European History
Republic of Malta
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Republic of Venice
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Second Boer War [accept equivalents]
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Sedan
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Seven Years War
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Sicily
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Siege of Leningrad [or 900 Day Siege before mention]
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South Sea Bubble
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Stephen of Blois
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The Tet Offensive
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Willy Brandt [or Herbert Ernst Karl Frahm]
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the Cheka (or VCHEKA, or: All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution and Sabotage)
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the Fronde
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the Maginot Line
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the Peninsular War or the Guerre d'Espagne or the Spanish War or the Guerra de la Indepencia or the Spanish War of Independence
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the battle of Flodden Field
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The First International or International Workingmen's Association
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The First Partition of Poland [prompt on partial answer]
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Thirty Years' War
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Adolphe Thiers
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Aleksandr Fyodorovich Kerensky
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Alexander I
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Alfred Jodl
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Chartism or Chartists
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Council of Constance (prompt on early Sixteenth Ecumenical Council)
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Edward of Woodstock, the Black Prince (accept "Woodstock")
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Emmeline Pankhurst
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Flodden Field
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Hussite Wars
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Lisbon (or Lisboa)
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Nikolay Ivanovich Bukharin
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Novgorod
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Operation Torch [prompt on Allied invasion of North Africa or similar answers]
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Otto I (Otto the Great)
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Peace of the Pyrenees (accept equivalents, e.g. "treaty")
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Peter the Great or Peter I
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Philip II [prompt on Philip]
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Philip II or Philip Augustus or Philippe-Auguste
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Second Siege of Vienna [or Second Battle of Vienna]
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Switzerland
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War of the Devolution
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War of the Three Henrys
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Wends or Veneti
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William Gladstone
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William II or William Rufus
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Zemsky Sobor (accept Assembly of the Land or Landed Council or Zemskiye Sobori).
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the Corn Laws
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the Hanseatic League
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the Treaty of Brétigny
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the White Army
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the red violin
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zemsky sobor
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 Rossum's Universal Robots [or RUR; or Rosumovi Umělà Roboti]
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Blenheim
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Congress of Berlin
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Janos [or John] Hunyadi
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Joseph Paxton
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Juana the Mad (or Juana of Castile or Joanna the Mad or Joanna of Castile)
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Julius II (original name: Giuliano della Rovere)
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July Revolution or Révolution de Juillet or July Days
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Kaiser Wilhelm II [prompt on the Kaiser; prompt on Wilhelm]
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Kalmar Union
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Lithuania
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Schmalkaldic League
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The Communist Manifesto
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The Fifteen (1715)
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indulgences
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Corn Laws
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Desiderus Erasmus
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ETA or Euzkadi Ta Azkatasuna
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Edmund Burke
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Edward
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Benjamin Disraeli (accept 1st Earl Beaconsfield or Viscount Hughenden)
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Civil Constitution of the Clergy
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Bishops' Wars (accept First Bishops War until after Newburn)
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Branganza (or Bragança)
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Battle of Poltava
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Joaquim Murat
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Kingdom of Norway or Kongeriket Norge
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Maria Gaetana Agnesi
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Michael Collins
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New Economic Policy (NEP)
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Nicholas II of Russia [or Nikolai Aleksandrovich Romanov; prompt on Nicholas]
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Peasant Revolts [accept reasonable equivalents, such as Peasant Wars; or Peasant Uprisings; or Popular revolts]
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Peasants' Revolt
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Poland [accept Poland-Lithuania]
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Poor laws [accept workhouses before "Sturges Bourne" is read]
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Popish Plot
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Robert the Bruce
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Robert the Bruce [or Robert I]
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Romania
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Teutonic Knights [accept Teutonic Order]
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Teutonic Knights/Order
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Ulrich Zwingli
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Ulster
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War of Devolution
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William II or Wilhelm II
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William the Conqueror [or William I; or William of Normandy; accept William the Bastard before it is read]
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Windsor (accept Windsor Castle)
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the Peasants' Revolt of 1381 or the Peasants' Rebellion of 1381 [accept English Peasants' War {prompt on Peasants' War}; accept Wat Tyler's Revolt or Rebellion before Wat Tyler's name is read]
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Alfonso or Afonso
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Alfred the Great
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Anne
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Battle of Kursk
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Battle of Solferino
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Beer Hall Putsch
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Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini
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Benjamin Disraeli [or Dizzy]
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Big Bertha
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Catherine II or Catherine the Great
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Copperheads [prompt on Peace Democrats]
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Council of Clermont
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Frederick II
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Frederick II Hohenstaufen
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Gerhardt Leberecht von Bluecher
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Germany [or Deutschland]
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Girolamo/Jerome/Hieronymous Savonarola [do not accept Jordan Boyd-Graber]
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Henry IV or Heinrich IV
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Henry [accept Henry II before "Conrad I" is read]
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Henry the Fowler or Henry I
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Herman Hesse
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Ignatius of Loyola
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Impeachment trial
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(Arthur) Neville Chamberlain
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1956 Hungarian Revolution (prompt on partial answer)
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Georges Clemenceau
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Harold Wilson
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Magyars
They have their origins in a fusion of Ugrian and Chuvash tribes. Employed by the Byzantine Emperor Leo VI in his own battles, they soon waged war with the Pechenegs, forcing them to move west under the leadership of Arpad. Turning to parts further west, they were defeated by Henry the Fowler in 933 and decisively by Otto I at Lechfeld in 955. Thus, they returned to their present day location and set up their own kingdom, which is now at the site of the country formed following the Treaty of Trianon. FTP, name this group that comprises 90% of modern-day Hungary.
Adrian IV [or Nicholas Breakspear; prompt on Adrian]
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Albigensian Crusade [or Cathar Crusade]
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Albrecht (Wenzel Eusebius) von Wallenstein
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Albrecht Wenzel Eusebius von Wallenstein
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Alcuin of York
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Alexander I Pavlovich [prompt on Alexander]
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Antonio de Oliveira Salazar
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David Lloyd George
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Denmark
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Diet of Worms
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Gustavus Adolphus or Gustav II Adolph
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Henry VIII
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Kaiser Wilhelm II
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Lamoraal, the Count of Egmont or Egmond
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Lancelot "Capability" Brown
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Latins
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Latvia
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Michel Ney
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Napoleon Bonaparte [accept either]
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Napoleon II
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Napoleon III
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Pierre Abelard
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Republic of Hungary [or Magyarorszag]
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The Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834 (or PLAA) or the New Poor Law [do not accept Old Poor Law or Poor Law of 1601 or Elizabethan Poor Laws]
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taille (pronounced "ty")
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The Capuchins
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Adrianople
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Hungarian Revolt or Rebellion of 1848
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Hungary or Magyarország
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Iceland
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King George III
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At one point in this battle, troops under General Sacken forced a division under General Dabrowski to flee from Gohlis to Pfaffendorf. This battle was the culmination of the Trachenberg Plan, created by Prince of Sweden Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte. It began as General Kleist attacked Marshal Poniatowski at Markkleeberg. Marshall Murat unwisely used massive columns at Liebertwolkwitz, while at Mockern, Marmont's Sixth Corps was attacked by Russian and Prussian forces under Blucher. For 10 points, name this 1813 victory for the Sixth Coalition, also known as the "Battle of the Nations," which led to Napoleon's abdication and exile.
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Hugh de Lacy was created the first earl of this region by King John. Lough Neagh in the center is the largest lake in the British Isles, surrounded by the mountains of Sperrin, Mourne, and Antrim. Rathlin Island in the north is only ten miles from the Mull of Kintyre in southwestern Scotland. Counties Monaghan, Cavan, and Donegal were separated from the rest of the province at partition. FTP, the remaining six counties of what province make up Northern Ireland?
Zollverein
Initially created in 1834 to protect against post-Napoleonic British industries, it would later serve as a blueprint for the Benelux. Focusing on internal free trade, member states ceded tariff and duties rights to the "Customs Congress", a central authority in which each state had a vote. In 1867, the Congress was superseded by the Bundsrat, which came increasingly under Prussian domination. FTP, identify this German Customs Union, whose policies paved the way for rapid economic development and were incorporated by the unified German Empire in 1871.
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Like another polity under Margaret, this polity was harassed by the pesky Likedeelers, who arose from the defeated Victual Brothers. This polity acquired a London steelyard in a deal brokered with Henry IV at Utrecht. It fought a war with the Netherlands that ended when Christopher of Batavia crushed a peasant uprising, leading to the Treaty of Copenhagen. It set up posts known as kontors, and this polity captured Visby, which led to the signing of the Treaty of Stralsund with Valdemar IV, granting it fifteen percent of Denmark's shipping profits. For 10 points, name this northern European trading alliance.
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Margaret I, daughter of the King of Denmark and wife of King Haakon VI of Norway, defeated the King of Sweden and persuaded the Diets of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden to accept her grandnephew as king of all three nations. FTP, name this Union, which existed from the crowning of Edward of Pomerania in 1397 until it was dissolved by Gustavus I of Sweden in 1523.
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Mounier offered the initial opinion on it; this was seconded by Target and Barnave. Only one delegate refused to sign it, asserting that the representatives and people held political authority. After assembling at the Menus Plaisirs to discuss reforms proposed by the finance minister, the group, led by Abbe Sieyes and Mirabeau, withdrew and formed the National Assembly. Announced by Jean Bailly, it was signed by 577 members of the Third Estate after they were locked out of their meeting hall in the Palace of Versailles. FTP, identify this 1789 document whose signing at the namesake sporting venue marked the beginning of the French revolution.
Boniface
One briefly-ruling pope of this name was murdered by the holder of the Cadaver Synod, Stephen VI. Another pope of this name was a puppet of the Crescentii family who ordered the murders of Benedict VI and John XIV. A pope of this name crowned Ladislaus of Naples and succeeded Urban VI as the opponent of antipope Clement VII. One of them forced the resignation of his predecessor Clement V, and objected to the imprisonment of Bernard Saisset with Ausculta Fili. That pope of this name was imprisoned at Anagni by Guillaume de Nogaret, and he earlier forbade taxation of the clergy in the bull Clericis Laicos as part of his feud with Philip IV of France. For 10 points, give this papal name whose eighth holder asserted the supremacy of the spiritual over the secular with the bull Unam Sanctam.
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Per its terms, one side had to agree to the other's claims that the lobster is a fish. The Nigerian border was delineated in France's favor and spheres of influence in Siam were worked out. As long as Spain's rights were respected, it gave one side a free hand in Egypt and the other free reign in Morocco. Its signing was spurred on by Theophile Delcasse's need for allies and by Edward VII's pro-French attitude. FTP, identify this 1904 agreement between Britain and France whose name implied the polite diplomacy it advocated.
1st Earl of Clarendon or Sir Edward Hyde or Viscount Cornbury or Baron Hyde of Hindon
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Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa
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Cardinal Richelieu (or Armand Jean du Plessis de Richelieu)
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Cardinal Richelieu [or Armand Jean du Plessis]
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Chamberlain
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Ferdinand II of Aragon [or Ferdinand the Catholic; or Ferdinand V of Castile]
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Fianna Fail
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First Battle of the Marne
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First Battle of the Somme
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French Foreign Legion
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French Third Republic
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Friedland
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Friedrich Engels
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Leonid Ilich Brezhnev
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Leopold I Hapsburg
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Pilgrimage of Grace
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The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy or Die Cultur der Renaissance in Italien
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Union of Kalmar
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Ernst Rohm
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Peace of Augsburg or Treaty of Augsburg
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Ivan IV of Russia [or Ivan the Terrible; or Ivan Grozny; or Ivan Vasilyevich; prompt on Ivan]
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Jack the Ripper
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Jacques Barzun
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Jagiellonian dyansty
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Jakob Burckhardt
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James I Stuart (of England) or James VI Stuart of Scotland
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James I [or James VI of Scotland]
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James IV of Scotland
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Arthur James Balfour
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Augsburg
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Austro-Prussian War [or Seven Weeks War; prompt on German War; prompt on Unification War]
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Babington plot
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Barons' War
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Battle [or Bombing, etc.] of Taranto [accept Operation Judgement before it is mentioned]
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Battle of Bosworth Field
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Battle of Bouvines
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Battle of Britain (prompt on the "Blitz")
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Battle of Culloden
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Battle of Flodden Field
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Battle of Flodden Field (or Branxton Hill before mentioned)
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Alma Schindler Mahler Gropius Werfel (either name is ok)
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the Casablanca conference
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Martin Dauch refused to sign, saying that he could not agree to anything that had not been sanctioned by his king, but 577 people immediately agreed to sign it. First proposed by Mounier in response to the closing of the Menus Plaisirs, it was also eventually signed by five members of the clergy, who agreed with its assertion that the group in question should continue meeting until a constitution had been written. FTP, name this agreement signed by members of France's Third Estate on June 20, 1789, when their usual meeting place was locked.
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A student of William Kent, he rejected the Versailles school and emphasized the undulating lines of the English landscape instead of focusing on formal, geometric design. His best known works are the grounds of Harewood House, Glamis Castle, and Blenheim Palace, where he employed his formula of damming rivers to make lakes in order to provide an impression of space. FTP identify this landscape gardener who attained his nickname from the habit of extolling the "capabilities of improvement" in a landscape.
Henry II of England
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Domesday Book
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Edward II (prompt on Edward)
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Edward VI
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Edward the Confessor
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Henry IV or Henry of Navarre or Henry of Bourbon
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Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston
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Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston (accept either)
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John Major
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John Wilkes
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Eleanor of Aquitane [or Eleanor Of Guyenne; or Éléonore D'aquitaine; or Éléonore De Guyenne; or Aliénor D'aquitaine; or Aliénor De Guyenne; prompt on partial answer]
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Emperor or Archduke Maximilian I of Mexico
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Entente Cordial
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Erich Honecker
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Erwin Rommel.
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Este (or Estensi)
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Estonia [or Eesti Varbariik]
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Eugène de Savoie-Carignan or Eugène of Savoy
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Girondins [or Girondists; accept Brissotins before "Brissot" is read] Its Cogge ships helped it gain power in the region, and by 1300 it had established
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Girondins or Girondists or (accept early Brissotins)
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Golden Bull
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Golden Horde (accept Ulus Juchi)
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Henri I (or Henry I)
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Council of Constance
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Council of Pisa
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Accept either Comecon or Council for Mutual Economic Assistance
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Aethelred II, the Unraed (or Aethelred II, the Unready; accept any of the underlined parts subsequent to Aethelred if proceeded by Aethelred)
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Aethelred IIs
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Afonso de Albuquerque, the Great
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A French army of 60,000 was met in Bavaria while aiming to knock Austria out of a European war. The French lost 40,000 men to a combined British-Savoyard force. This began a string of French losses including Oudenard, Ramillies and Malplaquet. FTP, name this 1704 battle, the turning point in both the War of Spanish Succession and the career of John Churchill, later Duke of Marlborough.
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Early in his life, this man built the Miramar Castle near Trieste, and was appointed Governor-General to the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia by his brother. Upon reaching his more famous position of power, he quickly nullified all large debts owed by peasants and banned corporal punishment. In attempt to solidify his position this brother of Francis Joseph I and husband of Carlota adopted the grandson of Augustin de Iturbide, but he was still defeated and killed at Queretaro by the forces of Benito Juarez. For 10 points, name this Habsburg who Napoleon III placed on the throne of Mexico.
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Prior to this battle, Lutzingen was held by the Elector of Bavaria, while Marshal Tallard occupied the titular village. After marching down the Rhine, the British forces joined those of Eugene of Savoy, and on August 13 the Austrians defeated the forces of the Eelctor, while Tallard was forced to surrender to the Duke of Marlborough. FTP, name this 1704 battle of the War of the Spanish Succession, England's first major continental victory since Agincourt.
Against the Grain also accept Against Nature or A Rebours
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Aix-la-Chapelle [or Aachen]
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Alexander II
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Alexander II of Russia [or Aleksander Nikolayevich; prompt on Alexander]
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Alexander III
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Alexander III of Scotland [prompt on Alexander]
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Alexander Nevsky
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Alexander Ypsilanti (or Ypsilantis or Hypsilanti, etc.)
