Ethics for the information age CH 1-10

90. With enhanced 911 service, cell phone providers are able to ________________ of active cell phone users.

determine the location

78. Sony BMG Music Entertainment's Extended Copy Protection system provoked controversy because it __________________.

secretly installed a rootkit on Windows computers

148. The situation where some people have access to modern information technology and others do not has been given the label________________.

"the digital divide."

42. What was the Netflix prize? Why did Netflix's actions raise privacy concern?

$1,000,000 prize to the group that could come up with an algorithm that was at least 10% better tgan Netflix's own algorith at predicting user ratings for movies. Privacy concerns were raised when 100 million ratings were released from nearly 500,000 customers, making the records no longer anonymous.

59. Explain the similarities and differences between computer viruses and computer worms

a virus is a piece of self replicating code embedded within another program called a host. A worm is a self-contained program that spreads through a computer network by exploiting holes.

39. The first popular personal computer with a graphical user interface was the a) Apple Macintosh. b) Compaq Presario. c) IBM PC. d) NeXT workstation. e) Tandy TRS-80.

a) Apple Macintosh.

92. A __________ is a file containing information about your visits to a Web site that is placed on your computer's hard drive by a Web server

cookie

3. Demand for mechanical calculators increased tremendously in America in the late 19th Century due to the increase in size of:

corporations and government agencies.

19. Why was the ARPANET designed so that the loss of any single computer would not prevent the rest of the network from working?

Fear of a nuclear attack by the Soviet Union

72. Nancy Leveson and Clark Turner wrote, "There is always another software bug." Relate this statement to the saga of the Therac-25 radiation therapy system.

Race conditions: two or more concurrent tasks share a variable but these are hard to identify and fix. The system was not designed to be a fail safe. Good engineering practice dictates that a system should be designed so that no single point of failure leads to catastrophe. The problem with the Therac-25 system was the lack of software or hardware devices to detect and report overdoses and shut down the reactor immediately

28. __________ is the theory that there are no universal moral norms of right and wrong.

Relativism

10. Trace the key events in the history of the Internet from its origins as the ARPANET.

Remote computing at Bell labs, teletype transmission from teletype in New Hampshire to a calculator in NYC. In reaction to the USSR's launch of Sputnik. ARPA funded by the defense Department imagined a global computer network that would facilitate the exchange of programs and data. A packet-switching network was adopted to replace circuit switching networks. ARPA commissioned ARPNET, which was decentralized for a fear of nuclear attack. In 1972 software enabling email was developed. Researchers realized the need to connect ARPANET with other networks and created open architecture called internet working architecture. TCP/IP protocol was then developed to divide a message into packets. The internet it's the network or networks that communicate using TCP/IP (transmission control protocol)

43. Give two examples of how organizations are applying the techniques of data mining to information contained in social networks.

Targeted emails and advertisements.

17. By 1870 fire alarm boxes were in use in 75 major cities in the United States. Which popular communications technology enabled the creation of these alarm boxes?

Telegraph

18. Which device resulted in the creation of the first "on-line" communities?

Telephone

137. What is the stance of the ACM regarding the licensing of software engineers?

The ACM is opposed to the licensing of software engineers.

26. Ethics is focused on the _________, moral choices people make.

voluntary

138. Roger Boisjoly provided a Presidential commission with documents supporting his hypothesis about how the cold temperature had causes the failure of an O-ring on the Space Shuttle Challenger. For this action, Boisjoly was labeled a ______________.

whistleblower.

23. According to the U.S. Supreme Court, why do radio and television broadcasters have the most limited First Amendment rights?

1. Broadcast media have a uniquely pervasive presence in the lives of all americans 2. Broadcasting is uniquely accessible even those two young to read.

45. What are the four categories in Daniel Solove's taxonomy of privacy? For each one, give an example of a government activity in that category

1. Information collection: Census records, police drones, IRS records 2. Information processing: IRS audits 3. Information dissemination: Family Education Rights and Privacy Act 4. Invation: Telemarketing(Do not call registry), CALM Act,Advanced IMaging Technology Scanners

74. Explain how computer simulations are validated.

1. Make sure it duplicates the performance of the actual system. 2. Validate the model by using it to predict the present. 3. See if if it has credibility with experts and decision makers.

52. What are the principal limitations of the Privacy Act of 1974?

1. The Privacy Act only applies to government databases. 2. The Privacy Act only covers records indexed by personal identifier. 3. No one in the federal government is in charge of enforcing the provisions of the Privacy Act. 4. The Privacy Act allows one agency to share records with another agency as long as they are for "routine use".

29. What are the ways that an individual or firm may protect intellectual property in the United States? Briefly describe the uses for each kind of intellectual property protection

1. Trade Secrets: a confidential piece of intellectual property that provides a company with a competitive advantage. 2, Trademarks and service: a trademark is a word, symbol, picture, sound, or color used by a business to identify goods. a servicemark is a mark identifying a service. 3. Patent: is a way the US government provides an inventor with an exclusive right to a piece of intellectual property. 4. Copyright: is how the US government provides authors with certain rights to original works that they have written.

105. The Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act requires the three major credit bureaus to provide customers a free copy of their credit report every __________ months.

12

97. The Children's Online Privacy Protection Act requires online services to obtain parental consent before collecting any information from children _____ years old and younger.

12

106. The Family Education Rights and Privacy Act provides students _____________ years of age and older the right to review their educational records

18

60. What is a botnet? Describe two uses of botnets.

A botnet is a collection of bot-infested computers managed by a bot herder. Two uses of botnets are the distribution of spam and as spyware: stealing of files, or logging of keystrokes.

70. Explain the mistakes that led to the failure of the stock trading system at the Tokyo Stock Exchange.

A customer asked a stock broker to sell 1 share or stock for 610,000 yen, but the broker I put 610,000 shares for one yen and then overrode the computer warning. The error was unable to be canceled to to a software error. $225 million lost by the company.

61. What is a cyber attack? Give two examples of politically motivated cyber attacks since 2007.

A cyber attack is a computer-to-computer attack that undermines the confidentiality, integrity, or availability of a computer or information resident on it. Examples would be the attack in Estonia, Georgia, the Exiled Tibetan Government, Stuxnet, the People's Liberation Army, and Anonymous

125. On the afternoon of January 15, 1990, the long distance network of ___________ suffered a significant disruption of service.

AT&T

66. Explain the mistakes that led to the failure of the AT&T long-distance network

AT&T installed new computer routing switches that had a faulty line of code in an error recovery procedure. A faulty switch shut down and once rebooted, sent an OK message to a much more busy switch which also reproduced the error. This had a wave effect taking down many busy hubs. It could've been much worse, but the company had left 34 of the switches from the precious system which did not succumb to the error.

3. What major innovation in the Gilded Age stimulated the development of calculators and tabulators? Explain.

Adding and calculating machines increased productivity, lowered the wage for bookkeepers, reduced mistakes, and increased feminization of bookkeeping. The demand for fast reliable calculators to be developed.

2. Give two examples of how a social pressure or need led to the development of a new information technology. Give two examples of how the adoption of a new information technology changed society.

Bs it.

19. Imagine using the question "What would Jesus do?" as your principal guide to moral decisionmaking. Describe the similarities and differences between this philosophy and virtue ethics.

Bs.

20. Can moral problems be solved in a completely algorithmic way, by following a fixed sequence of unambiguous, logical steps? Justify your answer.

Bs.

33. Summarize the laws and court decisions that have increased intellectual property protection for computer software.

Apple Computer v. Franklin Software: Established object programs as copyrightable Sega v Accolade established that there is fair use of software

11. Describe the evolution of hypertext, from its original conception to its realization as a widely used technology.

Author Vannavar Bush published a paper noting the difficulty in looking up publications of new scientific discoveries. He noted the human mind doesn't work by indexing, but by associative memory. He suggested a machine that could stimulate to some degree the mind's ability to make associations between pieces of information. Ted Nelson furthered the idea and coined the term hypertext, which refers to a linked network of nodes containing information. The links allow readers to visit the nodes in a nonlinear fashion. Xanadu was a proposed worldwide network of connected literature, but the system was never completed.

41. Describe the Facebook Beacon service and explain why it raised privacy complaints after it was introduced

Beacon was an opt-out service that broadcasted a facebook user's purchases to his friends, violating the privacy of the user.

21. Do you take both moral rules and anticipated consequences into account when making moral decisions? If so, give an example of how taking both rules and consequences into account leads to a better decision. If not, explain why using a single approach leads to a better decision.

Bs.

22. Why is freedom of expression not an absolute right? Give practical examples to illustrate your argument

BS

27. Some believe that Internet addiction is real, but others disagree. Summarize the arguments on both sides of this question. Which side has the stronger argument? Why?

BS

31. Do you believe the Google Books project is a fair use of copyrighted material? Justify your answer.

BS

32. Do you believe intellectual property protection for music will grow stronger or weaker in the years to come? Justify your position.

BS

35. MGM and other entertainment industry interests sued Grokster and StreamCast for the copyright infringements of their users. Summarize the rulings of the U.S. District Court, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, and the U.S. Supreme Court in this case. Include in your discussion the precedents cited by these courts.

BS

36. One of the provisions of the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution is that no person "shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself." Relate this provision to the definition of privacy elaborated in the book.

BS

38. Name several ways that a typical unmarried 20-year-old may have more privacy now than an unmarried 20-year-old would have had 200 years ago.

BS

39. Describe three modern information technology devices and how they may be used to decrease privacy.

BS

44. Some online retailers are using information gathered about their customers to offer different prices to different people. What is your position on the morality of this strategy? Justify your answer.

BS

46. Choose one of the following pieces of federal legislation and explain how it limits the amount of information private entities can collect from individuals: a. Employee Polygraph Protection Act b. Children's Online Privacy Protection Act c. Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act

BS

53. Some say police should be required to have a search warrant before using a drone to look inside the windows of someone's house. Others say police should be able to use a drone to collect evidence that will enable them to get a search warrant allowing police officers to enter the house. Which position do you support? Why?

BS

54. Do you support the establishment of a national identification card? Why or why not?

BS

55. Choose one of the following pieces of legislation and explain how it restricts the dissemination of personal information that organizations have collected. a. Family Education Rights and Privacy Act b. Video Privacy Protection Act c. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act

BS

62. Summarize the benefits and risks associated with online voting.

Benefits: People who ordinarily couldnt get to the polls could vote. Votes could be counted more quickly. there would be no ambiguity. Money would be saved. Tampering would be minimized. Overvoting would be eliminated. Risks: Gives an unfair advantage to those who are financially better off. The same sytem that authenticates the voter records the ballot violating privacy. Online voting increaces the opportunities for vote selling and vote solicitation. The website hosting the voting would be a target for a DDos attack. Security could be a problem, viruses could target then change votes.

