Erythropoietin (EPO)
What is the most reliable way to detect EPO use?
electrophoresis - electrical current through the sample to separate the natural EPO from the artificial stuff
More oxygen = more ___________ production by muscle cells
energy
What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?
oxygen
Cost?
$17-19/injection
What are the performance effects of moderate doses of rHuEPO (research)?
-6-8% increase VO2max -6% improvement in 3k time trial -25-35W increase in cycling
What is EPO-Boost?
-alternative form of EPO marketed as a natural supplement -doesn't contain EPO -claims to increases EPO production in the body somehow -1 capsule 2x/day -cheaper than injections
Medical Claims
-anemia -people who cannot receive blood transfusion -strict parameters to receive EPO in hospital
What is the PT's role?
-approach non-judgmentally -collaborate with pts to empower them to make informed health decisions (APTA)
What are some adverse reactions that people could experience?
-flu-like sx -pure RBC aplasia -seizures -allergic/anaphylactic reactions
What did a study based on using a more practical (non-laboratory) environment find?
-increase in cyclists' VO2max, but not an increase in submaximal exercise test or road race performance
What are other substrates needed for RBC production?
-iron -vitamin B12 -folate
What are factors other than EPO that affect endurance performance?
-mitochondrial density -lactate threshold -ventilatory threshold -maximal heart rate -number of type 1 muscle fibers
What are the health risks related to increased blood viscosity?
-thrombosis -stroke -HTN -pulmonary or cerebral embolism -myocardial infarction -CHF
What are Sx of anemia?
-weakness -fatigue -headaches -problems concentrating -paleness -dizziness -SOB -chest pain
How often is it needed?
1-3 tx per week in order to maintain increased levels of hematocrit
Aside from its effects on endurance performance, what cultural/societal effect did EPO have on competitive athletes?
Doping was viewed as a way to fit into cycling culture and demonstrate one's competitive status
One person who abused EPO?
Lance Armstrong
The more _________ a person has, the more oxygen carrying capacity the individual has.
RBCs
What is the Athlete Biological Passport?
World Anti-Doping Agency program that compares baseline genetic markers of athletes to every drug sample they collect for that athlete in the future
What is pure RBC aplasia?
a bone marrow disorder related to a decrease in the production of RBCs by the bone marrow
An individual's ability to carry and use oxygen affects their ____________.
aerobic performance
Detectable by urine sample?
difficult - only in the urine 3-4 days after use
Where is oxygen bound to in the body?
hemoglobin on RBCs
What is erythropoietin?
hormone that stimulates RBC production when oxygen level is low
What are the cognitive effects of moderate doses of rHuEPO (research)?
increased perception of physical condition, strength, and self-esteem -"euphoric effect"
How is EPO administered as an Rx?
injection in the form of rHuEPO (recombinant human EPO)
Where is EPO produced?
kidney
What are the legal consequences of using?
stripped of all awards, banned from the sport (perm. or temp.), may be sued
What does the US Anti-Doping Agency classify EPO as?
subcategory of peptide hormones,
