Epidemiology- Test 1

Most of chronic diseases are attributed to what?

your own lifestyle choices (smoking, diet, lack of physical activity, etc.)

The more frequent, the more of an issue it is.

Frequency

the risk factors.

determinants

Incidence rates are designed to measure the rate at which people without a disease develop the disease ______________.

during a specific period of time.

We expect to see the disease in the population. (ex: the flu)

endemic

NEW cases of a certain disease

incidence

___________: disease is within us and begin to get symptoms

incubation

risk factors that we can control

modifiable risk factors

What are the two major issues in Arkansas?

obesity and smoking- because of the many things that they're a risk factor for

Worldwide epidemic (ex: H1N1 flu)

pandemic

decreases chance of getting the disease

protective factor

increases chance of getting the disease

risk factor

When finding the incidence rate, you have to do what?

subtract out the people who had the disease the year prior (to get the numerator and denominator)

What is the major tool of epidemiology?

surveillance

The major disadvantage of crude rates is that?

they do not permit comparison of populations that vary in composition.

An analytic, descriptive component. Determines who gets the disease and how.

Classical Epidemiology

A diagnosis, management of illness, and critical review of literature.

Clinical Epidemiology

_________ ____ ________: epidemiologists like to refer to the concept of causality based on the odds (risks, chances) of the occurrence of disease or health status as associated with the occurrence of a specific exposure (risk/protective factor).

Concept of Risk

Most widely accepted measure for estimating the health status of a population.

Infant Mortality Rate

Disease of short duration. Affects mainly the young. They're easy to look at and study. Cause ->diagnosis -> treatment -> severity. Or exposure -> incubation ->disease

Infectious disease (Acute)

Who is the scientist that conducted a study by going door to door asking if anyone had died their recently. He found that in one area of the city was where all the people were that had died. In other parts of the city, there weren't as many deaths. He had an idea to shut off the water that was supplying the area where the most deaths were. They shut down the water and deaths stopped. They later found out that cholera was the cause of the deaths.

John Snow

The flu epidemic of 1918 was more deadly to: A. the young and robust B. the elderly C. pregnant women D. young children

A. the young and robust

The introduction of a screening test for the early detection of an untreatable disease would result in what?

An apparent temporary increase in incidence and an apparent permanent increase in prevalence.

Traditional Model: includes what 3 things?

1. Agent- measles virus 2. Host- humans 3. Environment- close spaces/communal -can't be used for chronic diseases because there could be a lot of different agents, not just one specific one.

What are the types of prevalence?

1. Annual (yearly) 2. Lifetime (overall prevalence) 3. Period (specific period of time) 4. Point (right now)

Morbidity Rates include which 3 things?

1. Attack Rate 2. Incidence 3. Prevalence

Health Field Concept: includes what 4 things? and what percent of each contribute to mortality?

1. Biology/Heredity-20% 2. Environment-20% 3. Health Care System-10% 4. Lifestyle-50%

What are the 3 types of epidemiological strategies used?

1. Descriptive 2. Analytic 3. Experimental (cause and effect)

Reasons to use caution when determining rates and risks: 1. _______ _______ 2. _________ in ________ 3. _________ of ________

1. Ecological Fallacy (generalizing) 2. Variations in Base (what base is used) 3. Variance of Rates (differences based on rates)

___________: Branch of medicine dealing with a combination of knowledge and research methods concerned with the ________ and _________ of health and illness in __________, and with contributors to health and control of health problems.

1. Epidemiology 2. distribution 3. determinants 4. populations

What are the two types of Epidemiological Surveillance?

1. Passive 2. Active

What are the 5 limitations of epidemiology? (difficult to assess risk from epidemiology data because:)

1. Research studies on humans are sometimes unethical, expensive, and difficult to obtain 2. Chronic disease situations often finds very low risk. 3. The number of persons with the disease or exposure is very small 4. Latency period between exposure and disease status are sometimes many years apart. 5. Humans may be exposed to multiple chemical, biological, and physical hazards.

What are the 3 aims of epidemiology?

1. Study occurrence, distribution, and progression of diseases and to describe the health status of a population. 2. Provide data that will contribute to the understanding of the etiology of health and disease. 3. Promote utilization of epidemiological concepts to the management of health services.

Criteria for determining causality?

1. Temporal relationship- a causes b, then a comes first. 2. Specificity- a cause leads to a single effect 3.Strength or intensity- strong relationship between findings 4. Consistency- same association is found study after study 5. Coherence- does it make sense? 6.Biological gradient- evidence of a dose-response curve 7. Experiment- natural experiments 8. Analogy- association/similarity 9. Plausibility

Chain of Infection Model: Chain of Transmission ______ or _______ -> _________ agent -> __________ -> ______ of ______ -> ______ -> _____ of ______ -> host _______

1. direct or indirect 2. pathogenic agent 3. reservoir (human, animal, or inanimate) 4. portal of exit 5. vector (animate, inanimate) 6. portal of entry 7. host susceptibility

What are the two main measures of disease frequency (morbidity)?

1. incidence 2. prevalence

What are the ways analytic epidemiological strategy is used?

