americans. B. of the tremendous number of gold strikes that took place. C. the glitter and flashiness of the time seemed to mask the ugliness and crass materialism that lay beneath the surface. D. the gold and silver issues seemed to dominate the era.

Mark Twain labeled the late 1800s in the United States the "Gilded Age" to describe the A. end of the practice of slavery B. absence of international conflicts C. extremes of wealth and poverty D. achievements of the labor movement

Most Americans who opposed sending United States troops to fight in the Vietnam War believed that A. nuclear weapons should be used to end the war B. the war should be extended into China C. the United States should not police the world D. international trade would be interrupted

News organizations were engaging in yellow journalism before the Spanish-American War when A. publishers tried to prevent the war B. articles about Cuba were fair and balanced C. editors exaggerated events to build support for war D. writers ignored the situation in Cuba

One reason John D. Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, and J. Pierpont Morgan were sometimes called robber barons was because they A. robbed from the rich to give to the poor B. made unnecessarily risky investments C. used ruthless business tactics against their competitors D. stole money from the federal government

President Harry Truman justified using atomic bombs on Japan in 1945 on the grounds that the A. world was ready for a demonstration of nuclear power B. Axis powers deserved total destruction C. early ending of the war would save many lives D. American public demanded that the bombs be used

President Lyndon B. Johnson's Great Society is similar to President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal in that both programs A. sought ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment to guarantee equality for women B. advocated passage of civil rights laws to help African Americans C. supported federal funding of programs for the poor D. approved efforts by states to reduce taxes for the middle class

President Lyndon Johnson's Great Society programs were similar to Progressive Era programs in that both A. strictly enforced antitrust laws B. focused on expanding civil rights for African Americans C. used federal government power to try to improve social conditions D. made urban renewal their primary concern

President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points were based on the belief that A. military strength is a nation's best path to world peace B. isolationism should guide international relations C. the principle of self-determination should be applied to people of all nations D. industrial nations should have equal access to colonial possessions

President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points were intended to A. make the United States, Great Britain, and France into leading world powers B. redistribute Germany's colonies among the Allied nations C. prevent international tensions from leading to war D. punish Germany for causing World War I

Public disregard for Prohibition and for laws prohibiting gambling indicates that A. the American film industry has great influence on public opinion B. the system of checks and balances does not work C. attempts to legislate public morality may be met with strong resistance D. American citizens have little, if any, respect for laws

Since the 1950s, the term McCarthyism has been applied to events that are related to A. the basic rights of citizens to own and carry guns B. the violent activities of international terrorists C. reckless accusations unsupported by evidence D. questionable methods used to finance political campaigns

Speaker A: "The business of America is business, and we would be wise to remember that." Speaker B:"Government ownership of business is superior to private enterprise." Speaker C:"Strict government regulation of business practices is a means to insure the public good." Speaker D:"Only through personal effort can wealth and success be achieved." Which speaker would most likely have supported the ideas of the Progressive movement? A. Speaker A B. Speaker B C. Speaker C D. Speaker D

Speaker A: "The current situation has necessitated that more women enter the workforce." Speaker B: "My family will have to get along without sugar and flour this week." Speaker C: "I say we should continue to support our president, even if a president has never been elected to four terms before now." Speaker D: "I support the government in everything it has to do, to be sure we are safe from fascism here at home." Which situation is Speaker B describing? A. destruction of crops during wartime B. need for importation of food products C. food rationing to support a war effort D. limitation of agricultural production through farm subsidies

Speaker A: Steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world. Speaker B: The United States will give economic aid to needy countries anywhere in the world, but will not provide military aid. Speaker C: The United States must prevent the growth of communism. Speaker D: The United States can take over other countries to help them become more like us. The Korean conflict and the Vietnam conflict were attempts to carry out the foreign policy described by Speaker A. A B. B C. C D. D

Speaker A:"To preserve our American culture, people whose national origins do not match the origins of our nation's founders must be refused admission." Speaker B:". . . let us admit only the best educated from every racial and ethnic group . . ." Speaker C:". . . there is an appalling danger to the American wage earner from the flood of low, unskilled, ignorant, foreign workers who have poured into the country . . ." Speaker D:"Give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to breathe free . . ." In the early 20th century, most labor unions supported the view of A. Speaker A B. Speaker B C. Speaker C D. Speaker D

Statement A: "The best way to economic recovery is to subsidize industry so that it will hire more workers and expand production." Statement B: "If jobs are not available, the government must create jobs for those who are unemployed." Statement C: "According to human nature, the most talented people will always come out on top." Statement D: "Our government is responsible for the nation's economic well-being." Which statement is closest to the philosophy of Social Darwinism? A. Speaker A B. Speaker B C. Speaker C D. Speaker D

Support for the war against Spain came in part from the ______________ practiced by some newspapers. A. anti-Americanism B. objectivity C. yellow journalism D. sphere of influence

The 19th-century philosophy of Social Darwinism maintained that A. the government should have control over the means of production and the marketplace B. all social class distinctions in American society should be eliminated C. economic success comes to those who are the hardest working and most competent D. wealth and income should be more equally distributed

The Farmer is the Man When the farmer comes to town With his wagon broken down, Oh, the farmer is the man Who feeds them all. . . . The farmer is the man, The farmer is the man, Lives on credit till the fall Then they take him by the hand And they lead him from the land, And the middleman's the man Who gets it all. . . . — American folk song Which political party focused most of its efforts on the problem identified in this song? A. Bull Moose B. Free Soil C. Populist D. Progressive

The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) and the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), established during the New Deal, were important because they A. increased the supply of money in the economy B. guaranteed loans to failing businesses and banks C. attempted to restore public confidence in financial institutions D. provided grants to unemployed workers

The Fourteenth Amendment is important because, in addition to awarding citizenship to former slaves, it A. guarantees women the right to vote B. abolishes the poll tax C. guarantees equal protection under the law D. provides protection against illegal search and seizure

