Ethics Exam 2

Malpractice is almost always a ________ offense

Tort

Defamation

-Harms one's good name -Diminishes others' value -Aroused by the communication of false, malicious, unprivileged, or harmful words

Racial discrimination examples

-If a supervisor passes over all Hispanic nurses who apply for a promotion, regardless of their qualifications or abilities, disparate treatments exists -

Good leader characteristics

-Inspire -Motivate -Pay attention to individuals

Types of invasion of privacy

1. Intrusion 2. Public disclosure 3. Publicity 4. Appropriation

Which situation is a potential conflict for the nurse? A. A nurse has a sick child at home and the office is understaffed. B. The floor nursing staff has a low nurse to patient ratio. C. The patient does not want prescribed medication. D. The patient refuses recommended surgery.

A. A nurse has a sick child at home and the office is understaffed.

What is a tort? A. A wrong or injury that one suffers because of someone else's action. B. An act that results in an unintended injury or harm to another person. C. Negligence committed by a person in a professional capacity. D. The failure to do something that a reasonable person would avoid doing.

A. A wrong or injury that one suffers because of someone else's action.

How are ethics and laws the same? A. Both are built upon a moral foundation. B. Both are congruent with each other. C. Ethics requires laws to be successful. D. Laws are broken and ethical standards are not.

A. Both are built upon a moral foundation.

What patient results can occur when a nurse displays discrimination against a patient? A. Low self-esteem B. Personal introspection C. Retaliation D. Weight loss

A. Low self-esteem

Genetic engineering

Altering organisms

Battery

Unlawful, harmful, or unwarranted touching of another -Carrying out of threatened physical harm

Which situation constitutes sexual harassment? A. A female nurse greets her colleague with a smile and tells her she looks nice today. B. A female nurse supervisor is looking at pornographic photos in the break room. C. A male nurse asks a female colleague for coffee. D. A male supervisor tells a female employee she has to work mandatory overtime.

B. A female nurse supervisor is looking at pornographic photos in the break room.

When new technological procedures to correct a medical issue causes great pain to a patient, which two principles conflict? A. Advocacy and paternalism B. Beneficence and nonmaleficence C. Patient autonomy and veracity D. Respect for persons and informed consent

B. Beneficence and nonmaleficence

Which ethical principle can be violated using reproductive technology? A. Autonomy B. Justice C. Paternalism D. Veracity

B. Justice

Utilization of health care technology may give rise to conflicts between the principles of _________________ and ______________________

Beneficence and nonmaleficence

Which source of law applies to the Bill of Rights? A. Administrative B. Common C. Constitutional D. Statutory

C. Constitutional

Which ethical principle is violated when new technology can be afforded by one patient and not another? A. Autonomy B. Beneficence C. Justice D. Nonmaleficence

C. Justice

Which strategy enforces a nurse's good working relationship with physicians? A. Admit uncertainty. B. Expect respect. C. Project confidence. D. Work at own pace.

C. Project confidence.

What is the difference between public and private law? A. Private law defines a person's rights and obligations in relation to the government, while public law determines a person's legal rights and obligations in activities that involve other people. B. Private law is based primarily on previous court decisions, while Public law is created through the lawmaking process in state or federal legislatures. C. Public law defines a person's rights and obligations in relation to the government, while private law determines a person's legal rights and obligations in activities that involve other people. D. Public law is based primarily on previous court decisions, while Private law is created through the lawmaking process in state or federal legislatures.

C. Public law defines a person's rights and obligations in relation to the government, while private law determines a person's legal rights and obligations in activities that involve other people.

Why do problems arise in the relationship between the nurse and the institution? A. Nurses offer solutions to potential safety issues in the institution. B. Nurses speak up about increasing quality of patient care in the institution. C. The institution's demands for loyalty are often inequitable. D. The nurse's code of ethics is too stringent for the institution.

C. The institution's demands for loyalty are often inequitable.

Which type of cloning is the greatest ethical concern? A. Cellular B. Molecular C. Somatic cell nuclear transfer D. Theoretical

C. Somatic cell nuclear transfer

Common law

Case law -Decisions are based upon earlier rulings

Palliative care

Comfort and support of patients and families

Ethics committee

Consulted for issues with an ethical component

What type of laws are in the nursing practice?

Contract and Tort

Common law example

Precedents

How has technology enhanced healthcare? A. Assesses patients without nursing involvement B. Creates fewer ethical conflicts C. Prevents heart disease D. Makes it possible to replace vital organs

D. Makes it possible to replace vital organs

What is the role of an expert nurse witness? A. Demonstrating as much knowledge as a physician. B. Knowing the action of every medication. C. Purporting that nursing is a true profession. D. Remaining neutral and honest when offering an objective opinion.

