ESC100

The ion at the center of a silicate tetrahedron is surrounded by ________. 4 sodium ions 4 oxygen ions 6 sodium ions 6 oxygen ions

4 oxygen ions

The temperature below which magnetic material can retain a permanent magnetization is called the ________. Bullard point Darcy temperature Curie point Vine temperature

Curie point

Deep-oceanic trenches are most abundant around the rim of the ________ Ocean basin. Arctic Pacific Indian Atlantic

Pacific

The majority of the Earth's subduction zones are found in and around the ________ Ocean basin. Atlantic Arctic Pacific Indian

Pacific

________ destroyed the city of St. Pierre, Martinique in 1902 and the ancient Roman city of Pompeii in 79. Pyroclastic flows Basaltic lava flows Mudflows Heavy ashfall

Pyroclastic flows

________ are the most abundant gases emitted by volcanoes. Neon and ammonia Oxygen and nitrogen Chlorine and sodium Water vapor and carbon dioxide

Water vapor and carbon dioxide

The Earth is _____. a bit wider at the equator than at the poles All of these are correct. roughly spherical approximately 6,371 km in radius

all of these are correct

________ is named for a prominent, volcanic mountain range in western South America. Andesite Pegmatite Peridotite Basalt

andesite

Which of the following igneous rocks exhibit fine-grained texture? andesite, diorite rhyolite, gabbro andesite, rhyolite granite, gabbro

andesite, rhyolite

Stratovolcanoes (composite cones) are built of lava and ash derive from ________ magma. ultramafic basaltic rhyolitic andesitic

andestic

Which of the following is not a type of limestone? coquina arkose chalk travertine

arkose

________ is a sandstone that contains abundant potassium feldspar, suggesting that the sand was derived by weathering and erosion of granitic bedrock. Oolite Arkose Quartz sandstone Lignite

arkose

Which of the following is NOT a branch of Earth science? meteorology astronomy astrology oceanography

astrology

Nitrogen is common in the atmosphere, but far more rare in the geosphere. Thankfully for us and other life, certain _______ can break down atmospheric nitrogen to make nutrient fertilizers. bacteria snails earthworms grasses

bacteria

Kilauea and Mauna Loa are ________. explosive, rhyolitic volcanoes small, basaltic cinder cones Correct! basaltic shield volcanoes andesitic stratovolcanoes

basaltic shield volcanoes

What is the main difference between a conglomerate and a sedimentary breccia? breccia clasts are the size of baseballs; conglomerate clasts are larger a breccia is well stratified; a conglomerate is poorly stratified breccia has a compacted, clay-rich matrix; conglomerate has no matrix breccia clasts are angular; conglomerate clasts are rounded

breccia clasts are angular; conglomerate clasts are rounded

Which of the following will react readily with weak hydrochloric acid? diamond quartz calcite

calcite

Hazards of volcanoes include the gas ____, which was responsible for more than a thousand deaths at Lake Nyos, Cameroon. carbon dioxide carbon monoxide hydrogen water vapor

carbon dioxide

Which type of limestone consists mainly of tiny, marine fossils composed of calcite? dolostone chalk chert coquina

chalk

Which type of volcano typically has formed from a single eruption? cinder cone shield volcano composite cone

cinder cone

The strong tendency of certain minerals to break along smooth, parallel planes is known as ________. streak cleavage crystal form cracking luster

cleavage

A(n) ________ texture would be most unlikely to occur in an extrusive igneous rock. glassy fine-grained pyroclastic coarse-grained

coarse-grained

Which of the following sedimentary rocks would you expect to have originally been deposited by fast-moving streams? mudstone oolitic limestone conglomerate greywacke

conglomerate

Chemically, the solid Earth is divided into three layers, called _____. atmosphere, hydrosphere, noosphere crust, mantle, and core outer space, middle Earth, the dark realm topsoil, subsoil, sub-subsoi

crust, mantle, and core

Which of the following sedimentary features can each be used to determine paleocurrent directions? mud cracks grain size sorting current ripple marks

current ripple marks

What mineral is the hardest on the Mohs scale of hardness? native gold muscovite diamond silicate

diamond

________ has the same mineral composition as andesite. Granite Diorite Gabbro Basalt

dioritte

New oceanic crust and lithosphere are formed at ________. divergent boundaries by submarine eruptions and intrusions of rhyolitic magma convergent boundaries by submarine eruptions and intrusions of rhyolitic magma convergent boundaries by submarine eruptions and intrusions of basaltic magma divergent boundaries by submarine eruptions and intrusions of basaltic magma

divergent boundaries by submarine eruptions and intrusions of basaltic magma

Hornblende and the other amphiboles have what type of silicate structure? 3-D framework sheet double chains metallic

double chains

Basaltic lavas are generally both hotter and more viscous than andesitic lavas. true false

