ESC Ch 13 and 14
banded iron formation
a sedimentary rock consisting of alternating iron-rich and iron-poor bands, found in Precambrian rocks, that may serve as an ore of iron
Platinum
a used as a catalyst in automobile emissions-control systems
Severe leaching of tropical lateritic soils has produced economically important ore deposits of
aluminum
The environmental disaster that has affected the town of Centralia, Pennsylvania was caused by
an underground coal-mine fire
The term anaerobic describes processes that occur in the absence of oxygen.
anaerobic
Zinc
j used to galvanize steel cans in the manufacture of brass
lignite is a soft, brown coal formed directly from peat
lignite
The marine mineral resource having the greatest potential for exploitation in the near future is
manganese nodules
Geopressurized zones might one day become an important source of
natural gas
nonrenewable energy resources are those not being replenished or formed on a human time scale.
nonrenewable
oil shale is a sedimentary rock containing the waxy hydrocarbon fuel called kerogen
oil shale
An oil well "gusher" would be an example of
primary recovery
The arguments for drilling in the Alaska National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) include all of the following except
ANWR oil will increase U.S. dependence on imported oil.
Reserves, by definition, must be all of the following except
All rock types that are likely to host as yet undiscovered ore.
Sedimentary iron ores that are layered are called
Banded iron formation.
The United States imports most of its oil from these countries
Canada, Mexico, Nigeria and Venezuela.
What rock or mineral resource is used in the greatest quantity?
Crushed rock, sand and gravel
Geochemical prospecting involves analyzing all of the following except
Fish
Which of the following is estimated to be the largest potential fuel resource?
Gas in gas hydrates
Abandoned quarries
If possible, provide alternative uses post mining. The Butchart Gardens in Victoria, B.C., Canada, a beautiful collection of flower gardens, for example, was once a rock quarry.
Weathering in tropical climates can produce residual ores rich in
Iron and aluminum.
An igneous rock from which larger, gem-quality diamonds may be mined is
Kimberlite
Enhanced oil recovery methods are necessary because
Only about one third of the liquid petroleum within a field can be recovered by initial pumping.
Ore deposits of dense minerals concentrated by stream action are
Placers
All of the following are mined from evaporite deposits except
Quartz.
The original source of energy contained in fossil fuels is
Solar energy.
methane hydrate
a crystalline solid of natural gas and water molecules, found in arctic regions and marine sediments
bituminous coal
a form of coal that is softer than anthracite but harder than lignite
mineral resources
a naturally occurring, inorganic, solid element or compound with a definite composition or range in composition, usually having a regular internal crystal structure
sedimentary deposits
a rock formed from sediments at low temperature
ore
a rock in which a valuable or useful metal occurs at a concentration sufficiently high to make it economically practical to mine
oil shale
a sedimentary rock containing the waxy solid hydrocarbon kerogen
pegamatite
a very coarsely crystalline igneous rock
kerogen
a waxy solid hydrocarbon in oil shale
The formation of coal generally requires conditions that are
anaerobic
hydrocarbon
any compound consisting of carbon and hydrogen
enhanced oil recovery
any method used to increase the amount of oil or gas recovered from a petroleum reservoir
liquefaction (coal)
any process by which coal is converted into a liquid hydrocarbon fuel
gasification (coal)
any process by which coal is converted to a gaseous hydrocarbon fuel
oil (petroleum)
any various liquid hydrocarbon compounds
bauxite is the most commonly mined source of aluminum
bauxite
black smokers is a name given to hydrothermal vents that emit dark clouds of suspended sulfide minerals.
black smokers
Gold
c used for jewelry and in the electronics industry
The first of the fossil fuels to be widely used was
coal
The largest recoverable U.S. energy reserve
coal fig 14.15
Halite
d source of sodium and chlorine
geopressurized zones
deep aquifers under unusually high pressure, exceeding normal hydrostatic (fluid) pressure
Copper
e primarily used for electrical application
Some pegmatites are mined for gemstones such as
emerald
Halite, gypsum, and phosphate are examples of minerals recovered from
evaporite deposits
The worst oil spill in United States waters was the
exxon valdez spill
Lead
f used in batteries, solders, paints, and ceramics
A major disadvantage of recycling aluminum is that it takes significantly more energy to recycle scrap aluminum than it does to extract new aluminum from its ore.