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Alfonso XIII
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Andrea Doria
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Andrey Andreyevich Gromyko
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Battle of Austerlitz [accept Battle of the Three Emperors before it is read]
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Battle of Blenheim
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Battle of Tours or Battle of Poitiers
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Battle of Valmy
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Battle of Verdun
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Battle of Waterloo
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Battle of White Mountain (or Bila Hora)
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Battle of Yorktown [accept Siege of Yorktown]
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Battle of the Bulge (or Battle of the Ardennes before mentioned)
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Bela Kun
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Benjamin Disraeli
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Benjamin Disraeli, First Earl of Beaconsfield
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Berlin Wall [or Berliner Mauer; or Checkpoint Charlie before "Chris Gueffroy"]
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Bishop's War [Accept "Scots War" until the last sentence. Some historians refer to it as the "First and Second Bishop's War" but the first sentence makes it clear what I'm looking for.]
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Bloody Assizes [prompt on "Monmouth Rebellion" before the word "Dorchester"]
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Boris Fyodorovich Godunov
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Borodino
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Bosworth Field
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Bourbon
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Cardinal Jules Mazarin or Giulio Raimando Mazzarino [or Mazarini]
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Cardinal Jules Mazarin or Goulio Raimondo Mazzarino
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Cardinal Richelieu [or Armand-Jean du Plessis de Richelieu, Cardinal-Duc de Richelieu]
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Carlsbad Decrees
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Carolingians
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Catherine Howard
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Charles V (or Charles I)
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Clarendon Code
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Concordat of Worms (do not accept "Diet of Worms" as that name is traditionally attributed to a 1521 meeting concerning Martin Luther)
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Congress of Vienna
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Convention of Gastein
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Decembrists (Decembrist revolt/movement)
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Edward IV of England [or Edward Plantagenet]
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El Escorial
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Elba
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Eleanor
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Elizabeth (I)
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Expedition of the Thousand (accept equivalents)
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Falange (or Falange Espanola, or Phalange, or "Phalanx", also accept Kateeb Party of Lebanon until "blue shirt")
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First Battle of Tannenberg [or Battle of Grünfelde; or Battle of Grunwald]
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Foreign Minister of Austria [accept: Osterreichischer Minister des Ausseren; Osterreichischer Aussminister]
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Franz Joseph I
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Golden Bull of 1356 (or of Charles IV)
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Grand Duchy of Warsaw [or Ksiestwo Warszawskie; or Duche de Varsovie; or Herzogtum Warschau; or Varshavskoi Gerchogstv; prompt on Poland before Nemen is read and don't accept it after]
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Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden (Gustav II Adolf)
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Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden [or Gustav II Adolph]
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Gustavus II Adolphus [or Gustav II Adolf; or Gustavus II]
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Hanseatic League (or Hansa)
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Hanseatic League [or Hansa]
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Hanseatic League or Hansa
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Hanseatic League or the Hansa (or: die Hansetage)
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Harold II or Harold Godwinson
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Heinrich Himmler
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Heinrich Schliemann
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Henry Haversham Godwin Austen
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Henry I (prompt on partial answer and "Lion of Justice")
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Henry I of England [prompt on Henry]
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Henry I or Henry the First
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Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston (accept either name)
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Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston [accept either]
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Henry V
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Henry VII Tudor of England [prompt on Henry Tudor or Henry, Earl of Richmond]
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Henry VII [prompt on Henry Tudor]
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Hugh Capet (prompt partial answer)
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Hugh Montague Trenchard
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Huldreich or Ulrich Zwingli
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Huldrych Zwingli
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Jansenism or Jansenist
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Jean François Champollion (le Jeune)
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Jean-Baptiste Colbert
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Jean-Baptiste Jules Bernadotte [or Charles XIV John; or Karl XIV Johan]
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Jean-Paul Marat
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Jean-Philippe Rameau (ruh-MOH)
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Jethro Tull
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John I [or Janos I; or Juan I; or Joao I]
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John Russell, 1st Earl of Russell, Viscount Amberley of Amberley and Ardsalla
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John of England [or John Lackland]
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John of Gaunt (Prompt on Duke of Lancaster)
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John of Gaunt (who, despite the opinion of the original question writer, is NOT Geoffrey the Fair)
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Josef Goebbels
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Joseph II
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Kaliningrad oblast (prompt on Königsberg before mention)
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Kappel Wars
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Leo
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Ludwig II or Louis II
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Magna Carta (accept Great Charter)
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Maria Theresa
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Order of the Garter
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Otto I or Otto the Great
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Otto I, the Great (accept either underlined part subsequent to Otto as long as proceeded by Otto; prompt on Otto)
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Otto von Bismarck
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Owen Glendower or Owain Glyndwr or Owain ap Gruffudd
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Oxford
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Oxford University
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Paris Commune
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Peace of Bretigny (also accept Peace of Calais before "Calais")
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Peace of Utrecht
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Peace of Westphalia
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Peace/Treaty of Utrecht
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Peace/Treaty of Westphalia
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Peasants' Revolt [or Wat Tyler's Rebellion before mention]
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Peasants' Revolt of 1381 [or the Great Rising; accept Wat Tyler's Rebellion before mention]
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People's Will or Narodnaya Volya
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Pepin III or Pepin the Short or Pépin le Bref
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Pepin the Short or Pepin III
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Peter the Great [or Peter I]
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Peterloo Massacre
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Peterloo Massacre [or Battle of Peterloo]
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Peterloo Massacre [or massacre of St. Peter's Field]
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Petition of Right
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Philip II or Philip of Macedon
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Philip IV of France [or Philip the Fair; or Philip le Bel]
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Philip IV of Spain (or Philip III of Portugal)
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Phoenix Park Murders (accept equivalents, e.g. killings, stabbings, as long as Phoenix Park is mentioned)
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Phoenix Park Murders or Incident
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Pilgrimage of Grace (or Yorkshire Uprising of 1536; accept equivalents for uprising)
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Pisa
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Poitiers or Tours
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Pope Julius II (accept early Giuliano Della Rovere)
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Pope Leo I or the Great (prompt on "Leo")
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Port Arthur
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Portugal
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Potemkin Mutiny
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Pragmatic Sanction
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Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges
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Prague Spring
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Prague Spring [or Praska Jaro]
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Sigismund or Zygmunt
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Simon de Montfort (accept early Earl of Leicester)
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Sinn Féin [do not accept "Irish Republican Army"]
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Sir Francis Galton
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Sir John Major
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Sir Oswald Mosley
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Sir Robert Peel
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Sir Thomas Gresham
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Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill
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Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill
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Sluys
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Spanish Armada or Invincible Armada
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Spanish Inquisition
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Spanish Steps or Spanish Stairs (accept Scalinata di Trinita dei Monti before the word "cathedral")
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St. Albans (accept the Second Battle of St. Albans prior to mention of the first battle)
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St. Ambrose of Milan (or St. Ambrosius)
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St. Augustine of Canterbury
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St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
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St. Francis of Assisi [prompt on Francis; accept San Francesco]
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Stephen I of Blois
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Stone of Scone
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Suleiman I [accept: Suleiman the Magnificent until "the magnificent;" accept Suleiman the Lawgiver; or Suleiman Kanuni, early]
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Suleiman I or Suleiman the Magnificent
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The Secret History or Historia Arcana
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Vichy France
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Vladimir Ilyich Lenin [or Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov]
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Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov [or Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Skryabin]
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War of the Three Henrys (prompt on Wars of Religion)
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Warsaw or Warszawa
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William II [or William Rufus; prompt on William]
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Yevgeniy Primakov
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Zollverein
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tennis court oath (accept equivalents) or serment du jeu de paume
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the Bastille
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the Berlin and Milan Decrees
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the Ciompi
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the Edict of Nantes (or Édit de Nantes)
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the Hanseatic League [or Hansa]
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the Hanseatic League or Hansa
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the Hitler Youth [or Hitlerjugend]
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the House of Bourbon
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the July or Juillet Revolution or Uprising or whatever (prompt on the Revolution of 1830)
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the Paris Commune
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the Peasants' War
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the Prague spring
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the Romanovs
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the Rothschilds
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the Rye House Plot
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the Seven Weeks' War [accept Austro-Prussian War before "Austria" and prompt on it afterwards]
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the South Sea Bubble
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the Spanish Armada (or the Invincible Armada)
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1888 was known as the Year of the Three Emperors in this polity, which was victorious at the battles of Chotusitz and Mollwitz. The first duke of this polity succeeded Frederick of Saxony as the Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights. The first king “of,†rather than “in,†this region was known as “Old Fritz.†It was victorious at the Battle of Sedan, which concluded an 1870 to '71 conflict that it fought against Napoleon III's France. For 10 points, name this German state that was led by Hohenzollerns like Frederick the Great, the nineteenth-century rival of Austria.
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A 1383 siege of this city by the English helped cause a decline which saw its population dwindle from 80,000 to 5,000. Its 140 cemeteries include the tomb of Cornelius Jansen as well as the bodies of many who died in Douglas Haig's Passchendaele Campaign and in an earlier battle which saw the first large-scale use of chlorine gas on the battlefield. FTP, name this Belgian city, near which there were over 850,000 casualties in three battles during World War I.
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A Tunisian legend holds that this man converted to Islam and gave his name to the village of Sidi Bou Said. Taking to heart his mother's words, "I would rather see you dead at my feet than guilty of a mortal sin," he founded the Quinze-Vingt for 300 blind men and purchased the Crown of Thorns and a fragment of the True Cross from Baldwin II. His military exploits included leading an army that captured Damietta, though his brother Robert of Artois was killed and he was taken prisoner after the Battle of al-Mansurah, as recounted by this man's biographer Joinville. A leader of the Seventh Crusade who died on the Eighth Crusade in 1270, FTP, name this long-reigning French monarch, the only one to be canonized.
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A blow to the loyalists in this battle came in the initial skirmishing with the death of John Howard, Duke of Norfolk. Early in the day, the king's forces took a superior position on Ambien Hill to oppose the contender to the crown, who had landed at Milford Haven 15 days earlier. The tide turned with the attack by William Stanley on the king's left flank, after which the king was unhorsed and killed in a bog. Fought on August 22, 1485, FTP, what was this victory for Henry Tudor over Richard III, the final battle of the Wars of the Roses?
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A book by John Appleby discusses events during the reign of this monarch, whose son was married to Constance of Toulouse. This man's elder brother, the Count of Champagne, declined to fight him upon his father's death but he did face resistance from Robert, the Earl of Gloucester. Named the Count of Mortain early in life, he was captured by William de Cahaignes at the Battle of Lincoln, and subsequently imprisoned at Bristol. Despite gaining the blessing of Pope Innocent II, he struggled to defeat a rival aided by Brien FitzCount. He agreed to the Treaty of Wallingford with that rival after the death of his son Eustace. For ten points, name this monarch who ruled England during the Anarchy, as the only member of his royal house, prior to the reign of Henry II.
Portugal
A compulsory youth group in this nation had a uniform of green shirts and khaki pants. Antonio de Spinola's book about this country “and the Future†helped spark a coup here led by the Armed Forces Movement, which then set up the Junta of National Salvation. The PIDE secret police was active in this country during a period where its legislature included a Corporative Chamber. Oscar Carmona became president of this nation after the 1926 revolution. Marcello Caetano's government here followed that of a former economics professor, and was ended by the Carnation Revolution. The Estado Nova was created here under the leadership of Antonio Salazar. For 10 points, name this country earlier ruled by the Braganza family, like its former colony of Brazil.
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A conquest of this place by Ziyadat Allah I saw a sacking of Taormina, after which this place was controlled by the Aghlabid dynasty. The Mamertine mercenaries were brought here by Agathocles, and the Peace of Caltabellotta ended a war fought over this place that involved Charles the Lame and Roger of Lauria. That war began with a revolt led by John of Procida which fought against Charles of Anjou in favor of Peter III of Aragon. In addition to that revolt named for evening prayers, its namesake "Vespers," this place was grouped with Naples in the Kingdom of Two of this city. For 10 points, name this island separated by the Strait of Messina from mainland Italy.
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A definitive study on this engagement was authored by Hugh Cole, who devotes a section to discussing the Losheim Gap. It also stresses the importance of the oft-overlooked Operation Bodenplatte carried out on a holiday and alternately known as Operation Hermann. The clash saw the murder of the Wereth 11, a group of waylaid black soldiers, and courageous stands at St. Vith and Bastogne, which turned the fight and made up for failure to garner intelligence through ULTRA. Anthony McAuliffe became famous for his reply of "Nuts" and Patton for his diary statement that it was "lovely weather for killing Germans." FTP, name this final German offensive of World War II also known as the Battle of the Ardennes.
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A delegation led by the Heavenly Twins and Billy Hughes claimed that a specific clause introduced by Japan into this treaty which prohibited discrimination on the basis of race or ethnicity would destroy White Australia, so it was removed. In this treaty, the Chinese had their own ambitions shot down when Shandong was given to Japan, starting protests in Tiananmen Square on May fourth. Part 13 of this treaty founded the International Labor Organization, which is today an agency of the United Nations. France did not succeed in separating the Rhineland from Germany in this treaty, but did regain one province. For 10 points, name this treaty signed in 1919 in a city famous for its Hall of Mirrors, ending World War I.
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A few minutes before William Fildes was killed, Charles Ethelston took action from Mr. Buxton's house. A year after it took place, Arthur Thistlewood led a group that planned an attack on a party at Lord Harrowby's house, though they were arrested at their house in Cato Street before anyone could be killed. The Earl of Liverpool's government responded to it by passing the repressive Six Acts. It took place on August 16, when an attempt to arrest Henry Hunt went awry and eleven people were killed. FTP, name this event in Manchester at which a crowd gathered to hear a lecture on Parliamentary reform was attacked, a "massacre" of 1819.
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A few years into this war, the Twelve Years' Truce ended, allowing two nations to enter, while another nation joined after signing the Truce of Altmark with Poland. That nation's leader in this war was advised by Axel Oxenstierna and died at the Battle of Lützen. Another side in this war attempted to undo the secularization of church lands by issuing the Edict of Restitution. Commanders for one side in this war were Tilly and Wallenstein, who both fought against Gustavus Adolphus. For 10 points, name this war fought between Protestants and Catholics that resulted in the confirmation of the Peace of Augsburg through its Peace of Westphalia.
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A history of this conflict was published in 1982 by Uta-Renate Blumenthal, and one side was supported by a tract issued by Humbert of Silva Candida entitled Adversus simoniacum. A promulgation banning its central action was issued by Hugh of Die at the council of Autun, and a compromise was supported by Ivo of Chartres in the conflict over it. Paschal III offered to renounce all holdings of the Church in return for the concession of free elections and the abandonment of it. It ended when the first Lateran Council ratified an agreement in which Holy Roman Emperor Henry V renounced use of the ring and crosier. This conflict resulted in the excommunication of Henry IV by Gregory VII, and Henry's subsequent trip to Canossa. For 10 points, identify this conflict ended by the Concordat of Worms, which revolved around whether secular rulers had the power to appoint bishops.
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A key strategy in this battle saw the winning side successfully attack Old Vineyards and implement the "Lion's Leap" maneuver against Pratecky Hill, while many of the losing side's casualties were incurred after fleeing troops made a poorly-chosen dash across the Satschan ponds and drowned. The victorious commander lost only one battalion, at the hands of Grand Duke Constantine's Imperial Guard, and ordered Davout's men into a breakneck march to reach the Southern border of the battlefield. That commander chose the troops under Bernadotte as the elite reserve force, characteristically committing them at the moment of crisis in a charge on the Pratzen Heights. This battle forced the surrender of Venice to the Italian puppet state in the Treaty of Pressburg, and saw the defeat of troops led by Francis II and Alexander I. For 10 points, name this "Battle of the Three Emperors" which saw Napoleon smash the Third Coalition.
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A less significant version of this body was reinstituted at the demands of a force led by Charles Fleetwood, and it was later attacked by John Lambert. John Lilburne's The Legal Fundamental Liberties was a document directed towards William Lenthall who presided over its better known version. Its achievements include the repeal of the Act of Uniformity, and it also passed the Blasphemy Act which targeted Ranters, while its demise arose from the contentious "bill for a new representative." It resulted from the removal of members unsupportive of the decision to execute Charles II, by way of Pride's Purge, and it was forcibly dissolved by Cromwell in 1653. FTP, identify this legislative group which convened between the Long Parliament and the Barebones Parliament.