The Homestead Act was important in the growth of the West because it A. set aside reservations for Native American Indians B. created the Department of Agriculture to aid farmers C. encouraged settlement of the Great Plains D. provided land to build a canal system

The Monroe Doctrine declared that the United States would A. prevent the establishment of new European colonies anywhere in the world B. help colonies in North and South America adopt a democratic form of government C. view European interference in the Americas as a threat to the national interest of the United States D. prevent other nations from trading with South American nations

The New Deal changed political thinking in the United States because it supported the idea that the A. rights of workers are less important than the interests of business B. Supreme Court should have an important role to play in the economy C. government should become more involved in the social and economic life of the people D. president's foreign policy is more important than his domestic policy

The Populist Party was important in United States history because it A. succeeded in electing two presidential candidates B. won control of many state governments C. proposed ideas that later became law D. achieved suffrage for African Americans

The United States Supreme Court decision in Korematsu v. United States (1944) concerned A. restricting freedom of the press B. the president's right to use atomic weapons C. limiting civil liberties during wartime D. the right of women to serve in military combat

The aim of the Dawes Act of 1887 was to A. restore previously taken land to Native American Indian tribes B. maintain traditional Native American Indian cultures C. assimilate Native American Indians into American culture D. end all governmental contact with Native American Indians

The change in the nation's attitude toward membership in the League of Nations and membership in the United Nations shows the contrast between A. neutrality and containment B. appeasement and internationalism C. isolationism and involvement D. interventionism and détente

The chief objective of President Lyndon Johnson's Great Society programs was to A. increase foreign aid to developing nations B. correct environmental pollution C. help the disadvantaged in the United States D. unite democratic nations and contain communism

The effect of yellow journalism on the Cuban rebellion was A. unimportant to people in the United States. B. helpful in changing McKinley's mind about going to war with Spain. C. critical to raising public support for war against Spain. D. harmful to American businesses in Cuba.

The experiences of African Americans serving in the military forces during World War II influenced their postwar decision to A. renew support for the principle of separate but equal B. join the armed forces in record numbers C. increase efforts to end racial discrimination D. move back to the rural south

The failure of national Prohibition led to a public awareness that A. crime rates decline when the sale of alcoholic beverages is banned B. economic prosperity encourages social conformity C. unpopular laws are difficult to enforce D. geographic conditions affect law enforcement

The federal government's Indian policy between 1876 and 1900 was characterized by A. an attempt to compensate the Indians for past mistreatment. B. a concern for the preservation of a tribal lifestyle among the Indians. C. a movement to encourage the Indians to learn the ways of white society. D. a program to protect and maintain the buffalo herds.

The major goal of the civil rights movement of the 1960's was to A. establish a separate political state for African Americans B. gain passage of an equal rights amendment to the Constitution C. end segregation based on race D. permit unlimited immigration to the United States

The migration of African Americans to the North during and following World War I was mainly a result of the A. success of military desegregation B. efforts of the civil rights movement C. availability of new factory jobs D. impact of affirmative action programs

The passage of the Dawes Act in 1887 was primarily an attempt by the United States government to A. limit the power of the Bureau of Indian Affairs B. return eastern land to Native American Indian tribes C. encourage Native American Indians to give up their traditional cultures D. hire Native American Indians as military scouts

The passage of the Homestead Act and the completion of the transcontinental railroad helped to fulfill the United States commitment to A. Reconstruction B. racial equality C. manifest destiny D. conservation of natural resources

The primary purpose of President Richard Nixon's policy of détente was to A. expand United States military involvement in Southeast Asia B. assure an adequate supply of oil from the Middle East C. ease tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union D. maintain a favorable balance of trade with China

The principle that the United States has the right to act as the "policeman of the Western Hemisphere" and intervene in the internal affairs of Latin American nations was established by the A. Good Neighbor policy B. Open Door policy C. Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine D. Marshall Plan

The rulings of the Supreme Court in Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857), Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), and Korematsu v. United States (1944) all demonstrate that the Supreme Court has A. continued to extend voting rights to minorities B. protected itself from internal dissent C. sometimes failed to protect the rights of minorities D. often imposed restrictions on free speech during wartime

Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, and Robert M. LaFollette are all considered progressives because they A. supported the formation of the first trade union B. used Presidential power to break up strikes C. worked to limit the power of big business D. formed the first civil rights organizations

What is the best Social-Darwinist defense for U.S. imperialism? A. Robber Barons deserved new markets to sell their goods and expand their businesses. B. The United States needed to compete with European nations to prove that the United States was superior. C. It was natural for Superior nations to economically and politically dominate less-advanced nations. D. The United States needed to test its military strength to make any necessary improvements.

What major trend related to population occurred during the industrialization boom of the late 1800s? A. Immigration decreased B. Suburbanization decreased C. Urbanization increased D. Migration to rural areas increased

What was a major reason American farmers failed to obtain a fair share of the economic prosperity of the 1920s? A. Crops failed due to poor weather conditions B. The government controlled food prices C. Farm crops were overproduced D. Banks refused to lend money to farmers

What was a major reason for United States entry into World War I? A. to overthrow the czarist government of Russia B. to keep Latin America from being attacked by Germany C. to maintain freedom of the seas D. to break up the colonial empires of the Allies

What was a major result of the Civil War? A. States now had the right to secede from the Union. B. Congress passed an amendment to provide for the direct election of senators. C. The power of the central government was strengthened. D. The judiciary became the dominant branch of the federal government.

What was the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine? A. It provided for the purchase of land to build a canal across Panama. B. It warned the nations of Europe not to impose high tariffs on goods from the Americas. C. It stated that the United States would intervene in Latin American affairs as needed for political and economic stability. D. It reinforced the policy of isolationism of the United States in world affairs.

