Ethics in Public Health (PHSC 7)

Texas' newborn screening program only allows for exemptions based on any concept, including non-religious, philosophical, idiosyncratic and existential reasons. T/F

F

According to Holland, the most important ethical problem with childhood screening is: a. The process of identifying the benefits and harms is complicated and incomplete, but this information is often not communicated to parents b. It is contentious whether to implement programs for early detection of behavior problems c. Screening children for ADHD d. Addressing a screened person's right to consent

a

According to the text, what is the distinction between law and ethics? a. in relation to public actions, law EXPLICITLY establishes the foundation for the powers and duties of the government in public health b. ethics do NOT offer a way to identify, understand, and deliberate about public values that underlie the varied uses of the law c. laws CANNOT constrain private action, but ethics can d. ethical perspectives DO NOT provide guidance about how to specify and assign weights to public values that may be at stake on a particular issue

a

Adrienne Asch articulated the Core of the Medical Model of Disability as? a. Disability must be prevented, because disabled people cannot function within existing society b. Disability can be accommodated by appropriate medical treatments c. Disability is an abnormality or loss of any physiological or anatomical structure d. Disability results from social disadvantage that results from impairment or a disability

a

John Stuart Mill believed that it is okay to exercise power over a member of a civilized society, against her will, for which of the following reasons a. to prevent harm to others b. for her own physical good c. for her own moral good d. for all these reasons

a

Under the principle of utility, name the two formal analytic tools used to maximize social welfare a. risk analysis and risk assessment b. cost effectiveness and cost benefit analysis c. proportionality and impartiality d. choice restriction and choice elimination

b

What does Bayer mean by the target of Mill's animus? a. Harm b. Paternalism c. Utilitarianism d. Happiness

b

Which organization defines health promotion as "the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health" a. American Public Health Association b. World Health Organization c. American Medical Association d. None of these

b

According to Hall et al, how do liberal democracies resolve ethical conflicts arising in public health debates? a. By Going to Court b. By Appealing to Religious Authorities c. By Using The political system which produces legislative and regulatory responses d. By Using Scholarly texts and writings

c

According to Steinbock, what is the "forms of variation" argument? a. Disabilities are largely socially constructed b. One of the reasons for terminating a pregnancy c. Those with disabilities are just differences of the norm, like race and gender d. There are many forms of discrimination that target people with disabilities unjustly

c

Elizabeth Anscombe stated: "For men to choose to kill the innocent as a means to their ends is always murder" To what was she referring? a. britain's entry into WWII b. abortion clinics c. harry truman's decision to drop the atomic bomb d. pope paul iv's affirmation of the church's ban on contraception

c

The ACOG article discussed Core Screening Conditions and Secondary conditions. Secondary conditions have one or two limitations, which are: a. Are too expensive to test in routine screening and have extensive administrative requirements which undermine convenience b. Have test methods that have low sensitivity and low specificity c. Have an unclear natural history or lack an appropriate medical therapy that affects long term outcome d. Are not clinically significant and they violate a parent's religious freedom, which makes them far too controversial for routine screening

c

The Wilson and Junger Screening Criteria include the following EXCEPT: a. There must be an accurate testing method available: b. The costs of the test must be reasonable c. The parents must agree to the screening test d. There must be available treatment for the disorder

c

The war/military metaphor has continued to flourish in public health because: a. It cannot lead to futile and counterproductive actions b. It has no relationship to the allocation of funds c. Of its functions in describing and guiding society's responses to contagious diseases that threaten the public health d. There are no negative consequences for using this metaphor

c

Tracy Latimer suffered from cerebral palsy, but was killed by a. the lack of medical attention b. multiple sclerosis c. exhaust fumes from a pickup truck d. multiple surgeries

c

What is a reasonable observation about obstetricians who do not offer genetic screening tests to their patients in routine pregnancy? a. They can avoid making promises about the pregnancy that give false hope b. They have no legal duty to test or to refer patients for genetic counseling because of a risk for "down's syndrome" c. They invite a malpractice action should a patient deliver a child with a genetic defect d. They can avoid confusing the patient with confusing language about invasive or non-invasive interventions