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A letter found in 1878 shows that this man was not murdered, but rather escaped by killing the gate keeper, changing clothes with a servant, and living at Corfe Castle. He became heir to the throne at a young age after the death of his elder brother, Alfonso. His mother was Eleanor of Castile and he drew the ambivalence of his wife after restoring the Despenser barons to power. She teamed up with Roger Mortimer to depose him and he was later imprisoned at Berkeley Castle. Supposedly killed by a hot copper wire inserted in his anus, this is, FTP, what Plantagenet king, the subject of a Christopher Marlowe play and the effeminate son of Edward Longshanks?
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A little more than a month after it took place, Sir John Clifford was killed at the battle of Ferrybridge. About three weeks before it took place the young Earl of March won a victory at Mortimer's Cross, where Owen Tudor was killed. The winning army at this battle surprised the loser when it came from the direction of Dunstable, allowing Margaret of Anjou's forces to defeat the Earl of Warwick and capture Henry VI. In addition to that battle fought on February 22, 1461, this site saw the death of the Duke of Somerset on May 22, 1455. FTP, name this town in Hertfordshire that was the location of two battles during the Wars of the Roses, one of which was that war's first battle.
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A major engagement in this conflict saw both armies attack from unfavorable ground, partly due to a faux pas by the Ritter von Benedek, and was followed by a pact at Mikulov. A secondary theater in this war saw one side expelled from Venetia. It was fomented in part by bitterness over the Treaty of Olmütz. The Treaty of Prague concluded this war shortly after its decisive battle, Moltke's victory at Königgrätz, and awarded Schleiswig-Holstein to Bismarck's Prussia. FTP, name this 1866 war that saw the defeat of Austria and a German confederation in a very short period of time.
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A man from this city founded the Camaldolese offshoot of the Benedictines; that man, Saint Romualdo, is often known by a name reflecting his origin here. The Corsini Canal connects this city to the Adriatic Sea, which is today five miles away. Formerly, it was a thriving port, in its heyday replacing Misenum as the station of the imperial Roman fleet. This city-state was dominated in the late Middle Ages by the Polenta family, who welcomed the exiled Dante Aligheri from Florence to this capital of Romagna. Its San Vitale basilica still contains a mosaic series of Justinian and Theodora's court, representing its time as the capital of Byzantine Italy. FTP, name this city to which the Western emperors moved after ruling from Milan, which then became the seat of power for the Gothic kingdom of Italy.
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A member of this family with the epithet The Fearless got captured after the Battle of Nicopolis when he traveled to Hungary to fight the Turks in the Burgundian Crusade. Anthony I became the first ruler of this line to claim the title of Duke of Brabant, while female members of this line included a Duchess of Burgundy known as Mary the Rich. The first significant ruler of this dynasty put down a revolt in Flanders, culminating in the massacre at the Battle of Cassel, and suffered a defeat of his navy at Sluys at the outbreak of the Hundred Years War. For 10 points, identify this dynasty founded by Phillip VI, which came to power after the Capetians in France.
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A morning fog at this battle concealed the initial advance of St. Hilaire and Vandamme. The attackers' disastrous plan to attack the defenders' purposely weakened right flank was designed by Weyrother, and it allowed Soult to lead a charge straight up the opponents' center, taking the Pratzen Heights from Kutuzov. Its aftermath saw the creation of the Confederation of the Rhine after the Treaty of Pressburg dissolved the Holy Roman Empire. For 10 points, name this battle in which a joint force under Francis II and Alexander I was defeated by Napoleon, also called the Battle of the Three Emperors.
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A person by this English name who was a canonized member of the Portuguese royal family settled a dispute between Afonso IV of Portugal and Alfonso XI of Castile, earning her the nickname "Peacemaker." Italian anarchist Lugi Leccheni killed another one, who was the queen consort to Franz Josef in Austria. Another woman of this name made the Golden Speech, put down a rebellion by her servant Robert Devereux, and mandated use of the Book of Common Prayer by the Act of Uniformity, several decades before she was targeted by the Spanish Armada. FTP, name this successor of Mary I and daughter of Henry VIII, who never married.
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A powerful influence in this man's formative years was his tutor, Adrian of Utrecht, later Pope Adrian VI. His reign was plagued in part by the revolts of the comuneros and the North German states. The son of Philip the Handsome and Joanna the Mad, he ended French hegemony in Italy with his defeat of Francis I at Pavia, but in his last years tried to stave off debt by having his son Philip II wed Mary I of England. Reigning from 1519 until his 1556 abdication, FTP, who was this Holy Roman Emperor?
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A rural phase of this movement ended with John Litster's defeat by troops under Henry le Despenser, the bishop of Norwich. Archbishop Simon of Sudbury and treasurer Robert Hales were beheaded during this event, which also destroyed the palace of John of Gaunt. Artists and villeins joined it in protest of a maximum wage set by the Statute of Laborers, and negotiations at Mile End led to promises for free trade and an end to serfdom, but in a subsequent confrontation at Smithfield, William Walworth, the mayor of London, killed its leader. FTP, the end to increases in the poll tax was the only lasting accomplishment of what 1381 uprising led by Wat Tyler?
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A smear campaign was conducted against him by Richard Pigott, who linked him with the murder of Thomas Henry Burke. For his opposition to the Coercion Bill, he was ejected from the House along with 34 of his followers. Shortly thereafter, the "No Rent" manifesto proclaimed his Land League illegal. Ironically, he was then forced, by Lord Salisbury's majority, to ally himself with Gladstone. However, it all came crashing down when his affair with Kitty O'Shea was revealed. FTP, name this Irish statesman who fought for Home Rule throughout the 1880s.
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A splinter faction of this group was captured by a ship known as The Brindled Cow, commanded by Simon of Utrecht. That faction was led by a man named for the fact that he could drink four liters of beer without ever taking his mouth from a beaker. They had their base at the city of Visby, but, after it was captured, many of their members became known as Likedeelers and allied themselves with East Frisian tribesmen. Financed by the Hanseatic League prior to the creation of the Kalmar Union, this organization formed largely as a result of war between Albert of Mecklenburg and Queen Margaret I in 1392. For 10 points, name this maritime guild of pirates in the Baltic, whose name derives from the fact that they supplied food and other provisions to cities.
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A standoff between the navies of this country and the United States during a hurricane at Apia left over a hundred dead. A rebellion in one of this country's colonies was led by Kinjikitile Ngwale and was known as the Maji Maji rebellion. In 1897, this country seized territory, including Tsingtao, that would later be given to Japan in the Shandong settlement. One of this country's colonies saw the Battle of Waterberg, which led to the Herero and Namaqua genocide. One of this country's leaders gave up Zanzibar in return for a narrow piece of land giving access to the Zambezi river, the Caprivi strip. For 10 points, name this country that colonized Nauru, Togoland and Cameroon, as well as Tanganyika and the future Namibia, all of which it lost by the Treaty of Versailles.
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A story about this figure's death says he was overcome with fever at Ather and asked for cold water, and when a native told his men that a cold spring was at a town called Jerusalem, he knew he was prophesied to die there. That story appears in a work about his deeds by the monk Geoffrey Malaterra. This man's older half-brother Drogo gave him a castle at Scribla, while his younger brother Humphrey joined him in battle against Pope Leo IX at the Battle of Civitate. Soon after that, he reconciled with the Papacy and was invested as duke at the Council of Melfi. More famously, he won the Battle of Dyrrachium in 1081 over the force of Alexius Comnenus, and took an epithet meaning "the clever." For 10 points, name this son of Tancred de Hauteville, a knight from Normandy who became duke of Apulia.
Acre
A successful attack on this city, launched from a camp named Toron, was aided by early relief from James of Avesnes and "the fleet of Danemark". Another siege of this city saw large bounties given to men who were able to break off pieces of its Tower of the Flies and the Accursed Tower, which saw the transfer of troop command to Hugh III after Philip Augustus abandoned that siege. Gregory X attempted to relieve some defenders of this city which ultimately fell to Al-Ashraf Khalil, while an earlier siege was started by the newly released from prison Guy de Lusignan. After the fall of this city in 1291, the office of the King of Jerusalem moved to Cyprus. For 10 points, name this port city in the Holy Land successfully besieged by Richard I in the early days of the Third Crusade.
The Fronde
Abel Servien was charged with disrupting the finances of many of the major players in this conflict. Spanish intervention in this conflict was led by the archduke Leopold Wilhelm and successfully resisted at Guise by the Duke of Choiseul. That commander's greatest victory came at the Battle of Blanc-Champ in spite of a dispute between the Picardie regiment and the Gardes francaises that gave Turenne an opening. That battle, also known as Rethel, was decisive in the second, or Prince's phase of this conflict; the peace of Rueil finished the Parlement's phase after the Peace of Westphalia freed the Prince de Conde's army to rush to the aid of Anne of Austria and Cardinal Mazarin. For 10 points, name this French civil war beginning in 1648 which plagued the early reign of Louis XIV and takes its name from a child's sling.
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According to legend, it was removed from Egypt by Goidel, grandson of Pharoah Cingris. Believed to be the rock that was Jacob's Pillow when he dreamed of an heavenly ladder, it was known as the Lia Fáil to the Irish, but it was taken to the Dál Riada capital, now Dunstaffnage, Argyll, in the 6th century by Fergus Mac Erc. Eventually stolen by England's Edward I, for 10 points, what is this stone that rests beneath the English coronation throne?
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According to one account, the men involved in this incident ate food from the same dish as the dogs, who then refused to eat from that dish. The family of one of the men involved was said to be cursed to always have either too much or too little water, and a legend about another of the men involved claims that he founded the McMahon family in Ireland. Edward Grim was wounded during this incident. Its target had opposed the marriage of the Count of Poitou to Isabel de Warenne, which may have led Richard Brito to participate in it. After learning that the Scottish king favored hanging them, the perpetrators took shelter at Knaresborough before surrendering and performing penance at Black Mountain. This event was inspired by an off-the-cuff remark asking for "someone to rid me of this pesky priest," which Brito, William de Tracy, Hugh de Moreville, and Reginald Fitzurse took seriously. For 10 points, name this event in which four Norman knights supposed that Henry II wanted a certain Archbishop of Canterbury dead.
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According to one legend this king, like his grandfather, still resides in the Kyffhauser Mountains in Thuringen. After marrying Yolande, the princess of Jerusalem, he became king upon her death. This happened after he led the Sixth Crusade, which was partly a consequence of Pope Gregory IX having excommunicated him for delaying a year earlier. His delay had been caused by resistance from the Lombard League originally formed against his namesake grandfather. FTP, name this Holy Roman Emperor from 1215 to 1250, the grandson of Frederick Barbarossa.
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Accused of corruption by Hilaire Belloc and G. K. Chesterton in the political weekly The Eye-Witness, he defended the "people's budget" in the Limehouse speech and proposed national health insurance for Britain. Kept off the HMS Hampshire mission to Russia by his involvement in Irish affairs, he succeeded Lord Kitchener at the War Office, a step up from his previous post eliminating the shell shortage as minister of munitions to the coalition government. His willingness to negotiate for Irish Home Rule was considered "surrender" by his Tory colleagues, but was perfectly consistent with his earlier advocacy for the rights of the Boers. FTP, name this Welsh successor to Herbert Asquith, the British representative at the 1919 Paris peace conference.
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Actions perpetrated by one side of this conflict prompted the formation of the Fawcett Comission. General Penn Simons was killed in a successful attack against the enemy's elevated position in the opening Battle of Glencoe. The victorious side suffered initial defeats at Stormberg and Colenso in a period known as the Black Week, and hundreds of Imperial Troops were also lost on a day known as Bloody Sunday. After winning at Paardeberg, Field Marshal Roberts lifted the sieges of Ladysmith and Mafeking, while the latter half of this conflict saw Lord Kitchener employ scorched-earth tactics against the namesake group. Concluding with the Treaty of Vereiniging, identify, for 10 points, this war lasting from 1899 to 1902, a conflict between British forces and a certain Afrikaans-speaking people in South Africa.
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Adhemar, bishop of Le Puy, was the papal legate assigned to this event. He traveled with the largest contingent, raised by Raymond of Toulouse, who led his forces across northern Italy and into Dalmatia, where they clashed with the Byzantines. One branch lost a quarter of its men looting Hungary under the leadership of Walter the Penniless and Peter the Hermit. Alexius I's envoy to the Council of Piacenza would have preferred veterans capable of reversing the verdict of the Battle of Manzikert. FTP, the success of this movement was led by Godfrey of Bouillon and sanctioned by Pope Urban II at the Council of Clermont.
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After Anne turned on Conde (kon-day) and he was defeated, the second one came to an end. The first had ended with the Peace of Rueil and both featured rampant pamphleteering against policies instituting intendants and the compulsory raising of revenue for the war against Spain. The one of the Parlements is usually seen as a reaction against Richelieu, while the latter, named the Prince's, sought to curb Mazarin's power. FTP identify this series of disturbances which took its name from the sling of a children's game and rocked France from 1648-1653.
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After World War II, this city's suburbs were organized into the Five Finger Plan, upon which the suburban railroads were built. Despite having a natural namesake harbor, it remained outside of the Hanseatic League for centuries, developing its own network of maritime commerce. In later years, the Swedes, British, and Germans all attacked the city, but none of these attacks yielded any permanent change. Districts in this city include the Vesterbro and Frederiksberg, and the Amalienborg Palace, home to the Glücksburg royal family. Located on the islands of Zeeland and Amager, for 10 points, name this largest city in Denmark, its national capital.
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After a meeting with Traugott von Jagow, this agent may have received training for a certain profession, for which purpose Georges Ladoux later recruited this agent. Henry Wales reported on the death of this person, which came after an interrogation by Pierre Bouchardon and was done by firing squad. This person adopted a Malay name that meant "eye of the day" as a stage name. This person was given the codename Agent H21 before choosing to work for the French, leading to her arrest as a double agent. For 10 points, name this Dutch woman executed during World War I for espionage, who also worked as an exotic dancer.
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After a rival invaded Baden and captured and shot the Duke of Enghien, this man joined an alliance in which the British agreed to pay 1.25 million pounds per 100,000 soldiers he raised. This signer of the Treaty of Chaumont and the protocol of Troppau, tutored in his youth by La Herbe, cracked down on the University of Vilna after his forces arrested Adam Mickiewicz. Baroness von Krudener influenced his plan for a Holy Alliance, and after his death, a battle between supporters of his brothers Constantine and Nicholas led to the Decembrist Revolt. For 10 points, name this man who used a scorched-earth policy and "General Winter" to defend Russia as tsar from 1801 to 1825.
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After catching a cold during a balloon ascent he was forced to end his service in the Franco-Prussian War, after which he was reprimanded by the duke of Cambridge because his service was a violation of British neutrality. He was shot in the jaw during his campaigns against the slave trader Osman Digna, while his image as a "man of destiny" was forwarded by a popular book written by G. W. Steevens. It was rumored that he was not dead but sleeping in a cave in the Hebrides after the HMS Hampshire, which was taking him on a secret mission to Russia, was sunk by a German mine in 1916. Named Secretary of State for War during the Asquith ministry, a recruitment campaign using his image saw three million people enlist, including a million volunteers who comprised his namesake army, which was also called the "New Army." He was serving as sirdar of the Egyptian army when he won a victory at Omdurman and met Captain Marchand at Fashoda. FTP, name this general, who also led British forces to victory in the Boer War.
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After centuries of revolts, such as the Thokoly Uprising, limited autonomy for what is now this country was guaranteed in the Augsleich.This country's Nazi puppet government was led by the Arrow Cross Party, and in 1919 it was briefly led by the Soviet-style government of Bela Kun. Much of its territory was lost in the Treaty of Trianon, and under Imre Nagy (NAJ), this nation made a failed attempt to leave the Warsaw Pact in 1956. The medieval ancestor of this modern-day country was founded by Stephen I, leader of the Magyars. FTP, name this country which was nominally joined with Austria before World War I.
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After defeating a revolt led by Conrad the Red, this ruler allied the crown with the Catholic Church, greatly increasing royal power. He married Edith and Adelaide, whom he rescued from a marriage with Berengar II, and had three children, one of whom reigned after him. This king also defeated the Magyars in the Lechfeld in 955. FTP, identify this son of Henry the Fowler crowned emperor in 962 by John XII, often considered the first Holy Roman Emperor.
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After finding out that he was chosen as the new Pope while on a mission to Gaul, he worked to suppress heresy, especially extreme forms of monophysitism. The Council of Chalcedon, which he summoned, accepted his teachings that Christ is both fully divine and fully human, both incarnated in an historical person, as ultimate truth. The following year, in 452, he personally convinced Attila and the Huns not to sack the city of Rome. FTP name this doctor of the church and pope from 440 to 461.