Which 1904 policy was an addition to the Monroe Doctrine and stated that the U.S. would police the Western hemisphere? A. The Taft Dollar Diplomacy Decree B. The Wilson Missionary Consequence C. The Roosevelt Corollary D. The McKinley Addendum

Which United States policy is most closely associated with the annexation of Hawaii and the Philippines? A. neutrality B. isolationism C. imperialism D. international cooperation

Which action is an example of nativism in the 1920s? A. widespread violation of Prohibition laws B. efforts to improve living conditions for Native American Indians C. passage of laws restricting immigration D. provision of credit to farmers

Which action was taken by the United States government to help Europe's economic recovery after World War II? A. forming the Alliance for Progress B. sending troops to Turkey C. creating the Marshall Plan D. joining the North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Which congressional action not only raised money for World War II but also contributed to the national debt? A. requiring employers to withhold taxes from workers' paychecks B. raising income tax rates C. selling war bonds D. enacting wage and price controls

Which development during the Industrial Era led to the expansion of farming and ranching in the United States? A. steel beam construction B. assembly line manufacturing C. growth of the railroads D. increase in electric lighting

Which event led directly to the end of the cold war? A. reunification of Germany B. formation of the European Union C. breakup of the Soviet Union D. creation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO.

Which event of the 1920s symbolized a conflict over cultural values? A. election of Herbert Hoover B. transatlantic flight of Charles Lindbergh C. Scopes trial D. stock market crash

Which factor is most closely associated with the decision of the United States to declare war on Spain in 1898? A. isolationist policy B. labor union pressure C. yellow journalism D. unrestricted submarine warfare

Which factor most influenced the growth of the United States economy between 1865 and 1900? A. development of the sharecropping system B. success of organized labor C. governmental policy of laissez faire D. restrictions on immigration

Which foreign policy position was held by both President James Monroe and President Theodore Roosevelt? A. Trade with other nations should be sharply reduced. B. The United States should follow a policy of isolationism. C. A special relationship should exist between the United States and the nations of Latin America. D. The United States should send troops to aid revolutionary movements in European nations

Which generalization is consistent with the ruling of the United States Supreme Court in Schenck v. United States? A. The freedoms guaranteed in the Bill of Rights are virtually unlimited B. Government has the right to suspend any rights at any time. C. Individual rights can be limited in the national interest D. The balance between individual rights and the general social welfare almost always favors individual rights.

Which of the following best accounts for the success of Standard Oil A. its scientists developed processes for refining oil more efficiently. B. it bought out the Erie Railroad in order to keep transportation charges low. C. its corporate structure--known as horizontal integration--allowed the company to grow tremendously. D. it was one of the first companies to invest heavily in advertising.

Which of the following best describes the administrations of Warren Harding and Calvin Coolidge? A. The trusts must be broken! B. The only thing we have to fear is fear itself! C. The business of government is business! D. The world must be made safe for democracy!

Which of the following statements best summarizes Theodore Roosevelt's position on trusts A. trusts are an economic evil and should be destroyed in every case. B. only trusts in the railroad and oil industries are acceptable. C. good trusts should be tolerated while bad trusts are prevented from manipulating markets. D.anything that stands in the way of complete and unrestricted economic competition is evil and should be removed.

Which pair of events illustrates an accurate cause-and-effect relationship? A. Sacco and Vanzetti trial ---> ratification of the woman suffrage amendment B. rebirth of the KKK ---> formation of the Populist Party C. Red Scare ---> demand for limits on immigration D. high food prices ---> start of the Great Depression

Which president was known as a trustbuster? A. George Washington B. Calvin Coolidge C. Theodore Roosevelt D. Dwight Eisenhower

Which statement about immigration to the United States during the 19th century is most valid? A. Organized labor supported unlimited immigration. B. Most immigrants to the United States were illegal aliens. C. Industrial growth led to a demand for cheap immigrant labor. D. Few immigrants came from western Europe.

Which statement best summarizes President Theodore Roosevelt's views about conservation? A. Environmental issues are best decided by the private sector. B. Unlimited access to natural resources is the key to business growth. C. Wilderness areas and their resources should be protected for the public good. D. Decisions about the use of natural resources should be left to the states.

Which type of federal tax was authorized by the 16th amendment in 1913? A. excise B. import C. income D. estate

Who led a "witch hunt" for Communist spies in the United States government during the early 1950s? A. Supreme Court Justice Earl Warren B. President Dwight Eisenhower C. Senator Joseph McCarthy D. Secretary of State Dean Acheson

Why did United States business interests favor overseas expansion in the late 1800s? A. to establish a commonwealth of colonies B. to establish military bases around the world C. to acquire new markets and sources of raw materials D. to spread democratic ideals to other areas of the world

Woodrow Wilson failed to obtain ratification of the Versailles Treaty because A. a majority of the senators opposed the Treaty and the League of Nations under any circumstances. B. he made too many compromises with the Republican opposition. C. he was unwilling to make any compromise with Senator Henry Cabot Lodge. D. the Republican senators wanted a stronger League of Nations.

". . . I was disappointed not to see what is inside Central High School. I don't understand why the governor [of Arkansas] sent grown-up soldiers to keep us out. I don't know if I should go back. But Grandma is right, if I don't go back, they will think they have won. They will think they can use soldiers to frighten us, and we'll always have to obey them. They'll always be in charge if I don't go back to Central and make the integration happen. . . ." — Melba Beals, Warriors Don't Cry, an African American student, 1957 President Dwight D. Eisenhower reacted to the situation described in this passage by A. forcing the governor of Arkansas to resign B. allowing the people of Arkansas to resolve the problem C. asking the Supreme Court to speed up racial integration D. sending federal troops to enforce integration

". . . There's no chance of progress and reform in an administration in which war plays the principal part. . . ." — President-elect Woodrow Wilson, 1913 In this statement, President-elect Wilson was expressing the belief that A. the United States should enter World War I immediately B. reform movements are strengthened by war C. the nation will require a change in leadership if it goes to war D. the Progressive movement would be best served by continued peace

". . . it is known that there are Japanese residents of California who have sought to aid the Japanese enemy by way of communicating information . . ." — Culbert Olson, Governor of California, February 1942 This statement helped influence President Franklin D. Roosevelt to A. ask Congress to declare war on Japan B. force most Japanese Americans to leave the United States C. send federal troops to guard California's capital D. restrict the civil liberties of Japanese Americans