c

What is free-riding as it relates to vaccination? a. taking a bus to the health clinic to get a vaccination and expecting the health department to pay for the bus ride b. unintended beneficiaries of health insurance that covers immunization who don't have to pay for the vaccination c. an unimmunized person who benefits from high rates of immunization in a community without exposing himself/herself to the risks attendant upon attaining those rates d. a behavior that is supported by Kant's Categorical Imperative

c

What is the difference between sensitivity and specificity in screening programs: a. Sensitivity is the proportion of people who do not have the disease who are correctly identified as such b. Specificity is the proportion of those people with the disease who are correctly identified as such c. Sensitivity is the proportion of those people with the disease who are correctly identified as such d. A & B

c

When the pharmaceutical industry is actively involved in promoting the mandatory use of a vaccine, what would be the primary perceived conflict of interest? a. Corporate diminution of autonomy b. Miseducation of the public c. Profit over patients d. Clinician induced maleficence

c

Which of the following variants of TB is generally not contagious? a. active TB b. multiple drug resistant TB c. latent TB d. all of these are contagious

c

The US Preventative Services Task Force, an expert group that reviews the latest research findings, recommends that mammography screening for most women start at age 50, rather than 40, and that the frequency be every two years (rather than annually) through the age of 74. Men are not routinely screened. Wouldn't the ethical principle of treating all people equally apply here? a. yes, because men get breast cancer, too b. no, because men don't get breast cancer c. yes, because comprehensive screening would puck up breast cancer and allow for early intervention; it would also empower men to attend to this important issue d. no, because breast cancer is rare in men who don't fit into high risk categories comprehensive screening would use lots of resources without being effective at the population level.

d

Trans fat molecules produced by fat hydrogenation don't accept oxygen readily and are much more resistant to oxygen triggered breakdown. This means all the following EXCEPT: a. such foods have longer shelf life in the stores b. such foods can be stored more easily at room temperature c. such foods can save consumers money d. such foods can raise the level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol

d

Which of the following is a method for achieving sex selection? a. Sperm sorting b. Abortion c. Embryo discard after PGD d. All of these

d

Which of the following is a public health response to an unhealthy activity or risky behavior? a. Try to get people to give up the behavior b. Allow the behavior and try to reduce the adverse effects c. Criminalize the behavior d. A or B e. A or C

d

Per Holland, citing Christie, what is the major argument critics use to oppose harm reduction? a. It encourages drug use b. It sends a mixed message c. It fails to get people off of drugs d. None of these e. A, B and C

e

Bayer asks whether government campaigns can be "too successful".. how is that possible? a. By undermining personal autonomy in an effort to change our behavior b. By leading to the termination of the target behavior in the target population c. By spending lots of money on media campaigns d. By heavily regulating contributory industries

a

Monitoring is one public health response to an outbreak of communicable diseases. The two basic forms of monitoring are active and passive monitoring. Compared to Active Monitoring, Passive Monitoring requires the following EXCEPT a. public health staff have to contact exposed individuals by exposed individuals by phone or in person b. relies on exposed persons to perform self-assessment c. relies on exposed persons to notify health officials if they develop symptoms d. is less expensive

a

The "reciprocity thesis" operates on the principle that: a. society will offer protection and compensation as part of expecting people to meet specific obligations under the general duty not to infect others b. people infected by a contagious disease have no obligation in society, because they themselves were infected by others in the community who were infected c. the burdens of infections are shared by all in a community, and recovery is a reciprocal benefit just as infection is a reciprocal harm d. none of these

a

The CHEERS project raised a number of issues for critics of the effort. Among those, were the following, EXCEPT: a. no IRB approved the research on the effects of pesticides on young children b. the study population was predominately low income c. the quality of the informed consent was questioned d. parents were not warned of the effects of pesticides on young children

a

The Classical version of Utilitarinism held the following propositions, except a. a focus on duty and the rightness or wrongness of actions regardless of consequences b. actions are judged right or wrong solely by their consequences c. the only thing that matters is the amount of happiness or unhappiness an action creates d. each person's happiness counts the same