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After initial negotiations failed, William Bentinck, earl of Portland, and the Marshal Boufflers drew up terms. Though the French surrendered Freiburg, Breisach and Philippsburg to Germany and Lorraine to Leopold Joseph, they kept Strassburg. It provided for Savoyard independence as well as Dutch garrisons at Namur and Ypres. Restored French and Spanish possessions to their holders at the time of the Treaty of Nimwegen in 1679, Louis XIV promised to end his assistance to James II and allow the succession of William III as king of England. For 10 points, name this 1697 treaty ending the War of the Grand Alliance.
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After it captured the "Red Hill," its opponents discovered that Colonel Lundkvist was a traitor. Its leaders complained about the inadequate naval support given them by Admiral Cowan after it failed to accomplish a major objective. Its northwestern wing attempted a march on the capital but was stopped at Pulkovo, a year after its most competent commander died at Ekaterinodar. After losing a last stand at Oryol, its commander, Denikin, fled to France and gave control to Peter Wrangel, who quickly led its remnants to exile in camps around Constantinople. First organized by Mikhail Alekseyev, it achieved its greatest success under the leadership of Kornilov, who was able to unite such disparate opposition groups as the Czech Legion, Kadets, churchmen, royalists, and Mensheviks. FTP, name this force defeated by the Bolsheviks in the Russian Civil War.
Adolf Hitler
After previously hearing of an opposing plan proposed at the Hanover Meeting, this leader proposed a twenty-five point plan at the Bamberg Conference. This leader decided to abandon both the Madagascar Plan and Nisko Plan in favor of a plan which would better achieve the ideals of not feeding the hungry, not hydrating the thirsty, and not clothing the naked. Hans Ritter von Seisser and Otto von Lossow put down a rebellion led by this leader, and he consolidated power by executing Operation Hummingbird. The Beer Hall Putsch and Night of the Long Knives both occurred during this leader's reign. For 10 points, name this demonic German leader who published Mein Kampf before executing six million Jews during the Holocaust by the end of World War II.
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After the convention moved to Birmingham some of its leaders like John Collins were arrested, more serious violence followed, however, after the "physical force" party staged an armed rising in Newport. But it was Feargus O'Connor's charismatic championing of the six points originally drafted by London radical William Lovett that represented the most well known arm of this reform movement. FTP name this working class movement that took its name from a bill drafted in 1838.
Poland
After the death of Sigismund II Augustus, the last of the Jagiellonian line, the nobles in this nation elected Henry of Valois, the future Henry III of France, as king. Later elected rulers included members of the Swedish Vasa line, and from 1674 to 1696 the great hetman John III Sobieski, who defeated the Turks seizing Vienna in 1683. For 10 points, name this nation which continued electing kings until it was partitioned out of existence.
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After the purges of the 1930s he joined the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs as head of the U.S. division. He subsequently became counselor at the Soviet embassy in the U.S, and went on to serve as his country's ambassador to Great Britain and the United States. A skilled negotiator, he attended the conferences at Dumbarton Oaks, Yalta, and Potsdam, and was made deputy premier in 1983. FTP, identify this Soviet leader, who was named president of the USSR in 1985, only to resign three years later so that Mikhail Gorbachev could assume the title, and who also served as foreign minister from 1957 to 1985.
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After this battle there were too many prisoners for the winning army to handle, so the losing army was allowed to walk away on the provision that they file past the victorious king with their hats in their hands. The eventual victors in this battle began by firing a cannon twice from Hermansberg Hill to signal a charge, which was aided by a blizzard that blinded the opposing army. After they ran out of ammunition, the charging soldiers under General Rehnskiöld surprised their opponents by charging at them with swords. After the collapse of the losing army's center, which was commanded by the Duke of Croy, the cavalry attempted to retreat across the Neva river but were killed when their pontoon bridge collapsed. FTP, name this battle fought on November 20, 1700, in which Russian forces were defeated by King Charles XII of Sweden during the Great Northern War.
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After this battle, representatives of both sides assembled at the cottage of a weaver at Donchery. This battle saw the victorious general divide his troops into three groups, allowing them to encircle the opposing force. After their commander had been wounded, the losers at this battle under General Ducrot attempted to break out of this encirclement by a retreat to the town of La Monchelle. In the prelude to this battle, the army of Chalons had lost the Battle of Beaumont, while attempting to help the besieged General Bazaine at Metz. Because the losing forces did not totally capitulate, the eventual victors would go on to lay siege to Paris. Resulting in the capture of Napoleon III, for ten points, name this 1870 victory for von Moltke and the Germans, the climactic battle of the Franco-Prussian War.
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After winning the battle of Novi Sad, also known as Petrovaradin, this man ordered Belgrade to be fortified. That victory led to the exchange of Oltenia and the fortress of Temesvar through the treaty of Passarowitz. Fourteen years earlier, this man had fought against his own cousin, Louis-Joseph, Duke of Vendome, at the battle of Cassano. A decisive victory he won on the Tisa River against Mustafa II led to the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699. FTP, name this victor at the battle of Zenta, who served at Oudenarde, Malplaquet, and Blenheim during the War of the Spanish Succession, one of the greatest generals to serve the Austrian Hapsburgs.
Decembrists
Aleksandr Benckendorff was charged with hunting them down, and many had been members of the Union of Salvation and the Union of Welfare. Five of them were officially executed including Pavel Pestel who organized the Southern Society and the poet Kondraty Ryelev who hoped that his Northern faction's refusal to support Nicholas I's ascension would spark an uprising that would leave Prince Trubestkoy as dictator. FTP identify this mostly upper-class group of Russian revolutionaries whose 1825 rebellion failed and who are named for the month in which their aborted operations took place.
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Along with Winston Churchill and John Simon, he was the one of three people to sit in the British Cabinet during both World War I and II. After making a fortune by amalgamating the entire cement industry in Canada, he moved to Britain, became active in politics, and acquired the Daily Express and Evening Standard. In these mass-market papers, he championed free trade and the British empire. FTP name this press baron and politician.
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Along with men like Thomas Bilney and Robert Barnes he was dubbed a "little German," but a chance encounter at his father's house at Waltham catapulted him out of academic obscurity. He resided at Durham Palace for a while and was named deacon of Taunton, but when Stephen Gardiner fell out of favor he was tapped for the position that made him famous. He was responsible for the Book of Homilies, a set of 42 articles, and drawing up the Book of Common Prayer. FTP identify this first protestant archbishop of Canterbury who was burned at the stake in 1556.
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Although he entered the Seven Week's War on Austria's side, he soon signed an alliance with Prussia. Along with his minister Chlodwig, he worked to unite Germany against Napoleon III, but when his letter to the German Princes failed to unite the feuding houses, he turned increasingly to his extravagant private pursuits. In the early 1880s is ineffectiveness caused Prince Luitpold to be named regent. He was declared unfit to rule and removed to Schloss Berg. Three days later he and his physician, Bernhard von Gudden, were found drowned in the Starnberger Sea. FTP identify this King of Bavaria, the son of Maximilian II, best known for his patronage of Wagner and the construction of the castles Linderhof and Neuschwanstein.
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Although the bishop of Constance rejected his petition to allow priests to marry, he went ahead and married Anna Reinhart anyway. He argued that non-Christian sages such as Socrates were also inspired by the Holy Spirit in his Commentary on True and False Religion, and at the Marburg Colloquy he disputed the meaning of the Lord's Supper with Luther. Two years later, he took a spear to the stomach and was killed at the battle of Kappel. FTP, name this Protestant leader, whose 67 articles were adopted by the Council of Zurich.
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Among his chief works was the apology for Christianity, "Compendium revelationum," which was later placed on the Index. This man came to power as head of the party known as the "Weepers," for their complaints about the lack of morality in their time. His followers lit two major "bonfires of the vanities," the second of which followed his conviction for heresy. Welcoming Charles VIII into his city, he hoped for French reform of what he believed to be the corrupt court of Pope Alexander VI. FTP, name this figure who was hanged and burned in 1498, the Dominican friar that ruled Florence after the exile of the Medici.
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Among his military reforms was the conscription of every young man in his country for a commitment of twenty years. He employed innovative squadrons with a core of two companies of pikemen and a company of musketeers on each flank. After defeating his cousin, Zygmunt III, he was free to concentrate on the continent. This son of Charles IX did so to the dismay of Graf von Tilly at in Pomerania and at Breitenfeld. FTP, name this man killed at Lutzen, the Swedish monarch during the first half of the Thirty Years' War.
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Among of the winners of this conflict one might number Poland, who briefly obtained a dictatorship in Moscow under Vladislav and a favorable treaty with Russia in the Peace of Polyanov. Losers might include Denmark, whose king Christian IV lost an eye at the battle of Kolberger Heide and later had to sign the humiliating Peace of Lubeck that stripped it of international power. Spain was also a loser as it resulted in the indepenence of the United Provinces. FTP, name this decades long war whose big winners included France, Spain, and Protestants, who were granted major concessions by the Peace of Westphalia?
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Among the infighting that beset this dynasty was a bitter feud between Queens Brunhilda and Fredegunde, while its lesser-known kings included Guntram and Sigebert I. Its later rulers where known as "idle kings", as all of its rulers after Dagobert I relinquished political control to Mayors of the Palace. This dynasty is typically dated back to the Battle of Soissons in 486, when Clovis defeated the last Roman ruler of Gaul, and it officially ended around 750 upon the ascension of Pepin the Short, the father of Charlemagne. For 10 points, name this medieval Frankish dynasty that preceded the Carolingians.
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Among the leaders of the movement that drafted this document were John Fitz Geoffrey and Roger Mortimer, two leaders of the April Confederation, some of whose leaders were also members of the Mad Parliament. Designed to stay in effect for twelve years, John Mansel and Hugh Bigod were among the four who given the power to appoint a fifteen-member council established by this document, which was ultimately annulled by the Dictum of Kenilworth, and before that bythe Mise of Amiens. Drafted as a reaction to Henry III's incompetent rule by a baronial council, and temporarily replaced by a similar document named for Westminster, for 10 points, name this 1258 document, England's first written constitution.
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Among the minor participants in this event were Pedro Gómez Labrador and Richard Trench, while the Iroquois Confederacy also played a minor role. Some minor consequences of the event were the transfer of control of the Seychelles and Olivenza, but it is perhaps better known for establishing the Kingdom of Hanover and condemning the slave trade. This event was responsible for guaranteeing the neutrality of Switzerland, a provision promoted by Charles Pictet de Rochemont. Castlereagh and Talleyrand were, for ten points, part of which conference that established the Concert of Europe, chaired by Metternich?
Pirenne thesis
Among the nine main reasons its formulator laid supporting it were the observations that tax collection was disorganized and lending money at interest was prohibited. Its formulator also argued on behalf of the significant achievements of Cassiodorus and particularly Boethius. Britain was exempted from it as was Venice due to their isolation and multiple trade routes respectively. It was introduced in the book Medieval Cities and became crystallized in its formulator's follow-up Mohammed and Charlemagne. Arguing that the break with antiquity and the decline of Western civilization was due not to Germanic invasions but the advance of Islam, for 10 points, identify this theory of European development named for the Belgian historian who proposed it.
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Among this group's earliest Presidents were John Sweetman and Edward Martyn, while it was led between 1937 and 1950 by Margaret Buckley. It has an influential youth wing known as Ógra, while one mainstream group that traced its origins to this party was the Democratic Left of Proinsias de Rossa. It was founded under Arthur Griffith, and in 1969 this party was split into a Marxist-leaning Workers' Party and an "unofficial" arm that has been led by Gerry Adams since 1983. Despite its popularity, it left mainstream politics in 1926, when Eamon De Valera left this party to form Fianna Fail. With a name meaning "We Ourselves", for 10 points, name this political arm of the Irish Republican Army.
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An RAF volunteer in 1917, he survived an airplane crash during his first flight and being hit by a bus during a London blackout. His political career began with the Canadian Department of External Affairs as First Secretary, and he later became Canada's first ambassador to the U.S. Elected to Parliament for Algoma East as a Liberal, he served in St. Laurent's cabinet and led the Liberal opposition during the Diefenbaker years. His own government was responsible for universal medicare. FTP, name this Canadian Prime Minister best remembered for his role in the Suez Canal crisis.
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An ancient archaeological site in this modern-day country is a complex network of two-rut tracks named after the London rail station Clapham Junction. Another archaeological site in this country's Xaghra plateau was destroyed after being excavated by Otto Bayer, and survives only in drawings by Charles de Brochtroff, while its Ggantija Temple is a UNESCO World Heritage site. Margaritus of Brindisi was the first Count of this place. The storming of Fort St. Elmo was one of the key actions in the "great siege" of this place by a group that settled here at the behest of Charles V, and this archipelago contains Comino and Gozo. For 10 points, name this place where the Knights Hospitaller battled the Turks after failures at Rhodes and Cyprus, with a modern-day capital at Valletta.
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An apocryphal story about this battle says that, at one point, the losing side's commander took a battleaxe and split open the . skull of his own general, Lord Wenlock, for being too timid or traitorous to provide support. As a result, much of that army under command of men like the earl of Devon and John Beaufort were pushed back to the "Bloody Meadow," where they were slaughtered. That army had initially landed at Weymouth but soon discovered that the earl of Warwick had just been killed at the Battle of Barnet. Sir John Langstrother and the main commander, the Duke of Somerset, were among those in the losing camp who took refuge at the namesake abbey only to be removed and executed. Margaret of Anjou was captured in the aftermath of, FTP, what 1471 battle during the Wars of the Roses, a victory for the Yorkists under Edward IV which soon resulted in the death of Henry VI?
La Rochelle
An important center of trade and commerce, this was the port from which Jacques Cartier left France in 1608. Eighteen years later the French constructed a dyke across its harbor in order to prevent English aid from arriving after its citizens rebelled. One of the places de szretZ established by the Edict of Nantes, Cardinal Richelieu led the siege of this city, which was finally captured by the royalists in 1627. FTP name this Protestant stronghold in western France.
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An uprising in this locale against Joseph Radetzky was known as this city's "Five Days." The Diet of Roncaglia was called after a defeat of this city, though forces from here would later win the Battle of Legnano. The Treaty of Campo Formio recognized it as capital of the new Cisalpine Republic under Napoleon. Charles VIII of France was encouraged to invade Italy by a ruler of this city whose swarthy complexion resulted in him being called "Il Moro," and it was home to a coalition that fought Frederick Barbarossa, the Lombard League. For 10 points, name this city whose Duchy was established by the Visconti family and later ruled by Sforza family.
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Appointed director of the charitable Pio Albergo Trivulzio in 1771, and honorary lecturer at the University of Bologna by Pope Benedict XIV in 1749, this philosopher published Instituzioni analitiche ad uso della gioventù italiana ("Analytical Institutions for the Use of Italian Youth") in 1748. FTP, what Italian, better known as a mathematician, is better known for the versiera, or versed sine curve, is known in English as a "witch"
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Arguments in favor of it were presented by Farby in the legislature, where it was opposed by J.M. Thomas and Pierre Cot. Its design was based in large part on the Metz-Thionville Rings as well as earlier constructions developed ad hoc during the Battle of Verdun. It was ultimately circumvented with the Fall Rot and Fall Gelb operations, which pushed over the Somme and Aisne Rivers and through the Ardennes forest, respectively, and turned against its constructors by the Nazis. Named for the War Minister who championed it, FTP, name this massive series of fortified defenses along France's eastern border.
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As Vice-President of the State Committee for Defense during WWII he intensified Soviet armament production, and after Stalin's death briefly shared power with Khrushchev, Molotov, and Malenkov, but was soon accused of conspiracy and shot after a mock trial. In 1931, he became political head of the Transcaucasian republics, the culmination of a series of leadership positions he held in his native Georgia, including head of the Georgian branch of the Cheka. FTP, who was this Soviet secret police chief who oversaw Stalin's political purges?
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As a result of this movement a special commission, or balia, was in power for six weeks. Its participants, who were overwhelmingly members of the popolo minuto, sought the civil liberties they'd been denied by creating three new guilds in which they could be inscribed. Precipitated by the dominance of the Albizi family and the lack of a response from the Signoria, those who took part in this event were led by such men as Luigi di Guiccciardini and Michele di Lando. Ultimately, their brief success paved the way for the rise of the Medici, who turned the peasant population against these dissatisfied artisans. FTP, identify this 1378 revolt by the lower classes in Florence, an uprising named for the "wool carders" who led the events.
