Era of Good Feelings and Jacksonian Democracy Study Guide
What happened in McCulloch v. Maryland?
"The power of tax is the power to destroy", states cannot tax federal institutions
What was the population doubling time of the US?
25 years, very high birthrates and immigration from Europe caused this
Who was Peter Cartwright?
A Baptist preacher
What happened in Florida?
A Spanish colony was raiding the US constantly without orders from Spain. To counteract this, General Jackson brute forced his way into Florida and destroyed Seminole villages and hanged chiefs. Because of this, the Florida Purchase Treaty was made
What was Brook Farm?
A communal experiment by George Ripley in Massachusetts with the goal of having a natural union between intellectual and manual labor. It was similar to a big Walden and many notable figures stayed here at one point or another
What is Specie Circular?
A decree that required all public land to be bought with specie (or hard metallic money)
What was the Monroe Doctrine?
A message to Europe and Latin America that the US would not be subject to further colonization
What was the Society for Propagating the Gospel Among Indians?
A missionary group that was sent to civilize the Native Americans
What was the Temprence Movement?
A movement that was started by Protestant ministers and others which was official with the American Temperance Society. Previous alcoholics made the Washingtonians and employers promoted this to have less hungover workers. German and Irish immigrants resisted this, but had no political power and finally Maine outlawed alcohol altogether
What was The South Carolina Exposition?
A pamphlet by John C. Calhoun (vice president) that denounced the Tariff of Abominations as unjust
What was New Harmony?
A secular experiment in New Harmony by Robert Owen, he wanted to solve the problem of fairness and alienation caused by the Indus. Rev
What was the Lowell System?
A system of labor where textile factories would hire young children and women to work and stay in their boarding houses
What was the Florida Purchase Treaty?
A treaty that Spain struck with the US that would give all of its posessions in Florida and claims in the Oregon territory for 5 million
What were some motivations for Westward movement?
Acquisition of American Indians' Lands (no more British support), economic pressures (tobacco land), improved transportation, and immigration (need more land for more people)
Where was Russia in the US?
Alaska and they spread downward into San Francisco. This worried Britain and the US
What happened in the Rush-Bagot Agreement?
America and Canada disarmed the Great Lakes making the border between the two the longest unfortified border
What was the Indian Removal Act?
An act by Congress to move the Indians to present-day Oklahoma in the Trail of Tears
Who were the Shakers?
An early religious communal movement that had 6,000 members and held the same property and kept women and men separate, they died out due to lack of followers
What was the Bureau of Indian Affairs?
An established bureau to facilitate communication between the Indian territory of Oklahoma and America. Since the territory only stayed Indian for 15 years, they were irrelevant
What were communal experiments?
An ideal community, a utopia, away from society
Who was president during Jacksonian Democracy?
Andrew Jackson
Why were cash crops popularizing?
Cheap land/easy credit and more availability to markets
How did the West enhance their limited political influence?
Cheap money (fabricating state bank notes), low prices of land and improved transportation. More population=more representation in government
Who were the Five Civilized Tribes? Why were they called this?
Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Seminoles and they were named the Five Great Tribes because they tried to assimilate into white culture
What crops did the Northwest farm?
Corn and wheat because of the steel plow (by John Deere) and mechanical reaper (by Cyrus McCormick)
What was the cash crop of the South?
Cotton because of the cotton gin
What caused the Bank War?
Daniel Webster and Henry Clay rechartering the National Bank in 1832 so that they could put it up for debate in 1836. Either way, Henry Clay believed that Jackson would lose support from one side or the other
Why was immigration increasing?
Development of inexpensive and relatively fast ocean transport, famines/revolutions in Europe and the growing rep. of the US
What was the Tariff of 1816?
During the War of 1812 there were very low tariffs to increase government revenue, however, after the war, the British dumped surplus goods into the American market while there were growing industries. Because of this, Congress raised the tariff to promote local industries, a protective tariff
Why did the Germans move?
Economic hardship and failure of democratic revolution. Most German immigrants had lots of skill and generally prospered wherever they decided to move
What moved the Second Great Awakening?
Enlightenment ideas and the rejection of rationalism/Calvinism
What was the first canal made?
Erie Canal which stimulated the growth of canal-building in other states. All the canals were eventually joined in the major lakes and rivers east of the Mississippi River
What did Dorothy Dix do?