false
Substituting some of the uses of one metal with another metal is perhaps the most effective way to extend reserves of the substituted metal.
false
The United States consumes about 10% of all the world's oil resources
false
The United States has about two-thirds of the world's supply of tar sands
false
natural gas
gaseous hydrocarbons, especially methane (CH4)
fossil fuel
hydrocarbon fuels formed from organic matter
kimberlite
igneous rocks that occur as pipelike intrusive bodies that probably originated in the mantle
remote sensing
investigation without direct contact, as by using aerial or satellite photography, radar, and so on.
manganese nodules
lumps of manganese and iron oxides and hydroxides, with other metals, found on the sea floor
A rock or mineral from which a useful or metal can be extracted is referred to as a(an)
mineral deposits (i think, not ore)
nonrenewable resource
not being replenished or formed at any significant rate on a human timescale
oil or petroleum, is not a single chemical compound, but a liquid mixture of various hydrocarbon
oil
The United States has about two-thirds of the world's known resources of
oil shale
spoil banks
piles of waste rock and soil left behind by surface mining, especially strip-mining
acid rainfall
rain that is more acidic (has lower pH) than normal precipitation
tar sand
sedimentary rock, usually sandstone, containing thick, heavy, tarlike hydrocarbon, bitumen
A fossil-fuel source that may either be an immature petroleum deposit or a petroleum deposit that has lost its lighter hydrocarbons is
tar sand
Canada's principal petroleum resources occur as
tar sand
reserves
that quantity of a (resource) material that has been found and is recoverable economically with existing technology
anthracite
the hardest of naturally occurring coals
placer
the ores concentrated by stream or wave action on the basis of mineral densities and/or resistance to weathering
hydrothermal deposits
the ores deposited by circulating warm fluids in the earth's crust
tailings
the piles of crushed waste rock created as a by-product of mineral processing
lignite
the softest of the coals
greenhouse effect
the warming of the atmosphere due to trapping of infrared rays by atmospheric gases, especially as due to the increased concentration of carbon dioxide derived from the burning of fossil fuels
magmatic deposits
those deposits associated with magma emplacement or crystallization
Hydrothermal and magmatic ores are often associated with lithospheric plate boundaries.
true
anaerobic
without oxygen
Ninety-eight percent of the earth's crust is composed of only eight elements
8 eight
A banded iron formation is a sedimentary rock, consisting of alternating iron-rich and silica rich (or carbonate-rich) layers, that may qualify as an ore of iron.
banded iron formation
Most petroleum is found in rocks no older than one to two million years old.
false
Most petroleum source rocks are highly permeable, coarse-grained, clastic sedimentary rocks
false
Oil and natural gas are believed to have formed from the bodies of large land animals such as dinosaurs.
false
The United States has consumed almost half of its total coal resources.
false
The graphite used in "lead" pencils is usually mined from placer deposits
false
The potential fuel in tar sands is a waxy solid called kerogen
false
The primary use of sulfur in the United States is in the manufacture of explosives.
false
fossil fuels are hydrocarbon energy sources formed from the remains of once-living organisms.
fossil fuels
Oil, natural gas, and coal are examples of
fossil fuels, hydrocarbon fuel, nonrenewable resources = all of the above are correct
Gypsum
g used to make plaster, portland cement, and wallboard
The reservoir now believed to contain the largest amount of carbon
gas hydrates fig 14.10
gasification is the process by which coal is converted into a gaseous hydrocarbon fuel
gasification
Coal subjected to overly high temperatures will metamorphose into
graphite
Silver
h principal is used for photographic materials
hydrothermal ore deposits are formed by warm fluids circulating in the earth's crust.