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At one point, the narrator describes the "supernumeraries," a body created to allow people to purchase a chance to serve with the venerated scholae. In addition to detailing instances of abuse toward astrologers and the reformation of adultery laws, this work relates the success of a plot to strangle Princess Amalasuntha in her bath. It also recounts the deeds perpetrated by the forger Priscus who enlists the Church of Emesa to extort its supporters. This work, which inspired a drama by John Masefield and a novel about a "Count" by Robert Graves and included such chapters as "Justice for Sale" and "How landowners were ruined," marked a departure from its author's previous works: On the Wars and On the Buildings. Beginning with a chapter on Antonina's manipulation of Belisarius, for 10 points, identify this chronicle of misrule in Byzantium under Theodora and Justinian, a work by Procopius.
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At the age of 7 this man was given the title Duke of Reichstadt, but possessed no official political power. From the age of 3 until his death in 1832 he lived at Vienna under the control of Metternich. Known as l'Aiglon, or The Eaglet, he was named King of Rome on his birth, but never ruled. FTP, who was this son of Marie Louise who was named successor to Napoleon Bonaparte on his abdication?
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Author of the book "Theism and Humanism", this man became Secretary for Scotland in 1886, and from 1887-91 served as Chief Secretary for Ireland, where his policy of suppression earned him the nickname "bloody". He engineered the 1904 entente with France and succeeded Churchill as First Lord of the Admiralty in 1915, ten years after his four year stint as Prime Minister ended, but he is best-known for his time as Foreign Secretary from 1916-19, specifically a short November 2, 1917 communication to Lord Rothschild. FTP, name this man whose declaration expressed Great Britain's support for a Jewish homeland.
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Baron Burgio and Bishop Brodarics are important primary source chroniclers of this battle, and the saintly Dorottya Kanizsai is traditionally depicted in art burying the dead after this battle. During this battle, the Archbishop of Kalosca was beheaded, and its losing commander allegedly drowned after falling off a horse in his golden armor in the Csele. The initial charge of the Rumelian troops was repulsed by Pal Tomori, but Jan Zapolya did not arrive in time to save the Europeans. Leading to the downfall of the Jagiellon Dynasty, for 10 points, name this 1526 battle, in which Suleiman the Magnificent defeated the army of Louis II of Hungary.
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Before 29 of them were executed, several petitions of had been delivered calling for the expulsion of these "perfidious deputies." Two of them, Etienne Claviere and Jean-Marie Roland, served as finance minister and interior minister respectively. They were led by the oratory of Pierre Vergniaud [ver-NYO], and were also known as Brissotins after their leader Jacques-Pierre Brissot. Opposed to Marat and Danton, FTP, identify this faction of the National Convention that stood against the Montagnards.
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Before one major battle in this war, the winning side chanted Psalm 118, which led to the eventual losers declaring that their opponents were cowards. After that battle, the losing commander, the duc de Joyeuse, was picked from the corpses and displayed at a nearby castle. In addition to the aforementioned Coutras, other battles in this war included Vimory and Auneau, in both of which a German faction was defeated. However, the eventual winning side won mostly because its leader outlived those of the other two sides. For 10 points, name this last of the wars of religion in France, in which three men of the same name battled for the French throne.
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Before the introduction of this program, a commission known as Gosplan was created for coordination. Some historians have suggested that it was formulated years earlier than its implementation in an essay entitled "Six Theses on the Immediate Tasks." It created an imbalance in wealth that led to the so-called Scissors Crisis, and it shares its name with an unrelated policy adopted by Malaysia in 1971. Much of the impetus for it came in the Kronstadt Rebellion, which demanded an end to War Communism, but it was itself abandoned after the Grain Crisis of 1928 by Stalin. FTP, name this program launched in 1921 to transform the Soviet economy.
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Berstett did his best to bring them on and Friedrich Gentz suggested that the government revoke Article XVIII of the Confederation Act. Adam Mueller made significant contributions to the deliberations. The diet ordered the dissolution of the Burschenshaften and set up an investigative commission at Mainz. Adopted by a diet dominated by Metternich after the assassination of August von Kotzebue, they provided for press censorship and close supervision of the Universities. For 10 points, name these laws aimed at suppressing liberal agitation.
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Bishop Adhemar of Le Puy was appointed as papal legate and spiritual leader immediately following this event. Guibert de Nogent provided one of two extant eye-witness accounts of this event, while most accounts are based on the Gesta Francorum. Decrees passed during it were recorded in the Liber Lamberti and include a reaffirmation of the "Truce of God." Due to an adulterous relationship with Bertrade de Montfort, Countess of Anjou, Philip I was excommunicated at this church council, which was preceded by the council of Placentia. A few months after it, forces began to rally around the monk Gottschalk, Walter the Pennnyless, and Count Raymond of Toulouse. Initiated due to the pleas of ambassadors sent by Alexios I Komnenos, for 10 points, name this Church council in which Peter the Hermit was in attendance and Pope Urban II called for the First Crusade.
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Born with a damaged left arm which he hid with a cloak, this leader was sympathetic to the working class, as seen in his support of the Comprehensive Factory Act of 1908 and the Imperial Insurance Code of 1911. A grandson of Queen Victoria, he became unpopular with Great Britian due to his telegram of congratulations to Kruger for surviving the Jameson raid, while his alliance with Franz Joseph II of Austria eventually cost him the throne, after which he lived as a country gentleman in the Netherlands until his 1941 death. FTP, who was this man who served from 1888-1918 as Kaiser of Germany?
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Born with the last name Finkelstein, he earned his degree from the Moscow Institute of Asia and Africa, which specialized in the production of spies. He rise through the ranks of the KGB as a foreign intelligence officer included a stay in Iraq where he made acquaintance with Saddam Hussein, a possible reason for his support of this leader. In 1997, he replaced Andrey Kozyrev as foreign minister of Russia. FTP, name this man who became Russia's prime-minister in the fall of 1998?
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British conquest in Ceylon and Mauritius was recognized as a result of it. One representative was so hard of hearing that he needed the exchanges shouted into his years, and another would commit suicide seven years later for fear of having his homosexuality exposed. Prince Hardenberg represented Prussia and Viscount Castlereagh represented Britain, but it was Alexander I who suggested a Holy Alliance. Talleyrand allowed for French borders to be returned to those of 1792 in, FTP, what meeting called by Metternich in 1815?
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By one of its provisions the French fortifications of Dunkirk were to be razed, while another gave Charles VI all the land that he coveted on the right bank of the Rhine. Another commercial part returned Savoy and Nice to Victor Amadeus II, and by the terms of the Asiento, Britain gained a virtual hegemony over the slave trade in the New World. Its three major portions were the Third Barrier Treaty, the Treaty of Baden, and The Treaty of Rastat. FTP, identify the name given to this series of treaties that, by 1715, ended the War of the Spanish Succession.
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By the time he achieved his greatest successes he was in his seventies, having grown increasingly dependent on his chief of staff August von Gneisenau and prone to delusions such as when he fancied himself pregnant with an elephant fathered on him by a French soldier. Part of the general defeat at Jena and Auerstadt, he was soundly beaten at Ligny, though at such victorious battles as Wohlstatt he displayed the dash which earned him the nickname "Marshall Forward". FTP name this Prussian general who broke the French right flank at Waterloo but is most famous for whipping Napoleon at Leipzig.
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Critics mocked him as "Comrade Lavatory Lover," because he insisted on equipping the Moscow Metro with the most up-to-date toilets while serving as regional party chief in the 1930s. During much of the 1940s he headed the Ukrainian Communist Party, where he organized the post-WWII reconstruction of the region. In his famous Secret Speech of 1956 he established the tenor of his time in power, secured after his defeat of his rivals Bulganin, Malenkov, and Molotov. Known for his role in the Cuban Missile Crisis, FTP, who was this successor of Stalin as head of the Soviet Union?
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David Harris wrote an authoritative study of these events in 1939. The world learned of their details through the correspondence of George Washburn and Eugene Schuyler. They were provoked when the citizens of Panagyurishte were incited to riot by the speeches of George Benkovski. On July 5, an ultimatum gave rebels 2 days to surrender at Rodosto, but soon the cities of Malgara, Khaskovo and Philippopoli were put to the torch by several hundred bashi-bazouks as they squelched a rebellion of Ivan Stambulov in the name of Sultan Abdul Aziz. They were named by William Gladstone, who attacked Disraeli's response to them. FTP, name this series of 1876 massacres inflicted by the Turks on the namesake Balkan people that softened British support for the Ottoman Empire.
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Despite King Sigismund's overtures, he refused to spend his term in Germany. He issued a constitution to limit Gallican liberties in English-controlled parts of France and entered into a new concordat with Charles VII of France. First gaining power as a nuncio under Boniface IX, he came into his own after abandoning Gregory XII. Before his death he agreed to convoke the council of Basel, several years after his election at the Council of Constance. FTP, name this pope whose 1417 election ended the Great Schism.
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Despite an armistice forced by the First Battle of Custoza, this man fought with varying success while outnumbered at Luino and Morazzone before retreating to Switzerland. This man had earlier served as commander of the Uruguayan navy fighting against Juan Manuel de Rosas. The Battles of Calatafimi and Milazzo occurred before this man's biggest battle at Volturno. Those battles were part of his conquering of Sicily and Naples for Victor Emmanuel II during the Expedition of the Thousand. For 10 points, name this soldier who fought for the Risorgimento with his Red Shirts, which eventually resulted in the unification of Italy.
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Details are sketchy, but it seems that conspirators included The Duke of Monmouth, The Earl of Essex, Algernon Sidney, and Sir Thomas Armstrong. The plan was to spring upon the king while on the road from a horse meet and Newmarket so that his more openly Catholic brother James II might ascend the throne, though the scheme was foiled when the king left early. FTP name this conspiracy named for a dwelling in Hoddeston, Hertfordshire near which the king was to be murdered in 1683.
Anschluss
Disallowed under Article 88 of the Treaty of Saint Germain, this concept was abandoned by the republican government under the Geneva Protocol of 1922, even though a recent plebiscite in the Tyrol seemed to indicate popular support. Accomplished under the name of "Ostmark" sixteen years later, it replaced Chancellor Kurt Schussnigg with Arthur Seyss-Inquart, a National Socialist. FTP, give this German term for "union" that denotes Hitler's March 1938 seizure of Austria.
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Dr. Hare gave one account of this battle, which saw a siege of Ingolstadt six days before it began. Prior to this battle, one side marched their forces out of Bedburg and won a decisive victory at Schellenberg. A key moment in this battle saw Leopold von Dessau lead a successful infantry attack against Ferdinand de Marsin and Maximilian II Emmanuel, the elector of Bavaria. It began with one side crossing the Nebel and then attacking an enemy position at the village of Oberglau, and saw an attack on a fortified position at Lutzingen. This clash ended with with the drowning of many French troops in the Danube, and saw the capture of the French general Tallard. Followed by subsequent battles at Ramillies, Oudenarde, and Malplaquet, it saw Eugene of Savoy assist the victorious British general. For 10 points, identify this decisive 1704 battle in the War of the Spanish Succession that became the namesake of a palace built to honor its victor, the Duke of Marlborough.
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Due chiefly to the provocation of this man, problems stemming from the Convention of Gastein led to the Seven Weeks War and Austria's exclusion from a newly established empire. This person arranged the Reinsurance Treaty with Russia, a secret agreement compelled by the collapse of the Three Emperors League. The May Laws promulgated by this leader's minister of culture, Adalbert Falk, contributed to a political struggle called the Kulturkampf. This prime minister edited an exchange between the French Count Benedetti and King William in such a way so as to provoke armed conflict; that message, the Ems telegram, precipitated the Franco-Prussian War. For 10 points, name this German chancellor from 1871 to 1890, a Prussian who was the chief architect of the late-nineteenth century German Empire.
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Due to swampy terrain and the constricted bridgehead, General O'Reilly's men waited until mid-morning before attacking the opposing infantry along Fontanone Creek in this battle. One side fended off cavalry charges until the arrival of the Consular Guard, yet an attack on Castel Ceriolo failed just as Victor's men could hold on no longer, after which General Zach took over for his wounded leader. However, Desaix's announcement that Boudet's men were on their way led the eventual victors from their position at San Giuliano, thanks to the efforts of Kellermann, and they sent Michael von Melas's forces into retreat. Taking place during the War of the Second Coalition, this is, FTP, which 1800 victory for Napoleon, who drove the Austrians out of northern Italy?
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During a 1568 revolt, this city's garrison allowed Aden Farax's band of 800 to breach a mud wall. That "Revolt of the Alpujarras" resulted in the displacement of up to 100,000 from this city's namesake region. Following his honeymoon with Isabella of Portugal, Charles V had a palace constructed by Diego Machuca within the walls of this city's most famous structure. Under the Nasarids, it was capital of a namesake kingdom, which was eventually conquered by Los Reyes Catolicos. FTP, name this southern Spanish city, renowned as the home of the Alhambra and as the last Moorish outpost in Iberia during the Reconquista.
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During a whirlwind tour of the United States, this man secured the signing of a document which was followed a couple months later by the Martin Declaration. He had earlier been to America when he married his longtime wife Charlotte Garrigue in New York. Along with a few others, he founded the Realist Party in 1889 and promoted independence with the signing of the Pittsburgh Manifesto, alongside men like astronomer Milan Stefanik. He's also known for writing a memoir The World Revolution, as well as a thesis on "suicide as a mass social phenomenon" and a treatise on concrete logic. He was succeeded by the doctor Edvard Benes as president after he retired in 1935, though his son Jan was later foreign minister. FTP, name this professor who was the first president of a newly-formed Czechoslovakia.
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During his reign, this monarch pressured the Netherlands into recognizing Belgian independence and imposed repressive measures after a series of failed assassination attempts against him. He had fought at the battle of Valmy and Jemappes during the French Revolution and, with Dumouriez, defected to the Austrians as part of a plan to restore the constitution of 1791. The National Assembly chose him over Henry V, but in the face of a working-class insurrection, he abdicated the throne in favor of his grandson, ending the eighteen-year "July Monarchy." For 10 points, name this "King of the French," who ruled the country from 1830 to 1848.
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During his term, he took time out to discuss St.-Exupéry on a television show. Serving as a finance minister under de Gaulle and Pompidou, he's often pushed for unity between Chirac's RPR and his own UDF, and he's been mentioned, along with Edouard Balladur, as UDF candidate in the upcoming elections. A member of a noble family who entered the National Assembly at age 29, he served four years in the European Parliament. FTP, name this predecessor of François Mitterand, president of France from 1974 to 1981.
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During his time as a papal legate in Scandinavia, this man established Trondheim as the metropolitan see of Norway. Cardinal Boso wrote his biography and Matthew Paris doubted the authenticity of a papal bull supposedly issued by this man, Laudabiliter. This successor to Anastasius IV placed an interdict on Rome until that city got rid of the problematic Arnold of Brescia, and he was forced to call the Diet of Beascaon after signing the Treaty of Benevento with William I of Sicily. Even though this man renewed the Treaty of Constance, he developed a hostile relationship with Frederick Barbarossa, whom he had earlier crowned as Holy Roman Emperor in 1155. Succeeded by Alexander III and born Nicholas Breakspear, for 10 points, name this only English Pope.
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During his time in London this former editor of Pesti Hirlap became friends with Giuseppe Mazzini. He also met privately with Napoleon III to foster a revolt that would give the French the advantage in a war against the country he had rebelled against in 1848. Though he quarreled with his best general, Artur Gorgey, he was elected governor for a short time, before the arrival of the Russian armies began his life of exile, a life that featured incredibly popular lecture tours in England and America. FTP identify this revolutionary statesman who led Hungary in its struggle for independence from Austria.
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During much of his life, he slept on straw and ate little but beef, priding himself on a narrow, passionless rationality, which he sought to impose on the various Hapsburg domains. Although he abolished serfdom and issued a Toleration Patent to urge freedom of worship among Lutherans, Calvinists, and the Greek Orthodox, his taxes on the nobility were so strongly opposed that after his death his brother Leopold II immediately repealed them. FTP, name this son of Maria Theresa, who ruled from 1780 to 1790 and is considered the most enlightened monarch of Austria.