"An attack on one shall be considered an attack on all." This statement summarizes the foreign policy known a A. colonialism B. nonalignment C. appeasement D. collective security

"Arms Sales to Warring Nations Banned" "Americans Forbidden to Travel on Ships of Warring Nations" "Loans to Nations at War Forbidden" "War Materials Sold Only on Cash-and-Carry Basis" These headlines from the 1930s reflect the efforts of the United States to A. maintain freedom of the seas B. send military supplies to the League of Nations C. limit the spread of international communism D. avoid participation in European wars

"I took the Canal and let Congress debate." -Theodore Roosevelt This quotation best demonstrates A. an effort by a President to maintain a policy of isolationism B. a decline in the use of militarism as a defense policy C. an increased reliance on the legislative process D. a Presidential action that achieved a foreign policy objective

"I would agree with Saint Augustine that 'An unjust law is no law at all.' " — Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. "Letter From Birmingham City Jail" This statement was used by Dr. King to show support for A. Social Darwinism B. Jim Crow laws C. separation of church and state D. civil disobedience

"I, Too, Sing America" I, too, sing America. I am the darker brother. They send me to eat in the kitchen When company comes, But I laugh, And eat well, And grow strong. Tomorrow, I'll sit at the table When company comes. Nobody'll dare Say to me, "Eat in the kitchen," Then. Besides, They'll see how beautiful I am And be ashamed— I, too, am America. — Langston Hughes, 1926 This poem was a literary contribution from the A. abolitionist movement B. Progressive Era C. Prohibition movement D. Harlem Renaissance

"Many foreign peoples, in Europe at least, are . . . frightened by experiences of the past and are less interested in . . . freedom than in security . They are seeking guidance rather than responsibilities. We should be better able than the Russians to give them this. And unless we do, the Russians certainly will." This advice to President Harry Truman helped influence Truman's decision to A. drop atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki B. end segregation in the Armed Forces C. deport any person suspected of being a Communist D. develop the Marshall Plan

"No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges . . . of citizens . . . nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law. . . ." The major purpose of these provisions of the 14th Amendment was to A. limit the power of the federal government B. expand the civil rights of women C. maintain competition in business D. protect the rights of African Americans

"Section 202. (a) Every qualified individual shall be entitled to receive.. . on the date he attains the age of sixty-five,.. . and ending on the date of his death, an old-age benefit. . ." A major purpose of this section of Federal legislation was to A. guarantee an annual income to experienced employees B. assure adequate medical care for the elderly C. reward workers for their support of the union movement D. provide economic assistance to retired workers

"The business of America is business." — President Calvin Coolidge. By making this statement, President Coolidge was expressing his support for A. higher taxes on corporations B. banking regulations C. democratic socialism D. the free-enterprise system

"Underneath the surface...the activity of privilege appears, the privileges of the street railways, the gas, the water, the telephone, and the electric-lighting companies. The connection of these industries with politics explains the power of the boss and the machine." Who would most likely have made this statement A. a Puritan. B. a Populist. C. a Transcendentalist. D. a Muckraker.

"We conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of 'separate but equal' has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." —Brown v. Board of Education (1954. Which constitutional idea was the basis for this Supreme Court decision? A. protection against double jeopardy B. freedom of speech C. right of assembly D. equal protection of the law

. . . Unjust laws exist shall we be content to obey them, or shall we endeavor to amend them, and obey them until we have succeeded, or shall we transgress them at once? . . . — Henry David Thoreau, 1849 . . . But the great glory of American democracy is the right to protest for right. My friends, don't let anybody make us feel that we [are] to be compared in our actions with the Ku Klux Klan or with the White Citizens Council. There will be no crosses burned at any bus stops in Montgomery. There will be no white persons pulled out of their homes and taken out on some distant road and lynched for not cooperating. There will be nobody amid, among us who will stand up and defy the Constitution of this nation. We only assemble here because of our desire to see right exist. . . — Martin Luther King, Jr., December 1955 Which statement most accurately summarizes the main idea of these quotations? A. Revolution is inevitable in a democratic society. B. Government consistently protects the freedom and dignity of all its citizens. C. Violence is the most effective form of protest. D. Civil disobedience is sometimes necessary to bring about change.

A major criticism of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's programs to combat the Great Depression was that these programs A. reduced the power of the Federal Government B. ignored the plight of homeowners with mortgages C. provided too much protection for big business D. made people dependent on the Federal Government

A major goal of the immigration acts of the 1920s was to A. allow unlimited immigration from Southeast Asia B. assure equal numbers of immigrants from all nations C. favor wealthy and well-educated immigrants D. use quotas to limit immigration from southern and eastern Europe

A major reason for creating the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) in 1933 was to A. build and manage a turnpike in the valley B. provide health care benefits for southerners C. encourage African Americans to settle in the valley D. improve economic conditions in a poor rural region

A major reason for the isolationist trend in the United States following World War I was A. a desire to continue the reforms of the Progressives B. the public's desire to end most trade with other nations C. the failure of the United States to gain new territory D. a disillusionment over the outcomes of the war

A major reason the Radical Republicans opposed President Abraham Lincoln's Reconstruction plan was that his plan A. demanded payments from the South that would have damaged its economy B. postponed the readmission of Southern States into the Union for many years C. granted too many rights to formerly enslaved persons D. offered amnesty to nearly all Confederates who would swear allegiance to the United States

According to the theory of laissez faire, the economy functions best when the government A. subsidizes business so that it can compete worldwide B. regulates businesses for the good of the majority C. owns major industries D. does not interfere in business

After World War I, why did American farmers fail to share in the general economic growth of the United States? A. Many immigrants were settling in the west and competing with the farmers. B. The Federal Government reduced the number of acres on which farmers could grow subsidized crops. C. Farmers could not produce enough to keep up with demand. D. Overproduction and competition caused falling prices.