1. retrospective (case control) 2. Prospective (longitudinal or cohort) 3. cross-sectional

What are the three criteria for a risk factor? 1. ________ increases with _______ exposure 2. time sequence: ________ -> _________ 3. _______ or ____ ________ involved

1. risk increases with increased exposure 2. time sequence: risk factor -> disease 3. Limited or no error involved

In what year did infectious disease drop and chronic disease take of? This is known as what?

1930- (to present) called the Black Box- trying to determine risk factors for those diseases

An outbreak of salmonellosis occurred after an epidemiology department luncheon, which was attended by 485 faculty and staff. Assume everyone ate the same food items. 65 people had fever and diarrhea, 5 of these people were severely affected. Subsequent laboratory tests on everyone who attended the luncheon revealed an additional 72 cases. The attack rate of salmonellosis was what?

28.2%

The triad or triangle model is best used for identifying the etiology of A. infectious/acute diseases. B. chronic diseases. C. diseases of high mortality. D. diseases of low morbidity.

A. infectious/acute diseases

Disease status is updated constantly. Usually as the result of an outbreak or other identified epidemic. Is more costly than passive surveillance. Are incentives or there are penalties for not reporting the disease.

Active epidemiological surveillance

An incidence rate used to describe the occurrence of food borne illnesses, infectious diseases, and other acute, short time period diseases.

Attack Rate

Community A expects to see 10 cases of disease X every year. For 2014 there were 25 cases of disease X. How would this disease be classified with the selected terms: A. Endemic B. Epidemic C. Pandemic D. Non of the above

B. Epidemic

True or False. The agent and vector for a disease are the same thing? A. True B. False

B. False

The term "epidemiology" contains all of the following concepts except: A. Frequency B. Mortality C. Distribution D. Population

B. Mortality

Screening for disease such as breast cancer and prostate cancer would be a _________________ prevention activity. A. Primary B. Secondary C. Tertiary D. Popular

B. Secondary

The natural environment for a disease causing organism is called the: A. Portal of Entry B. Portal of Exit C. Reservoir D. Vector

C. Reservoir

A half-way house for the rehabilitation of people with specific addictions would be classified as a ____________________ form of prevention. A. primary B. secondary C. tertiary D. temporary

C. Tertiary

Exposure to disease from food and beverage would be classified as: A. direct transmission B. vector-borne transmission C. vehicle borne transmission D. fomite transmission

C. Vehicle borne transmission

This measure represents the probability of death among diagnosed causes, or the killing power of a disease.

Case Fatality Ratio

Cause -> Diagnosis -> Treatment (cure). -Disease of long induction period. -Time allows multiple causes to develop. -Affects mainly the old. -Exposure can be many years. -Incubation can be many years before disease onset.

Chronic disease

The type of surveillance where a selected population is identified for tracking a disease is called: A. active surveillance. B. passive surveillance. C. syndromic surveillance. D. sentinel surveillance.

D. Sentinel Surveillance

How the disease is distributed in the population/who gets the disease.

Distribution

Out of control, goes over the expected frequency.

Epidemic

The ongoing process and systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data in the process of describing and investigating the health status of a population.

Epidemiologic Surveillance

Disease frequency data collected periodically. Current results not available. Take the information as it's provided.

Passive epidemiological surveillance

ALL cases of a certain disease

Prevalence

________ __________ measure the number of people in a population who have the disease at a given point of time.

Prevalence rates

Prevention of the development of disease. Ex: how to prevent drug abuse and alcohol abuse: Talk about it to a group of individuals that don't have the issue yet.

Primary level of prevention

Used to describe the proportion of the overall mortality that is ascribed to a specific cause.

Proportionate Mortality Ratio

Early detection and treatment of disease

Secondary level of prevention

Choose one region or a certain group to report the disease(s).

Sentinel group report epidemiological surveillance

-Before the experiences of two populations can be compared, account must be taken for differences in age, sex, race, or cause. -Rates are adjusted in order to remove the effect of a confounding variable, such as age, sex, or race.

Specific Mortality Rates

Which of the following list of causality factors would not hold up when trying to link exercise with type 2 diabetes?

Specificity

Report on a specific condition.

Syndromic epidemiological surveillance

Rehabilitation and/or restoration of effective functioning after treatment of disease. Ex: how to prevent drug abuse and alcohol abuse? : a person goes in for rehabilitation

Tertiary level of prevention

The public health officer from Long Beach complains to you about the dreaded Pacific Pox. The health officer says, "If people catch the pox, they suddenly get the urge to dance in the sand and fall dead on the beach within the hour." There are no survivors to interview so you deduce what?

The case fatality of the pox must be high.

Public health officials believe that they could prevent 10 cases of Hepatitis C per 5,000 interns over a 10-year period by preventing all of their needle stick injuries. So?

This is the incidence rate of Hepatitis C in interns with needle stick injuries

4. At the initial examination of the Framingham study coronary heart disease was found in 5 per 1000 men ages 30-44 and in 5 per 1000 women ages 30-44. The inference that in this age group men and women have an equal risk of getting coronary heart disease in incorrect because the data are prevalence data and not incidence data. T/F?

True

If a population is small and experiences an unexpected number of disease cases, which caution should be used when calculating disease rates or risks?

Variance in Rates

What model shows multiple factors, antecedents of risk factors, time (how long it takes for the disease to develop), illustrates complication of disease etiology, identifies intervention points.

Web of Causation