a

The New York City Health Department declared diabetes an "epidemic" in the same public health mode as HIV/AIDS, even though diabetes is not a communicable disease. Since Diabetes is only the 7th leading cause of death in America behind heart disease, cancer, unintentional injury, chronic lower respiratory disease, stroke, and Alzheimer's disease, would labeling those conditions an "epidemic" to create patient registries and to nudge patients into some kind of care create a moral/ethical dilemma? a. yes, this would represent "mission creep" and would give health departments jurisdiction over the lives of citizens, overriding liberty, privacy, and confidentiality without effectiveness, necessity, or adequate public justification b. no, the epidemics permit unrestricted action, both legally and morally, allowing health departments to exercise their obligation to intervene to try to reverse these epidemics and to reduce their impact c. no, because this would allow for the finding of data through more aggressive surveillance, using personal identifiable data to augment clinician action and to nudge patients into proper care d. yes, this would allow health departments to exercise authority of physicians and other clinicians to make sure that patients were getting proper care; this would reduce waste, fraud, and abuse

a

The justifications argument in Jacobsen and the self-defense model don't offer compelling support for mandating HPV vaccine for middle school children. a. True because there is no immediate "public health necessity" for the vaccine b. Not true, because HPV is highly contagious c. Not true, because HPV is highly lethal d. True, because there is a reasonable relationship between the vaccine and school attendance

a

There are three basic approaches to formulating the relative weight and strength of conflicting moral norms, they are the following, EXCEPT: a. reductionist b. presumptivist c. contextualist d. absolutist

a

What do tobacco control advocates believe about the libertarian view of smoker's choices? a. Addiction limits smokers exercise of their choices b. Smokers already have sufficient information to make good choices c. Adult smokers should be free to make their own choices d. Children's choices are the same as adult choices

a

What is the Best Interest of the Child standard? a. An ethical concept used when challenging a parent's right to refuse a child's medical care in situations where an intervention might help the child b. An ethical concept most frequently invoked by parents as the entities best positioned to determine what is proper course of action in lifesaving interventions c. An ethical concept that optimizes multiple factors including family welfare, parental rights, religious freedom and community norms d. A synonym for the Harm principle

a

What is the distinction between Kant's hypothetical imperatives and his categorical imperative? a. hypothetical imperatives are possible because we have desires and categorical imperatives are possible because we have reason b. categorical imperatives depend on having particular desires, unlike hypothetical imperatives c. hypothetical imperatives are derived from a principle that every rational person must accept, unlike categorical imperatives d. categorical "oughts" are easy to understand, unlike hypothetical "oughts"

a

What is the moral status of extracorporeal embryos? a. They do not possess the full and equal moral status of persons b. They are alive and do possess the full and equal moral status of persons c. They are not alive, but deserve full and equal moral status of persons d. They have interests and other moral claims to personhood

a

What is the most likely explanation for why the majority of states use opt-out programs rather than opt-in programs? a. They are administratively simpler than opt-in b. Parental choice is unimportant c. The best interests of the child requires it d. All professional medical organizations require opt-out

a

Andrew Wakefield is a famous person who made what contribution to the scientific community regarding vaccines? a. Studied epidemics and the importance of getting vaccinated b. Published a paper establishing a link between measles, mumps and rubble (MMR) vaccine and autism c. Is well known for his work on tuberculosis d. None of the above

b

Baby Mary's parented wanted her doctors to: a. give Mary a medical procedure to preserve her life b. not violate their religious beliefs about the sanctity of life c. treat their daughters equally d. give Mary special consideration over her sister, Jodie

b

Both Hall et al and Franck et al see tension in ethical values when looking at e-cigarettes as a harm reduction strategy. That tension pits which two ethical theories against each other? a. Autonomy vs. Liberalism b. Autonomy vs. Beneficence c. Autonomy vs. Libertarianism d. Autonomy vs. Fairness

b

Carter (2014) presented four public health frameworks in the context of health promotion and concluded that which ethical theory prevails? a. Deontological b. Consequentialist c. Principalism d. Virtue ethics