After World War II, the United States was better able than its allies to adjust its economy from wartime to peacetime because the United States A. possessed nuclear weapons B. raised tariffs on imports C. had collected its war debts from the Allies D. had suffered no widespread wartime destruction

All of the following were important factors in post-Civil War industrial expansion EXCEPT A. a large pool of unskilled labor. B. American ingenuity and inventiveness. C. an abundance of natural resources. D. immigration restrictions.

An immediate effect of the Lend-Lease program was that A. Western Europe recovered from the damage caused by World War I B. the Soviet Union formed the Warsaw Pact C. Japan declared war against the United States D. the United States provided critical aid to Great Britain and the Soviet Union

At the beginning of World War II, national debate focused on whether the United States should continue the policy of A. coexistence B. containment C. imperialism D. isolationism

Based on a study of the trial of Sacco and Vanzetti (1920's) and the internment of Japanese Americans (1940's), which conclusion is most accurate? A. The Bill of Rights is not intended to apply to naturalized citizens B. Racial and ethnic hostilities are effectively checked by adherence to due process of law. C. Internment of suspected criminals is necessary during wartime. D. Nativism and racism sometimes override the ideals of constitutional democracy

Between 1890 and 1915, the majority of immigrants to the United States were labeled "new immigrants" because they were A. considered physically and mentally superior to earlier immigrants B. forced to settle in the cities of the Midwest C. from China, Japan, and other Asian countries D. culturally different from most earlier immigrants

Between 1934 and 1937, Congress passed a series of neutrality acts that were designed primarily to A. strengthen the nation's military defenses B. provide aid to other democratic nations C. create jobs for unemployed American workers D. avoid mistakes that had led to American involvement in World War I

Booker T. Washington believed that the best way for blacks to improve their status in the United States was to A. struggle militantly against all forms of racial discrimination in order to gain educational opportunity. B. form a nationwide council to work for federal laws against lynching. C. leave the United States and return to their African origins. D. accommodate themselves to segregation and disfranchisement while at the same time working hard and proving their economic value to society.

Both the Interstate Commerce Act and the Sherman Antitrust Act were A. inspired by the effectiveness of earlier state laws B. designed to protect business from foreign competition C. declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in the late 1800s D. passed by the federal government to regulate big business

Both the Sherman Antitrust Act and the Clayton Antitrust Act were passed in response to the problem of A. companies refusing to hire minority workers B. businesses choosing to hire illegal immigrants C. unsafe working conditions in factories D. business combinations limiting competition

During Reconstruction, the Black Codes passed by Southern states were attempts to A. provide land to former slaves B. punish former Confederate leaders C. repeal the Jim Crow laws D. deny equal rights to African Americans

During World War II, the federal government used rationing to A. hold down prices of military weapons B. increase educational benefits for veterans C. increase imports of scarce products D. provide more resources for the military

During his reelection campaign in 1916, President Woodrow Wilson used the slogan, "He kept us out of war." In April of 1917, Wilson asked Congress to declare war on Germany. What helped bring about this change? A. Bolshevik forces increased their strength in Germany and Italy. B. Britain was invaded by nations of the Central Powers. C. Russia signed a treaty of alliance with the Central Powers. D. Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare.

During the late 1800s, Southern voters solidly supported the Democratic Party primarily because Democrats A. favored a stronger national government B. led efforts to advance civil rights C. opposed the Jim Crow legal system D. disliked the Reconstruction programs of the Republicans

During the late 19th century, Samuel Gompers, Terence Powderly, and Eugene Debs were leaders in the movement to A. stop racial segregation of Native American Indians B. limit illegal immigration C. gain fair treatment of Native American Indians D. improve working conditions

During the second half of the 1920s, which economic trend was a major cause of the Great Depression? A. deficits in the federal budget B. reductions in tariff rates C. creation of national and state sales taxes D. overproduction and under consumption

From 1865 to 1900, how did the growth of industry affect American society? A. The United States experienced the disappearance of the traditional B. Population centers shifted from the Northeast to the South C. Restrictions on immigration created a more homogeneous culture. D. The percentage of Americans living in urban areas increased.

From the end of World War II until the 1980's, the United States carried out its foreign policy mainly by A. giving in to foreign demands B. avoiding any situation that might involve the nation in a conflict C. acting forcefully to obtain and control colonies D. taking a variety of actions to prevent the spread of communism

Germany's notorious Zimmermann telegram A. promised a temporary halt to submarine warfare. B. apologized for the sinking of the Lusitania. C. warned the United States not to send merchant ships to belligerent nations. D. proposed an alliance with Mexico if the United States declared war on Germany.

How did the government's policy of manifest destiny affect Native Americans living on the plains in the late 1800s? A. Native Americans were forced to accept treaties and land east of the Mississippi River. B. Native Americans were forced to give up reservations with the passage of the Monroe Doctrine. C. Native Americans were forced to mine gold discovered by settlers. D. Native Americans were forced onto reservations while settlers took their land.

How the Other Half Lives, Jacob Riis (1890) The Jungle, Upton Sinclair (1906) The Grapes of Wrath, John Steinbeck (1939) Unsafe at Any Speed, Ralph Nader (1965) What has been the impact of these authors and their books on American society? A. Most Americans have developed a preference for escapist and romantic literature. B. Most American authors have adopted a conservative viewpoint C. American business has corrected poor conditions quickly. D. These works have had significant influence on social, political, and economic reforms.