false

Foliated metamorphic rocks are composed largely of equidimensional grains of minerals such as quartz and calcite. true false

false

Interactions are common between the atmosphere and hydrosphere, but there are no known interactions between the geosphere and the hydrosphere. True False

false

Materials in metamorphic rocks can melt to later form magmas and then igneous rocks, but they could never go on to form a sedimentary rock. True False

false

Most lava crystallizes to form igneous rocks with coarse-grained textures. true false

false

Scientists describe plate tectonics as a theory. This means it is merely an educated guess, and any other explanation for the distribution of volcanoes, earthquakes, and mountain ranges is just as likely. True False

false

The scientist who writes up a scientific report is generally the best judge of whether or not it represents quality work and is a significant new finding. True False

false

The terms "rock" and "mineral" have the same meaning. true false

false

The last minerals to crystallize on Bowen's Reaction Series are those found in igneous rocks with a ________ composition. ultramafic intermediate mafic felsic

felsic

_______ is a planar fabric in a metamorphic rock due to a preferred alignment of platy or elongate mineral grains. Marbleizing Rock cleavage Stress streaking Foliation

foliation

Coal beds are derived from plants that lived in ________. channels of fast-moving streams freshwater coastal swamps and bogs shallow lakes in a dry, desert region deep, marine basins below wave action

freshwater coastal swamps and bogs

Of the following four rocks, which forms at the highest temperatures? schist slate phyllite gneiss

gneiss

A cubic centimeter of quartz, olivine, and gold weigh 2.5, 3.0, and 19.8 grams respectively. Thisindicates that ________. gold has a higher density and specific gravity than quartz and olivine olivine and quartz powders are harder than metallic gold gold and olivine are silicates, quartz is elemental silicon gold is 6 to 7 times harder than olivine and quartz

gold has a higher density and specific gravity than quartz and olivine

Visible quartz and potassium feldspar grains are abundantly found in a ________. basalt gabbro granite rhyolite

granite

Which of these rocks has the coarsest mineral grains? Obsidian Basalt Granite Pumice

granite

________ is characterized by the separation of light- and dark-colored minerals into thin layers or bands. Quartzite Garnet hornfels Slate Correct! Granitic gneiss

granitic gneiss

Which of the following statements concerning slate is not true? forms from shales and mudstones has abundant, coarse-grained mica rock cleavage is common sedimentary features may be visible

has abundant, coarse-grained mica

Which set of magma conditions produces the most explosive eruptions? Low silica content and low viscosity High viscosity and dissolved gas Low viscosity and low dissolved gas content High viscosity and low dissolved gas content

high viscosity and dissolved gas

The two broad branches of geology are physical geology and ______ geology. historical spiritual chemical metaphysica

historical

The water of the oceans, ice, and lakes are all part of the _____. hydrosphere biosphere atmosphere geosphere

hydrosphere

The continental drift hypothesis was rejected primarily because Alfred Wegener could not ________. identify the correct mechanism responsible for moving continents speak English (and his writings were never translated) find geologic similarities on different continents all of the above

identify the correct mechanism responsible for moving continents

Which type of rock forms through the solidification of hot, molten (liquid) rock? metamorphic No answer text provided. igneous sedimentary

ignneous

________ cement produces tan to orange colors in some sandstone. Calcite Quartz Clay Iron oxid

iron oxide

Which of the following describes the quality of light passing through and reflecting and from a mineral? fluorescence luster virtual absorption color streak

luster

If a rock is subjected to heat and stress, causing its constituent atoms to break down and reorganize without melting the rock, which new type of rock has formed? sedimentary metamorphic No answer text provided. igneous

metamorphic

Hurricanes are most typically studied by oceanographers and which other Earth scientists? astronomers geologists meteorologists

meteorologist

When a large volume of crystals solidify and sink out of a body of magma, the chemistry of the remaining magma will now be ________ compared with what the chemistry was previously. more felsic more magic the same as

more felsic

Which of the following minerals is a silicate? hematite halite muscovite calcite

muscovite

Which of the following minerals is in the mineral group known as mica? muscovite augite orthoclase olivine

muscovite

By far, the greatest amount of water is in _____. oceans streams clouds glacial ice

oceans

Which of the following minerals crystallize early in Bowen's reaction series? quartz muscovite biotite olivine

olivine

What element is the most abundant in the Earth's crust by weight? carbon sodium oxygen chlorine

oxygen

Which of the following igneous rocks has the lowest silica (SiO2) content and the greatest amount of iron and magnesium? granite basalt andesite peridotite

peridotite

________ is composed mainly of olivine and pyroxene. It is said to possess an ultramafic chemistry and is the most abundant rock of the mantle of the Earth. Rhyolite Peridotite Andesite Granite