b

Holland listed a Verwij and Dawson principle for collective immunization ethics, it is: a. an immunization policy of requiring evidence of immunization upon school enrollment b. participation should, generally, be voluntary unless compulsory vaccination is essential to prevent a concrete serious harm c. the state is within its rights to coerce people to participate in mass immunization in order to avoid third-party harms d. liberalism overstates the value of personal autonomy and individual freedoms at the expense of duties and obligations to communities

b

In the case of the Inquiring Murderer, TWO moral actions are tested which strain Kant's absolute view of lying. They are: a. to tell the truth in all things b. to tell the truth or to save a life c. to have knowledge of consequences when you lie d. to ignore consequences to preserve truth

b

In the context of infectious diseases like TB, priority patients for DOT (directly observed therapy) include the following except: a. patients with pulmonary disease with positive sputum b. patients with latent TB c. patients with drug-resistant TB d. children

b

In the context of the Trans fat discussion, what is GRAS? a. another name for marijuana b. a FDA concept that means generally recognized as safe c. a german word that means grass d. an acronym for the company "gunnar rasmussen acoustic sound"

b

Public Health officials have the following options for quarantining people exposed to certain infectious diseases, EXCEPT: a. home quarantine b. all quarantines must be mandatory c. quarantine in specific facilities d. working quarantine

b

The committee opinion of the American college of obstetrics and gynecologists identified the five most commonly diagnosed conditions in the US among newborns which includes the following EXCEPT: a. Hearing loss b. PKU c. Cystic fibrosis d. Sickle cell disease

b

The distinction between health screening and testing is: a. In general, there is no difference b. Testing is usually used to confirm a condition c. Testing is population based, aimed at a population with no members at a greater risk for a condition d. Screening is usually individual focused, and doctor-patient related.

b

The following cases involve the issue of tobacco, EXCEPT: a. Lorillard v Reilly (2001) b. Central Hudson Gas and Electric corp. v. Public Service Commission of NY (1980) c. Discount Tobacco City and Lottery, inc. v. FDA (2012) d. RJ Reynolds Tobacco co. v. FDA (2012)

b

The text lists four theories of distributive justice, that is justice in the distribution of benefits and burdens, costs, and risks. Of these, Egalitarian Justice Theory includes the following: a. emphasizes our duties to respect other's liberties and the state's duty to protect our liberties conceived as rights, when threatened b. argues that justice requires a society to remove or reduce obstacles that prevent fair equality of opportunity c. duties and rights in just health care or just public health presuppose a foundation in net social utility

b

What was the key finding in the US Supreme Court case, Prince v. Massachusetts? a. Religious freedom is to sacred a right to be restricted or prohibited in any degree b. The right to practice religion freely does not include the right to expose the community or the child to communicable diseases, or the child to ill health or death c. Parents have the absolute right to determine what health care their children receive and to determine the what, when and where that health care is provided, including vaccines d. None of the above

b

What was the response of the food industry to the FDA ban on trans fat? a. after years of delay, total acquiescence, completely eliminating all trans fat from all of its products without protest or design b. after years of delay, filed a petition to request exemptions c. continued assertions that trans fats are completely safe d. refused to modify any of its products

b

According to Kant, a moral agent is guided by "Universal Laws"--moral rules that hold, without exception, in all circumstances. The rule against lying was one such rule. Kant used the following elements elements of logic, except: a. we should do orly those actions that conform to rules that could be adopted universally b. if we were to lie, we would be following the rule "it is permissible to lie" c. this rule could be adopted universally, even though it is self-defeating d. we should not lie

c

According to Schweers in the DePaul Law Review article, what should states do to protect the privacy rights of newborn citizens and their parents in newborn screening? a. Make all screening opt-out b. Give parents a website to explore the rationale for testing c. Require all programs to obtain informed consent from every parent d. None of these

c

According to schwartz & caplan, the following are thought to be vaccine- hesitant people, EXCEPT: a. Individuals who have no specific objections but are concerned because of the emotional, fervent rhetoric they have encountered b. Individuals concerned about specific vaccines or the recommended vaccination schedule who prefer a modified approach to vaccination c. Individuals who ask more questions about vaccines after being vaccinated d. Individuals with objections to all vaccines without exception, including those with religious or philosophic reasons for this position

