Ethos, Logos, Pathos
Illustration
-an extended, detailed narrative example of the idea or statement you wish to support
Statistics
-numbers, ratios, percentages, surveys, polls -make sure they are clear, correct and recent and representative instead of the exception
logos
-persuasion using evidence and reasoning -appeals to the intellect of the audience
Ethos
-speaker credibility -the attitude of the audience toward the speaker
Definition
-used to clarify a term, concept, or proposal
Logical Fallacies
1. hasty generalization 2. false cause 3. invalid analogy 4. bandwagon 5. red herring 6. ad hominem 7. either-or 8. slippery slope 9. appeal to tradition 10. appeal to novelty 11. defective testimony 12. myth of the mean 13. circular reasoning
3 types of ethos
1. initial ethos 2. developed ethos 3. terminal ethos
According to Aristotle, What 3 things must a speaker posses in order to have ethos?
1. knowledge (practical wisdom) 2. virtue (trustworthy and integrity) 3. goodwill (genuine concern for audience)
types of reasoning
1. specific instance (generalization) 2. principle 3. analogy 4. parallel case 5. sign 6. causation (casual reasoning)
Types of evidence
1. statistics 2. definition (explanation) 3. brief example 4. illustation 5.testimony
terms that need defining:
1.equivocal terms (may have 2 meanings) 2. unfamiliar terms 3. vague terms (have no clear cut meaning) 4. technical terms (jargon or specialized terms of a profession) 5. new or coined terms
Ethos =
Competence+character + charisma
Is Ethos absolute and stable for the speaker?
NO -it can change from audience to audience. ** Ethos is in the eye of the beholder
Claim
You claim is your proposition (fact, value, policy) -all claims should be supported with evidence
Testimony
a quote or opinion of either a qualified expert or an ordinary citizen who has first hand experience with the issue
Brief example
a specific instance
initial ethos
based on prior reputation or position
competence
being as well-informed or knowledgeable about your topic
Character
being perceived as being trust worthy, honest and sincere
Charisma
being perceived as likable, confident and forceful
homophily
coming from the same group
Identification
credibility based on alikness with audience
Distinction
credibility based on expertise ( knowledge, skills, or credentials superior to the audience)
Factual illustration
describes in detail a situation or incident that has actually occurred
Developed ethos
formed during speech
Does the audience always have a way of knowing the speaker's true character?
no
background homophily
similarity based on life experiences
attitude homophily
similarity based on likes and dislikes, values, beliefs
demographic homophily
similarity based on social or physical characteristics such as age, sex, height, weight
Hypothetical illustration
tells a story which could have happened or probably will happen
What is Ethos concerned with?
the audience's perception of the speaker's character
terminal ethos of today becomes what?
your initial ethos of tomorrow