Bourbons
During the 1500s, the headship of this royal house passed first to the Montpensier branch and then to the line of Marche-Vendome. It was founded when the heiress to the titular lordship married Robert of Clermont, the sixth son of Louis IX. Much power was wielded by the junior branch, the Conde line, while Philip V of Spain established a ruling house in Spain that still holds nominal power today. Louis-Philippe was the last French king from, FTP, what dynastic family that included Louis XIV and Louis XVI?
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During the collapse of this campaign, Roy Urquart lost communication with his "Red Devil" troops, who had landed in the middle of a panzer division. In this offensive, the British under Brian Horrocks intended to link the 1st airborne and XXX corps with the 101st and 82nd divisions of American paratroopers to seize bridges at Eindhoven, Grave, and Nijmegen. It was the last attempt to win the war by Christmas and had a strategic objective of forcing a crossing of the Rhine at Arnhem. American commanders blamed British sluggishness for its failure, accusing their allies of "stopping for tea." FTP, name this failed September 1944 offensive through the Netherlands.
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During this engagement, the vanguard of the defending army was commanded by Thomas Randolph, who stopped a flanking maneuver near the church of Saint Ninians. One side's victory here allowed them to make the Declaration of Arbroath six years later, which was sent to Pope John XXII. At the beginning of this battle, Henry de Bohun charged the enemy king with his lance, only to be beheaded with an axe, and the pretext for this battle involved the relief of Philip Mowbray's beleaguered forces in Stirling Castle. For 10 points, name this 1314 battle in which Robert the Bruce defeated Edward II and established Scottish independence.
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During this man's reign, his country went on the Gregorian Calendar, leading to the cry "give us back our eleven days!" At that time his chief minister was Henry Pelham, at the head of the Broad Bottom Ministry. At the start of his reign, his wife Caroline of Anspach had been largely responsible for his continued support of Walpole. The wars of Jenkins' Ear and the Austrian Succession, as well as the last land battle to be fought in Great Britain, all took place in the reign of -- for 10 points -- what second Hanoverian monarch?
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During this ruler's reign, the Gordon riots broke out to protest the first Act for Catholic Relief. Britain ended its transatlantic slave trade during the reign of this king, who signed the one-year Peace of Amiens with France. His prime ministers included Lord North and both William Pitt the Elder and Younger. During his last decade of rule, his son served as Regent because this ruler went insane, possibly due to porphyria. In 1765, he levied the Stamp Act on the American colonies. For 10 points, name this British monarch who ruled during the American Revolution.
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During this war, the Edict of Restitution was issued by Emperor Ferdinand II. Its early phases saw fighting between Count Mansfeld and Count Bucquoy. One participant in this war was advised by Axel Oxenstierna, won the Battle of Breitenfield, and was killed at the Battle of Lutzen. This conflict began with the Bohemian Revolt, and saw “interventions†by Denmark, Sweden, and France. Generals in this war included Tilly, Wallenstein, and King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden. For 10 points, name this lengthy conflict that ended with the Peace of Westphalia.
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Early in his reign, he ended the war he inherited with Russia by the Treaty of Stolbova, but soon found himself embroiled in a long defensive war to protect his throne from Sigismund III. He concluded the Treaty of Altmark, gaining a six-year truce with Sigismund in order to oppose the Catholic forces that he defeated at the Lech and Breitenfeld before being mortally wounded in his victory at Lutzen. FTP, who was this brilliant military commander, the king of Sweden from 1611-32?
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Early in his reign, this ruler had to squelch two major rebellions: one led by his half-brother Thankmar, and another by his brother Henry. He defeated Berengar of Ivrea to marry the Burgundian princess Adelaide, and in so doing, gained the additional title King of the Lombards. Much of his ruling strength came from his namesake system of installing his own bishops, and later in his rule, he deposed John XII in favor of Leo VIII for the papacy. Another rebellion, this one by his son Liudolf, was ended by an invasion of the Magyars, whom this ruler soundly defeated at Lechfeld. Crowned King of the Germans after the death of his father, Henry the Fowler, FTP name this man who, in 962, became the first ruler since Charlemagne to hold the title Holy Roman Emperor.
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Early in this war, German Protestant forces were defeated at Vimory and Auneau by the Holy League, allowing the Holy League to take Paris, despite a setback in the Battle of Coutras. Thus, Henry III was forced to retreat to Chartres and accept the Edict of Union in 1588. Unable to endure this humiliation, Henry III had Henry, duke of Guise, assassinated, and then teamed with the King of Navarre to besiege the Holy League in Paris, ultimately leading to the ascension of the king of Navarre to the French throne after the assassination of Henry III. FTP, name this last of the Wars of Religion, named for the moniker shared by the leaders involved.
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Early on it was split into two lines, one of which was the Franconian, headed by Conrad I, a descendant of its supposed founder, Burchard I. One of its members became the first king of Romania as Carol I, while his brother Leopold's candidacy for the Spanish throne elicited a French objection that touched of a 19th-century war. Beginning as counts, its members first gained power by becoming electors of Brandenburg and later, burgraves of Nuremberg. Frederick the Great was its most famous member, while Kaiser Wilhelm II was its last ruler. FTP, name this long-time Prussian dynasty.
Tuscany
Economically important parts of this region include the coalmines around San Giovanni Valdarno and the renowned marble quarries of Carrera. Bordered by Latium, Umbria, Romagna, and Liguria, the Ombrone and Arno rivers supply water to the wine districts of Chianti, while other tourist centers include cities like Lucca, Pisa, and Siena. With capital at Florence, FTP, what is this region in west central Italy whose name is derived from its ancient Etruscan civilization?
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Educated as a surgeon at Edinburgh, he served as a medical officer on a vessel in the East Indian trade. After becoming an expert on the animal and plant life of Sumatra, he gained the backing of the African Association for geographical investigations. On the first, he was held captive by an Arab chief for four months; on the second, an 1812 government inquiry concluded, he was attacked near Segou on the Niger and drowned, and may have been eaten by crocodiles. FTP name this Scottish explorer who charted the course of the Niger.
Henry VI
Educated by Richard Beauchamp, this man acceded to the throne at nine months of age in accordance with the Treaty of Troyes. His regents were John of Lancaster, duke of Bedford in France, and Humphrey, duke of Gloucester in England. His reign saw the rebellion of Jack Cade and he was later opposed by Richard, duke of York, who defeated his son Edward, Prince of Wales, at Tewkesbury in 1471. Married to Margaret of Anjou, FTP, identify this subject of a Shakespeare history and last British king from the House of Lancaster.
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Edward Burne-Jones depicted this battle in an 1882 painting. The murder of Robert Kerr was grounds for the initial invasion in which the castles at Norham and Werk were taken, but the invaders decided not to attack the English as they crossed the River Till. Although one side had a superior position on Branxton Hill, an attack on Edmund Howard's troops was repulsed and Edward Stanley was able to defeat the Highlanders. An attack on the English failed when the Scots were impeded by a bog. FTP, name this 1513 English victory in which James IV was slain.
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Except for two three-year intervals, this party held power in its country from its incipience until 1973, losing the ministry at that time to Liam Cosgrave. Other public officials through its history have included Sean Lemass and Charles Haughey. A more recent return to power saw coalition building between Desmond O'Malley and its leader, who had succeeded John Bruton as Prime Minister. FTP, name this political party currently headed by Bertie Ahern founded by Eamon de Valera in 1926, whose name is Irish Gaelic for "warriors of destiny."
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Fascinated in his youth by the sea and ships, he spent two years of his reign traveling throughout Europe learning the techniques of shipbuilding, but upon his return was forced to put down a revolt of the streltsy. Originally joint emperor with his retarded brother Ivan under the regency of his half-sister Sophia, he soon seized power, and later had his son Alexei tortured to death to maintain his rule. His seizure and eventual loss of Azov was his first notable attempt to gain greater maritime access, which was completed with his gain of a section of the Baltic coast, where he founded his new capital, modeled on the Western ideas he forced upon his country. FTP, who was this victor in the Great Northern War who from 1682-1725 ruled Russia?
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First ascending to power in 1456, this ruler was a member of a princely dynasty begun by Basarab I. Taken hostage by the Sultan as a young boy and raised in Turkey, he used Turkish support to oust his father, who was known as "the Devil". Three times prince of Wallachia, he is best known in some parts of the world for his association with the Order of the Dragon and his orders to display the bodies of his enemies in fields of spikes. FTP, who was this basis for the Dracula legend, known as the "impaler"?
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Following several days of rain, the 20-year-old King Louis set up position at the bottom of a steep slope. On August 29, his General Tomori set a cavalry charge against the Army of Rumelia. The charge was held off, and General Ibrahim directed a counterattack of Janissaries down a series of ramps laid by the Turkish engineers. The outmanned and outgunned defenders were slaughtered and Louis II drowned in the Danube. FTP, identify this 1526 battle which led to Suleiman the Magnificent's conquest of Hungary.
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Following this event, Francis Philips led a group that met at the Star Inn to praise it, and it took place two years after the Blanketeers March. Military drills at Tandle Hill preceeded this event. Its aftermath saw the arrest of reporter John Tyas under The Basphemous and Seditious Libels Act. This event's outcome was reported by James Wroe and Richard Carlile. The Training Prevention Act and the Seizure of Arms Act were among the Six Acts passed by parliament in response to this event. Occurring at a meeting presided over by Henry “Orator†Hunt, it resulted in the death of eleven people. For 10 points, name this 1819 event in Manchester where a group of protestors was violently dispersed, which takes its name from the bastardization of a Napoleonic defeat.
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For his action at Caporetto he was awarded the "Blue Max," his country's highest military decoration. Twenty years later, he published a book of lectures on tactics entitled Infantry Attacks, and three years after that he led an army division that became known as the "ghost division." The high point of his career was the capture of Tobruk but after defeat at Mareth Line he was recalled and was preparing coastal defenses in France in his last official position. Committing suicide after his implication in the assassination plot on Hitler, FTP, who was this German commander of the Afrika Corps, a man known as "The Desert Fox?"
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For many years it was called the Battle of Redemore, leading some to theorize that Ambion Hill was not its actual location. One participant in this battle marched from Milford Haven, while another was killed while repeatedly shouting the word "treason." The Duke of Norfolk died at the start of this battle, whose outcome was affected by the Earl of Northumberland and Lord Stanley deserting the losing side. FTP, name this battle followed by a mop-up action at Stoke, thus making this the not-quite-last battle of the War of the Roses, in which the Yorkist Richard III was defeated by the rising Lancastrian Henry VII.
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Formally, this agreement consisted of its namesake treaty, as well as the Treaty of Baden and Rastatt. France agreed to transfer the Spanish Netherlands to Austria and granted mutual most-favored-nation status to Britain and the Dutch Republic. Spain ceded Gibraltar to Britain and Sicily to Savoy. In the New World, the French were forced to turn over Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, Hudson Bay, and most notably Port Royal to the British. This treaty ended French hegemony in the New and Old Worlds. FTP, identify this 1713 agreement that ended the War of the Spanish Succession.
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Formerly a Duke of Brabant, he married Maria Henrietta, and his reign saw domestic conflict escalating as the Liberal and Catholic parties fought over issues of education and suffrage. A staunch believer in military force this monarch petitioned parliament to construct fortifications around Liege and Manur. But by the time he was succeeded by his nephew, Albert, his greatest project had been exposed as barbarous and exploitative. He financed Henry Stanley's third expedition in 1879, that exploration combined with the discovery of wild rubber helped this ruler amass a great fortune. FTP, identify this infamous king of Belgium who was forced to relinquish the Congo Free State in 1908.
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Founded in Geneva in 1908, it established a counterpart for the youth audience in 1925 which shot to major popularity in the 1950s under the leadership of Alexei Adzhubei. In 1992, it was sold to the Greek Giannikos brothers, who shut it down in 1997 upon the claim that it could not turn a profit because its employees were constantly drunk. It was run by a police agent attempting to destroy it from 1912 to 1913; in 1917, it publicized the April Theses and, in April 1953, it published a retraction admitting that the Doctors Plot had been fabricated. It normally did not discuss international relations, leaving that sphere to Izvestiya. FTP, a name meaning "Truth" adorned what Moscow-based newspaper, the official Communist Party organ for the entirety of the USSR's existence?
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Four Courts, the Shelbourne Hotel, and Arbour Hill Cemetery were three of the targeted sites. Discussions with a German fringe group by one of its leaders led to the promise of German help, which was offered aboard an arms ship, the Aud. However the secret negotiations were discovered, the ship was scuttled, and Roger Casement was captured. Despite his arrest, the plans went forward and 1,560 volunteers and a 200-man contingent of the Citizen Army were mobilized. Following the seizure of the general post office and a five-day standoff, Tom Clarke and Patrick Pearse surrendered and were subsequently executed. FTP, identify this April 1916 Irish uprising named for the holiday during which it took place.
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Francis I said of her, "She hath done wondrous naughty!" after she wrote an infamous love letter to her distant cousin Thomas Culpepper. The subject of a play by Alexandre Dumas, she was a granddaughter of the 2nd Duke of Norfolk and had frequent meetings with her future spouse arranged by Stephen Gardiner, bishop of Winchester. She was married on the same day Thomas Cromwell was executed. She is best known for succeeding the position of Anne of Cleves. Executed on February 13, 1542, FTP, name this fifth queen of Henry VIII.
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Gaining the throne just six days after birth, this ruler was forced to appoint as regent the earl of Murray on her abdication, which resulted from the outrage stemming from her marriage to the earl of Bothwell. Originally married to the dauphin of France, she sought to reinforce her claims to the English throne by her marriage to Lord Darnley, who soon turned on her and murdered her counselor, David Rizzio. Her Roman Catholicism led to her involvement in the Throckmorton and Babington plots, forcing Elizabeth I to order her death. FTP, who was this queen of the Scots?
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General Francois, a commander on the winning side of this battle, was ultimately able to take Soldau. It was made possible due to the recall of von Waldersee and Prittwitz. One side was able to use data obtained from unencrypted wireless signals to learn that the enemy's Second Army would not be joined by General Rennenkampf. As a consequence of this battle, A. V. Samsonov shot himself after surrendering some 95,000 troops, and Ludendorff and Hindenburg built prestige. For 10 points, identify this early defeat for the Russians in World War I, also the site of a medieval defeat for the Teutonic Knights.
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Goya's depiction of one was located in the "Deaf Man's Villa", while the works of Apulius and Petronius may have inspired later depictions. Pierre de Lancre wrote about attending one in 1610, and seeing a feast eaten without salt. Some of them were said to take place in the Harz Mountains, and the Blocula in Sweden, and one religious tradition has them held on solstices and equinoxes. The most famous occurred on a night named for Abbess of Heidenheim, and German townspeople would make noise during the night to ward off evil spirits. Said to consist of sacrifices, initiation rites, and sexual congress with Satan, FTP, name these festivals, the most famous of which took place on Walpurgisnacht.
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Groups of people referred to by this term include a set of Prussian religious dissidents who settled in Serbin, Texas in the 1850s; and the Liutizes, who in the ninth and tenth centuries formed a union centered around Riedegost-Rethra. The group as a whole unsuccessfully resisted a crusade in the 1100s led by Valdemar the Great of Denmark, who captured this people's main settlement at Arkona and gained control of Pomerania. The Kashubs and Sorbs in Germany and Poland are the only existing ethnic groups to identify themselves with these peoples whose name was used in the early Middle Ages to refer to almost any Slavic people living within the Holy Roman Empire. For 10 points, identify these peoples who got their name as a result of false etymology with a barbarian tribe that also gave its name to a major maritime city-state in northeast Italy?
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Guy de Maillesec was elected to preside over the opening of this event.It was the first church council to actively solicit the participation of academic theologians, with Peter d'Ailly in attendance and John Gearson writing commentaries on it.The cause of Petros Philargi was argued for by Baldasarre Cossa, the future antipope John XXIII. Philargi was elected and took the name Alexander V, but the results were ignored since Urban VI and Clement VII both refused to recognize this council. Setting the stage for the Council of Constance, for 10 points, identify this 1409 ecumenical council that resulted in three Popes and failed to resolve the Great Schism, named for an Italian city.
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Hans von Seeckt was a proponent of this agreement and hoped that it would be expanded. Heinrich Brandler faced a significant political task in justifying this treaty to his party because it gave legitimacy to a government they wanted to replace. A supplement to it signed seven months later extended its provisions to such states as the Republic of the Far East, Azerbaijan, and Armenia, and was signed by Freiherr von Maltzan and Nikolaus Krestinski. The original agreement was signed by Georgy Chicherin and Walter Rathenau, while a secret addendum signed later that year allowed one nation to train its army in the other's territory, violating the Treaty of Versailles. FTP, name this 1922 treaty which forged a military alliance between Germany and the Soviet Union and which was signed in an Italian resort town.