Establish mental illness hospitals
What happened in Cohens v. Virginia?
Established the principle that the Supreme Court could review a state court's decision involving any power of the federal government
What is genre painting?
Everyday life of ordinary people, one notable artist is George Caleb Bingham
What was the Market Revolution?
Expansion of the marketplace and change towards a more industrialized America
What were James Monroe's accomplishments prior to office?
Fought in the Revolutionary War, suffered through Valley Forge, prominent Virginian figure, Jefferson's minister to Great Britain and Madison's secretary of state
What concerned the antebellum period?
Free schools, improving treatment of mentally ill, controlling/abolishing alcohol, equal rights for women, and abolishing slavery
What two principles were needed to save one's self?
Hard work and faith, two very strong ideas for the middle class
What was organized labor?
Having lots of workers in factories that have low pay, long hours, and unsafe working conditions
What did Thoreau do in On Civil Disobedience?
He argued that you should disobey unjust laws and accept the penalty (he himself did not pay tax for the Mexican War)
What happened after William Henry "Tippecanoe" Harrison was elected?
He died a month into office and his VP John Tyler was more of a Democrat than a Whig
Why did President Jackson hate the bank?
He disliked the monopoly banks and over-big businesses. Essentially, he hated the power that the bank had as it acted like another government
What did Jackson do in 1836 concerning the bank?
He removed funds from the federal banks and spread them out into pet banks
How did Jackson ensure that his policies would be enforced?
He urged Democrats to vote for his VP Martin Van Buren
What did Eli Whitney do?
He was a workshop tinkerer who invented the cotton gin and the system of interchangeable parts in the rifle, the basis for mass production
Why was Jackson's response to the bank charter controversial?
He went against the ruling in McCulloch v. Maryland and completely disregarded the judicial branch for his own thoughts
How did public education change in the Jacksonian Era?
Horace Mann lead the movement for public schools as the Board of Education secretary, education became more about morals (taught by William Holmes McGuffey's textbook), and higher institutes of learning came from the Second Great Awakening
Why was the trail called the Trail of Tears?
Indians died on the path to Oklahoma
What did population growth help the US in?
Industry because it provided both the laborers and the consumers needed to expand
What is romanticism?
Intuition, feelings, acts of heroism, and the study of nature
What happened in Dartmouth College v. Woodward?
Involved Dartmouth College and New Hampshire who wanted to change it from private to public. Marshall court said it was unconstitutional and that a private corporation contract could not be changed
How did architecture change in America during the Antebellum period?
It became more Greek-like as to resonate the democratic spirit of the republic
Why was the Tariff of Abominations controversial?
It helped one section of the US but hurt another, both sides could not be happy. The South sold to the world market (which had no tariffs), but when buying items they had to pay even more
What happened in Fletcher v. Peck?
It was a case that made it so that states could not pass legislation invalidating a contract
What was the Tallmadge Amandment?
It was a proposed compromise that failed because it called for the prohibition of further slaves into Missouri and the emancipation of slaves at the age of 25, South saw this as the abolition of slavery
Why did railroads not take off as fast as the other modes of transportation?
It was hindered by safety issues, however, by the 1830s they were just as common as canal trading
Why was party nominating conventions becoming more popular?
It was seen as more democratic than closed-door caucuses, it was first done by the Anti-Masonic party
Who was president during the Era of Good Feelings?
James Monroe (election of 1816, 4 years after war of 1812)
What was the Oneida Community?
John Humphrey Noyes' communal experiment in which members shared property and marriage partners. While the community died out in many ways, economically they survived because of their amazing silverware
What was Jackson's reasoning for moving the Indians?
John Marshall had an unpopular opinion and he couldn't really punish or enforce his ruling in Worcester v. Georgia. As people turned their backs, Jackson forced the Indians on the Trail of Tears
Who made the tariff of abominations?
John Quincy Adams, this caused him to lose lots of support for the election of 1828
What did Thoreau do in Walden?
Live in nature for two years to discover truths about nature. He is revered as a pioneer ecologist and conservationist
Why was the (Old) Northwest more closely tied to the North?
Military campaigns by FEDERAL troops to drive out Native Americans and internal improvement
What were James Monroe's accomplishments in office?
