Essen Nutrition Ch 3-5 Questions Exam

How does sugar contribute to dental caries? a. Sugars help support bacterial growth, which decay the teeth. b. Sugars are abrasive and can remove enamel from the teeth. c. Sugars alter the pH of the saliva, which decays the teeth. d. Sugars increase the release of amylase, which decays the teeth. e. Sugars increase saliva production, which decays the teeth.

a. Sugars help support bacterial growth, which decay the teeth.

What is one primary health concern that explains why fish oil supplements are not recommended? a. They can interfere with wound healing. b. They can cause depression. c. They often contain contaminants. d. They can cause strokes. e. They have been linked to cancer.

a. They can interfere with wound healing.

The major digestive event in the stomach is the initial breakdown of protein. a. True b. False

a. True

What nutrient, found in fish, is beneficial to heart health? a. essential fatty acids b. fiber c. phytochemicals d. sterols e. vitamin E

a. essential fatty acids

Your client, Larry, is attempting to limit added sugar. Which breakfast food should he eat less of? a. frozen pancakes b. whole-wheat toast c. oatmeal with raisins d. low fat milk e. egg-white omelets

a. frozen pancakes

Which pair of monosaccharides makes up the disaccharide lactose? a. glucose and galactose b. glucose and glucose c. glucose and fructose d. fructose and galactose e. fructose and fructose

a. glucose and galactose

Which highly branched polysaccharide is found in animals? a. glycogen b. collagen c. starch d. fiber e. cellulose

a. glycogen

Which term on a food label indicates that the product contains trans fatty acids? a. hydrogenated vegetable oil b. cholesterol-free c. fat-free d. high-fructose corn syrup e. emulsified fat

a. hydrogenated vegetable oil

Which factor is LEAST likely to influence the glycemic index value of a food? a. individual cholesterol levels b. fiber content c. protein content d. cooking the food e. individual glucose tolerance

a. individual cholesterol levels

Which organ stores the greatest amount of the body's total glycogen? a. muscles b. brain c. liver d. kidneys e. bones

a. muscles

Choose the food that is highest in monounsaturated fat. a. olive oil b. chocolate c. flaxseed d. All of these answers are correct.

a. olive oil

In addition to storing fat, adipose tissue also ____. a. secretes hormones b. absorbs toxins c. stores glycogen d. releases metabolic enzymes e. regulates water secretion

a. secretes hormones

What is the most likely outcome when adding protein supplements to one's diet? a. weight gain b. weight loss c. increased appetite d. increased sleep quality e. decreased pain

a. weight gain

Even when limiting fat intake, you should try to include ____ of fat into every meal. a. 1/2 teaspoon b. 1 teaspoon c. 2 teaspoons d. 1 tablespoon e. 2 tablespoons

b. 1 teaspoon

Based on the AMDR, an 1800-kcalorie diet should provide approximately how many grams of carbohydrates? a. 45-158 b. 203-293 c. 364-639 d. 1265-1448 e. 2000

b. 203-293

Triglycerides are absorbed intact by the body. a. True b. False

b. False

_________ is a protein-digesting enzyme. a. Bicarbonate b. Pepsin c. Gastrin d. Amylase

b. Pepsin

Which type of fat is used as an energy source in the brain when glucose levels are low? a. cholesterol b. glycolipids c. ketone bodies d. phospholipids e. steroids

c. ketone bodies

Which factor most influences the glycemic index of food by increasing insulin secretion to alter the rate at which glucose is taken up into the blood? a. starch structure b. fiber content c. presence of fat and protein d. food processing e. mixing of foods in a meal

c. presence of fat and protein

A fatty acid carrying the maximum number of hydrogen atoms is a _____ fatty acid. a. unsaturated b. monounsaturated c. saturated d. omega-3

c. saturated

When reading food labels, which ingredient does NOT indicate the presence of added sugars? a. concentrated fruit juice sweetener b. corn syrup c. sucralose d. honey e. raw cane sugar

c. sucralose

What is one function of lipoproteins? a. to generate fatty acids in the liver b. to break down fatty acids in the liver c. to transport fats throughout the body d. to transport proteins throughout the body e. to reduce the amount of cholesterol in the blood

c. to transport fats throughout the body

Which vitamin only occurs in animal-derived foods, and therefore must be supplemented in vegan diets? a. vitamin A b. vitamin B6 c. vitamin B12 d. vitamin E e. vitamin K

c. vitamin B12

What is the recommended protein intake for a healthy adult with an ideal weight of 52.3 kg? a. 12 g b. 16 g c. 31 g d. 42 g e. 52 g

d. 42 g

What percentage of calories should come from carbohydrates? a. 1% b. 10% c. 30% d. 50% e. 90%

d. 50%

How does our body process excess sugar when we consume large quantities at once? a. Excess sugar is excreted in urine. b. Excess sugar is excreted in feces. c. Excess sugar is stored as protein. d. Excess sugar is stored as fat. e. Excess sugar is stored as glycolipids.

d. Excess sugar is stored as fat.