15. Describe similarities and differences between subjective relativism and ethical egoism.

Both theories allow the individual to define morality for himself. Ethical egoism differs in that it encourages a person to make the decision that will provide maximum benefit to oneself. Subjective relativism does not have that measure.

17. Describe similarities and differences between social contract theory and cultural relativism.

Both theories allow the peoples that are beneath the rule to develop their own ethics depending on their culture and their needs. Relativistic theory: Cultural relativism theorizes that the meaning of right and wrong rests with a societies moral guidelines. These guidelines very from place region and time. Objective theory: Social contract theory holds that logical people decide which sets of moral rules should govern their society and then establish a power to enforce those rules.

16. Describe similarities and differences between rule utilitarianism and social contract theory.

Both theories compare the effects of a decision on a larger scale: the effects of all involved Rule utilitarianism rules on the basis of increasing the total good. The social contract theory looks at Weser or not rational people would collectible accept it as binding because of the resulting benefits of the community.

12. Decide if you agree or disagree with the following statement: "If everyone were moral, there would be no need for ethics." Explain why you believe the statement is true or false.

Bs

13. Decide if you agree or disagree with the following statement: "If each individual decides what is right or wrong for himself or herself, then the study of ethics is meaningless." Explain why you believe the statement is true or false.

Bs

79. Why is it usually difficult to assign moral responsibility for computer system failures to a particular individual? What are the implications for the organizations that create these systems?

Bs

80. What is whistle-blowing? What harms does it cause? What benefits does it provide? Why is whistleblowing rare?

Bs

83. Is automation↓replacing human workers with machines↓morally wrong? Justify your answer.

Bs

84. Is it morally wrong to try to construct a computer conscious of its own existence? Justify your answer.

Bs

90. Do you agree with Robert Frank and Philip Cook that winner-take-all markets are bad for the economy? Explain.

Bs

1. Think about a new computer or communication device you acquired in the past few years. Describe how the use of this device changed your view of the world or the way you related to other people.

Bs it.

127. The inability of BAE Automated Systems to create an automated baggage handling system led to a significant delay in the opening of the new airport outside the city of ______________.

Denver

118. The ____________________ criminalizes a wide variety of hacker-related activities

Computer Fraud and Abuse Act

16. What two significant developments made personal computers more attractive to businesses in the late 1970s and early 1980s?

Computer spreadsheet program, IBM PC

86. Thanks to the work of Stanford law professor Lawrence Lessig and his collaborators, you can use a ___________ license to retain the copyright while allowing some uses of your intellectual property under certain circumstances.

Creative Commons

75. Explain why the courts reached different conclusions about the validity of software licenses in Step-Saver Data Systems v. Wyse Technology and The Software Link and Mortenson v. Timberline Software.

Data and wyse never had a formal licensing agreement The listen every had a time limit with timberline.

63. For each of the following kinds of errors, define the error type and give an actual occurrence of an error of that type: data-entry error, data-retrieval error, software bug.

Data entry error: wrong data has been entered into the system. Tokyo Stock exchange Data retrieval error: people incorrectly interpret the data they receive. False arrests due to similar names in the NCIC Software error: a mistake in programming. Therac-25, Ariane 5

110. To protect citizens from interruptions by telemarketers, the U.S. Federal Trade Commission created the _______________ in 2003.

Do Not Call Registry

47. According to federal law, the Census Bureau is supposed to keep confidential the information it has collected. Describe two instances in which this law was ignored.

Draft dodgers WW1, collection of Japanese Americans during WW2

103. In 2013, based on documents leaked by ___________________, the British paper the Guardian revealed that Verizon was providing the National Security Agency records of all of its customers' calls on a daily basis.

Edward Snowden

50. Explain the privacy implications of the Stored Communications Act. Why are privacy concerns with respect to this law greater now than when the law was first passed in 1986?

Email

30. Describe the concept of fair use. How has digital rights management affected fair use?

Fair use is the legal right to reproduce copyright work without the permission of the copyright holder to a limited extent. DRM has helped manage this.

11. In 1957 eight key employees of Shockley Semiconductor left to form their own company. The company founded by "the traitorous eight" was:

Fairchild Semiconductor.

63. The _______ Amendment to the Constitution guarantees freedom of speech and freedom of the press.

First

120. Vote-counting irregularities in the State of __________ in the 2000 U.S. Presidential election led to more interest in computerized voting systems.

Florida

87. Describe recent events that provide evidence of globalization.

Foreign workers in the American IT industry. Foreign competition for manufacturing jobs.

109. The ______________________ is a federal law signed in 1966 that is designed to ensure that citizens have access to records of the U.S. government.

Freedom of Information Act

124. The Ariane 5 was a satellite launch vehicle designed by the __________ space agency.

French

65. Explain the mistakes that led to the failure of the Ariane 5 rocket.

French engineers reused code from the Ariane 4 but failed to build in a throws exception hauling mechanism assuming that a variable stored as. 64 bit plotting point value would not exceed the in place 16-bit signed integer. This did occur and the onboard computers crashed.

86. Define the term "globalization" and explain how advances in information technology have stimulated globalization.

Globalization refers to the process of creating worldwide network or businesses and markets. Globalization results in a greater mobility of goods services and capital around the world. The rapidly decreasing cost of information technology has made globalization possible.

77. In December 2004 _____________ announced a plan to scan millions of books held by several of the world's largest libraries.

Google

6. How did the Cold War speed the development of the personal computer?

Increased government spending. Not in book, random guess.

55. The Internet of Things refers to __________________________

Internet-connected devices that can be controlled remotely

13. In 1964 IBM announced the System/360, a series of 19 compatible computers. What advantage do compatible computers have for a business wishing to upgrade its systems?

It does not have to rewrite its application programs.

77. Why is good judgment required in order to use the Software Engineering Code of Ethics effectively?

It is not comprehensive.

78. How does virtue ethics relate to the Software Engineering Code of Ethics and Professional Practice?

It is not comprehensive. Focuses on what a moral person would do in a situation.

58. What is malware? Briefly describe four different kinds of malware.

Malware is malicious software. Different types are: the virus, the worm, cross-site scripting, drive-by downloads, trojan horses and backdoor trojans, rootkits, spyware, adware, bots and botnets

20. How did the National Science Foundation stimulate the development of commercial, longdistance Internet connections in the United States?

It simultaneously (1) encouraged regional networks to find commercial customers, and (2) banned commercial traffic on the long-distance, NSFNET Backbone.

34. The author concludes that arguments for granting intellectual property protection for software are not strong. Do you agree with the author? Explain your reasoning.

It's hard to enforce. BS

66. In The Second Treatise of Government, __________ makes a case for a natural right to property.

John Locke

88. _______________ suggested that we do not have to define privacy rights because every "privacy right" violation is a violation of another right as well.

Judith Jarvis Thomson

71. In 1991 a U.S. District Court judge ordered ___________ to pay $510,000 to a group of eight book publishers for violating their copyrights by producing photocopied packets of reading materials for college students.

Kinko's

70. ______________ had to pay Polaroid $925 million for violating seven of Polaroid's patents for instant photography.

Kodak

28. Describe Locke's theory of a natural right to property. How well does his theory translate to intellectual property?

Locke in "The Second Treastise of Government" makes the following case: First people have the right to privacy in their own person. Second, people have the right to their own laber. This translates well.

69. Explain the mistakes that led to the failure of the automated baggage system at Denver International Airport.

Luggage carts were misrouted and failed to arrive at their destinations Computers lost track of where carts were Bar codes didn't print tags clearly enough to be read by scanners Luggage had to be positioned correctly on conveyors in order to load properly etc etc

7. How did the development of time-sharing help create a market for personal computers?

Many users wrote their own programs and enthusiast freely shared software with each other.

126. In 1999 computer errors led to the loss of two NASA probes to __________.

Mars

26. Explain how Mill's Principle of Harm relates to the moral issue of pornography on the Web.

Mill's principle of harm applies to intervention if harm will be against individuals other than oneself. Porn if disgusting, but it is not harming others physically in itself.

73. What evidence is there that software quality is improving?

Modern life

98. The FBI maintains a collection of databases supporting the activities of federal, state, and local law-enforcement agencies in the United States, the U.S. Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico, and Canada. These databases are given the name ______________ .

National Crime Information Center (NCIC)

89. Describe the two models of technological diffusion and explain how they are used by technological optimists (and technological pessimists) to predict the future of "the digital divide."

Normalization model: group A begins to adopt tech, followed by B, then C. Eventually nearly everyone in all three groups is using the new technology. Stratification model: the order of adoptions the some. However in this model the eventual number of people in a group who adopt the technology is lower the the previous group. Tech optimists believe the global adoption of information technology will follow the normalization model. Information technology will make the world a better place by reducing poverty in developing countries, creating opportunities elsewhere than first world countries. Tech pessimists belief info. tech. will follow the stratification model and lead to a permanent condition of the haves and the have nots.

51. In what ways does the USA PATRIOT Act represent a challenge to the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution?

Not in book. BS.

14. Explain the difference between relativism and objectivism.

Objectivism asserts that morality has existence outside the human mind. Relativism asserts there are no universal norms of right and wrong.

49. Trace the evolution of the U.S. Supreme Court's views on privacy, using Olmstead v. United States and Katz v. United States as two of your examples.

Olmsted vs. US: Wiretapping is legal. Nardone vs. US wiretapping without a warrant is illegal. Weiss vs. US all wiretapping is illegal. Katz.....pen register and rover wiretapping ok.

101. Between 1945 and 1975 the U.S. government secretly monitored telegram traffic entering and leaving the United States, as well as other communications. The name of this project was __________________.

Operation Shamrock

85. Give examples of how information technology has influenced the way manufacturing and service companies organize themselves, create products, and interact with other companies.

Organizational changes Telework Supply chain automation Monitoring Multi-national teams.

4. How did the widespread adoption of punched card tabulation pave the way for commercial digital electronic computers?

Organizations with large data processing needs found punched card tabulators and calculators to be valuable devices and continually clamorous for new features that would improve the computational capabilities and speed of their systems. These organizations would be come a natural market for commercial electronic digital computers.

123. During the Gulf War, the U.S. Army's ___________ missile system failed to shoot down a Scud missile that killed 28 soldiers in Saudi Arabia.

Patriot

61. John Stuart Mill held that an institution to intervene in the conduct of an individual only when the intervention is needed to prevent harm to others. This is called the ___________.

Principle of Harm

91. Manufacturers are replacing bar codes with ____________ tags because they give more information about the product and are easier to scan.

RFIDs / RFID

87. In 1890 Harvard-trained lawyers _______________ wrote a highly influential article in the Harvard Law Review stating that people in modern society have a right to privacy and that this right ought to be respected.

Samuel Warren and Louis Brandeis

15. The development of the personal computer was influenced by the power-to-the-people, do-ityourself movement around _____________ in the late 1960s and early 1970s.