c

Assume that there has been a terrorist attack at the Valley Fair Mall, a biologic weapon was exploded, a known rapid acting, antidote is available, but there is only enough for one person who has a weakened immune system. However anyone of the 250 people affected with a robust immune system can be saved with appropriate, but urgent, palliative care. Rescue has been delayed by days. A five year old boy and a 65 year old physician are the only two candidates for the antidote. How can you justify giving the antidote to the 65 year old? a. you can't because the 5 year old, if saved, will live longer than the 65 year old b. you can't because the 5 year old will benefit society more in the long run c. you can, because the 65 year old physician can help provide assistance to the 248 people needing help d. you can because respect for senior citizens is more important

c

Childress lists five dimensions of privacy. Which addresses a person's interest in their DNA? a. physical privacy b. relational/associational privacy c. propriety privacy d. informational privacy

c

How did New York City's Health Department's campaign to restrict trans fats from restaurant food compare with its 1-ounce Sugary Drinks Portion Cap Rule a. the portion cap rule was a tremendous success, while the trans fat ban failed b. both the trans fat ban and the portion cap rule failed c. the trans fat campaign was successful, while the portion cap rule failed d. both the trans fat ban and the portion cap rule succeeded

c

In the context of preventing harm to a person unknowingly exposed to a sexually transmitted disease, the Text invokes the notion of a duty to warn. Which legal case was cited addressing this issue? a. Jacobson v. Massachusetts b. Craig v. Boren c. Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California d. NY Statewide Coalition of Hispanic Chambers of Commerce v. NYCity Department of Mental Health and Hygiene

c

Of the three case groups Bayer discussed, which group managed to weaken public health safeguards previously imposed? a. Taxes on cigarettes b. Bans on tobacco advertisements c. Motorcycle riders on the issue of helmets d. Soft drink anti-sugar campaigns

c

One argument against the continued categorization of marijuana as illegal that is often not heard, but which is of public health importance is: a. It is not as addictive as heroin and should not be regarded as such b. It is not as problematic as alcohol c. Illegal production can have adverse environmental effects d. It does not cause as many deaths as cigarette smoking

c

Powers et al believe which field of ethics directly engages the moral relationship between the state and the individual? a. clinical and medical ethics b. bioethics c. public health ethics d. research ethics

c

Steinbock analogizes sex selection to violent pornography, what is her point? a. Pornography is bad and should be banned, sex selection is bad and should be banned b. Pornography shocks the conscience and so does sex selection c. Banning sex selection, like banning pornography, may have little effect if sexism is the root cause of either d. Banning sex selection, like banning photography, will be vey effective in both the short and long term

c

Which amendment to the constitution is invoked in the matter of government speech or the regulation of commercial speech? a. Second b. Fourth c. First d. Fifth

c

The moral prohibition against the intentional killing of another human being is most contested by which of the following: a. capital punishment b. war c. euthanasia d. police response to violent actors

c (all)

If a public health policy, such as quarantine, violates individual liberty the following justificatory conditions identified in the text are ethically acceptable, EXCEPT: a. proportionality b. public justification c. necessity d. convenience

d

If you believed that a particular psychoactive substance should be restricted or banned, which of the following would be the best strategy to gain popular support for your approach? a. Suggest that it is addicting to adults b. Suggest that it is immoral to use it to get high c. Suggest that it causes second hand smoke d. Suggest that it harms children and adolescents

d

In Case I of Chapter 8, several stakeholders were described: the child, the child's family and the public. Which moral claim IS NOT relevant a. the child's expectation of movement and privacy b. the parent's expectation of privacy and parental rights c. the public's expectation that contagious people will protect others d. none of these is not relevant

d

In a Good Society, how doe the state promote wellbeing in its citizens? a. By not imposing particular ways of being healthy b. By supporting their ability to make wise decisions c. By promoting an instrumental, individualistic vision d. A and B e. A and C

d

Jeremy Bentham and Saint Thomas Aquinas disagree about the moral status of nonhuman animals for which of the following: a. saint thomas aquinas believed that it was sinful for man to use nonhuman animals in any way whatsoever b. bentham believe that nonhuman animals did not have a soul, but saint thomas aquinas did c. saint thomas believed that nonhuman animals could be intelligent and sensitive creatures and bentham believed that nonhuman animals are rational d. bentham believed that the capacity to suffer was the dispositive factor in the the moral status of nonhuman animals, while saint thomas believed divine providence granted humans unrestricted use of nonhuman animals