In 1823, the Monroe Doctrine was established mainly because the United States wanted to A. keep control of Alaska and Hawaii B. establish more colonies in Latin America C. support England's attempt to keep its empire in Central America D. warn Europe against any further colonization in Latin America

In 1898, William Randolph Hearst reportedly sent a message to his photographer in Cuba that said, "You provide the photographs and I'll furnish the war." Which technique was Hearst using? A. muckraking B. transcendentalism C. censorship D. yellow journalism

In 1988, Congress voted to pay $20,000 to each of the surviving Americans of Japanese descent who were interned during World War II because A. the danger of war with Japan no longer existed B. all of the interned Japanese Americans eventually became American citizens C. the World Court ordered the United States to pay reparations D. many Americans believed the internment was unjust and unnecessary

In the 1920s, which economic factor led to the Great Depression? A. lack of investment in the stock market B. attempt by the United States to promote free trade C. failure to develop new consumer goods industries D. overproduction of farm products and manufactured goods

In the 1930's, the United States attempted to avoid a repetition of the events leading up to United States involvement in World War I by A. establishing the Good Neighbor policy with Latin American nations B. forgiving the foreign debts incurred during World War I C. officially recognizing the existence of the Soviet Union D. passing a series of neutrality laws

In the 1930s, President Franklin D. Roosevelt changed the federal government's role in the economy by A. reducing programs to help the unemployed B. ending efforts at trustbusting C. raising tariffs to protect domestic industries D. using deficit spending to stimulate economic growth

In the United States during the late 19th century, much of the prejudice expressed toward immigrants was based on the belief that they would A. cause overcrowding in farm areas B. refuse to become citizens C. support the enemies of the United States in wartime D. fail to assimilate into American society

In the West, the immigrants who bore the brunt of labor hostility in the 1870s and 1880s were A. Jewish. B. German. C. Irish Catholic. D. Chinese.

In the decades after the Civil War, the major result of the shift from single proprietorship to corporate organization was that business was able to A. make more efficient use of natural resources B. concentrate on improving the quality of manufactured goods C. provide workers with higher wages D. raise large sums of money

In the first few years after World War I, relations between blacks and whites in America were generally characterized by A. grudging acceptance due to common economic distress. B. relative cordiality due to the gallant service of blacks in the war. C.notable improvement due to new legal safeguards for blacks, which had been enacted during the Progressive Era. D. extreme resentment, race riots, and numerous lynchings.

In the late 1800s, supporters of laissez-faire capitalism claimed that government regulation of business would be A. essential to protect the rights of consumers B. necessary to provide jobs for the unemployed C. useful in competing with foreign nations D. harmful to economic growth

In the late 19th century, Congress tried to limit the power of monopolies by A. creating the Federal Trade Commission B. strengthening the Supreme Court C. adopting Granger laws D. passing the Sherman Antitrust Act

In the period from 1860 to 1890, which experience was shared by most Native Americans living in western states? A. They maintained control of their traditional lands. B. They benefited economically from government policy. C. They became farmers and small business owners. D. They were forced to live on reservations.

In the period from 1860 to 1900, the Federal Government encouraged the settlement of the West by A. passing an increased number of liberal immigration laws B. selling the most fertile public land to Native American Indians C. providing free transportation to settlers moving to the frontier D. granting tracts of land to railroad companies to encourage construction

In the years just after World War II, the United States attempted to prevent the spread of communism in Europe mainly by A. taking over the governments of several Western European nations B. increasing opportunities for political refugees to settle in the United States C. holding a series of summit meetings with leaders of the Soviet Union D. establishing policies of economic and military aid for European nations

Jacob Riis, Jane Addams, and Margaret Sanger are most closely associated with efforts to A. educate and train formerly enslaved persons B. preserve the natural environment C. advance the interests of organized labor D. improve conditions for the poor

Lunch counter sit-ins and the actions of freedom riders are examples of A. steps taken in support of the Americans with Disabilities Act B. programs dealing with affirmative action C. violent acts by the Black Panthers D. nonviolent attempts to oppose segregation

Many employers cut wages in the late 19c by A. eliminating pension plans. B. hiring skilled workers. C. eliminating health insurance plans. D. hiring women and children.

Many reformers who opposed the laissez-faire attitude of the late 19th century argued that A. the National Government should not interfere in the activities of big business B. national wealth could best be assured by the accumulation of gold C. the idea of rugged individualism is vital to the nation's economic growth D. government should protect society through the regulation of business

National Prohibition, as authorized by the 18th amendment, stated that A. Americans must be 18 years old to purchase alcoholic beverages B. only imported alcoholic beverages would be sold C. alcoholic beverages could be sold only in government-run stores D. the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages was banned

New Deal programs such as the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) and the Works Progress Administration (WPA) were primarily intended to help A. farmers B. homeowners C. businesses D. unemployed workers

One Way Ticket I am fed up With Jim Crow laws, People who are cruel And afraid, Who lynch and run, Who are scared of me And me of them. I pick up my life And take it away On a one-way ticket Gone Up North Gone Out West Gone! — Langston Hughes, 1926 The author states that he has "Gone" because A. jobs were available in northern industries B. there was no racial prejudice in the West C. farmland was more available in the North D. racial discrimination drove him away

One effect of the building of the transcontinental railroad was to A. make more land for Native Americans in the West B. attract more Latin Americans to the West C. make land available for cotton plantations in the West D. attract more migrants to the West

Open-range ranching came to an end due to A. overproduction of beef and declining prices. B. federal support for irrigated agriculture. C. the range wars between cattlemen and sheepherders. D. fencing of the plains with barbed wire.

Passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act illustrated the federal government's commitment to A. environmental conservation B. workers' rights C. business competition D. consumer protection

President Woodrow Wilson viewed America's entry into World War I as an opportunity for the United States to A. reestablish the balance of power in European diplomacy. B. expand America's territorial holdings. C. rebuild its dangerously small military and naval forces. D. shape a new international order based on the ideals of democracy.