San Francisco / Silicon Valley

24. What characteristics of the Internet make censorship of the Internet particularly difficult?

Sheer volume, globalization, difficulty to distinguish between adults and chuldren, unlike traditional one-to-many media the internet support many-to-many communications

25. Describe how the governments of Saudi Arabia, the People's Republic of China, and the United States regulate the Web.

Saudi Arabia: Centralized control center outside of Ridyah to filter blocked web pages. China: manual identification of sites that should be blacklisted and the blockage of access to the internet during times of social upheaval. US: has some filtering to protect children from pornographic sites.

57. Briefly relate the story of the Firesheep extension to the Firefox browser. What capability did Firesheep provide its users? What happened after Firesheep was released? Was Eric Butler wrong to release Firesheep to the public?

Sidejacking is the hijacking of an open web session by the capturing of a user's cookie, giving the hijacker the same privileges of the true user. Eric Butler released an application of this flaw to the public hastening the fixing of this security hole. Ethically, he was probably wrong, but he was damn effective. Act Utilitarianism Yes. Virtue Ethics Yes. Kantianism No.

76. In what ways are computer-related jobs similar to fully developed professions? How are computer-related careers different from a fully developed profession?

Similarity: requires a high level of education and practical experience. IEEE-CS and ACM exist as professional organizations. Differences: computer programmers rarely work with a single client at a time as do fully developed professions. A college degree and certification or licensing

27. The study of ethics dates back to the time of __________, who faced an unjust death penalty rather than take advantage of an opportunity to flee into exile with his family.

Socrates

71. Summarize the arguments supporting and opposing the adoption of direct recording electronic voting machines.

Support: quick counting, accuracy, and harder to tamper with, can't run out of ballots, multiple candidates can't be chosen. Opponents: no paper audit trail, possibility of programming errors.

67. Explain the error that caused NASA's Mars Climate Orbiter to crash.

The Colorado ado design team used English units of foot-pound and the California team used the metric unit of Newtons. Due to the unit conversion mismatch the thrust used to enter Mars's atmosphere, the spacecraft burned in the atmosphere.

5. How did World War II stimulate the development of the modern computer?

The ENIAC and the EDVAC proved so useful during the end of WWII, development continued. Also not in book, random guess.

8. How did the culture around San Francisco in the late 1960s and early 1970s affect the development of the personal computer?

The San Francisco area was home to a anti war ant establishment community which emphasized do it yourself idealism and power to the people movement. The movement was very open sourced. Time sharing on computers was common and computer enthusiasts freely shared software with each other.

88. What is "the digital divide?" Describe the two fundamentally different dimensions of the digital divide

The digital divide refers to the situation in which some people have access to modern information technology and others do not. The global divide refers to the disparity in Internet access between more industrialized and less industrialized nations. The social divide refers to the difference in access between the rich and poor within a particular country.

48. Relate the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution to the definition of privacy elaborated in the book.

The fourth amendment protects citizens from unreasonable searches and seizures in their own homes.

18. Why is it inaccurate to say that utilitarianism means "the most good for the most people?"

The most good of the most people ascribes to distributive justice, which is often at odds with utilitarianism.

68. Explain the error that caused NASA's Mars Polar Lander to crash.

The suspected error is that the system's software got a false signal from the landing gear and shut the engines down 100 feet above the planets surface.

64. Explain the mistakes that led to the failure of the Patriot missile system

The tracking system relied upon getting signals from the system clock. These values were stored as floating point variables but the values were truncated resulting in a rounding error. The longer the system remained on, the larger the error became. The accumulation of errors resulted in a .3433 second eerie leading to q tracking error of about a half mile. The missile battery was unable to track the scud.

130. Between 1985 and 1987 the____________ linear accelerator administered massive overdoses to six patients, causing the deaths of three of them.

Therac-25

128. A software bug in a trading program at the ___________ Stock Exchange caused a securities firm to lose $225 million in 2005.

Tokyo

9. Describe three ways in which the widespread adoption of the telephone changed society.

Traditional boundaries between private family life and public business life became blurred. The implementation of the telephone eroded traditional hierarchies. Enabled the first online communities with the introduction of the party line. Brought the worry of loss of privacy.

102. After the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the U.S. Congress passed the _________________, which gave federal law enforcement and intelligence officials greater authority to monitor communications.

USA PATRIOT Act

50. Every object on the World Wide Web has a unique address called the _________________.

Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

82. Why do businesses and governments often use utilitarian thinking to determine the proper course of action? What is a disadvantage of the utilitarian approach to decision-making?

Utilitarian grounds allow maximization of the bottom line. Utilitarian thinking allows an organization to do something that is slightly bad in order to reap a greater good. Undisclosed bad deeds are less harmful than those brought into the light, thus utilitarian thinking can create an atmosphere in which free communication or organizational actions is suppressed. In this environment those who wish to report financial irregularities or product defects are ignored or silenced.

107. The __________________ prohibits video service providers from disclosing records without the written consent of the customer.

Video Privacy Protection Act

37. Do you agree with Judith Jarvis Thomson that every "privacy right" violation is a violation of another right? Explain your position.

Violations of privacy always come with a secondary consequence.

53. Web users have the ability to contribute content to the Web. This way of using the Web has been given the name __________.

Web 2.0

7. A series of inventions led to the creation of the electronic digital computer shortly after this war:

World War II.

80. Microsoft changed course after its proposed cloud-based gaming experience for the Xbox One received negative feedback from customers. Three features of the licensing agreement were most controversial: disc owners could share a disc only once, freedom to buy and sell used discs was restricted, and _______________.

Xbox consoles would have to check in online once every 24 hours

40. Modern information technology allows a great deal of information to be collected, stored, searched, and rapidly retrieved. Give an example of how this capability benefits society.

Yelp

81. Do you agree with Michael McFarland that a team of engineers bears greater moral responsibility than any individual member of the team? Explain.

Yes, there is a duty to help others in need. The role of a single whistle blower is so heavy that it should be shouldered by a group.

128. What was the original purpose of Operation Shamrock? a) Intercept all international telegrams entering or leaving the United States b) Wiretap all calls made from public telephone booths c) Scan email messages to identify drug dealers d) Read all letters going between the United States and Ireland e) Identify Irish-Americans raising money for the IRA

a) Intercept all international telegrams entering or leaving the United States

57. Two philosophers closely associated with utilitarianism are a) Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. b) Immanuel Kant and Jeremy Bentham. c) Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill. d) John Stuart Mill and John Rawls. e) Jean-Jacques Rousseau and John Rawls.

a) Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill.

2. Which statement best supports the conclusion that society can control whether to adopt a new technology? a) No new nuclear power plants were built in the United States for 25 years after the accident at Three Mile Island. b) About half of all email messages are spam. c) Despite decades of research, fusion power is an elusive goal. d) People do not have to listen to Rush Limbaugh if they do not want to. e) Some new technologies are simply too expensive to even consider adopting.

a) No new nuclear power plants were built in the United States for 25 years after the accident at Three Mile Island.

151. Which of these statements about the National Crime Information Center (NCIC) is true? a) The NCIC databases contain about 40 million records. b) Improper use of the NCIC has led to about 1 million false arrests. c) Local law enforcement agencies enter 99 percent of the information that is in the NCIC databases. d) The Department of Homeland Security is in charge of the NCIC. e) All of these statements are true

a) The NCIC databases contain about 40 million records.

40. The World Wide Web is the creation of a) Tim Berners-Lee. b) Vannevar Bush. c) Douglas Engelbart. d) Alan Kay. e) Ted Nelson.

a) Tim Berners-Lee.

29. The power of radio as a medium of mass communication was demonstrated in 1938 when Orson Welles put on a dramatization of a) War of the Worlds. b) Hamlet. c) Homer's Odyssey. d) the assassination of Franklin Roosevelt. e) 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea.

a) War of the Worlds.

58. Utilitarianism is an example of a) a consequentialist theory. b) the social contract theory. c) a non-consequentialist theory. d) a practical implementation of the divine command theory. e) a relativistic theory.

a) a consequentialist theory.

97. Google Books is a) an effort to scan millions of books and make all their words searchable. b) an effort to gain copyrights on millions of books in the public domain. c) a book reader designed to compete with the Kindle. d) an online store competing with Amazon.com. e) None of the above

a) an effort to scan millions of books and make all their words searchable.

152. A computer used as a component of a larger system is called a) an embedded system. b) a mainframe computer. c) a network. d) an operating system. e) a personal computer .

a) an embedded system.

145. A software program that responds to commands sent by a command-and-control program located on an external computer is called a a) bot. b) spoof. c) vampire. d) virus. e) worm.

a) bot.

32. What term is used to describe a high-speed Internet connection? a) broadband b) hypertext c) Internet2 d) the Matrix e) World Wide Web

a) broadband

124. The FBI's National Crime Information Center database a) contains more than 39 million records. b) has information about every American citizen. c) has never led to a false arrest. d) is updated only once a week to give the FBI time to check the accuracy of the data. e) All of the above

a) contains more than 39 million records. b) has information about every American citizen.

182. In 1997 IBM supercomputer Deep Blue a) defeated world chess champion Gary Kasparov in a six-game match. b) proved the existence of God. c) drove a minivan across the United States. d) designed the Pentium chip. e) replaced John O'Leary as Chief Financial Officer of IBM

a) defeated world chess champion Gary Kasparov in a six-game match.

31. One of the first and most important applications of the ARPANET was a) email. b) voice mail. c) spreading computer viruses. d) disseminating anti-Communist propaganda to American citizens. e) stealing secrets from the Soviet Union.

a) email.

92. Sometimes it is legal to reproduce a copyrighted work without the permission of the copyright holder. These circumstances are called a) fair use. b) noncommercial use. c) piracy. d) public domain. e) reciprocity

a) fair use.

134. The Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act a) gives consumers the right to request a free copy of their credit report every year. b) allows credit bureaus to sell personal financial information they have gathered. c) makes it possible for a consumer to declare bankruptcy without harming his or her credit rating. d) ensures that people with criminal convictions are still able to obtain credit. e) All of the above

a) gives consumers the right to request a free copy of their credit report every year.

87. Intellectual property is a unique product of the human intellect that a) has commercial value. b) can be reproduced digitally. c) has been produced on paper. d) can be performed in public. e) cannot be understood by anyone other than the creator

a) has commercial value.

174. According to Michael McFarland, a team of engineers a) has more moral accountability than any of its members. b) has less moral accountability than any of its members. c) has the same amount of moral accountability as its members. d) should always designate a single person to be the ethical "watchdog." e) should always defer to management when ethical evaluations are being made.

a) has more moral accountability than any of its members.

69. According to Aristotle, deriving pleasure from a virtuous act is a sign that you a) have developed the virtue. b) have not yet developed the virtue. c) are egotistical. d) are hedonistic. e) have not done enough good deeds lately.

a) have developed the virtue.