What is the best way to help satiate your need for sugar without increasing your total caloric intake? a. Choose only foods that are organic. b. Choose only foods that are all-natural. c. Swap invert sugar for regular sugar. d. Swap sugar alcohols for regular sugar. e. Increase salt in your foods to enhance flavor.

d. Swap sugar alcohols for regular sugar.

Tim is trying to eat an adequate amount of fiber. Which lunch menu will best help him achieve this goal? a. baked salmon, lettuce salad, enriched wheat roll, orange juice b. turkey hot dog, enriched wheat bun, popcorn, diet cola c. cheese and mushroom omelet, cheese grits, cranberry juice cocktail, water d. black bean soup, baked sweet potato, large apple, iced tea e. soy burger, baked French fries, chocolate pudding, coffee

d. black bean soup, baked sweet potato, large apple, iced tea

How do proteins regulate the pH of blood and body fluids? a. by acting as antibodies b. by acting as acids c. by acting as bases d. by acting as buffers e. by acting as transporters

d. by acting as buffers

Which of the following carbohydrates only need to be broken down once? a. large starch molecules b. fiber c. monosaccharides d. disaccharides e. glycogen

d. disaccharides

One benefit of the fat in foods is that it _____. a. suppresses the appetite without affecting hunger b. does not change the food's texture but improves flavor c. will cause weight gain even when energy intake balances expenditure d. facilitates the absorption of some vitamins and phytochemicals e. is always visible

d. facilitates the absorption of some vitamins and phytochemicals

What process in digestion, carried out by the flora that inhabit your intestine, is required for the digestion of cellulose and dietary fibers? a. gastrulation b. glycolysis c. gluconeogenesis d. fermentation e. lactation

d. fermentation

An example of an artificial fat that looks and tastes like fat but does not have any calories is a. trans fat. b. a reduced fat. c. a monounsaturated fatty acid. d. olestra.

d. olestra.

Which chemical process causes fats to become rancid? a. calcification b. emulsification c. hydrogenation d. oxidation e. reduction

d. oxidation

Monoglycerides are derived from triglycerides by which enzyme? a. amylase b. cholecystokinin c. lingual lipase d. pancreatic lipase e. pepsin

d. pancreatic lipase

Which macronutrients provide 4 kcalories per gram? a. protein and fat b. carbohydrates and fat c. protein and vitamins d. protein and carbohydrates

d. protein and carbohydrates

Which dietary factor is most associated with elevated LDL cholesterol levels? a. cholesterol b. monounsaturated fats c. polyunsaturated fats d. saturated fats e. sterols

d. saturated fats

What food can provide essential omega-3 fatty acids to a vegan diet? a. spinach b. avocado c. oatmeal d. walnuts e. yogurt

d. walnuts

Stan is at risk for cardiovascular disease. Which dietary change should he make to most effectively reduce his risk of heart disease? a. Increase the unsaturated fats in his diet. b. Increase trans fats in his diet. c. Eliminate all fats from his diet. d. Eliminate unsaturated fats from his diet. e. Eliminate trans fats from his diet.

e. Eliminate trans fats from his diet.

When reading a food label, which ingredient is another term for sugar? a. EDTA b. soy protein c. soybean oil d. sea salt e. HFCS

e. HFCS

When amino acids are metabolized for energy, what is the most likely fate of the amine group? a. It is converted into ATP. b. It is converted into glucose. c. It is converted into glycogen. d. It is converted into fat. e. It is converted into urea.