hydrothermal
The metal-rich muds at the bottom of the Red Sea were most likely formed as a result of
hydrothermal activity
Clay
i a component of drilling muds
As societies evolve from primitive to technological, the energy consumption associated with agriculture
increases fig. 14.1
The most heavily used metal is
iron
The hydrocarbon fuel in oil shale is
kerogen
Diamonds are mined from a type of igneous rock called kimberlite that occurs as pipelike intrusive bodies
kimberlite
liquefication is the process by which coal is converted into a liquid hydrocarbon fuel
liquefication
methane is the most common gaseous hydrocarbon in natural gas.
methane
Of the following nonfuel minerals, the United States has significant reserves only of
molybdenum fig 13.1
As heat and pressure act upon petroleum, it finally becomes
natural gas
An ore is a rock in which a valuable or useful metal occurs at a concentration high enough to make it economically practical to mine
ore
placers are ore deposits mechanically concentrated by the sorting action of moving water.
placers
remote sensing is investigation by methods such as aerial photography and satellite imagery
remote sensing
the nation having the largest proven reserves of crude oil is
saudi arabia fig 14.5
spoil banks are piles of waste rock produced by surface mining
spoil banks
The substance found in coal that contributes to acid rainfall is
sulfur
tailings are piles of crushed or ground waste rock produced as a by-product of mineral processing.
tailings
tar sands are sedimentary rocks containing a viscous, tar-like petroleum
tar sands
concentration factor
the concentration factor of a metal in a given ore deposit divided by its average concentration in the continental crust
All of the following are problems in the development of oil shale in the U.S. as a viable energy resource except
the low quality of the oil
Which of the following does not depend on our geologic understanding of magmatic mineral deposits?
the prediction of likely locations of future volcanic eruptions
Antarctica may contain vast reserves of mineral resources; however, active mineral exploitation must be carefully controlled to preserve Antarctica's environment.
true
Because plants concentrate certain metals within their tissues, they can be used as indicators of those metals.
true
Coal formation from land plants takes place under conditions in which oxygen is absent, or nearly so.
true
Continued explorations and improvements in mineral-processing technology may make some currently subeconomic mineral deposits profitable to mine
true
The United States obtains almost 90% of its energy from fossil fuels.
true
The consumption of rock, sand, and gravel in the United States vastly exceeds its consumption of metals and minerals.
true
The richest oil shale deposits in the United States occur in the western states of Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming.
true
One barrel of oil is equal to how many gallons?
42
Banded iron formations are relatively recent geological formations
false
Which one of the following fuels would give off the most heat per given unit weight?
anthracite
Aluminum
b third most abundant element in the earth's crust
Coal supplies about __ percent of the energy used in the United States.
25
Natural gas supplies about percent of the energy used in the United States.
25
Petroleum accounts for about percent of the energy used in the United States.
40
Fossil fuels are nonrenewable energy sources formed from the remains of organisms and plants that lived in the geologic past. These include:
Oil (petroleum): a mixture of various liquid hydrocarbons formed from the accumulation of marine microorganisms rapidly buried by sediments. Natural gas: a mixture of gaseous hydrocarbons, mostly methane (CH4), formed also from marine microorganisms like petroleum but under different conditions of temperature. Coal: a solid, carbonaceous fuel formed from ancient land plants. Grades of coal listed in order of increasing carbon content are lignite, bituminous, and anthracite. Oil shale: a sedimentary rock containing hydrocarbons in the form of kerogen. Tar sand: a sedimentary rock containing a thick, tar-like petroleum.
The mining and burning of coal create several environmental hazards. Among these are:
The release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which enhances the greenhouse effect. The release of sulfur gases into the atmosphere, which contributes to acid rainfall. The accumulation of coal ash that may contain unacceptable concentrations of toxic metals. Coal-mining hazards such as mine collapse, contraction of black lung disease from breathing coal dust, exposure to radioactive radon gas, explosions, and underground fires in coal mines. Problems associated with strip-mining, including acidification of streams and lakes from runoff water containing sulfuric acid and disturbance of the original topography.
Worldwide reserves for most metals are projected to last
a few decades
evaporite
a sedimentary mineral deposit formed when shallow or inland seas dry up; also the minerals commonly deposited in such an environment