peridotite

________ is a volcanic rock with a vesicular texture. Obsidian Pumice Tuff Pegmatite

pumice

The most dangerous hazard that volcanoes produce is ____. pyroclastic flows lava flows ash fall sulfur dioxide gas

pyroclastic flows

Which mineral is composed of silicon dioxide (Si02)? calcite quartz diamond olivine

quartz

________ is the most common mineral in sandstones. Orthoclase Calcite Biotite Quartz

quartz

chert is a microcrystalline form of the mineral ________. hematite calcite quartz halite

quartz

________ is a nonfoliated rock formed by metamorphism of a sandstone. Schist Quartzite Marble Gneiss

quartzite

Compaction of sediment tends to _____. increase the volume of pore space cause the mineral grains to become widely separated reduce the volume of pore space occur before burial

reduce the volume of pore space

Which metamorphic rock consists mostly parallel, aligned, coarse-grained, mica flakes? slate schist gneiss phyllite

schist

Linear, magnetic patterns (marine magnetic anomaly belts) associated with mid-ocean ridges were produced by ________. concentric circles about a rising plume of hot mantle rocks and magma reversed magnetizations along the rift valleys and normal magnetizations along the ridge normal and reversed magnetized strips roughly perpendicular to the ridge axis seafloor spreading through time in combination with polarity reversals

seafloor spreading through time in combination with polarity reversals

Which of the following detrital sedimentary rocks is made of the finest grains? sandstone conglomerate breccia shale

shale

Which one of the following is a detrital sedimentary rock? rock gypsum coal fossiliferous limestone shale

shale

A ________ volcano is a very large, gently sloping mound composed mainly of basaltic lava flows. shield stratospheric composite cinder cone

shield

Which type of volcano is the largest in area?shield volcano composite cone cinder cone lava dome

shield volcano

Which group of minerals are the most abundant in the Earth's crust? sulfides chlorides silicates carbonates

silicates

All silicate minerals contain which two elements? oxygen, carbon silicon, oxygen silicon, sodium iron, silicon

silicon,oxygen

hich of the following rocks is foliated? Slate Quartzite Marble Hornfels

slate

Which of the following lists the rocks in the order of increasing grain size and increasing grade of metamorphism? schist, slate, phyllite phyllite, slate, schist slate, phyllite, schist slate, schist, phyllite

slate, phyllite, schist

Mount St. Helens and Mount Rainier are examples of ________. stratovolcanoes (composite cones) basaltic cinder cones basaltic shield volcanoes super volcanoes

stratovolcanoes (composite cones)

The sizes, shapes, and arrangements of mineral grains in an igneous rock are known as ________. silica content texture Bowen's reaction series mineral content

texture

Geology is the scientific study of _____. the Earth fossils rocks living things

the earth

Lava flows are typically finer grained than intrusive igneous rocks. Why? the extrusive magma, because it is deep below the surface, cools very slowly producing very small mineral grains intrusive magma flows onto the Earth's surface and cools very slowly, allowing many small mineral grains to grow the extrusive magma cools quickly so the mineral grains do not have time to grow large intrusive magma is cooler because it is well insulated by the surrounding rock

the extrusive magma cools quickly so the mineral grains do not have time to grow large

Which one of the following is not true for minerals? they can be identified by characteristic physical properties they have a specific, predictable chemical composition they have a specific, internal, crystalline structure they can be a liquid, solid, or glass

they can be a liquid, solid, or glass

An extensive, late Paleozoic glaciation affected southern India, southern Africa and southeastern South America. true false

true

Basalt is the fine-grained equivalent of gabbro. true false

true

Calcite and dolomite are both carbonate minerals. true false

true

Calcite is the primary mineral in the metamorphic rock marble. true false

true

Clay and muddy sediments lithify to form shales and mudstones. true false

true

Crater Lake in Oregon actually occupies a volcanic caldera. true false

true

Detrital sedimentary rocks are classified according to clastic particle size; chemical sedimentary rocks are named according to the most abundant minerals. true false

true

Glassy igneous rocks form when magma cools too fast for mineral grains to grow. true false

true

Graphite and diamond have the same chemical compositions, but different crystalline structures. true false

true

Rock cleavage in slates (slaty cleavage) is largely a consequence of abundant, parallel-aligned, very fine-grained mica crystals in the rock. false true

true

The Himalayan Mountains are the tectonic product of a collision between India and Eurasia. true false

true

The addition of water can lower partial melting temperatures in silicate rocks. true false

true

The micas, biotite and muscovite, both exhibit one direction of cleavage. true false

true

The viscosities of magmas increase with increasing silica content. true false

true

A ________ is an open cavity in a volcanic rock that was filled by a gas bubble when the lava was still mainly liquid. phenocryst xenocryst porphyrocryst vesicle

vesicle