President Woodrow Wilson's statement "The world must be made safe for democracy" was made to justify his decision to A. end United States imperialism in Latin America B. support tariff reform C. send troops into Mexico to capture Pancho Villa D. ask Congress to declare war against Germany

Prior to United States entry into World War II, Congress passed the Cash-and-Carry Act of 1939 and the Lend-Lease Act of 1941. These foreign policy actions showed that the United States A. gave equal support to both the Allied and Axis Powers B. attempted to contain the spread of communism C. maintained a strict policy of isolationism D. became increasingly drawn into the war in Europe

Speaker A: "The use of the bomb shortened the war and saved American lives." Speaker B: "The United States might have been able to force the Japanese to surrender simply by demonstrating the power of the bomb on a deserted island." Speaker C: "The use of the bomb was justified because of the Japanese attack on PearlHarbor." Speaker D: "In Hiroshima, the bomb instantly incinerated more than 60,000 people. Most were civilians." These statements most likely were made during the A. Versailles Peace Conference (1919) B. 1920s C. Great Depression D. post-World War II period

Speaker A:"To preserve our American culture, people whose national origins do not match the origins of our nation's founders must be refused admission." Speaker B:". . . let us admit only the best educated from every racial and ethnic group . . ." Speaker C:". . . there is an appalling danger to the American wage earner from the flood of low, unskilled, ignorant, foreign workers who have poured into the country . . ." Speaker D:"Give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to breathe free . . ." People who support unrestricted immigration would agree most with A. Speaker A B. Speaker B C. Speaker C D. Speaker D

Speaker D: "Immigrants arrive in American cities poor and frightened. They are helped to find jobs or housing. These newcomers should show their gratitude at voting time." Speaker D is expressing an opinion most like that of a A. labor union member B. religious leader C. factory owner D. political party boss

Taft's policies in Latin America were called A. "big stick" diplomacy. B. open door diplomacy. C. missionary diplomacy. D. dollar diplomacy.

The "Gospel of Wealth," as advanced by Andrew Carnegie, promoted the concept that people with wealth should A. give aid directly to the poor. B. devout time to the public welfare. C. donate the bulk of their wealth to religious institutions. D. use their resources to help society.

The "clear and present danger" ruling in the Supreme Court case Schenck v. United States (1919) confirmed the idea that A. prayer in public schools is unconstitutional B. racism in the United States is illegal C. interstate commerce can be regulated by state governments D. constitutional rights are not absolute

The 1920's are sometimes called the "Roaring Twenties" because A. foreign trade prospered after World War I B. the United States assumed a leadership role in world affairs C. political reforms made government more democratic D. widespread social and economic change occurred

The Chinese in America encountered a form of racial prejudice for all of the following reasons EXCEPT A. he belief that they were recruited by the bosses to undercut wages. B. the perception that they threatened the values of "white society." C. the feeling that their religious beliefs made them "heathens." D. the perception that they were unwilling to perform hand work.

The Creel Commission during World War I represented the United States' first successful attempt at large-scale governmental A. armament manufacture. B. shipbuilding. C. railroad management. D. propaganda.

The Equal Pay Act, the Title IX education amendment, and the proposed Equal Rights amendment (ERA) were primarily efforts to improve the status of A. African Americans B. Native American Indians C. migrant workers D. women

The Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s can best be described as A. an organization created to help promote African-American businesses B. a movement that sought to draw people back to the inner cities C. a relief program to provide jobs for minority workers D. a period of great achievement by African- American writers, artists, and performers

The Indian Wars that occurred between 1860 and 1890 were mainly the result of A. disputes over the spread of slavery B. conflict with Mexico over Texas and California C. the search for gold in California D. the movement of settlers onto the Great Plains

The Native American wars that occurred between 1860 and 1890 were mainly the result of A. disputes over the spread of slavery. B. conflict with Mexico over Texas and California. C. the search for gold in California. D. the movement of settlers onto the Great Plains.

The Presidency of Gerald Ford was different from all previous Presidencies because he was the first President who A. won the office by running on a third-party ticket B. resigned from the office of the President C. ran for office as a nonpartisan candidate D. was not elected to either the Presidency or the Vice-Presidency

The United States Federal Reserve System was established to A. provide loans to industrialists B. end the Great Depression C. provide for a balanced budget D. regulate the money supply

The United States government's outlawing of the Indian Sun (Ghost) Dance in 1890 resulted in the A. Battle of Little Big Horn. B. Battle of Potowatamie Creek. C. Dawes Severalty Act. D. Massacre at Wounded Knee.

The aim of the Dawes Act of 1887 was to A. restore previously taken land to Native American tribes. B. maintain traditional Native American cultures. C. end all governmental contact with Native Americans. D. assimilate Native Americans into American culture.

The closing of the frontier and the growth of industry in the late 1800s are two factors often associated with the A. reduction of exports to Asian nations B. restoration of a plantation economy in the South C. formation of alliances with other nations D. rise of United States imperialism

The dispute between President Andrew Johnson and Congress during the Reconstruction Era illustrates the constitutional principle of A. equality of justice under the law B. federalism C. one man, one vote D. separation of powers

The election of Franklin D. Roosevelt to the Presidency in 1932 reflected the desire of many Americans to A. return to a policy of laissez faire B. abandon capitalism in favor of socialism C. continue the domestic policies of the Hoover administration D. have government take an active role in solving economic problems

The immediate impact of the 1957 launch of Sputnik I was that it A. forced the United States to find new sources of fuel B. focused attention on the need to regulate the uses of outer space C. ended the period of peaceful coexistence between the United States and the Soviet D. heightened the space race as a form of Cold War competition

The initiative, referendum, recall, and direct primary are all intended to A. make the President more responsive to the wishes of Congress B. reduce the influence of the media on elections C. give political parties more control of the electoral process D. increase participation in government by citizens

The institution of slavery was formally abolished in the United States by the A. Compromise of 1850 B. Emancipation Proclamation of 1863 C. creation of the Freedmen's Bureau in 1865 D. ratification of the 13th amendment in 1865

The main goal of President Richard Nixon's foreign policy of détente was to A. assure American victory in Vietnam B. resolve conflicts in the Middle East C. abolish the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) D. improve relations with the Soviet Union

The main reason the United States implemented the Open Door policy in China was to A. promote immigration B. expand democratic reforms C. encourage religious freedom D. guarantee access to markets

The mining towns which developed between 1860 and 1890 A. were often abandoned after the mines closed. B. were predominantly settled by men. C. frequently suffered from lawlessness. D. all of these choices are correct.

The program that promotes preference in hiring for African Americans and other minorities to correct past injustices is known as A. Title IX B. open admissions C. Head Start D. affirmative action

The purpose of the Open Door policy in China was to A. end the Boxer Rebellion. B. gain leaseholds. C. establish spheres of influence. D. ensure trading rights for all nations.