D. Remaining neutral and honest when offering an objective opinion.

What is the nurse's role with subordinates? A. Allow self-learning B. Demand perfection C. Listen intently D. Send value messages

D. Send value messages

Laws (or statutes) that are written and enacted by federal, state, or local legislatures are known as: A. Administrative Laws B. Common Laws C. Constitutional Laws D. Statutory/Legislative Laws

D. Statutory/Legislative Laws

What is medical futility? A. When a patient becomes a burden to the healthcare resources. B. When a patient ends treatment due to inevitable death. C. When euthanasia is used to end a life. D. When interventions have little or no medical benefit.

D. When interventions have little or no medical benefit.

Libel

Defamation by written words and images that injure a person's reputation

Slander

Defames or damages the reputation of another

Fraud

Deliberate deception for unlawful gain

Genetic diagnosis

Determine genetic flaws and gender

Genetic screening

Determine predisposition to disease or genetic impairments

Private law

Determines a person's legal rights and obligations in many kinds of activities that involve other people -Civil law

_________ ______________ may arise when there are differing opinions among the parties involved related to the use of technology

Ethical dilemmas

Withholding or withdrawing life-sustaining treatments in situations in which the burden or harm has been determined to outweigh the benefits constitutes allowing a person to die is not ____________.

Euthanasia

Low urgency

Examine all aspects of the situation

Negligence

Failure to do something reasonable -Doing something careless

Constitutional law

Formal set of rules and principles that describe the powers of a government and the rights of the people

Nurses must be able to

Identify and prioritize conflicting obligations

Assault

Intentional attempt or threat to touch a person without consent -Imminent fear

Medical futility

Interventions that have little or no medical benefit

Administrative law

Legal powers granted by legislative bodies -Rules made to carry out powers

Misdemeanors

Less serious crimes usually punishable by fines, short jail sentences, or both

The use of technology in health care has prompted the need to address important ethical questions regarding

Life, death, and allocation of resources

What is the purpose of tort law?

Make the injured party whole again (awarded damages)

Economics may factor into decisions related to

Medical futility, availability to technology, and accessibility to many interventions

Malpractice

Negligence committed by a professional

Unintentional torts

Occur when an act or omission causes unintended injury or harm to another person

Lateral violence

Occurs between equals

Solutions to practical and ethical problems in the professional realm must be sensitive to

Personal values and beliefs

Appropriate utilization of health care technologies requires that health care providers, patients, and families understand the

Purposes, benefits, and limitations of specific technologies

As a moral agent, each person has the duty to

Pursue solutions to moral problems

Very urgent

Require quick solutions and responses

Contract and commercial law

Rights and obligations of people who make contracts

Tort law

Rights and obligations of the persons involved in the case of wrongdoing

Felonies

Serious with significant fines and jail sentences

Nonmaleficence with technology

Should do no harm -If this occurs, does the harm outweigh the good?

Administrative law example

State boards of nursing

Top down violence

Supervisors address harmful actions toward those who report to them

Sexual harassment

Unwelcome conduct of a sexual manner

Current technology dilemmas

When to intervene

Examples of functions nurses can't delegate

-Assessment -Planning -Evaluation -Nursing judgement

______________ and _________ concerning life and death affect how health care providers, patients, families, and the legal system approach issues related to technology.

-Attitudes -Beliefs

Roles of the ethics committee

-Gather information -Arrange patient care conference -Develop recommendations for resolution -Follow up

Factors to reducing liability risks

-Good communication -Clinical competence -Autonomy and empowerment -Sufficient liability insurance

Determination of medical futility is an important consideration in decisions to withhold or withdraw ______-______________ ____________________. Ethical decisions regarding these measures require consideration, of whether they are ____________ __________ or _____________ ___________.

-Life-sustaining interventions -Prolonging living -Prolonging dying

Top down violence examples

-Oppressive supervision -Constant criticism -Unrealistic demands

Bottom up violence examples

-Public criticism -Social media bashing -Overt rudeness -Threatening or vindictive remards

Sexual harassment examples

-Unwelcome sexual advances -Request for sexual favors -Verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature