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Harry Hopkins disregarded an agreement known as CCS 94 to set a definite date for this action, against the wishes of Ernest King. It was assisted by Jose Aboulker and Henri d'Astier, who led civilian resistance to Alphonse Juin and Francois Darlan. Discarded predecessors to this action bore the codenames Gymnast and Super-Gymnast, and it was chosen over a potential action in Europe named Sledgehammer. It included the crippling of French battleship Jean Bart by the U.S.S. Massachusetts in Oran harbor, and featured three Allied Task Forces under Generals Ryder, Fredendall and Patton. For 10 points, name this 1942 operation, which saw Allied troops invade North Africa.
Venice
Having achieved independence in 992 CE, this city began the thirteenth century by taking the leading role in the Fourth Crusade, accumulating further wealth through a century-long glassblowing monopoly. It fought the forces of Pope Clement V in the War of the Ferrarese Succession and settled another longtime rivalry with the 1454 Peace of Lodi. Falling to Austria under the Treaty of Campo Formio, it was later ceded to France, then quickly to the Kingdom of Italy, in the aftermath of the Seven Weeks War. FTP, name this city whose independent rulers included the Council of Wisdom, the Council of Ten, and the doges.
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He angered Johann Thugut when he raised a flag on his hotel balcony in the Wallnerstrasse, sparking a riot. He was wounded during his victory in the Battle of Spanden, and he led forces at the Battle of Mohrungen that fought against Levin Bennigsen. An agreement with Britain led to his receiving the Guadeloupe Fund. Earlier, he led the Saxon Ninth Corps at the Battle of Wagram, after which he lost his command as punishment for retreating. He married Desiree Clary, who was Napoleon's first fiancée, and he was given the title Prince of Pontecorvo. His son succeeded him in another position as Oscar I. For 10 points, name this one-time Marshal of France who became King of Sweden from 1818 to 1844, founding his namesake dynasty.
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He argued against the need to fulfill vows and for the spontaneity of Christianity in On the Religious Profession. He demonstrated that divine prescience and a belief in human autonomy could not be reconciled in On the Free Will. In another work, he presented three distinct points of view on the compatibility of religion and the righteousness of man pursuing his natural appetites. That tract, On Pleasure, preceded a work that considered the question, "if Solomon could fall into idolatry," could not the same thing happen in the case of a "supreme pontiff." That question culminated in an argument that Rome's claim that it is "entitled by prescription to what it posseses" is based on the misattribution of a document allegedly given to Sylvester I in the 4th Century.For 10 points, identify this religious thinker who proved in 1440 that the Donation of Constantine was a forgery.
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He became known as "the needle on the Italian scales" and gained the power to create a new Council of Seventy after boldly presenting himself at the court of Ferdinand I. The peace he concluded with Ferdinand forced Pope Sixtus IV to abandon the plot against him that had led the Pazzi family to attempt to assassinate him, resulting in the murder of his co-ruler and brother Giuliano. In addition to his political achievements, he was a renowned poet and patron of the arts. FTP, who was this Florentine leader, the grandson of Cosimo, known as the "Magnificent"?
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He became unpopular following the so-called "Black Friday" when he persuaded Frank Hodges to accept a wages pool for miners. Other scandals of this man's career included an insider-trading scheme involving the Marconi Company as well as a long-term affair with his secretary Frances Stevenson. His first cabinet post was as President of the Board of Trade to Henry Campbell-Bannerman. The power of the British House of Lords was broken in 1911 as part of the fight he started, as Chancellor of the Exchequer, in introducing the so-called "People's Budget" of 1909. His nominal boss at that time was Herbert Asquith, who would eventually promote him to War Minister. FTP, name this Welshman who managed to oust Asquith from power and replace him in time to be British Prime Minister at the end of World War I.
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He began his career as the mayor of Stepney and was elected to Parliament from the constituency of Limehouse. He defeated Morrison and Greenwood in a party leadership election, and he later was the leader in creating the National Health Service and spearheaded the start of Britain's atomic weapons program. One of two people who spent the entire war as a part of the War Cabinet, this participant in the Potsdam Conference won re-election in 1950. He also supervised the breakup of the British Empire and the beginning of the Cold War. For 10 points, name this Labour Prime Minister, the immediate successor to Winston Churchill.
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He condemned the 1944 anti-Hitler plot, and as head of the German High Command he was a major organizer of the Nazi bombings of English cities as well as an issuer of orders to shoot POWs and commandos. He was executed after the Nuremberg trials, but a Munich de-Nazification court said he wasn't a major offender. FTP, who was this advisor of Hitler and Chief of Operation staff at the end of the war whose last name sounds like a snack cake?
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He died in 1995, while his family still vehemently denied that he had Alzheimer's disease. The son of an industrial chemist, he once said, "if I had the choice between smoked salmon and tin, I'd have it tinned. With vinegar." At Oxford, under Sir William Beveridge he studied unemployment and the trade cycle. He joined the cabinet of Clement Atlee in 1947. For 10 points, what Labour party leader tied William Gladstone's record of four administrations as prime minister?
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He engaged in a dispute with Gilbert 'the Red' de Clare over building a castle in Glamorgan, and was troubled by Roger Mortimer's support of Humphrey de Bohun. He massacred the troops of Luke de Tany at Moel-y-don. Pirates were hired to intercept Eleanor de Montfort en route to her marriage with this man, prompting his signing of the Treaty of Aberconwy, after he signed the Treaty of Pipton with Simon de Montfort.The Battle of Cadfan saw Stephen Bayzan defeated by this man's ally Maredudd, and he was recognized as prince of his lands in the Treaty of Montgomery. He died at the Battle of Orewin Bridge. Early in life, at the Battle of Bryn Derwin, he defeated his brothers Owain and Dafydd, the latter of whom succeeded him. Edward I stripped this man's home of Gywnned of all royal insignia. For 10 points, name this last prince of an independent Wales.
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He entered parliament as a Whig in 1805 and served as Home Secretary under the 2d Earl Grey. As prime minister he delegated power to such Cabinet members as Lord Palmerston and spent most of his time teaching the young Queen Victoria, who refused to dismiss her Whig chambermaids when Robert Peel was to succeed him. FTP, what British political leader shares his name with the capital of Victoria, Australia?
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He entered the Seven Weeks' War on the side of Austria but, on his defeat, signed an alliance with Prussia. As king he invited the exiled Richard Wagner to continue his musical work in Munich, during which time Wagner completed his Ring Cycle. His uncle Prince Luitpold took power when a panel of physicians recommended his removal, and this man known as the "Mad King" drowned himself soon after. FTP, name this King of Bavaria famous for his many castles like Neuschwanstein, the grandson of Ludwig I and cousin of Ludwig III.
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He escaped from a life sentence by disguising himself as a stonemason and walking away from the fortress of Ham. As an exile in England, he joined Wellington's special forces to suppress the Chartists and, while in Italy, he participated in the 1830 uprising. However, it wasn't until he defeated Ledru-Rollin, Cavaignac and Lamartine that he became the ruler of his home country. He created a Council of State, a powerless Senate and a Legislative Body the members of which were elected by universal male suffrage in corrupt elections. After dissolving the original Legislative Assembly on the forty-sixth anniversary of his uncle's greatest victory, he declared himself emperor in 1852. FTP, who was this man who ruled France until his defeat at Sedan in 1870?
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He expanded his landholdings by marrying an elderly Moravian widow in 1609 when he was 26, and was made Duke of Friedland after putting down a rebellion in his native Bohemia. By the year of his death, he had very few allies other than Christian von Ilow, a far cry from his popularity when he occupied all of mainland Denmark in collaboration with the Count of Tilly. Profiled in a trilogy by Schiller, FTP, who is this turncoat against Ferdinand II who was assassinated 14 months after opposing Gustavus Adolphus at the Battle of Lutzen?
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He founded and granted privileges to the Mesta, a guild of migratory shepherds. Attacked by Morocco, Granada, and Murcia, with the Aragonese he defeated the invaders and annexed Murcia. A claimant to the title of Holy Roman Emperor, after the death of Richard of Cornwall, Pope Gregory X convinced him to renounce his claim. Conflicts with his son Sancho led to an uprising of nobles and forced him to flee to Seville. For 10 points, name this Spanish king whose educated court produced the history Premera cronica general, the astronomical Tablas Alfonsies, and the law code Siete partidas.
Clement V
He founded the University of Perugia and created chairs of Asian languages at Paris and Oxford. His Constitutiones, a collection of decretals, was promulgated in 1311. Born Bertrand de Got, he served as bishop of Comminges and archbishop of Bordeaux before rising to his most famous post. He was forced to suppress the Knights Templar by his benefactor Philip IV, who needed their lands to finance his Flemish war, and he refuted an attempt to posthumously declare Pope Boniface VIII a heretic. FTP, identify this pope backed by the French, the first pope to reside in Avignon.
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He gave his sister Anna in marriage to Vladimir I of Kiev and received 6000 soldiers who formed the core of the Varangian guard. Early in his reign he suppressed a revolt by the landowners of Asia Minor and reclaimed much of Syria. Though he was crowned his father's co-emperor when he was three, after Romanus II's death the empire was ruled by generals Nicephoras II Phocas and John I Tzimisces. Most famous for ordering his prisoners to be blinded after the battle of Kleidion, this is, for 10 points, what Byzantine emperor whose dealings with Tsar Samuel of Bulgaria earned him a famous nickname?
Henry II
He led a number of mildly successful campaigns in Wales but was more successful in Scotland where he compelled Malcolm IV to give up Northumberland. He was interested in judicial reforms as evident by The Assize of Clarendon and he also attempted to reassert rights over the church in his Constitutions of Clarendon. He fought intermittently with French monarchs Louis VII and Philip Augustus although the most notable event in the reign of this successor to Stephen was likely the murder of Thomas a Becket. FTP, name this English king who married Eleanor of Aquitaine and fathered John Lackland and Richard the Lionheart.
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He left a gold cup in the town square of his capital with instructions that anyone could drink from the cup, but none could remove it. He also built the Poenari fortress with forced labor from naked noblemen and formed an alliance with his onetime enemy Janos Hunyadi. His younger brother Radu the Handsome spent most of his life as a hostage in Adrianople but returned to overthrow him in 1462, leading to his exile at the court of Matthias Corvinus until a later reconquest of Tirgoviste. This member of the House of Basarab was known by his enemies as Kaziglu Bey, by others with a surname derived from his father's founding of the Order of the Dragon, and to others for an activity which often employed concentric circles and other large-scale patterns. FTP, name this prince of Wallachia known for sticking his enemies' heads on pikes.
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He made peace with France in the second Treaty of Basel and allied with that country against England by the Treaty of San Ildefonso. He entrusted the government to Manuel de Godoy, a protégé of the queen, Maria Luisa of Parma and lived with virtually no power. His ministers included Floridablanca and Aranda and a popular uprising led to a coup at Aranjuez, forcing him to abdicate in favor of his son Ferdinand VII. Napoleon I tricked both him and his son into a meeting at Bayonne and forced them both to abdicate. FTP, name this Spanish king from 1788 to 1808 famous Goya's family portrait of him.
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He married Elizabeth of Valois as a consequence of the Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis. Later, he sent his half brother Don John of Austria to win the Battle of Lepanto after losing the succession of the Holy Roman Empire to Ferdinand I. Though he had a son with Princess Maria who became Don Carlos of Spain, his most ambitious marriage was childless, and announcement of it sparked Thomas Wyatt's rebellion in his wife's country. FTP, name this son of Charles I of Spain, whose marriage to Mary Tudor proved as fruitless to his ambitions on England as his later effort, the Spanish Armada.
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He notably invoked Article 87 of the Fundamental Laws to implement changes in electoral procedures. He was assisted by the moderate Octobrists, but they turned on him after he went over their heads to change the government of Poland. He notoriously created special courts which handed out so many death sentences that the hangman's noose came to be known as his "necktie." Following the Manifesto of June 3, he assured himself of a conservative majority in his country's legislature. He started out as Interior Minister under Goremykin, and served as governor of Grodno and Saratov before taking his best-known office. His work came to an end at the Kiev Opera House when a former spy for the Okhrana, Dmitri Bogrov, killed him. Things got bad for radicals after he dissolved the Second Duma. FTP, name this Prime Minister of Russia from 1906 to 1911, who is most famous for his agrarian reforms.
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He opened the world's first international press exhibition with the "Pressa." He named and patented "Cologne Bread." Losing power upon the Nazi accession, he was placed in a concentration camp in 1944, and upon liberation began working with the newly formed Christian Democratic Union. He served as mayor of Cologne before becoming president of the Parliamentary Council, which created a provisional constitution for the German Federal Republic. In 1949 he became chairman of the CDU for West Germany. FTP, name this man who was confirmed as the first Chancellor of West Germany.
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He opened trade with England through the Muscovy Company and conquered Kazan and Astrakhan. His reign saw the unsuccessful Livonian War, as well as the execution of Filipp Kolychëv, head of the church, and Prince Vladimir Staritsky, his chosen successor, during a period of oppression known as the oprichnina. He farcically abdicated for a year in favor of Simeon Bekbulatovich in 1575, and later killed his heir Ivan Ivanovich, leaving his feebleminded son Fyodor as the only heir. FTP, identify this man essentially succeeded by Boris Godunov, the first Russian tsar.
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He oversaw the transition of the throne to his brother Pedro after the death of Duarte and pacified Leonor of Aragon after her temper tantrum at Alemquer castle, and Gil Eanes rose to fame under this man. As an advisor to Edward, he agreed to give Zala ben Zala's son back in exchange for the captured Ferdinand at the failed invasion of Tangiers, though he was successful earlier in the capture of Ceuta. He was appointed governor of the Algrave province, and this son of Joao I established a colony at the Vila do Infante near Cape Vincent which produced such innovations as the caravel. For 10 points, identify this Portuguese prince best remembered for his love for exploring.
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He received recognition as king through the machinations of his brother Henry, Bishop of Winchester. He alienated the Church by his persecution of Roger, Bishop of Salisbury, and succumbed to an unfavorable treaty with Geoffrey of Anjou. His cousin allied with Robert, Earl of Gloucester and the two invaded England in 1139. He signed the Treaty of Wallingford, which recognized his cousin's son as heir to the crown after he was captured at the Battle of Lincoln. The cousin of Mathilda and uncle to Henry II, FTP, name this man who ruled England from 1135 to 1154, the only member of the House of Blois.
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He sent two envoys to Pope Zacharias with the question, "Is it wise to have kings who hold no power?" Zacharias replied, "It is better to have a king able to govern. I bid that you be crowned King of the Franks." As such, Childeric III was deposed and this man anointed as king in 751. FTP name this first Carolingian king, son of Charles Martel and father of Charlemagne.
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He shares his name with an American journalist often credited with engineering the presidential nomination of Franklin Pierce. He attempted to found a school of followers with his late works, including Letters on a Regicide Peace, but succeeded only in converting the briefly prominent William Elliot. This onetime secretary to the Marquis of Rockingham argued for more enlightened treatment of the colonies in his "Thoughts on the Cause of the Present Discontents." He advocated a trustee rather than representative form of legislative delegation and attempted to show that the self-preservation instinct is the origin of aesthetic sensibility in his Enquiry into the Origin of our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful. FTP, name this anti-Tory author of Reflections on the Revolution in France, often considered the founder of conservative political philosophy.
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He shares his name with the currently longest-serving puisne justice on the Supreme Court of Canada. The more prominent figure of this name initiated the "Operation Irma" airlift from Yugoslavia and adopted the "back to basics" social platform. He proclaimed "I am my own man" after defeating Douglas Hurd and Michael Heseltine to win his leadership post. His administration entered and then withdrew from the European Exchange Rate Mechanism, and he was soundly defeated in 1997 by Tony Blair. FTP, name this successor of Margaret Thatcher and last Conservative prime minister of the U.K.
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He spent the last 30 years of his life managing a hydroelectric plant in Kazakhstan, but his early career was filled with promise. By the late 1930s, he was one of Stalin's lieutenants, trusted enough to be given a role in managing the party purges. During his term in power, the execution of Lavrenti Beria was ordered. When Stalin died, he had seized the offices of prime minister and party secretary, though he would give way to Bulganin two years later. FTP, identify this Soviet politician, who served as premier from 1953 to 1955.