133. A mature profession insists that its members complete an initial professional education. The process by which the profession assures that this formal course work meets its standards is called ___________.

accreditation

96. The decision by the U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit in Kelly v. Arriba Soft Corporation established that the display of thumbnail images by a search engine a) is a fair use of those images. b) is not a fair use of those images. c) is an unfair use of network bandwidth. d) is an illegal attempt to circumvent Web filters. e) is legal, even when the original images are pornographic.

a) is a fair use of those images.

36. In the fourth century the codex replaced the scroll because a) it was more durable, and it was much easier to look up a particular passage. b) it was much lighter, and it could be made much more rapidly. c) Gutenberg's printing press had just been invented. d) there was a worldwide shortage of papyrus. e) All of the above

a) it was more durable, and it was much easier to look up a particular passage.

172. Whistle-blowers a) make an unauthorized discloser about a harmful situation or fraud. b) usually gain the respect and admiration of their colleagues. c) are usually financially rewarded by their organizations for their integrity. d) typically get promoted to management. e) All of the above

a) make an unauthorized discloser about a harmful situation or fraud.

25. Alexander Graham Bell invented the harmonic or musical telegraph, which enabled a) more than one message to be sent over a single telegraph wire at the same time. b) human speech to be sent over a telegraph wire. c) music to be send over a telegraph wire. d) B and C e) None of the above.

a) more than one message to be sent over a single telegraph wire at the same time.

157. The Mars Climate Orbiter crashed on the surface of Mars because a) one program output thrust in terms of foot-pounds, and another program expected thrust to be expressed in terms of newtons. b) the probe lost contact with the Jet Propulsion Laboratory when it entered the Martian atmosphere. c) a bug in the computer program caused the vehicle to consume too much fuel on the way to Mars, leaving an inadequate supply for landing. d) the extreme cold of deep space caused the computer to crash. e) before programmers went on strike at subcontractor Lockheed Martin, one of them sabotaged the flight control software.

a) one program output thrust in terms of foot-pounds, and another program expected thrust to be expressed in terms of newtons.

84. Kimberly Young's test for Internet addiction is based on the diagnosis of a) pathological gambling. b) obsessive/compulsive behavior. c) chronic sleeplessness. d) anxiety disorders. e) schizophrenia.

a) pathological gambling.

120. According to the Employee Polygraph Protection Act, which organization(s) cannot administer lie detector tests to job applicants? a) private employers b) local governments c) state governments d) federal government e) All of the above

a) private employers

137. The Video Privacy Protection Act a) prohibits video stores from disclosing rental records without the written consent of the customer. b) prohibits DVD manufacturers from installing software that sends reports over the Internet every time a DVD is played. c) makes it legal to send "adult" DVDs through the mail without a warning label on the envelope. d) prohibits the government from prosecuting minors who play "adult" DVDs in their own home. e) All of the above

a) prohibits video stores from disclosing rental records without the written consent of the customer.

161. By making the PDP 11 minicomputer an integral part of the Therac-25, AECL was able to a) reduce costs by replacing hardware safety features with software safety features. b) increase the stock price of its subsidiary Digital Equipment Corporation. c) shrink the size of the machine considerably. d) eliminate the need for lead shielding. e) All of the above

a) reduce costs by replacing hardware safety features with software safety features.

187. The phrase "digital divide" refers to the situation where a) some people have access to information technology and others do not. b) users of Macintosh computers are at a disadvantage compared to users of Windows computers. c) only stockholders in high-tech companies can get rich in the new economy. d) the U.S. government prevents information technology from being exported to "unfriendly" countries. e) the prices of computers are kept artificially high in order to keep them out of the hands of people in Third World countries.

a) some people have access to information technology and others do not.

37. Hypertext is supposed to mimic a) the associative memory of human beings. b) the way that creeks flow into streams and streams merge into rivers. c) constellations in the night sky. d) road networks. e) the way that some people "channel surf" with a remote control

a) the associative memory of human beings.

21. A key application that first made personal computers more attractive to business was a) the spreadsheet program. b) the World Wide Web. c) desktop publishing. d) video editing. e) email.

a) the spreadsheet program.

47. A relativist claims that a) there are no universal moral principles. b) morality has an existence outside the human mind. c) morality and law are identical. d) there is no such thing as free will. e) God does not exist.

a) there are no universal moral principles.

28. Guglielmo Marconi originally conceived of the radio as a way to a) transmit telegraph messages without wires. b) transmit electricity without wires. c) transmit votes in national elections. d) transmit light without wires. e) All of the above

a) transmit telegraph messages without wires.

41. A Web browser enables you to a) view Web pages. b) edit Web pages. c) create Web pages. d) delete Web pages. e) All of the above

a) view Web pages.

82. BitTorrent speeds file downloading by _______________.

allowing different pieces of a file to be downloaded simultaneously from different computers.

12. A single semiconductor device containing transistors, capacitors, and resistors is called:

an integrated circuit.

140. Michael McFarland argues that a team of engineers should be held to a higher level of moral responsibility than ____________________.

any of its members

111. The CALM Act, signed by President Obama in 2010, requires that television commercials _________________.

are played at the same volume as the programs they are interrupting.

113. A file accompanying an email message is called an __________.

attachment

38. What visionary invented the computer mouse and demonstrated windows, email, and live network videoconferencing at "the mother of all demos" in 1968? a) Vannevar Bush b) Douglas Engelbart c) Al Gore d) Alan Kay e) Ted Nelson

b) Douglas Engelbart

150. Anonymous is a) an activist group that promotes the interests of the Recording Industry Association of America. b) a loosely organized group of hacktivists that claimed responsibility for a DDoS attack on Church of Scientology Web sites. c) the name given to the People's Liberation Army group that was responsible for more than 100 intrusions around the world. d) the name of the group that launched the Stuxnet worm. e) All of the above except c.

b) a loosely organized group of hacktivists that claimed responsibility for a DDoS attack on Church of Scientology Web sites.

73. A blog is a) a character in Lineage, a popular on-line game. b) a personal journal kept on the Web. c) a person who assumes a false identity in a chat room. d) a special symbol visible on displays that show Unicode characters. e) the Web version of a "couch potato."

b) a personal journal kept on the Web.

59. The problem of moral luck is raised as a criticism of a) the divine command theory. b) act utilitarianism. c) rule utilitarianism. d) cultural relativism. e) Kantianism.

b) act utilitarianism.

123. The Census Bureau has not always kept confidential the information it has collected. According to the textbook, this became apparent a) during the Civil War. b) after the attack on Pearl Harbor. c) during the Vietnam War. d) during the first Gulf War. e) after September 11, 2001.

b) after the attack on Pearl Harbor.

3. Tablets, abacuses, and manual tables a) are no longer used, because of the proliferation of calculators and computers. b) are examples of aids to manual calculating. c) were developed in Western Europe in the late Middle Ages. d) replaced Hindu-Arabic numerals as the preferred way to do calculations. e) All of the above.

b) are examples of aids to manual calculating.

11. The first commercial electronic digital computers were produced just after a) the Spanish-American War. b) World War I. c) World War II. d) the Korean War. e) the Vietnam War.

c) World War II.

138. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act a) ensures that a consumer can keep the same health care provider even when he or she changes employers. b) attempts to limit the exchange of information among health care providers to that information necessary to care for the patient. c) ensures that a consumer can sue doctors and hospitals for medical malpractice. d) ensures that doctors and hospitals can counter sue patients who file frivolous medical malpractice claims. e) All of the above

b) attempts to limit the exchange of information among health care providers to that information necessary to care for the patient.

149. Determining that a person is who he or she claims to be on a computer is called a) accountability. b) authentication. c) authorization. d) debugging. e) social engineering.

b) authentication.

51. Ethical egoism is a) not based on reason or logic. b) based on determining long-term beneficial consequences. c) the divine command theory by another name. d) Kantianism by another name. e) utilitarianism by another name.

b) based on determining long-term beneficial consequences.

1. The two principal catalysts for the Information Age have been a) books and pamphlets. b) computers and communication networks. c) movie theaters and public parks. d) newspapers and magazines. e) the printing press and the telegraph.

b) computers and communication networks.

115. The process of searching through many records in one or more databases looking for patterns or relationships is called a) credit reporting. b) data mining. c) information gathering. d) microtargeting. e) pattern matching

b) data mining.

43. According to James Moor, taking "the ethical point of view" means a) abiding by your religious beliefs. b) deciding that other people and their core values are worthy of your respect. c) choosing to sacrifice your own good for the good of someone else. d) putting self-interest above the interests of everyone else. e) refusing to accept help from other people.

b) deciding that other people and their core values are worthy of your respect.

34. A common name for a wireless Internet access point is a) broadband hub. b) hotspot. c) Internet access-ory. d) Internet café. e) wap.

b) hotspot.

110. A public record contains information about an incident or action reported to a government agency for the purpose of a) enhancing public safety. b) informing the public. c) protecting the innocent. d) regulating the economy. e) upholding the law.

b) informing the public.

77. In the United States, freedom of expression a) is a positive right. b) is not an absolute right. c) is limited to political speech. d) has been abolished by decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court. e) is guaranteed by the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution

b) is not an absolute right.

60. Utilitarianism does not mean "the greatest good of the greatest number" because a) it is impossible to calculate "the greatest good." b) it focuses solely on "the greatest good" and pays no attention to how "the good" is distributed. c) some people have no moral worth. d) it is impossible to maximize "the good" without ruining the environment. e) All of the above

b) it focuses solely on "the greatest good" and pays no attention to how "the good" is distributed.

168. The process giving someone the legal right to practice a profession is called a) certification. b) licensing. c) matriculation. d) professional ethics. e) professional development

b) licensing.

12. Programming languages were developed in order to a) make it possible to program computers in English. b) make programming faster and less error-prone. c) speed translations between English and Russian during the Cold War. d) improve the computation speed of computers, which were very expensive. e) All of the above.

b) make programming faster and less error-prone.

48. Objectivism is based on the idea that a) there are no universal moral principles. b) morality has an existence outside the human mind. c) morality and law are identical. d) there is no such thing as free will. e) God does not exist.

b) morality has an existence outside the human mind.

63. A right that another can guarantee by leaving you alone to exercise the right is called a a) positive right. b) negative right. c) absolute right. d) limited right. e) proverbial right.

b) negative right.

49. The divine command theory is an example of a) relativism. b) objectivism. c) egoism. d) existentialism. e) materialism

b) objectivism.

105. The Linux operating system is an example of a) free-market software. b) open-source software. c) pirated software. d) proprietary software. e) unreliable software.

b) open-source software.