d

Powers et al believe that John Stuart Mill believed that certain liberties may warrant absolute protection against state action; examples of these liberties are: a. liberties of conscience b. liberty rights of expression c. some forms of liberty of conduct d. all of the above

d

Powers et al criticize contemporary libertarians because a. many contemporary libertarians speak of liberties of all sorts as having the same moral standing b. they fail to differentiate some liberties from other liberties c. only those individual choices connected to self-determination merit strong state protection d. all of these

d

Public Health Strategies have reduced smoking in developed countries to 15% by what strategies? a. Imposing higher tobacco taxes b. Graphic health warnings c. Introducing smoke-free policies in public spaces d. All of the above

d

Pulse oximetry screening is used to identify which condition in newborns? a. Primary congenital hypothyroidism b. Hearing loss c. MCAD deficiency d. Critical congenital heart disease (CCHD)

d

Quarantine as an option affects the individual in what manner a. quarantine restricts personal freedom b. quarantine restricts mobility c. quarantine can engender feelings of isolation d. all of these

d

The Principle of Utility a. is about pleasing God b. is about being faithful to abstract rules c. is not about morality d. is about the production of happiness

d

The exercise of public health authority is generally established and delineated in the following EXCEPT: a. statutes b. ordinances c. regulations d. customs

d

The federal government's authority to engage in many activities to promote public health and safety is derived from: a. the US constitution grant to the federal government plenary public health power b. the US constitution grant to the federal government the power to regulate commerce among the states and with the tribes c. the US constitution grant to the federal government the power to tax and spend for the general welfare d. b and c d. only a

d

The following are methods/ criteria identified as rationing strategies for whom should get influenza vaccine during a vaccine shortage: a. Priority based risk b. Lottery c. First-come, first served d. All the above

d

The importance of the Powers et al papers that it offers a justification for the exercise of state authority over public health by contending: a. that public health interventions are more like marketplace regulations than liberty interest b. that public health interventions are similar to consumer product regulation c. that the economic doctrine of free trade invokes the states interest in balancing societal interests in economic efficiency d. all of these e. none of these

d

What forms can health promoting financial incentives take? a. Cash or cash-like rewards b. Vouchers Goods or services) or c. Penalties (e.g. reductions in welfare benefits) d. All of the above

d

What is the ethical significance of information overload in the matter of consent to whole genome or whole exome genetic testing? a. It can lead to misinformed consent b. It can undermine autonomy by confusing the subject c. It is a product of unfiltered information, often in detail and volume d. All of these

d

With regard to organ transplantation, it is asserted: "If we can benefit someone, without harming anyone else, we ought to do so. Transplanting the organs of someone who will die will benefit others." What is the counter argument a. it is wrong to kill one person the save another b. it is wrong to use people as means to there people's ends c. there are no exceptions to the rule killing one person to save another d. all of these

d

According to Holland, citing Christie et al, how do utilitarianism and virtue ethics evaluate the ethics of harm reduction? a. Utilitarianism applies because the point of harm reduction is to achieve the good of reducing harms associated with intransigent behavior b. The Virtue of Compassion applies because abstinence policies seem insensitive to the suffering associated with addictive behavior c. Utilitarianism does not apply because of the greater harm caused by drug use to the larger society outweighs any good that applies to the drug user d. Virtue Ethics would find the behavior of a drug user immoral and anti-deontological; thus, harm reduction would be unethical e. A and B f. C and D

e

Newborn screening information should be provided to parents when? a. During first trimester new obstetric visit b. Later in the pregnancy when other educational information is distributed c. During a discussion of past adverse pregnancy outcomes related to a positive newborn screening test result or birth defect d. Only A and C e. A, B and C

e

Pregnant women who smoke marijuana during their pregnancy most often receive information about perinatal marijuana use from: a. The internet b. Friends or Relatives c. The Pre-natal Clinic Doctor d. Their social worker e. A or B f. C or D