Missouri Compromise, Florida acquisition and Monroe Doctrine
What happened in the Missouri Compromise?
Missouri was applying for states rights but the North knew that it would tip the scale of balance. To counteract this, Henry Clay proposed that Maine should be admitted as a state at the same time and that the 36⁰30⁰ would be the line for slavery
What did the population boom in the North cause?
More slums, crowded housing, poor sanitation, disease, and high crime
Why was there now universal male suffrage?
Most new western states adopted the idea that white males should not have a religious or property qualification in order to vote
Who were nativists?
Native-born Americans skeptical of the immigrants taking their jobs and weaken the culture. They were mainly Protestants and made the Supreme Order of the Star-Spangled Banner which was against immigration
What did the northern portion of the country contain?
New England and the Middle Atlantic states and the Old Northwest. They were bounded by transportation routes and rapid economic growth
Who was the president of the National Bank?
Nicholas Biddle who was becoming known as Czar Nicolas I
What happened in Gibbons v. Ogden?
No monopolies, New York gave a monopoly to Gibbons but Ogden came with a state license to sail. Decided that federal government should regulate interstate commerce
How close was James Monroe's election vs Rufus King?
Not close at all as Monroe received 183 to King's 34 votes
What did Thomas Gallaudet and Dr. Samuel Gridley Howe do?
Open a school for the blind and deaf
What happened in Commonwealth v. Hunt?
Organized labor won the right to negotiate labor contract with employers
What is The Hudson River School?
Paintings of landscapes notable artists are Thomas Cole and Frederick Church
When does the Era of Good Feelings "end"?
Panic of 1819
What did New York do for businesses to make it easier to make money?
Passed a law that made businesses able to sell shares of stock
How was cultural nationalism shown?
Patriotic themes in the American society from art to schoolbooks, paintings of Revolutionary heroes, books, and most of all the nation's expansion westward
What was the first road made?
Pennsylvania's Lancaster Turnpike which connected Philly with the farmlands around Lancaster stimulated growth for other roads. While this was good, states rights blocked federal spending on roads with the exception of the Cumberland Road
How did American literature change?
People wanted to read more American works with American themes, because of this, works were made using American landscapes such as Cooper's Leatherstocking Tales or about American themes and conformity such as in The Scarlet Letter or Moby-Dick
Who were the Seventh-Day Adventists?
People who followed William Miller's belief that Christ would return on October 21, 1844
Who were transcendentalist?
People who resonated with romanticism
Where was the first US labor party?
Philadelphia in 1828
What did Chalres G. Finney do?
Preached in New York (state) using hell and brimstone preaching and singlehandedly made New York the "burned-over" district with how frequent his message spread
How did Baptists and Methodists get most of their followers?
Preaching in the South at outdoor revivals or camp meetings, they mainly appealed to those who never had a religion to begin with and it worked
Who was Reverend Timothy Dwight?
President of Yale college and someone who motivated young men to become evangelical (saviors) preachers
What was Henry Clay's American System?
Protective tariffs, a national bank, and internal improvements, the only one that was rejected was internal improvements because it wasn't explicitly stated in the Constitution
What did prisons start to do?
Put prisoners in solitary confinement so that they could better themselves for society. This was inspired by transcendentalist and was stopped due to high suicide rates
What was the spoils system?
Putting a person from your own party into offices, this showed that no man was better than the next and also rewarded their supporters. While this was good, it made it so that people who weren't qualified held offices
What happened in the Black Hawk War?
Sauk and Fox braves led by Black Hawk resisted the Trail fo Tears by fighting
What was The Amana Colonies?
Settlers of Amana colonies in Iowa who were Germans and belonged to Pietism. They allowed for marriages and their communities continue to prosper with the exception of communal living
What was the real reason the South was scared of the Tariff of Abominations?
Slavery, because of the Compromise and abolition in the UK. If they made a stand here, the federal government would hesitate to push them
Why was having one political party (Democratic-Republicans) still causing debates?
Some of them had taken up Federalist ideals, the party would split into two
What happened in Martin v. Hunter's lease?
Supreme Court established that it had jurisdiction over state courts in cases involving constitutional rights
How was economic nationalism shown?
Tariff of 1816 and Henry Clay's American system
What did the British Secretary George Canning propose?