81. Sexting is causing a legal crisis because a) police and prosecutors refuse to get involved in sexting cases. b) police and prosecutors are treating sexting as a felony offense. c) prisons are starting to fill up with people convicted of sexting. d) police have been charged with possession of child pornography. e) B and C.

b) police and prosecutors are treating sexting as a felony offense.

122. The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act a) applies to all private employers, but not state or federal agencies. b) prohibits most employers from taking genetic information into account when making hiring, firing, promotion, or other employment-related decisions. c) ensures a life insurance company cannot take genetic information into account when making a decision about underwriting a policy. d) All of the above. e) None of the above

b) prohibits most employers from taking genetic information into account when making hiring, firing, promotion, or other employment-related decisions.

176. One way automation can lead to the creation of new jobs is by a) producing products quicker, thus shortening the work week. b) reducing the price of a product, thus increasing people's real income. c) consuming fewer resources, thus improving the environment. d) All of the above e) None of the above is true. Automation always causes a net loss of jobs

b) reducing the price of a product, thus increasing people's real income.

163. Computer simulations can a) accurately predict the weather a month in advance. b) save automobile manufacturers time and money as they develop new cars. c) prove our planet is overpopulated. d) All of the above e) None of the above

b) save automobile manufacturers time and money as they develop new cars.

126. The Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution has to do with a) freedom of speech and religion. b) search warrants. c) the right to bear arms. d) quartering of soldiers in private homes. e) self-incrimination.

b) search warrants.

75. Which of these is not an example of direct censorship? a) government monopolization b) self-censorship c) pre-publication review d) licensing and registration e) All of the above are examples of direct censorship.

b) self-censorship

170. The Software Engineering Code of Ethics and Professional Practice was developed by a) Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility. b) the Association for Computing Machinery and the Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers. c) a consortium of computer science departments in the United States, Canada, and Mexico. d) Immanuel Kant. e) John Rawls

b) the Association for Computing Machinery and the Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers.

9. Punched card tabulation was invented by Herman Hollerith, an employee of a) the Pennsylvania Railroad. b) the Census Bureau. c) the Pennsylvania Steel Company. d) the Burroughs Adding Machine Company. e) IBM

b) the Census Bureau.

127. After Congress ruled that wiretapping was illegal a) the FBI ceased all wiretapping activity. b) the FBI continued wiretapping people secretly. c) the FBI convinced Congress to grant it an exemption from the ban. d) the FBI began wiretapping every member of Congress. e) the CIA took over the job of wiretapping U.S. citizens

b) the FBI continued wiretapping people secretly.

179. According to Max Weber, the growth of capitalism was stimulated by a new attitude toward work brought about by a) the Industrial Revolution. b) the Protestant Reformation. c) the English Civil War. d) the Lisbon earthquake of 1755. e) the American Revolution.

b) the Protestant Reformation.

186. Globalization is a) the creation of international computer networks. b) the process of creating a worldwide network of businesses and markets. c) the adoption of global Internet standards. d) the adoption of English as the language of business. e) the way that stock exchanges stay open 24 hours a day

b) the process of creating a worldwide network of businesses and markets.

177. Productivity in the United States doubled between 1945 and 1990. However, the work week didn't get shorter because a) income taxes were raised. b) the standard of living increased. c) corporate downsizing reduced the number of people in the workforce. d) the pay of CEOs skyrocketed. e) taxes doubled between 1945 and 1990.

b) the standard of living increased.

54. According to Kant, the moral value of an action depends upon a) its consequences. b) the underlying moral rule. c) how closely it aligns with Biblical teachings. d) how closely it aligns with the law. e) the extent to which it produces happiness.

b) the underlying moral rule.

4. The mechanical adding machines of Pascal and Leibniz were not widely adopted because a) they were too expensive. b) there were unreliable. c) they were too difficult to program. d) they could not handle fractions. e) bookkeepers successfully lobbied the King, and he made the machines illegal.

b) there were unreliable.

125. The OneDOJ database a) is a new, national database that consolidates records from federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies. b) will give state and local police officers access to information provided by five federal law enforcement agencies. c) combines records from all U.S. governmental agencies into a single database that can be used by data mining by the FBI. d) received the endorsement of the ACLU for its innovative privacy-protection measures. e) is the first database created by the U.S. government that completely implements the Code of Fair Information Practices.

b) will give state and local police officers access to information provided by five federal law enforcement agencies.

89. The proper noun "Kleenex" is protected a) as a trade secret. b) with a trademark. c) with a patent. d) with a copyright. e) All of the above

b) with a trademark.

104. The Fair Credit Reporting Act says credit bureaus may keep negative information about a consumer for a maximum of seven years. The two most important exceptions to the "seven year rule" are information about ________________.

bankruptcies and criminal convictions

64. The act of assuming someone else's electronic identity is called ________.

identity theft

57. Saudi Arabians have access to the Internet through a control center outside Riyadh which ____________ pornography sites, gambling sites, and sites offensive to Islam.

blocks (filters out)

51. A personal journal or diary kept on the Web is called a _________.

blog

115. According to some estimates, 90 percent of spam is distributed through _______ networks.

bot

20. Who wrote "An Open Letter to Hobbyists," complaining about software theft? a) Stewart Brand b) Bob Frankston c) Bill Gates d) Steve Jobs e) Steve Wozniak

c) Bill Gates

79. Which of the following laws was upheld as constitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court? a) Communications Decency Act b) Child Online Protection Act c) Child Internet Protection Act d) All of these laws were upheld as constitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court. e) None of these laws were upheld as constitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court

c) Child Internet Protection Act

13. Which of the following was not an early programming language? a) BASIC b) COBOL c) DATA-FLOW d) FLOW-MATIC e) FORTRAN

c) DATA-FLOW

129. Which of the following laws does not provide some sort of authorization for governmental wiretapping? a) Title III of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act b) Electronic Communications Privacy Act c) Federal Communications Act d) Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act e) USA PATRIOT Act

c) Federal Communications Act

50. Which of the following is an argument in favor of the divine command theory? a) The divine command theory is not based on reason. b) It is fallacious to equate "the good" with "God." c) God is all-knowing. d) Some moral problems are not addressed directly in scripture. e) The Bible has contradictory moral teachings.

c) God is all-knowing.

35. The first alphabet to represent vowels as well as consonants was developed by the a) Babylonians. b) Egyptians. c) Greeks. d) Romans. e) Syrians.

c) Greeks.

7. Which of the following was not a result of the adoption of mechanical calculators? a) Less demand for "superstars" who could rapidly compute sums by hand b) Higher productivity of bookkeepers c) Higher salaries of bookkeepers d) Proliferation of companies making calculators e) Feminization of bookkeeping

c) Higher salaries of bookkeepers

17. Which company produced the System/360, a family of 19 compatible mainframe computers? a) Fujitsu b) Hewlett-Packard c) IBM d) Intel e) Texas Instruments

c) IBM

62. An early proponent of the social contract was a) Jeremy Bentham. b) John Stuart Mill. c) Jean-Jacque Rousseau. d) Karl Marx. e) John Brown.

c) Jean-Jacque Rousseau.

86. Which philosopher argued in The Second Treatise of Government that people have a natural right to property? a) Jeremy Bentham b) Immanuel Kant c) John Locke d) John Stuart Mill e) Jean-Jacques Rousseau

c) John Locke

22. The software company that provided IBM with the operating system for its PC was a) Apple. b) Boeing. c) Microsoft. d) Novell. e) Tandy.

c) Microsoft.

71. A Korean cybercafé where people play on-line, persistent games is called a a) coffee clubhouse. b) computer commons. c) PC bang. d) Tenretni (Internet spelled backwards). e) virtual reality theater.

c) PC bang.

52. Which of the following is an argument in favor of ethical egoism? a) Ethical egoism is supported by verses in the Bible. b) People are naturally altruistic. c) The community can benefit when individuals put their well-being first. d) It is not true that people naturally act in their own long-term self-interest. e) Ethical egoism treats all persons as moral equals.

c) The community can benefit when individuals put their well-being first.

141. A program with a benign capability that conceals another, sinister purpose is called a a) hack. b) rogue. c) Trojan horse. d) virus. e) worm.

c) Trojan horse.

74. Many people are now using the Web not simply to download content, but to build communities and upload and share content they have created. This trend has been given the name a) Persistent online reality b) Online networking c) Web 2.0 d) Interactive hypermedia e) Virtual reality

c) Web 2.0

147. An intentional action designed to prevent legitimate users from making use of a computer service is called a) a bombing run. b) a curtain closer. c) a denial-of-service attack. d) an electronic overdose. e) phreaking.

c) a denial-of-service attack.

112. An RFID is a) a magnetic bar code. b) a microscopic bar code. c) a wireless transmitter. d) a biometric identification device. e) a random field interferometry device.

c) a wireless transmitter.

64. A right that is guaranteed without exception is called a a) positive right. b) negative right. c) absolute right. d) limited right. e) proverbial right.

c) absolute right.

15. A semiconductor device containing transistors, capacitors, and resistors is called a) a difference engine. b) a diode. c) an integrated circuit. d) a radio. e) a transformer

c) an integrated circuit.

148. The process of determining that a user has permission to perform a particular action on a computer is called a) accountability. b) authentication. c) authorization. d) debugging. e) social engineering.

c) authorization.

10. Which of the following phrases best describes a system that inputs data, performs one or more calculations, and produces output data? a) manual calculator b) digital computer c) data-processing system d) difference engine e) cash register

c) data-processing system

175. Manufacturing employment in the United States peaked a) during World War II. b) in 1959. c) in 1979. d) in 1999. e) None of the above is true. Manufacturing employment in the United States continues to increase.

c) in 1979.

119. Which of the following is not one of the categories in Daniel Solove's taxonomy of privacy? a) information collection. b) information dissemination. c) information filtering. d) information processing. e) invasion.

c) information filtering.

180. Artificial intelligence is the field of computer science and engineering that focuses on ways to get machines to exhibit a) consciousness. b) ethical behavior. c) intelligent behavior. d) philosophical insights. e) scientific breakthroughs

c) intelligent behavior.

133. The Fair Credit Reporting Act a) gives consumers the right to request a free copy of their credit report every year. b) ensures that information about criminal convictions does not haunt a consumer's credit report forever. c) is designed to promote the accuracy of credit reports. d) makes it possible for a consumer to declare bankruptcy without harming his or her credit rating. e) All of the above

c) is designed to promote the accuracy of credit reports.

167. Which of the following is not one of the characteristics of a mature profession? a) code of ethics b) licensing c) mandatory drug testing d) mandatory professional development e) professional education

c) mandatory drug testing

45. Rules of conduct describing what people ought and ought not to do in various situations are called a) denominations. b) ideals. c) morality. d) philosophy. e) virtues.

c) morality.