e

"Act so that you treat humanity, whether at your own person or in that of another, always as an end and never as a means only" a. john stuart mill's harm principle b. one formulation (second) of kant's categorical imperative c. jeremy bentham's principle of utility d. john rail's theory of justice

b

A Joint Position Statement on the use of Genome-wide sequencing for fetal diagnosis was made by all of the following EXCEPT: a. The Society for Prenatal Diagnosis b. The American Medical Association Council on Perinatal Medicine c. The Society for Fraternal Fetal Medicine d. The Perinatal Quality Foundation

b

According to Nelson, what is the central purpose of PGD? a. The central purpose of PGD is to facilitate sex selection of a child that a parent prefers over the random selection of nature b. The central purpose of PGD is to reduce the risk of bearing a child with a genetic disease or abnormality that a parent finds unacceptable c. The central purpose of PGD is to detect any diseases, whether or not there is a genetic basis, that a parent finds unacceptable d. The central purpose of PGD is to facilitate the selection of "designer children" with a range of predetermined characteristics such as eye color, IQ, height and certain abiilties

b

In the three cases of Rachels' Chapter 1 which involved the intervention of the Court prior to medical intervention a. baby theresa b. mary and jodie c. tracy latimer d. none

b

"Moral reasons, if they are valid at all, are binding on all people at all times." What is this statement? a. the principle of expectancy b. the requirement of universality c. the principle of uniformity d. the requirement of consistency

d

According to Saxton, what message does the promotion and application of prenatal genetic testing send to disabled people? a. Science is working on curing disabling conditions b. Genetic testing will allow for better therapeutics for those with disabilities c. Disability activists have nothing to worry about prenatal genetic testing d. None of these

d

Alternative vaccination schedules are a good idea because: a. Routinely recommended vaccines only protect against mild diseases b. The current recommendations reflect a "one size fits all" approach to vaccination c. Chickenpox has never been related to significant mortality d. People with autoimmune diseases, transplant recipients and pregnant women benefit

d

Baby Theresa suffered from which condition: a. Y chromosome abnormalities b. cystic fibrosis c. cerebral palsy d. anencephaly

d

Childress discussed the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program in the context of justice and fairness to the victims of adverse vaccine events. He also invoked the European concept of solidarity. Much of Childress' discussion of adverse events and mandatory vaccination is similar to Holland's discussion of what idea? a. Necessity b. Appropriateness c. Arbitrariness d. Reciprocity

d

Public Health Surveillance can be a series of ongoing systematic activities, including collection, analysis, and interpretation of health related data essential to planning and implementing public health practice closely integrated to the dissemination of data to those who need to know and linked to prevention and control. Automated systems linked to laboratory reporting and hospital discharge summaries are efficient means of information exchange, but they also have some moral limitations; they are: a. to the extent that they use personal identifiers, they may by-pass patient consent and encroach on the patient's right to privacy b. to the extent that they by-pass physician approval, they may compromise the clinician-patient relationship, undermining the trust between clinician and patient c. to the extent that they are not linked to sufficient resources to foster change, they may exploit the vulnerable and encroach upon a patient's liberty interest d. a and b only e. a, b, and c

e

Which of the following are critical questions about government communication strategies, according to Bernheim and Bonnie? a. Do they restrict the liberty of action of a consumer? b. Are they an unduly intrusive use of government power to promote healthy behavior? c. Are they grounded in community consent about "ends" of public health d. A and B e. A, B and C

e

Carter cites Cribb's vision of health promotion which focuses on: a. Individual responsibility b. The root causes of ill health and their distribution in society c. A unified concept of the meaning of health in a democracy d. Avoiding making individuals unduly responsible for their health e. A and C f. B and D

f

As a result of a review of Jacobson v. Massachusetts, several principles were deduced regarding compulsory vaccination laws. They are: a. the intervention should not pose a health risk to its subjects b. there must be a public health necessity c. the intervention may not be arbitrary or oppressive d. there must be a reasonable relationship between the intervention and the objective e. a and c f. b and d g. all of these

g

Wilson-Jungner promulgated criteria for conditions being considered for New Born Screening (T/F)

t