e. It is converted into urea

Which food has the highest glycemic index? a. chickpeas b. apples c. sweet corn d. ice cream e. baked potato

e. baked potato

Which oil is rich in monounsaturated fatty acids? a. sunflower oil b. cottonseed oil c. walnut oil d. corn oil e. canola oil

e. canola oil

Which change in food preparation would decrease the glycemic index of the food? a. cooking pasta longer as opposed to al dente b. preparing oatmeal from quick oats as compared to steel-cut oats c. using white rice as compared to brown rice d. eating a boiled potato as compared to a baked potato e. eating whole-wheat toast with peanut butter instead of just the toast alone

e. eating whole-wheat toast with peanut butter instead of just the toast alone

Which diet is most likely to prevent or delay onset of type 2 diabetes? a. high-glycemic and high-fiber b. high-fat and low-carbohydrate c. low-fat and high-carbohydrate d. high-protein and high-glycemic e. low-glycemic and high-fiber

e. low-glycemic and high-fiber

In general, which food group contains the lowest amount of carbohydrates? a. grains b. vegetables c. fruits d. milk and milk products e. protein foods

e. protein foods

Digestion of dietary fats _____. a. occurs primarily in the large intestine b. occurs primarily in the stomach c. involves the small intestine but not the pancreas d. results in triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols as end products e. requires bile and lipase

e. requires bile and lipase

Unripe bananas are considered what type of fiber? a. whole grain b. fermented fiber c. insoluble fiber d. viscous fiber e. resistant starch

e. resistant starch

What health concern would you be most vigilant about in a vegan patient? a. high cholesterol b. cardiovascular disease c. obesity d. diabetes e. stunting

e. stunting

When glucose levels are low, ____ levels are high. a. insulin b. glycogen c. glucagon d. amylase e. cortisol

c. glucagon

Which three sugars are monosaccharides? a. glucose - fructose - sucrose b. glucose - fructose - lactose c. glucose - fructose - galactose d. glucose - lactose - sucrose e. glucose - lactose - galactose

c. glucose - fructose - galactose

What is one way that fermentation in the colon reduces the risk of colon cancer? a. Fermentation produces fatlike molecules that activate cancer-killing enzymes. b. Fermentation increases the digestion of antioxidant-containing molecules. c. Fermentation alters the pH of the colon, creating a permissive environment for immune cells. d. Fermentation prevents the absorption of cancer-causing agents. e. Fermentation regulates bowel movements to prevent constipation.

a. Fermentation produces fatlike molecules that activate cancer-killing enzymes.

What key quality makes a fatty acid unsaturated? a. It has at least one pair of carbon atoms joined by a double bond. b. Its carbon atoms are each bonded to two hydrogen atoms. c. It is less than 12 carbons in length. d. It has only one pair of carbon atoms joined by a single bond. e. It is attached to a glycerol backbone.

a. It has at least one pair of carbon atoms joined by a double bond

Why can a diet high in refined carbohydrates lead to poor heart heath? a. Refined carbohydrates cause blood triglycerides to rise and HDL to fall. b. Refined carbohydrates cause blood triglycerides to fall and HDL to rise. c. Refined carbohydrates cause cholesterol levels to rise and HDL to fall. d. Refined carbohydrates cause cholesterol levels to fall and HDL to rise. e. Refined carbohydrates cause triglyceride levels to rise and cholesterol to fall.

a. Refined carbohydrates cause blood triglycerides to rise and HDL to fall.

How can you prevent a food with a high glycemic index from causing a huge spike in your blood sugar? a. eating that food only in the morning b. eating that food only in the evening c. eating that food with other foods d. eating that food only after it has been cooked e. eating that food only when it is raw

c. eating that food with other foods

Which statement should be included when teaching a healthy client about fat intake? a. Fat intake should not exceed 40% of total kcalories. b. Saturated fat intake should be less than 10% of total kcalories. c. Dietary intake of cholesterol should be at least 300 milligrams a day. d. An intake of fat and oils representing less than 10% of total kcalories can still supply needed fatty acids. e. Linoleic acid (omega-6 fatty acids) should provide at least 25% of daily energy intake.

b. Saturated fat intake should be less than 10% of total kcalories.

What is one way in which foods rich in soluble fibers benefit heart health? a. Soluble fibers prevent absorption of cholesterol. b. Soluble fibers bind bile and remove cholesterol through excretion. c. Soluble fibers activate metabolic pathways that break down cholesterol. d. Soluble fibers inactivate metabolic pathways that make cholesterol. e. Soluble fibers inactivate pathways involved in coagulation.

b. Soluble fibers bind bile and remove cholesterol through excretion.