104. The court's ruling in Apple Computer v. Franklin Computer Corp. established that a) computer hardware can be patented. b) computer software can be copyrighted. c) object programs can be copyrighted. d) the "look and feel" of a computer program can be patented. e) Apple Computer could not patent its desktop icons.

c) object programs can be copyrighted.

190. When one store stays open late to gain an advantage, its competitors begin to stay open late, too. At this point the first store is no better off than it was before, but now every store has additional expenses. This illustration is an example of what Frank and Cook call a a) capitalistic marathon. b) market economy. c) positional arms race. d) struggle for parity. e) virtual conflict.

c) positional arms race.

78. A Web filter is a piece of software that a) keeps track of the pages your Web browser displays. b) sends Google information about your Web surfing habits. c) prevents certain Web pages from being displayed by your browser. d) prevents unauthorized people from using your computer to surf the Web. e) A and B

c) prevents certain Web pages from being displayed by your browser.

103. Compared with other peer-to-peer networks, BitTorrent takes advantage of the fact that broadband Internet connections a) continue to drop in price. b) are immune from surveillance by the police. c) provide higher speeds for downloading than for uploading. d) have become the standard in most homes in the United States. e) All of the above.

c) provide higher speeds for downloading than for uploading.

42. What is the name of a program that follows hyperlinks, collecting information about Web sites? a) daemon b) hacker c) spider d) trawler e) worm

c) spider

23. The first electronic networking technology widely used in the United States was the a) Internet. b) radio. c) telegraph. d) telephone. e) television.

c) telegraph.

27. A typewriter that prints a message transmitted over a telegraph line is called a a) computer. b) monitor. c) teletype. d) terminal. e) transponder.

c) teletype.

56. The Principle of Utility is also called a) the Categorical Imperative. b) the Difference Principle. c) the Greatest Happiness Principle. d) the Social Contract. e) the Ten Commandments.

c) the Greatest Happiness Principle.

24. The Pony Express went out of business when a) the Mexican War ended in 1846. b) the Civil War began in 1861. c) the transcontinental telegraph was completed. d) AT&T completed the national telephone network. e) the radio was invented.

c) the transcontinental telegraph was completed.

173. A principal factor contributing to the loss of the space shuttle Challenger was that a) its payload was too heavy. b) there were no experienced astronauts on board. c) the weather in Florida was unusually cold. d) it was hit by lightning. e) NASA was experimenting with a new type of fuel.

c) the weather in Florida was unusually cold.

6. Which of the following phrases does not describe the Gilded Age in America? a) rapid industrialization b) economic expansion c) widespread electrification d) concentration of corporate power e) corporate mergers

c) widespread electrification

5. The invention of the _____________ addressed two challenges faced by department store owners in the late 19th century: creating detailed sales records and embezzlement by employees.

cash register

59. The attempt to suppress or regulate public access to material considered offensive or harmful is called ___________.

censorship

134. The process by which candidates are evaluated to determine their readiness to enter the profession is called _________________.

certification

143. In 1997 IBM supercomputer Deep Blue defeated world champion Gary Kasparov playing the game of ____________.

chess

85. A "__________________" software development strategy helps ensure a company's software program does not duplicate any code in another company's product.

clean room

37. We call utilitarianism a ______________ theory, because it focuses on the consequences of an action.

consequentialist

58. In 2003, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the Child Internet Protection Act was _______________.

constitutional

54. An online method to get information or ideas from a large group of people is commonly known as ___________________.

crowdsourcing

30. The theory that the meaning of "right" and "wrong" rests with a society's actual moral guidelines is called _____________.

cultural relativism

80. Sexting refers to a) sending text messages with nude or nearly nude photographs. b) sending emails with nude or nearly nude photographs. c) posting nude or nearly nude photographs to a Web site. d) A and B. e) A, B, and C.

d) A and B.

83. Cyberbullying is defined as inflicting psychological harm on another person using a) the phone system. b) the Internet. c) broadcast media such as radio or television. d) A and B. e) A, B, and C.

d) A and B.

8. Which of the following was not a feature of cash registers in the early 1900s? a) Ability to compute total of purchases b) Ability to print itemized receipts for customers c) Ability to print log of transactions for owners d) Ability to compute amount of change to give customer e) Ability to ring a bell every time cash drawer is opened

d) Ability to compute amount of change to give customer

82. How many Americans are victims of identity theft each year? a) About 10,000. b) About 100,000. c) About 1 million. d) About 10 million. e) About 100 million.

d) About 10 million.

102. Apple's digital rights management system called FairPlay prevented a) songs from being played on more than five computers. b) songs from being copied onto CDs more than seven times. c) music purchased from the iTunes Store from playing on non-Apple MP3 players. d) All of the above e) None of the above

d) All of the above

136. The Family Education Rights and Privacy Act a) gives students 18 years of age and older the right to review their educational records. b) gives students 18 years of age and older the right to request corrections to errors in their educational records. c) gives students 18 years of age and older the right to prevent educational records from being released without their permission, except under certain circumstances. d) All of the above e) None of the above

d) All of the above

185. Supply-chain automation a) streamlines organizations by eliminating transactional middlemen. b) is one way Dell Computer keeps its costs low. c) links computers at different companies. d) All of the above e) None of the above

d) All of the above

70. The volume of spam is increasing because a) companies have found it to be effective. b) it is 100 times less expensive than a traditional flyer sent via the U.S. mail. c) some people respond to spam advertisements. d) All of the above e) None of the above

d) All of the above

91. Since the first Copyright Act was passed in 1790 a) Congress has repeatedly increased the number of years of copyright protection. b) Congress has made more kinds of intellectual property protected under copyright. c) Congress has attempted to reconcile American copyright law with European copyright law. d) All of the above e) None of the above

d) All of the above

93. The Audio Home Recording Act of 1992 a) protects the right of consumers to make backup copies of CDs. b) requires manufacturers of digital audio records to incorporate the Serial Copyright Management System. c) requires manufacturers of digital audio recording devices and blank digital media to pay a royalty to songwriters and music publishers. d) All of the above e) None of the above

d) All of the above

100. Suppose you buy a Microsoft game at the bookstore. Under current U.S. law, which of the following actions is illegal? a) Copying it onto a CD to give or sell to someone else b) Preloading it onto the hard disk of a computer being sold c) Distributing it over the Internet d) All of the above are illegal e) None of the above is illegal

d) All of the above are illegal

18. The company that invented the microprocessor is a) Fujitsu b) Hewlett-Packard c) IBM d) Intel e) Texas Instruments

d) Intel

162. Which mistake was not made by AECL, the manufacturer of the Therac-25? a) It did not include software or hardware devices to detect and report overdoses. b) It did not tell other hospitals about possible overdose incidents. c) It reused code without proper testing. d) It continued to sell the Therac-25 after the FDA declared it to be defective. e) AECL made all of these mistakes, and more.

d) It continued to sell the Therac-25 after the FDA declared it to be defective.

108. Who wrote that every violation of a "privacy right" is also a violation of another right? a) Stanley Benn b) Louis Brandeis c) Morton Levine d) Judith Jarvis Thomson e) Samuel Warren

d) Judith Jarvis Thomson

16. Which Cold War program played an important role in advancing integrated circuit technology? a) B-52 bomber b) Hydrogen bomb c) Mark 37 torpedo d) Minuteman II ballistic missile e) NORAD radar network

d) Minuteman II ballistic missile

131. According to records leaked to the Guardian newspaper, which of the following kinds of information were not released by Verizon to the National Security Agency? a) Date of the telephone call b) Duration of the telephone call c) Location of the telephone making the call d) Recording of the conversation e) Time of the telephone call

d) Recording of the conversation

144. The Internet worm was released by a) John Barlow. b) Katie Hafner. c) John Markoff. d) Robert Morris, Jr.. e) Bruce Sterling.

d) Robert Morris, Jr..

33. Which country has the fastest broadband connections on average? a) China b) Germany c) India d) South Korea e) United States

d) South Korea

90. Which of the following rights is not a right of a copyright holder? a) The right to reproduce the copyrighted work. b) The right to distribute the work to the public. c) The right to perform the work in public. d) The right to prevent others from producing competitive works. e) The right to produce new works derived from the copyrighted work.

d) The right to prevent others from producing competitive works.

132. Which of the following precepts is not part of the Code of Fair Information Practices? a) There must be no personal data record-keeping systems whose very existence is secret. b) There must be a way for a person to find out what information about the person is in a record and how it is used. c) There must be a way for a person to correct or amend a record of identifiable information about the person. d) There must be a way for a person to collect damages for financial losses caused by incorrect information about that person stored in a data record-keeping system. e) There must be a way for a person to prevent information obtained for one purpose being used or made available for other purposes without the person's consent.

d) There must be a way for a person to collect damages for financial losses caused by incorrect information about that person stored in a data record-keeping system.

155. The Ariane 5 satellite launch vehicle failed because a) a faulty on-board computer caused the other computers in the network to crash repeatedly. b) a bad sensor fed faulty information into the flight control computer, causing it to fail. c) the rocket's on-board computer sent back faulty information to ground control, causing the human controllers to destroy the rocket. d) code that worked correctly on the Ariane 4 failed on the Ariane 5. e) a software failure caused the rocket to self-destruct when in actuality the rocket's flight was going perfectly

d) code that worked correctly on the Ariane 4 failed on the Ariane 5.

143. The Conficker worm is notable because a) it is Cuba's first attempt at cyberwarfare. b) it is the fastest spreading worm of all time. c) it shut down the White House Web site for three days. d) computer experts have found it particularly difficult to eradicate. e) All of the above.

d) computer experts have found it particularly difficult to eradicate.

183. In 2011 a program named Watson running on an IBM supercomputer a) decoded the human genome for the first time. b) became the first computer program to take the job of a software engineer. c) won the World Crossword Puzzle Championship sponsored by The New York Times. d) defeated the two most successful human Jeopardy! champions in a three-game match. e) passed the Turing Test in a competition sponsored by the Association for Computing Machinery

d) defeated the two most successful human Jeopardy! champions in a three-game match.

169. Unlike most professionals, the typical software engineer a) does not have a college education. b) does not make important decisions. c) does not make more than minimum wage. d) does not work directly with individual clients. e) All of the above

d) does not work directly with individual clients.

30. ARPA Director J.C.R. Licklider conceived of a Galactic Network that would a) control weapons from space. b) guide spacecraft to distant planets. c) become the world's most powerful number-crunching machine. d) facilitate the exchange of programs and data. e) All of the above

d) facilitate the exchange of programs and data.

55. According to the second formulation of the Categorical Imperative, a) the moral worth of a person depends upon that person's actions. b) one good turn deserves another. c) bad deeds should be punished. d) it is wrong for one person to "use" another. e) the moral worth of a person depends upon that person's intentions.

d) it is wrong for one person to "use" another.