Four components of malpractice

1. Duty to the patient 2. Breach of that duty 3. Injury, harm, or damage occurs 4. Harm caused by the breach of duty

Nursing role related to end-of-life decisions include

1. Educate patients and their families about the use of biotechnologies at the end of life, termination of treatment decisions, and advance directives 2. Encourage patients to think about end-of-life preferences in illness or a health crisis 3. Support patients, their families, and their surrogates to have end-of-life discussions with their physicians 4. Ensure advance directives are implemented 5. Communicate known information that is relevant to end-of-life decisions to appropriate health care personnel 6. Advocate for a patient's end-of-life preferences, regardless of surrogate decision maker's or physician's desire to not honor them if indeed the preferences reflect benefit cares

Five strategies to cultivate long-term positive relationships with physicians

1. Practice with skill 2. Communicate clearly 3. Project confidence 4. Avoid negative behaviors 5. Reciprocate respect

In the context of expanding scientific and technological knowledge, nurses have the responsibility for: A. Helping patients and families benefit from technology while focusing on care B. Learning the minimal about new technology C. Refuse to use technology that will take away from patient care D. Teaching family members that at some point the technology will malfunction

A. Helping patients and families benefit from technology while focusing on care

What a plaintiff must prove to establish liability

1. The nurse had a duty to the patient 2. There was a breach of that duty 3. Injury, harm, or damage occurred to the patient 4. The harm or damage was caused by the breach of duty

With technology, nurses must: A. Be concerned with the amount of energy required to deal with technology itself B. Focus on holistic caring for themselves C. Understand that it is tied closely with issues of death and dying D. Understand that they will have less time for patient care

A. Be concerned with the amount of energy required to deal with technology itself

What is the most common issue related to nurses' use of social media? A. Breach of confidentiality B. Computer misuse in the workplace C. Patient disparagement D. Violation of professionalism

A. Breach of confidentiality

Why is the nurse's secondary obligation to the employer? A. By being paid, the nurse has a legal and moral obligation to the institution. B. The employer makes the rules and the nurse must abide by them. C. The employer provides additional training for the nurse. D. The nurse must maintain professionalism and the employment contract assists with this

A. By being paid, the nurse has a legal and moral obligation to the institution.

A nurse does not agree with a physician's order and confronts the physician with anger. Which strategy has the nurse violated? A. Communicate clearly B. Practice with skill C. Project confidence D. Reciprocate respect

A. Communicate clearly

How can a nurse limit liability? A. Communicating effectively B. Maintaining quality health insurance C. Making value judgments D. Working in a hospital rather than an office

A. Communicating effectively

Before a patient signs a do-not-resuscitate (DNR) order, what is the nurse's responsibility? A. Educate the patient about the use of biotechnologies at the end of life. B. Encourage the patient to only sign when the patient knows it's the end of life. C. Ensure family members are involved the decision for loved ones. D. Tell the patient past experiences with patients who signed DNRs.

A. Educate the patient about the use of biotechnologies at the end of life.

What drives common law? A. Federal laws B. Precedents C. Regulations D. State laws

B. Precedents

A nurse falsifies narcotics records. Which type of law did the nurse violate? A. Tort law B. Public law C. Private law D. Contract law

B. Public law

Which is disparate treatment in regard to discrimination? A. A hospital allows time for visits for prayer but only in the hospital chapel. B. A pregnant female gets paid time off after birth but a male employee who just had a baby does not. C. A single person is expected to work overtime when needed and an employee with children is not. D. A supervisor passes over all Latino nurses who apply for a promotion.

D. A supervisor passes over all Latino nurses who apply for a promotion.

What is the difference between administrative law and statutory law? A. Administrative law deals with principles of the Constitution and statutory laws deal with precedents. B. Administrative law deals with the Bill of Rights and statutory law deals with governmental powers. C. Administrative law defines a person's rights and statutory law deals with licensure. D. Administrative law involves government agency and statutory law involves federal and state legislatures.

D. Administrative law involves government agency and statutory law involves federal and state legislatures.

What is the nurse's first obligation? A. To colleagues B. To physicians C. the employer D. To the patient

D. To the patient

Public law

Defines a person's rights and obligations in relation to the government and describes the various divisions of government and their powers

Racial discrimination

Discrimination against any individual, because of the person's race, color, religion, sex, or national origin

Nurses cannot delegate

Higher functions

Sexual harassment can lead to a

Hostile work environment

High-urgency

Life-saving actions must be taken

Discrimination

Unjust or prejudicial treatment

False imprisonment

Unjustifiable restraint within fixed boundaries -Confinement without consent and without authority

Beneficence with technology

Used of doing good -Patient suffering

Bottom up violence

Workers or students bully or are uncivil to those that supervise or teach them

Formal laws (statues)

Written and enacted by federal, state, or local legislatures -Legislative laws

Tort

Wrong or injury that a person suffers because of someone else's action, either intentional or unintentional