What is one disadvantage of using sugar alcohols as compared to nonnutritive sweeteners? a. Sugar alcohols trigger a lower glycemic response than nonnutritive sweeteners. b. Sugar alcohols increase bloating and gas, while nonnutritive sweeteners do not. c. Sugar alcohols do not contain any carbohydrate, while nonnutritive sweeteners have some carbohydrates. d. Sugar alcohols do not contribute to dental caries, while nonnutritive sweeteners can contribute to dental caries. e. Sugar alcohols occur naturally in fruits and vegetables, while nonnutritive sweeteners are all artificial.

b. Sugar alcohols increase bloating and gas, while nonnutritive sweeteners do not

Which two foods would be considered complementary proteins? a. beans and steak b. beans and barley c. barley and steak d. steak and tuna e. tuna and barley

b. beans and barley

Which three minerals would you routinely check in vegetarian patients to ensure that they have consumed enough of these vital nutrients? a. calcium, iron, and magnesium b. calcium, iron, and zinc c. calcium, zinc, and magnesium d. iron, magnesium, and phosphorus e. iron, zinc, and phosphorus

b. calcium, iron, and zinc

Which disorder is characterized by elevated blood glucose resulting from insufficient insulin, ineffective insulin, or both? a. hyperlipidemia b. diabetes c. Addison's disease d. lactose intolerance e. Crohn's disease

b. diabetes

The hormone produced in the pancreas to raise the blood glucose level is called _____. a. pancrease b. glucagon c. lipase d. amylase e. insulin

b. glucagon

What process do manufacturers use on a fat to extend its shelf life and alter the fat so it is more solid? a. oxidation b. hydrogenation c. dehydration d. enrichment e. fortification

b. hydrogenation

The most severe form of severe acute malnutrition, characterized by small upper arm circumference, is called ____. a. chronic malnutrition b. marasmus c. edema d. kwashiorkor e. stunting

b. marasmus

Which class of fats can serve as emulsifiers? a. monounsaturated fatty acids b. phospholipids c. polyunsaturated fatty acids d. sterols e. triglycerides

b. phospholipids

Which fruit or fruit product can be used to supplement iron in vegetarians? a. applesauce b. raisins c. orange juice d. apples e. bananas

b. raisins

Which food is highest in saturated fats? a. olive oil b. whole milk c. almonds d. tuna e. sherbet

b. whole milk

Which statement by your client indicates that the client needs further instruction? a. "Even though there is sugar in milk and fruits, they are still good for me because they have other nutrients in them." b. "When choosing my foods, I should try to limit my intake of added sugars, which can come from condiments like ketchup or processed foods like breakfast cereal as well as dessert foods." c. "Choosing foods containing sugar alcohols instead of real sugar is the best way to lose weight quickly." d. "Drinking plain water instead of sweetened beverages such as soft drinks can reduce my kcalorie intake, and therefore, help me lose weight." e. "I should limit my intake of sugar-sweetened beverages to help prevent elevated blood triglyceride levels."

c. "Choosing foods containing sugar alcohols instead of real sugar is the best way to lose weight quickly."

What is the AMDR for protein? a. 45-60% b. 20-35% c. 10-35% d. 70-80%

c. 10-35%

What is the glycemic load of a food that has a glycemic index of 100 and contains 20 grams of carbohydrate in a 100-gram serving? a. 1 b. 5 c. 20 d. 80 e. 100

c. 20

What is the fiber recommendation from the FDA for someone on a 2,000-kcalorie diet? a. 25 g b. 14 g c. 28 g d. 50 g e. 75 g

c. 28 g

How does olestra help with weight loss? a. Olestra binds other fatty acids in the digestive tract to prevent absorption. b. Olestra is a carbohydrate, and contains fewer calories than fats. c. Olestra cannot be broken down and absorbed in the digestive tract. d. Olestra triggers hormones that increase metabolism. e. Olestra works as a laxative to remove food before it is completely digested.

c. Olestra cannot be broken down and absorbed in the digestive tract.

Patients with ____ are most likely to benefit from diets that focus on eating foods with a low glycemic index. a. eating disorders b. diverticulitis c. diabetes d. Crohn's disease e. hypoglycemia

c. diabetes

People with which health condition might benefit from limiting high glycemic index foods? a. heart disease b. constipation c. diabetes d. diverticulitis e. cancer

c. diabetes

The American Heart Association (AHA) recommends _____ to support a heart-healthy eating pattern. a. decreasing the amount of fat consumed that is solid at room temperature to 5% of total kilocalories b. increasing the use of corn and cottonseed oils in cooking c. eating at least 7 ounces of fatty fish each week d. taking moderate doses of fish oil supplements e. increasing red meat consumption

c. eating at least 7 ounces of fatty fish each week

In the large intestine, bacteria digest many of the soluble fibers to produce _____. a. glucose b. protein c. fatty acids d. fructose e. starch

c. fatty acids