76. According to John Stuart Mill's Principle of Harm, the only ground on which the government should intervene in the conduct of an individual is when a) the individual is breaking the law. b) it would clearly be to the benefit of the individual. c) the individual is under 18 or over 65. d) it would prevent harm to others. e) According to Mill, the government should intervene if any of the above conditions are true.

d) it would prevent harm to others.

117. A policy that requires the consumer to explicitly give permission before an organization can share information with another organization is called a) fair use. b) full disclosure. c) nondisclosure. d) opt-in. e) opt-out.

d) opt-in.

109. Most commentators cite the benefits of privacy as a reason why people ought to have some privacy rights. A right that benefits society is called a a) Constitutional right. b) legal right. c) natural right. d) prudential right. e) social right.

d) prudential right.

106. The Third Amendment to the U.S. Constitution has to do with a) freedom of speech and religion. b) search warrants. c) the right to bear arms. d) quartering of soldiers in private homes. e) self-incrimination.

d) quartering of soldiers in private homes.

153. Computers that process data from sensors as events occur are called a) distributed computers. b) event-driven simulations. c) pseudo-sensory systems. d) real-time systems. e) time-activated systems.

d) real-time systems.

68. According to Aristotle, moral virtue results from a) a good education. b) living a long life. c) a happy marriage and loving family. d) repetition of the appropriate acts. e) All of the above.

d) repetition of the appropriate acts.

121. The Children's Online Privacy Protection Act a) makes it illegal for an online service to request a credit card number from a child 17 years old and younger. b) requires online services to create aliases for all customers who are 17 years old and younger. c) makes it illegal for children 12 years and younger to participate in chat rooms. d) requires online services to obtain parental consent before collecting any information from children 12 years old and younger. e) All of the above

d) requires online services to obtain parental consent before collecting any information from children 12 years old and younger.

181. According to the Encyclopedia of Computer Science, a "programmable machine that either in performance or appearance imitates human activities" is called a a) computer. b) deltoid. c) mechano. d) robot. e) transformer.

d) robot.

146. Manipulating someone within an organization to gain access to confidential information is called a) diving. b) hacking. c) phreaking. d) social engineering. e) trashing.

d) social engineering.

95. The decision by the U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit in RIAA v. Diamond Multimedia Systems Inc. established the concept of a) fair use. b) intellectual property protection for movies. c) licensing fees for videotapes. d) space shifting. e) time shifting.

d) space shifting.

114. Flash cookies are controversial, in part, because a) they are commonly used by identify thieves to steal credit card numbers. b) they consume huge amounts of hard disk space. c) they allow online retailers such as Amazon.com to track online shopping on other Web sites. d) they are not controlled by the privacy controls of most Web browsers. e) All of the above

d) they are not controlled by the privacy controls of most Web browsers.

160. Some computer experts have spoken out against the conversion to touch-screen voting machines because a) there is no evidence that there have been any problems with punched card systems. b) they are made in China, which does not even hold elections. c) a power failure could make it impossible for people to vote. d) they do not have a paper audit trail. e) All of the above

d) they do not have a paper audit trail.

164. The process of determining if a model is an accurate representation of the real system is called a) the null hypothesis. b) software engineering. c) synthesis. d) validation. e) verification.

d) validation.

139. A piece of self-replicating code embedded within another program is called a a) hack. b) rogue. c) Trojan horse. d) virus. e) worm.

d) virus.

178. In medieval England, when wages went up, a) more children joined the labor force. b) more women joined the labor force. c) students dropped out of school to take up jobs. d) workers put in fewer hours. e) A, B, and C.

d) workers put in fewer hours.

93. The process of searching through one or more databases, looking for patterns or relationships, is called ______________.

data mining.

119. An intentional action designed to prevent legitimate users from making use of a computer service is called a _________________.

denial-of-service (DoS) attack

49. Trying to create a list of valid email addresses by sending email to randomly generated addresses and seeing which ones are delivered is called a _______________.

dictionary attack

79. FairPlay was the name of Apple's _________ system.

digital rights management / DRM

83. In September 2003 the RIAA sued 261 individuals for________________.

distributing copyrighted music over the Internet.

31. The theory that good actions are those aligned with the will of God is called the _______________

divine command theory

40. A positive right is a right that obligates others to _____________.

do something for someone

72. A wiki is a) An online encyclopedia. b) A personal journal kept on the Web. c) An electronic profile constructed automatically by a Web browser. d) A piece of software that allows ISPs to monitor who visits which Web sites. e) A Web site that allows multiple people to contribute and edit its content.

e) A Web site that allows multiple people to contribute and edit its content.

101. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act is controversial, in part, because a) it extends the length of time that a piece of intellectual property is protected by copyright. b) it makes it illegal for consumers to circumvent encryption placed on digital media. c) it extends copyright protection to music broadcast over the Internet. d) it increases penalties for on-line services providers whose customers are misusing copyrighted materials. e) All of the above

e) All of the above

111. An example of a public record is a) a birth certificate. b) a marriage license. c) a deed to a house. d) a record of a criminal conviction. e) All of the above

e) All of the above

135. The Financial Services Modernization Act a) allows banks to offer insurance and stock brokerage services. b) requires banks to disclose their privacy policies to consumers. c) requires banks to inform consumers how they can "opt out" of having their confidential information released to other companies. d) Requires banks to develop policies that will prevent unauthorized access of customers' confidential information. e) All of the above

e) All of the above

142. You may find a virus a) on a hard disk. b) on a floppy disk. c) on a CD-ROM. d) in an email attachment. e) All of the above

e) All of the above

154. The Patriot missile system a) was designed to shoot down airplanes. b) failed to shoot down a Scud missile that killed 28 U.S. soldiers in the Gulf War. c) failed because it had been left running too long. d) failed because of a computer error. e) All of the above

e) All of the above

46. Ethics is a) a rational examination of people's moral beliefs. b) a branch of philosophy. c) one way to determine which activities are "good" and which are "bad." d) a field of study more than 2,000 years old. e) All of the above

e) All of the above

88. The value of intellectual property is recognized a) in the Constitution of the United States. b) in the free market. c) in legislation passed by the U.S. Congress. d) through court decisions. e) All of the above

e) All of the above

5. The calculating machine of Georg and Edvard Sheutz a) computed the values of polynomial functions. b) typeset the results of its computations. c) performed calculations faster than they could be done manually. d) performed calculations more reliably than they could be done manually. e) All of the above.

e) All of the above.

19. Which of the following was not an activity of the People's Computer Company, a not-for-profit corporation in the San Francisco area? a) Publishing a newspaper containing the source code to programs b) Allowing people to rent time on a time-shared computer c) Hosting Friday-evening game-playing sessions d) Promoting a culture in which computer enthusiasts freely shared software e) Developing the world's first graphical user interface

e) Developing the world's first graphical user interface

99. After the RIAA sued Napster, a) the Supreme Court ruled in favor of Napster. b) Congress passed the Digital Millennium Copyright Act that legalized file sharing. c) Congress made peer-to-peer networks illegal. d) Napster renamed itself KaZaA. e) Napster went off-line.

e) Napster went off-line.

130. After the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, which U.S. governmental agency collected telephone call records of tens of millions of Americans without a court order? a) Central Intelligence Agency b) Department of Homeland Security c) Federal Bureau of Investigation d) Federal Communications Commission e) National Security Agency

e) National Security Agency

171. The Principles and Clauses in the Software Engineering Code of Ethics and Professional Practice a) address every ethical dilemma a software engineer may face. b) provide algebraic formulas for determining the best course of action. c) incorporate every relevant feature into the formulas. d) All of the above e) None of the above

e) None of the above

158. Which of these problems was not encountered by BAE as it tried to install an automated baggage handling system at Denver International Airport? a) The system misrouted luggage carts. b) The bar code printers didn't print tags clearly enough to be read by the scanners. c) Workers painted over electric eyes installed in the underground tunnels. d) The automated baggage handlers shredded some of the luggage. e) The system encountered all of these problems and more.

e) The system encountered all of these problems and more.

107. Who wrote an influential paper in the 1890s urging that privacy rights be enacted into law? a) Benn and Brandeis b) Benn and Thomson c) Levine and Benn d) Thomson and Warren e) Warren and Brandeis

e) Warren and Brandeis

184. A personal AI is a) an intelligent machine inexpensive enough for an individual to purchase it. b) an intelligent machine devoted to serving an individual human being. c) a computer capable of beating human beings at games such as chess. d) a software program, not an actual physical object. e) a machine conscious of its own existence.

e) a machine conscious of its own existence.

14. Software that allows multiple users to edit and run their programs simultaneously on the same computer is called a) a data-processing system. b) an intranet. c) a microprocessor. d) a programming language. e) a time-sharing system..

e) a time-sharing system..

113. The OnStar system allows a) a vehicle owner to initiate a conversation with an OnStar representative. b) the vehicle to automatically send a message to an OnStar representative after an accident. c) an OnStar representative to disable the gas pedal of the vehicle without the driver's permission. d) a and b e) a, b, and c

e) a, b, and c

53. According to Kant, our sense of "ought to" is called a) necessity. b) insecurity. c) paranoia. d) love. e) dutifulness.

e) dutifulness.

26. Nearly all early telephones were installed in businesses, because a) people were afraid that telephones were dangerous. b) people thought that the government was using telephones as eavesdropping devices. c) only men were allowed to use a telephone. d) most homes did not have electricity. e) leasing a telephone was expensive.

e) leasing a telephone was expensive.

156. The AT&T long-distance network did not collapse entirely on January 15, 1990, because a) the U.S. Secret Service arrested the culprits before they could do any further damage. b) AT&T technicians rapidly fixed the software bug in the routing switches. c) MCI loaned some equipment to AT&T. d) the faulty computers shut themselves off before they could do any further damage. e) not all the routing switches had been converted to the latest software.

e) not all the routing switches had been converted to the latest software.

159. Mizuho Securities lost $225 million when a) hackers broke into its trading system and raided the accounts of 10,000 of its most important customers. b) a bug in its billing system caused it to send out improper invoices to 10,000 of its most important customers. c) a bug in its currency trading system caused it to sell yen and purchase dollars when it should have purchased yen and sold dollars. d) it tried unsuccessfully to automate the Tokyo Stock Exchange. e) one of its employees mistyped a sell order, and a bug in the Tokyo Stock Exchange trading program made it impossible to cancel the order.

e) one of its employees mistyped a sell order, and a bug in the Tokyo Stock Exchange trading program made it impossible to cancel the order.

85. The Enlightenment view of addiction is that a) there is nothing wrong with addiction. b) addiction is not real. c) addiction can never be overcome by will-power alone. d) society is responsible for the bad choices people make. e) people are responsible for the choices they make.

e) people are responsible for the choices they make.

116. When information is put to another purpose, that is called a a) backdoor exploit. b) collaborative filter. c) cookie. d) data leveraging opportunity. e) secondary use of the data.

e) secondary use of the data.