The railroads influenced the cattle industry by A. helping to make the "long drive" economically feasible. B. transporting cattle to markets in the North and the East. C. bringing in farmers who fenced the Plains, eventually ending the open-range form of cattle ranching. D. all of these choices are correct.

The slogan "Eight hours for work, eight hours for sleep, eight hours for what we will" was used in the late 1800s to promote a major goal of A. farmers B. politicians C. industrialists D. organized labor

The term business monopoly can best be described as A. the most common form of business in the United States B. government control of the means of production C. an agreement between partners to manage a corporation D. a company that controls or dominates an industry

What was a major result of Prohibition in the United States during the 1920s? A. restriction of immigration B. growth of communism C. destruction of family values D. increase in organized crime

What was the main purpose of the Truman Doctrine, the Marshall Plan, and the Berlin airlift? A. controlling Nazism in Europe B. establishing friendly relations between the United States and the Soviet Union C. spreading democracy to developing nations D. limiting Soviet expansion

What was the significance of the Immigration Acts of 1921 and 1924? A. they limited immigration from Mexico for the first time. B. they created a category of "special immigrants," which included relatives of U. S. citizens living abroad. C. they made immigration requirements qualitative, rather than quantitative. D. they set quotas on immigration from certain areas of Europe, Asia, and Africa.

Which New Deal program was chiefly designed to correct abuses in the stock market? A. Federal Emergency Relief Act B. Civilian Conservation Corps C. Works Progress Administration D. Securities and Exchange Commission

Which United States foreign policy was most directly related to the rise of big business in the late 1800s? A. détente B. neutrality C. containment D. imperialism

Which action best demonstrated the United States effort to isolate itself from European conflicts after World War I? A. lowering tariff rates B. attempting to improve relations with Asia C. failing to sign international disarmament agreements D. refusing to join the League of Nations

Which best explains how Great Plains settlers adapted their building techniques in order to construct homes in an area largely barren of trees? A. They constructed homes out of buffalo hides. B. They dug into hillsides to make cave-like cabins. C. They made houses from adobe bricks. D. They used sod, soil matted with grass roots.

Which combination of factors contributed most to the start of the Great Depression of the 1930's? A. immigration restrictions and a lack of skilled workers B. high taxes and overspending on social welfare programs C. United States war debts and the declining value of the dollar D. overproduction and the excessive use of credit

Which event of the early 1900's is evidence that Upton Sinclair's novel The Jungle had an important impact on the United States? A. adoption of reforms in public education B. passage of legislation limiting immigration C. adoption of the 18th amendment establishing Prohibition D. passage of legislation requiring Federal inspection of meat

Which foreign policy decision by President Harry Truman is an example of the policy of containment? A. relieving General MacArthur of his Korean command B. recognizing the new nation of Israel C. supporting the trials of war criminals in Germany and Japan D. providing military aid to Greece and Turkey

Which group's numbers increased the most as a result of the Industrial Revolution? A. skilled craftsmen B. landed aristocracy C. owners of small farms D. urban middle class

Which innovation had the greatest impact on westward migration immediately after the Civil War? A. telegraph B. electricity C. steam-powered boats D. transcontinental railroad

Which of the following was a major contributor to the growth of American imperialism in the late 1800s? A. curiosity about other cultures B. need for spices from the East Indies C. the end of the Civil War D. desire for new markets for American goods

Which series of events leading to World War II is in the correct chronological order? A. Neutrality Acts → Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor → Lend-Lease Act → United States declaration of war on Japan B. Lend-Lease Act → Neutrality Acts → United States declaration of war on Japan → Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor C. United States declaration of war on Japan → Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor → Lend-Lease Act → Neutrality Acts D. Neutrality Acts → Lend-Lease Act → Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor → United States declaration of war on Japan

Which situation was a basic cause of the Great Depression? A. continued increases in wages for workers B. excessive profits for farmers C. overregulation of the stock market D. overproduction of consumer goods

Which situation was the immediate cause of the United States entry into World War I in 1917? A. The League of Nations requested help. B. The Maine was blown up in Havana Harbor. C. Nazi tyranny threatened Western democracy. D. German submarines sank United States merchant ships.

Which statement about Japanese Americans interned during World War II is most accurate? A. Many were forced to return to Japan at the conclusion of the war. B. No Japanese Americans were allowed to serve in the United States armed services during the war. C. Most were released after signing a loyalty oath D. Many lost their homes and businesses

Which statement best explains why Reconstruction ended? A. Reconstruction policies were no longer needed when the Southern states rejoined the Union. B. African Americans prospered financially. C. Reconstruction was intended to be a short event that would end in 10 years. D. Enforcement of Reconstruction Acts decreased because of political compromise.

Which statement describes a result of the Industrial Revolution in the United States? A. Farm production decreased. B. Slavery in the South increased. C. The population of the cities decreased. D. Immigration to the United States increased.

Which wartime policy toward Japanese Americans was upheld by the Supreme Court in its 1944 ruling in Korematsu v. United States? A. deportation to Japan B. mandatory military service C. denial of voting rights D. confinement in internment camps

Why did the Homestead Act attract farmers to the frontier? A. It guaranteed farmers access to the railroad. B. It provided farmers with subsidies for their crops. C. It offered tax incentives to farmers who settled in the West. D. It offered free land to farmers who would improve it within five years.

Why was the United States called the "arsenal of democracy" in 1940? A. The leaders in the democratic nations of Europe were educated in the United States B. Most of the battles to defend worldwide democracy took place on American soil. C. The United States supervised elections in European nations before the war. D. The United States provided much of the weaponry needed to fight the Axis powers.

Yellow journalists created support for the Spanish-American War by writing articles about the A. political popularity of William Jennings Bryan B. efforts of the United States to control Mexico C. destruction of United States sugar plantations by Hawaiians D. sinking of the United States battleship Maine in Havana Harbor

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