That the US and Britain make a joint announcement to Europe that they would not allow colonization of South America. This was stopped by John Quincy Adams who stated that if the US did this alone, the British would listen (because they are close in America) and would stop aggressors in South America anyway
What was the first steamboat?
The Clermont by Robert Fulton which gave way to commercially operating steamboats
Why were more monarchs invading the US?
The Napoleonic Wars had ended and the monarchs were reinstated and land hungry
Who was the only group to oppose the Tariff of 1816?
The New Englanders because they promoted trade with Britain
Where were the majority of free African Americans?
The North and they even got jobs as strikebreakers which meant that they worked during a strike to make the strike less effective
What was the most populous region of the US?
The North because of high birthrate and immigration
Why was Van Buren unpopular?
The Panic of 1837 occurred as he entered office
What happened in the Treaty of 1818?
The United States and Britain shared fishing rights off the coast of Newfoundland, joint occupation of the Oregon Territory, and the 49th parallel was established
What happened in the campaign of 1840?
The Whigs had war hero William Henry "Tippecanoe" Harrison who campaigned with hard cider, buttons, hats, and parades with a log-cabin
What is corrupt bargain?
The accused bargain between the new Secretary of State Henry Clay and president John Quincy Adams
What did Eli Whitney invent for farmers?
The cotton gin which transformed the South to a cotton conglomerate since it was more profitable than tobacco and indigo
What was the Panic of 1819?
The first major financial panic since the Constitution was ratified which caused state banks to close
Who was Samuel Slater?
The man who invented the factory system in the US from British cotton-spinning factory machines
Who were the Democrats?
The people who followed Andrew Jackson or the old Whigs
Who were the Whigs?
The people who followed Henry Clay or the old Federalist
What is the antebellum period?
The period before the civil war
Why did the Irish move?
The potato crop failure and the devastating famine, they had few special skills and were discriminated against because of their religion. They usually competed with the African Americans
Why was the election of 1828 the nastiest one?
The two candidates John Quincy and Andrew Jackson slandered each other. Jackson won due to his overwhelming support in the West and his reputation as a war hero
What were the Fourier Phalanxes?
Theory of Charles Fourier that promoted people to work and share shelter together, however, due to the rest of the communal experiments this one was shortlived as Americans proved too individualistic
What happened in the election of 1824?
There was a four-way vote with Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay and William Crawford so it went to the House of Representatives. In the house, Henry Clay (the speaker) swayed his supporters to choose John Quincy Adams
What was unique about this era politically?
There was one party as the Federalist party was dissolved after the Hartford Convention where they lost respect in the community
How was America equal during this time?
There was one table for the rich and poor to eat, one class for passengers, and same clothing style throughout social classes
Why was the Era of Good Feelings named wrongly?
There were heated debates over tariffs, the national bank, internal improvements and public land sales
What happened when the Cherokee first brought up their case in Supreme Court? (Cherokee v. Georgia)
They did not have the power as an independent nation to bring their case to Supreme Court
What was the Whig strategy so that Martin Van Buren would not be elected?
They had three candidates from three different regions to throw it into the House of Representatives, however, it failed as Van Buren took 58 percent
How did the two-party system promote more common men getting into politics?
They needed a national majority/popularity, because of this their campaigning was more entertaining and made it so that more people wanted to vote
What was the American policy to Indians (before Trail of Tears)?
They varied from tribe to tribe, however, there were formal treaties. While they had formal treaties, Americans constantly violated their own covenants by drawing and redrawing the boundaries as they pushed Westward
Why were unions established?
To get lower workdays and because skilled workers were angry that their trade was useless. This was stopped by immigrant replacement workers, state laws outlawing unions, and frequent economic depressions with high unemployment
Who was Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau?
Two transcendentalist writers whgo questioned the doctrines of churches and businesses
Why were more common men getting into politics?
Universal (White) Male Suffrage, Party Nominating Conventions, Popular Election, Two Party System, Rise of Third Parties, More Elected Offices, Popular Campaigning, Spoils System
When did the Seminole spirit break in Florida?
When their captain Osceola was caught under a flag of truce
What happened in Worcester v. Georgia?
Worcester represented the Cherokee and won the court case deeming their constitution constitutional
What happened in 1840 and 1850?
Workdays were reduced to 10 hours a day in most states
Who worked in Lowell systems and why?
Young children and women because they were cheaper to hire