EPID410 HW Questions

What are three characteristics of a chronic disease?

- long lasting disease - prolonged temporal course - typically, no cure

List and describe the three core principles of the Belmont Report

- respect for persons: autonomous - beneficence: "do not harm" & maximize possible benefits - justice: individuals should be treated equally

Identify the source of a disease outbreak in a given community. A. Distribution B. Determinant

B. Determinant

What is the difference between comorbidities and the double burden of disease?

- comorbidities: having two or more chronic disease at same time, more difficult to treat/manage conditions, greater economic burden on individual and healthcare system - double burden of disease: developing countries undergoing demographic transition, characterized by shift to urbanization, results in increase of chronic diseases

Please explain two ways that surveillance is used for immediate detection.

- epidemics - newly emerging health problems - changes in health practices - changes in antibiotic resistance

Please explain two wats that surveillance is used for annual dissemination.

- estimates the magnitude of a health problem and its cost - assess effectiveness of control activities - facilitate planning - monitor risk factors - monitor changes in health practices

The epidemiological transition signified the shift in morbidity/mortality being caused primarily by ___________________ to being caused primarily by ________________________

- infectious diseases - chronic diseases

What is the difference between active and passive surveillance?

- passive: health-care provider sends reports to health department on basis of known set of rules and regulations (provider-initiated) - active: health department staff may contact healthcare providers to solicit reports

Compare and contrast cyclic trends, secular trends, point epidemics, and clustering.

- secular trends are the gradual change in frequency of a disease over period of time - cyclic trends increase and decrease in frequency over time - point epidemics may indicates a response to a common source of exposure - clustering is a closely group series of events or cases of a disease or other health-related phenomenon with well-defined distribution pattern in relation to time or place or both

Explain the difference between incidence rate and prevalence rate

- prevalence rate is the ratio of the number of cases to the population - the incidence rate is the ratio of the number of new cases in a period of time to remaining population

You study the rhythm of melatonin on work days and days off from A. Diurnal B. Circadian

A. diurnal

Breast Cancer Screening... A. Primary Prevention B. Secondary Prevention C. Tertiary Prevention

B. Secondary Prevention

Establishes criteria for IRB membership, review, and operations. A. Common Rule B. Nuremberg Code C. Declaration of Helsinki

A. Common Rule

Identify the extent of a public health problem A. Distribution B. Determinant

A. Distribution

Monitor disease and other health-related events over time. A. Distribution B. Determinant

A. Distribution

You measure the influence of social events on dietary patterns and when people consume food A. Diurnal B. Circadian

A. Diurnal

Malaria is present in Africa at all times because of the presence of infected mosquitoes. Malaria is a/an __________________ in Africa. A. Endemic B. Epidemic C. Pandemic

A. Endemic

A physician sees a patient, and diagnoses the patient with measles. To track the incidence and prevalence of disease the local health department relies on physicians to report and provide details on any case of measles that they encounter. A. Passive Surveillance B. Active Surveillance

A. Passive Surveillance

Life-style changes... A. Primary Prevention B. Secondary Prevention C. Tertiary Prevention

A. Primary Prevention

The health department receives a case report of measles, a vaccine-preventable disease, and is concerned that there may be a new strain of the measles virus. Therefore, the health department calls doctors' offices and follows up with those that may have been exposed to the patient with measles to find additional cases. A. Passive Surveillance B. Active Surveillance

B. Active Surveillance

You design a constant dim-light routine (i.e., kept in constant very dim light) for 50 hours and you are interested in how body temperature changes A. Diurnal B. Circadian

B. Circadian

The Ebola virus in parts of Africa is in excess of what is expected for this region. This virus is a/an ________________. A. Endemic B. Epidemic C. Pandemic

B. Epidemic

Set of research ethics that was drafted to judge the physicians/scientists who conducted biomedical experiments on Nazi concentration camp prisoners. A. Common Rule B. Nuremberg Code C. Declaration of Helsinki

B. Nuremberg Code

A set of principles regarding human experimentation developed for physicians by the World Medical Association. A. Common Rule B. Nuremberg Code C. Declaration of Helsinki

C. Declaration of Helsinki

The definition of epidemiology includes the term "distribution." Which of the following best describes this term? a. Frequency and determinants b. Determinants and application c. Frequency and pattern d. Frequency and application

C. Frequency and pattern

HIV/AIDS is one of the worst global disease in history. It is a/an _________________. A. Endemic B. Epidemic C. Pandemic

C. Pandemic

Physical therapy for stroke victims..... A. Primary Prevention B. Secondary Prevention C. Tertiary Prevention

C. Tertiary Prevention

What did James Lind discover the prevented the development of scurvy?

Citrus fruit (vitamin C)

Define Epidemiology

DISTRIBUTION and DETERMINANTS of health and disease, MORBIDITY, injuries, disability, and MORTALITY in populations

This scientist created the first vaccine to smallpox by using cowpox which creates a milder infection than a smallpox in humans.

Edward Jenner

Who was the first epidemiologist who studied the cholera outbreak in London?

John Snow

Mortality from influenza and pneumonia peak during February and decrease during March and April, reaching its lowest level during the early summer. Mortality from influenza and pneumonia would be considered a ______. a. Cyclic trend b. Point epidemic c. Secular trend d. Clustering

a. Cyclic trend

The Black Plague is an example of a disease from which stage of the Epidemiologic Transition Model? a. Stage 1: Pestilence and Famine b. Stage 2: Receding Pandemics c. Stage 3: Degenerative and Man-Made Diseases d. Stage 4: Delayed Degenerative Diseases and Emerging Infections

a. Stage 1: Pestilence and Famine

What is the difference between a pandemic and an epidemic? a. They can be used interchangeably b. A pandemic is an epidemic that spreads to multiple countries, or even worldwide c. A pandemic is an epidemic that causes more than a thousand deaths d. A pandemic affects multiple animal species, not just humans

b. A pandemic is an epidemic that spreads to multiple

A rapid decline in the crude death rate due to improved sanitation and nutrition, would be an example of which stage in the Epidemiologic Transition Model? a. Stage 1: Pestilence and Famine b. Stage 2: Receding Pandemics c. Stage 3: Degenerative and Man-Made Diseases d. Stage 4: Delayed Degenerative Diseases and Emerging Infections

b. Stage 2: Receding Pandemics

Cardiovascular disease is in which stage of the Epidemiologic Transition Model? a. Stage 1: Pestilence and Famine b. Stage 2: Receding Pandemics c. Stage 3: Degenerative and Man-Made Diseases d. Stage 4: Delayed Degenerative Diseases and Emerging Infections

c. Stage 3: Degenerative and Man-Made Diseases

All of the following are considered "person" variables except for: a. Age b. Sex c. Nativity d. State

d. State

All of the following are modifiable risk factors except: a. Cigarette smoking b. Alcohol consumption c. Physical inactivity d. Diet e. All of the above are modifiable risk factors

e. all of the above are modifiable risk factors