98. In 2005 Sony BMG Music Entertainment made headlines by a) purchasing the publishing rights to the Beatles' songs from Michael Jackson. b) purchasing the iTunes Store from Apple. c) announcing they would begin shipping CDs without digital rights management. d) shipping CDs that would only play on devices manufactured by Sony. e) shipping CDs that secretly installed a rootkit on Windows computers.

e) shipping CDs that secretly installed a rootkit on Windows computers.

44. An association of people organized under a system of rules designed to advance the good of its members over time is called a a) business. b) constitution. c) government. d) monopoly. e) society.

e) society.

166. According to the textbook, which of the following careers is not an example of a mature profession? a) accountant b) doctor c) dentist d) lawyer e) software engineer

e) software engineer

165. The discipline focused on the production of software, as well as the development of tools, methodologies, and theories supporting software production, is most accurately called a) artificial intelligence. b) computer engineering. c) computer science. d) software simulation. e) software engineering.

e) software engineering.

118. The practice of mailing advertisements only to the most likely prospects is called a) discriminatory mailing. b) focused mailing. c) mail list trimming.. d) predatory mailing. e) targeted direct mail.

e) targeted direct mail.

188. The process by which a new technology is assimilated into a society is called a) cultural relativism. b) globalization. c) IT leverage. d) social receptivity index. e) technological diffusion

e) technological diffusion

65. The idea that social and economic inequalities must be to the greatest benefit of the least advantaged members of society is called a) capitalism. b) communism. c) socialism. d) utilitarianism. e) the difference principle.

e) the difference principle.

61. Thomas Hobbes called life without rules and a means of enforcing them a) utopia. b) anarchy. c) democracy. d) communism. e) the state of nature

e) the state of nature

189. In some markets a few top performers receive a disproportionate share of the rewards. Frank and Cook call this phenomenon a) capitalism. b) inevitable. c) liberalism. d) socialism. e) the winner-take-all effect.

e) the winner-take-all effect.

94. The U.S. Supreme Court decision in Sony v. Universal City Studios established the concept of a) fair use. b) intellectual property protection for movies. c) licensing fees for videotapes. d) space shifting. e) time shifting.

e) time shifting.

67. A character trait that prevents a human being from flourishing or become truly happy is called a a) fatal attraction. b) inverse virtue. c) negative virtue. d) tragic flaw. e) vice.

e) vice.

66. Modern writers often refer to moral virtues as a) intellectual virtues. b) philosophical virtues. c) psychological virtues. d) social virtues. e) virtues of character.

e) virtues of character.

140. A self-contained program that spreads through a computer network by exploiting security holes is called a a) hack. b) rogue. c) Trojan horse. d) virus. e) worm.

e) worm.

23. The two most popular applications of the Internet are:

email and the World Wide Web.

121. A computer used as a component of a larger system is called an ____________ system.

embedded

33. The theory that each person should focus exclusively on his or her own self-interest is called ________________.

ethical egoism

73. Under some circumstances it is legal to reproduce a copyrighted work without permission. These circumstances are called __________.

fair use.

116. A ___________ is a computer, positioned between a local network and the Internet, that monitors the packets flowing in and out.

firewall

67. The U.S. Congress addresses the tension between society's desire for inventions to be in the public domain and the inventor's expectation of profit by giving inventors exclusive rights to their discoveries ____________________.

for a limited period of time.

96. Privacy advocates have criticized Path, Twitter, Foursquare, and Instagram for producing apps that __________________________.

gathered information from address books without asking for permission

147. The process of creating a worldwide network of businesses and markets is called ______________.

globalization

34. Immanuel Kant concluded that the only thing in the world that can be called good without qualification is ___________

good will

99. The Privacy Act of 1974 applies only to _________________ databases.

government

60. The three forms of direct censorship are:

government monopoly, pre-publication review, and licensing and registration.

22. In January 1984 Apple Computer released the Macintosh. The Macintosh is notable because it was the first commodity personal computer with a _________.

graphical user interface

56. Explain how the meaning of the word "hacker" changed between the 1950s and the 1990s.

in it's original meaning, a hacker was an explorer, a risk taker, someone who was trying to make a system do something it had never done before. Today hackers are people who gain unauthorized access to computers and computer networks.

100. In Nardone v. United States, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that evidence obtained by federal agents from warrantless wiretaps was ______________.

inadmissible in court

72. Since the first Copyright Act was passed in 1790, both the length of copyright protection and the kinds of intellectual properties that can be copyrighted have ____________________.

increased significantly

24. Devices used in the creation, storage, manipulation, exchange, and dissemination of data, including text, sound, and images, fall into the category of _______ technology.

information

41. An absolute right is a right that ___________________.

is guaranteed without exception

39. A negative right is a right that another person can guarantee by ____________.

leaving the person alone

74. In Sony v. Universal City Studios, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that time shifting is ___________.

legal

135. Licensing gives the members of a profession the ______________ to practice the profession.

legal right

75. In RIAA v. Diamond Multimedia Systems, Inc., the U.S. Court of Appeals ruled that space shifting is ________________.

legal.

21. Hypertext is a _______ of nodes containing _______.

linked network information

44. In The Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle writes that happiness results from__________.

living a life of virtue.

4. The adoption of mechanical calculators in offices changed the profession of bookkeeping. Employers:

lowered wages and replaced men with women.

141. The percentage of American workers involved in the _____________ industry has dropped from 35 percent in 1947 to 10 percent in 2009.

manufacturing

42. A limited right is a right that __________________.

may be restricted based on the circumstances

2. Blaise Pascal and Gottfried Leibniz are remembered as computer pioneers for their invention of:

mechanical adding machines.

108. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act limits how doctors, hospitals, and insurance companies can use _____________ collected from patients.

medical information

14. An integrated circuit that can be programmed to perform a wide variety of tasks is called a:

microprocessor.

84. The legal case Apple Computer, Inc. v. Franklin Computer Corp. established that are copyrightable.

object programs

46. The theory that morality exists outside the human mind is called _____________.

objectivism

81. A ___________ network allows computers running the same networking program to connect with each other and access files stored on each other's hard drives.

peer-to-peer

25. Ethics is the ________ of morality.

philosophical study

47. According to social contract theory, we have a _________ obligation to obey the law

prima facie

8. In the earliest digital computers every instruction was coded as a long number. People invented ______________ to make coding faster and less error-prone.

programming languages

132. Software engineers use a four-step process to develop a software product. These steps are called _______________________.

specification, development, validation, and evolution.

69. A company's logo is an example of a type of intellectual property that can be protected by a _____________.

trademark

89. A _____________ contains information about an incident or action reported to a government agency for the purpose of informing the public.

public record

62. In 18th century America, there were no prior restraints on publication. This meant that colonists had the freedom to ________________.

publish without a license

129. To avoid a repeat of the problems plaguing the 2000 U.S. Presidential election, Congress passed the Help America Vote Act of 2002, providing states with money to replace ________________.

punch card voting systems

6. Herman Hollerith invented ______________ to help the U.S. Bureau of the Census tally information about tens of millions of residents.

punched card tabulation

122. Computers that process data from sensors as events occur are called ___________ systems

real-time

139. Responsibility assigned because of a person's assigned duties is called _________________.

role responsibility

146. Many software jobs are moving from the United States to India because India has many qualified computer programmers and ______________.

salaries are lower

94. When information collected for one purpose is put to another purpose, that is called a _____________ of the data.

secondary use

52. Mobile apps allow users of devices such as ________________ to access the Internet and download and upload data.

smartphones and tablets

117. The manipulation of a person inside an organization to gain access to confidential information is called ________________.

social engineering

48. Unsolicited, bulk, commercial email is commonly called ____________.

spam

142. Productivity in the United States doubled between 1948 and 1990. This productivity increase translated into a higher ______________ for the average American.

standard of living

29. The theory that people decide for themselves what is right and wrong is called _____________.

subjective relativism

149. The first people to adopt a new technology are those who have more money. As the technology matures, its price drops dramatically, enabling more people to acquire it. This process is called __________________

technological diffusion.

145. An arrangement where employees spend a significant portion of their work day at a distance from the employer or traditional place of work is called ________________.

telework

35. Kant said we should act only from moral rules that we can at the same time will to be universal moral laws. He also said we should act so that we always treat ourselves and other people as ends in themselves, and never only as a means to an end. Kant called these duties _______________________.

the Categorical Imperative.

136. The Software Engineering Code of Ethics and Professional Practice was developed by the two largest organizations supporting the computing field: _______________________.

the IEEE Computer Society and the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)

32. The logical error of trying to equate two things that are similar is called _____________.

the equivalence fallacy

65. From the point of view of Kant or Mill, the responsibility for excessive Internet use lies with _____________.

the individual user

43. John Rawls proposed the difference principle, that says any social and economic equalities must be "to the greatest benefit of _______________."

the least-advantaged members of society

95. Thanks to ___________________, you can get a credit card from a bank or store with which you have never done business.

the national credit bureau system / credit reports

38. Thomas Hobbes argued that everyone living in a civilized society has implicitly agreed to two things: (1) establishment of moral rules to govern relations among citizens, and (2) a government capable of enforcing these rules. Hobbes calls this arrangement ________________.

the social contract.

1. Three important aids to manual calculating are:

the tablet, the abacus, and mathematical tables.

36. According to Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, an action is right (or wrong) to the extent that it increases (or decreases) ______________.

the total happiness of the affected parties

76. Arriba Soft Corporation was sued for copyright infringement because its Web search engine returned________________. A court later ruled this was a fair use.

thumbnail images of photos

9. In the 1960s the invention of _____________ allowed multiple people to interact more-orless simultaneously with a single computer.

time-sharing systems

68. Merchandise 7X, the formula for Coca-Cola® syrup, is a famous example of a type of intellectual property known as a ______________

trade secret.

10. In the first half of the 20th century, AT&T used vacuum tubes to construct amplifiers that made long distance telephone calls possible. AT&T funded research to develop a semiconductor replacement to the vacuum tube. The research resulted in the invention of the:

transistor

144. In 2001 Swedish appliance maker Electrolux introduced a domestic robotic ________________.

vacuum cleaner

131. The process of determining if a computer program correctly implements a mathematical model is called _______________.

verification

56. Chinese "gold farmers" make a living by playing persistent online games and selling _________________________

virtual objects such as gold and artifacts over the Internet.

112. A ___________ is a piece of self-replicating code embedded within another program called the host.

virus

150. Robert Frank and Philip Cook have explored markets where a few top performers receive a disproportionate share of the rewards. They call them ______________ markets.

winner-take-all

114. A _________ is a self-contained program that spreads through a computer network by exploiting security holes in the computers connected to the network.

worm

45. According to Aristotle, deriving pleasure from a virtuous act is a sign that ________________.

you have acquired that virtue