EOG Activity

Statements true of ductile deformation in solids (also called plastic deformation)

- A ductile deformation usually occurs at great depths & high temperatures - During ductile deformation, rocks can fold or bend

Statements are true about brittle deformation

- Brittle deformation can be preceded by small amounts of elastic deformation - During brittle deformation, rocks can break or crack into pieces

Place in chronological order the events that led to the formation of the Earth

1. The Earth cleared its orbit of all other matter, making it a true planet 2. The Moon formed 3. Volcanic activity occurred, releasing gases 4. An atmosphere formed

According to the theory of plate tectonics, the plates are:

- A discrete pieces of lithosphere which move with respect to one another - Moved by the creation of new crust & subduction of old crust

Statements regarding the Big Bang theory are true.

- All matter in the Universe was once confined to a single point - The Universe is considerably older than Earth

Statements true of earthquakes

- Most earthquakes are the consequence of plate tectonics - An estimated one million earthquakes occur each year, but most of them are small - Most earthquakes occur along plate boundaries

Which tectonic processes are likely to be associated with earthquakes

- Mountain building - Formation of ocean basins - Movement along plate boundaries - Plate subduction

Statements true of Pangaea

- Pangaea was one of several supercontinents that have formed & broken up during Earth's history - The regional-scale folds visible in the Appalachian Mountains are remnants of Pangaea's formation - Rates of seafloor spreading in the Atlantic Ocean are compatible with what is known about the breakup of Pangaea

Identify examples of rock deformation

- Shortening - Breaking - Shearing - Bending

Statements are true about synclines

- The limbs dip toward the hinge - They are the result of ductile deformation - They form from compressional stress

Statements about differentiation are true.

- The mantle formed as a result of differentiation - The core formed as a result of differentiation

Cite natural phenomena that can cause tsunami formation

- Volcanic eruptions - Landslides - Earthquakes

The largest & most destructive tsunamis is human history have been associated with which of the following.

- Volcanic eruptions - Subduction-zone earthquakes

Order the steps of volcanic island arc formation

1. A subduction trench forms where the subducting plate bends downward into the mantle 2. An accretionary prism begins to form 3. Magma, created by flux melting of the mantle, rises through the overriding plate 4. Lava erupts onto the surface, forming volcanoes

Order the events chronologically that occurred in the formation of our Solar System.

1. An accretionary disk formed 2. A protosun formed 3. Rings formed in the protoplanetary disk 4. Planetesimals collected to form protoplanets

Order the steps that lead to seafloor spreading

1. The asthenosphere beneath diverging plates rises & melting 2. A magma chamber forms beneath the ridge axis 3. Magma rises to the surface & erupts via submarine volcanoes 4. Newly formed crust is moved laterally away from the ridge.

Order the step in continental rift formation

1. The lithospheric mantle begins to stretch horizontally & thin vertically 2. The crust fractures, & faults develop 3. Large fault blocks of crust slide down into the widening rift 4. Magma erupts as lava, creating volcanoes along & near the center of the rift

Place in chronological order the events that led to life as we know it on Earth

1. The oceans formed 2. Photosynthetic organisms appeared on Earth 3. Oxygen (O2) accumulated in the atmosphere 4. Multicellular life developed rapidly on Earth

Order events chronologically that can lead to subduction-related tsunami

1. The overriding plate "sticks" to the subduction slab 2. The overriding plate deforms, & strain builds 3. Slip occurs & the overriding plate moves back into position, displacing a large amount of the seafloor 4. A bulge of water is created at the sea surface & spreads out as a series of waves

Physicists have shown that the 92 naturally occurring elements in the universe form during the life cycle of stars. During what stellar process are the very large elements (those heavier than iron) created?

A supernova explosion

Seafloor spreading is driven by volcanic activity that occurs

Along mid-ocean ridges.

Faults are examples of what kind of rock deformation

Brittle

Sort these mountain chains based on what caused them to form

Continental Collision - Alps - Himalayas - Appalachian Mountains Other Causes - Rocky Mountains

Sort outcomes of continental collision versus those related to ocean-ocean (oceanic) convergence

Continental Collision - Crustal thickening - Mountain building Oceanic Convergence - Subduction - Volcanism

The _____ concept placed Earth at the center of the Universe, with the other planets and the Sun revolving around it. The _____ concept placed the Sun as the center, with Earth and the other planets revolving around it.

Geocentric; Heliocentric

The lithosphere & asthenosphere are known as physically different layers of the Earth because they behave very differently when deformed Characteristics of the lithosphere & asthenosphere

Lithosphere: - mantle and crust - brittle - colder Asthenosphere: - mantle only - ductile -warmer

Sort outcomes related to either an increase in erosion or an increase in mountain building

Mountain Building - Continental crust thickens - Asthenosphere is compressed - Lithospheric mantle sinks lower Erosion - Continental crust thins

Match the following plate boundary characteristics to the corresponding fault type

Normal Fault - Associated with divergent plate boundaries Reverse Fault - Associated with convergent plate boundaries Strike-Slip Fault - Associated with transform boundaries

A global map of seismicity shows seismic trends indicating the location of

Plate boundaries

True statement about the formation of the Moon

The Moon formed from debris created when Earth suffered a catastrophic protoplanet collision

Categorize processes related to transform boundaries. Sort the following processes those likely to be related to a transform boundary or those likely associated with other boundary types.

Transform Boundary - earthquakes Other Boundary - divergence - convergence - subduction

The velocities of seismic waves traveling from earthquake foci

generally increase with depth, occasionally making abrupt jumps termed seismic-velocity discontinuities