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He started philandering at the young age of eighteen, with a Welshwoman whom he met in The Hague, but he left her to a life of prostitution. He next took up with Moll Davis, a stage actress, who was dubbed "the most impertinent slut in the world" by Samuel Pepys. He soon dumped her for others, including the Duchess of Mazarin, Barbara Villiers, and Louise de Keroualle, nicknamed "Squintabella" by her rivals. FTP, name this English monarch most famous for his affair with Nell Gwynn, but married to Catherine of Braganza, the first king of the English Restoration.
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He tried to start a newspaper called The Representative to further the cause of mines, but the mining bubble burst, and the paper failed, which was the basis for his novel Vivian Grey. He contributed to an anti-Whig pamphlet related to the Reform Bill of 1832, and he won his first seat in Parliament in 1837, helping to found the Young England group in 1842. He dueled with Sir Robert Peel over the repeal of the Corn Laws, and Lord Derby first made him Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1852, beginning his rise through the Conservative ranks. FTP, name this Prime Minister of Britain in 1868 and from 1874 to 1880, who had a rivalry with William Gladstone.
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He used his connection with detective Ned Broy to peruse police files on his organization and ordered the execution of the Cairo Gang, which sparked the Croke Park massacre. He was replaced by W.T. Cosgrave as provisional government head shortly after he agreed to an oath of allegiance. He had become prominent two years earlier when Arthur Griffith and Eamon de Valera were imprisoned, and later stated that he "signed his death-warrant" by agreeing to partition. For 10 points, name this intelligence director of the Irish Republican Army who negotiated for Irish independence, but whose concessions to the British led to his assassination.
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He was able to secure his own legitimacy by marrying Elizabeth of York, and conducted "matrimonial diplomacy" by marrying his daughter Margaret to the King of Scotland, and his daughter Mary to the Archduke Charles who later became the powerful Emperor Charles V. He weakened Parliament by finding new sources of revenue from customs dues, and expanded economic activity through commercial treaties and by hiring the Cabots to discover new markets. He also established the Star Chamber to arbitrate disputes and to establish order after the Wars of the Roses. FTP, which English "new monarch" defeated Richard III at Bosworth Field and began the Tudor line?
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He was almost killed at Borki when he insisted that his train go faster and it derailed, and it was said that he saved the lives of his wife and children by supporting the roof of his saloon car on his shoulders until they could escape. Shortly after he came to power, he published an Imperial Manifesto written by his tutor Konstantin Pobedonostsev which promised to defend the aristocracy, and his reign saw the creation of the Land Captains and the signing of the Reinsurance Treaty with Germany. FTP, name this Russian ruler, who died of Bright's disease in 1894, the penultimate tsar who came to power when his father, Alexander II, was assassinated.
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He was arrested along with Philip de Montmorency, the count of Hoorn, who was also a Knight of the Golden Fleece. They had been put on trial by the Council of Blood, and in response to their deaths a group of guerillas known as the "Beggars" attacked a certain country. Earlier, this man had won a major victory over Anne de Montmorency at Saint-Quentin, while he defeated Paul des Thermes at Gravelines. Later in life, he opposed the policies of the Cardinal Archduke of Mechelen, Antoine de Granvelle, who was the chief minister to Margaret of Parma. He was one of the first victims of a reign of terror instituted by the man who won the battle of Mühlberg and engineered the peace of Cateau-Cambresis. FTP, name this Dutch nobleman who refused to join William the Silent in revolt but was executed anyway by the Duke of Alba, who was the subject of a play by Goethe.
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He was born in Teignmouth, England, in 1834, and was educated at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. After his graduation he was sent with his regiment to India, where he participated in the Punjab and Burmese wars. In 1856 he joined the Trigonometrical Survey of India. Until his 1877 retirement from the army, he conducted topographical surveys in Kashmìr, Ladakh, and Bhutan . FTP, identify this British soldier and topographer, for whom the second highest peak in the world, also known as K2, was named.
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He was cited, at the age of 79, as a respondent in a divorce case, and the Times of London took to calling him "Lord Cupid" for his notorious womanizing ways. As Prime Minister, he had to deal with incidents involving the Arrow and the Trent and he oversaw both the Second Opium War and the Sepoy Mutiny. As Foreign Secretary, he had supported Don Pacifico's claims in Greece. His premiership also saw the transfer of control of the British East India Company to the Crown and the rebuffing of Confederate attempts at an alliance. FTP, name this noted nationalist who was Prime Minister of England during the American Civil War.
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He was court-martialed for illegally arresting Captain Wathem, but his parents bribed him back into command of the Eleventh Hussars. He apparently didn't learn his lesson, as he arrested Captain Reynolds for failing to use a decanter in serving wine in 1840. After Harvey Tuckett exposed that so-called "Black Bottle Affair," he challenged Tuckett to a duel and wounded the reporter. He argued with his commander, Lord Lucan, during the battles of Varna and Alma, and he left camp to reside on his yacht in the harbor the day before his most notable achievement, ordered by Lord Raglan. He inexplicably became a hero on October 25, 1854 as he entered the "Valley of Death" at the Battle of Balaklava. FTP, name this British general who led the Charge of the Light Brigade, the namesake of a kind of sweater.
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He was elected by the shortest-lasting conclave of cardinals in papal history. The start of his pontificate saw the conquering of Bologna, and he reluctantly joined the League of Cambrai to bring Venice under his reign. The nephew of Pope Sixtus IV, he took the throne upon the death of Pius III, who reigned for only twenty-six days. He delivered Italy from its subjugation to France, but is most famous as a patron of the arts. Born Giuliano Della Rovere and ruling from 1503-13, FTP, identify this pope who commissioned Michelangelo to paint the Sistine Chapel.
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He was exiled after leading a conspiracy against Agnès Sorel and Pierre de Brézé, and even revolted against his father in an episode known as the "Praguerie." After defeating his former allies' "League of the Public Weal," he appointed advisors like Louis Tristan L'Hermite and Cardinal Balue, and earned his famous nickname due to his extensive spy ring. The son of Charles VII, identify, FTP, this king who reigned from 1461-1483, nicknamed the "Spider King."
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He was interned in Kutahya for two years, but made the best of it by learning English from the works of Shakespeare during his imprisonment. While living in Italy he wrote the so-called "Cassandra letter" to protest a compromise negotiated by Deak's government. His work as a journalist covering the "Long Diet" led to his being appointed editor of the journal Pesti Hirlap, but he rose to power after Batthyany appointed him minister of finance. After Görgey's surrender to the Russians, he lost power and was forced to flee to Turkey in 1849. FTP, name this man who in 1848 became the de facto dictator of Hungary.
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He was king at birth, since his father died during the pregnancy of Maria Cristina. Parliamentary rule suffered after his assumption of full power in 1902, and numerous attempts were made to assassinate him, like the attempt to kill him and Victoria Eugenia of Battenberg on their wedding day in 1906. His direct association with Primo de Rivera led to his being ousted from the monarchy after Primo de Rivera fell in 1930. For 10 points, name this last king of Spain before the ascension of Juan Carlos.
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He was the father-in-law of Poland's Casimir the Restorer by a daughter he had in the last years of his life. This constructor of the Desyatinnaya is said by the Legend of Jacob to have made his most famous decision on considerations of beauty. After making that decision, he invaded Chersoneus, took a new name, and ordered that some sacred objects be thrown into the Dneiper River. An illegitimate son, he had to overcome the usurper Yaropolk before he could take power, and he gave up seven wives in favor of Anne of Byzantium in order to seal a 987 pact with Basil II, aka the Bulgar Slayer. FTP, name this grand prince of Kiev and conqueror of Novgorod, who is best known and canonized for converting Russia to Orthodox Christianity.
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He was the secretary to G.F. Sacchetti, Milan's papal legate and a highpoint in his early career was the arrangement of the Treaty of Cherasco. In his most famous office he organized the League of the Rhine as a check on Austrian powers and also worked to conclude the Treaty of the Pyrenees and the Peace of Westphalia. He twice had to leave Paris due to the actions of the Fronde and his relationship with Anne of Austria has been a great historical mystery. FTP, identify this protégé of Richelieu the chief minister for the young Louis XIV (14th).
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He went to ask for forgiveness at the sanctuary at Montserrat and he left his sword and dagger suspended over Our Lady's alter there. Upon his departure Ines Pascual showed him a cavern in Manresa where he could enjoy quiet meditation. While a professor at the University of Alcala he was imprisoned by the inquisitor Figueroa forcing him to Salamanca where he was fettered to his companion Calisto in a common prison. All his experiences with the inquisition led to his journey to Rome in 1537 when he founded the Society of Jesus. For 10 points, name this author of The Spiritual Exercises and founder of the Jesuits.
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He won his first campaign for public office after rounding up his opponent's supporters the night before the election and putting them on a ship bound for Norway. A leader of London's notorious Hellfire Club and the reputed author of a pornographic parody of Pope's Essay on Man, he prompted Dr. Johnson's famous remark that he would rather dine with Jack Ketch, the public hangman, than with him. For 10 points, name this champion of civil liberties in 18th-century England, who is also the namesake of a U.S. presidential assassin.
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Heinrich Bullinger succeeded this man in the highest office he ever held, though the office, which Bullinger held until 1575, lost most of its political significance after this man's death. Among his theological works are "The Rhymed Fables of the Ox," written while a priest in Glarus, The Clarity and Certainty of the Word of God, a printed version of his sermons at Oetenbach, and On the True and False Religion, in which he attacks, among other things, the views on transubstantiation held by Luther that he would later openly contest in his sixty-seven articles and at the Marburg Colloquy. He was killed in the Second War of Kappel, acting as chaplain for the armies fighting against the power of the forest cantons. FTP, identify this priest of the Grossmunster in Zurich, the leading figure of the Swiss Reformation.
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Heinrich von Treitschke called it "a glorious beginning to a glorious history," a view criticized by William Henderson. Its greatest advocate was imprisoned in Wurtemberg in 1822 and deported to America for supporting the idea, which was inspired by Napoleon's Continental System. Karl Bruck advocated the entry of Austria, but this plan was halted by the minister of commerce, Delbruck. Founded through the efforts of Friedrich List, it was dissolved during the Seven Weeks War, but was reformed in 1867 with the state veto power removed by Bismarck. FTP, name this economic association founded in 1834 among the German states, whose name is German for customs union.
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Hendrik Voes and Johann van den Esschen were the first people executed because of this event, when their Augustinian monasteries in Antwerp were banned. Backing up an earlier statement, Georg, Duke of Saxony, provided a list of grievances here. One prominent participant in this meeting had to hide at the Wartburg at its conclusion. It was summoned, at the suggestion of Friedrich the Wise, the Elector of Saxony, by Charles V as a formal hearing for its subject, for whom Georg Rörer invented the reply, "Here I stand; I can do no other." FTP, name this 1521 meeting which ended with the edict outlawing Martin Luther for heresy.
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Henry Grattan supported a Catholic Relief Bill that was defeated by this man, who had earlier negotiated the restoration of Egypt to the Ottomans in the Treaty of Amiens. This man's tax hikes led to the rise of a group whose activities were made illegal via the Frame Breaking Act, which made it a capital crime to destroy machines, while the death of King George III caused a government crisis that some tried to exploit by assassinating this man along with his whole cabinet. Along with dealing with the Luddites, he passed the Six Acts to quell domestic unrest after the Peterloo Massacre. A target of the Cato Street Conspiracy, this man issued the first of a series of laws that greatly reduced foreign competition for farmers, but raised the cost of corn. FTP, name this Tory Prime Minister who passed the first of the Corn Laws and held power in the final stages of the Napoleonic Wars.
Castile
Henry II led the naval forces of this kingdom to a victory over the English at the battle of La Rochelle. Peter the Cruel was king of it for 35 years, and after regaining the throne with the help of the Black Prince, he was assassinated by his brother at Montiel. Peter's rule ended approximately 40 years before John II, one of its last kings, assumed the throne in 1406. The mother of Saint Louis, Blanche, was from this kingdom that ceased to exist following a famous 1479 marriage. FTP, the marriage of Isabella to Ferdinand of Aragon was the end of what Spanish kingdom?
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Henry VII used it to perfection as it enforced the law when other courts were corrupt or inadequate. It was not bound by English Common law and did not depend on juries for indictments or verdicts. For ten points, identify the court that was utilized by Puritans as a symbol of Charles I's oppression.
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Her daughter of the same name was married to Manuel the Fortunate of Portugal on the condition that Manuel expel Jews from his kingdom. She had earlier ended Portugal's involvement in her succession with the Treaty of Alcacovas, made necessary when her niece Joan la Beltraneja fought a civil war after Henry IV revoked the Accord of Toros de Guisando. The mother of Juana the Mad, she oversaw the completion of the Reconquista by the taking of Granada and collaborated with her confessor Torquemada to established the Inquisition. FTP, name this queen whose marriage to Ferdinand of Aragon created a unified Spain and led to the patronage of Columbus.
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Her husband married her because her huge dowry would help pay off the nation's debts. After his assassination, she was named regent for their eight-year-old son. Her son later thrwarted her efforts to dismiss her former protege, Cardinal Richelieu, whom she feared had grown too powerful, in a crisis that came to be known as "The Day of the Dupes." Prior to this, in 1614 as regent she convened the last assembly of the Estates General prior to the French Revolution. FTP, name this member of a famous Italian family, the wife of Henry IV and mother of Louis XIII.
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Her maternal grandmother, Saint Margaret of Scotland, is Scotland's only royal saint. Her strongest supporter was her bastard half-brother Robert of Gloucester, and her marriage to Henry V ended childless with his death when she was twenty-three. Her youngest son William was her favourite, and he ran to mommy in Rouen after Thomas a Beckett refused to let him marry the woman he wanted. Her second son Geoffrey, named for his father, got into fights with her eldest son until Geoffrey's death in 1158. For 10 points, name this wife of Geoffrey of Anjou and mother of Henry II, a so-called Empress who struggled for the throne of England with Stephen of Blois.
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His chronicler Salimbene alleged that he was an Epicurean and it was rumored that he kept a harem full of Muslim women. A great patron of the arts, he founded the University of Naples and wrote a treatise on falconry. In 1229 he became King of Jerusalem after making a deal with the sultan of Egypt, and later he made a similar deal with his own lords, granting them nearly complete rights on their own lands so that he could rule as an absolute monarch in Sicily and Lombardy. This alarmed Popes Gregory IX and Innocent IV and eventually led to war. FTP name this grandson of Frederick Barbarossa, who tried to add much of Italy to the Holy Roman Empire.
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His early reign was dominated by the regency of his mother Agnes and two clerics: Anno of Cologne and Adalbert of Breman. Although late in life he was jailed and forced to abdicate by his son, he had earlier crushed attempts made by the anti-kings Herman of Salm and Rudolf of Swabia defeating and killing the latter at Molsen in 1080. He is best known for a string of events in which he was the main target of the Lenten Synod and the Dictatus Papae and which saw him prostrate himself to the pope at Canossa in 1077. FTP identify this Holy Roman Emperor who opposed Gregory VII during the Investiture Controversy.
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His father enlarged his kingdom at the expense of the Wendish chiefdoms, and built a line of forts that allowed this prince to win his most famous battle. Taking advantage of internal rivalries among the Lombards, he launched an invasion of Northern Italy to free the Lombard Queen Adelaide, whom he later married, claiming parts of Northern Italy as a dowry. Invading again in 960 at the behest of a besieged Pope John XII, the Pope rewarded him by crowning him emperor. FTP, name this Saxon king who repulsed a 955 Magyar invasion at the battle of Lechfeld, the first Holy Roman Emperor.
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His father was Gilbert, who furthered the reputation of their family of Norman knights. Charged with misappropriating court funds, he fled to France for six years. This had followed his troubled time as the king's chancellor when he refused to acknowledge the validity of the Constitutions of Clarendon. Having succeeded Theobald in his most famous post, he instituted many of the policies of Gregorian reform, which further weakened his relationship with his king, Henry II. FTP, name this man who, on December 29, 1170, was murdered by four knights in Canterbury Cathedral.
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His final days were spent in a vain attempt at overthrowing Platon Zubov and he was suspected of concocting elaborate schemes to disguise the poorly administered colonization of the Ukraine. He was more successful building the arsenal of Kherson, the establishment of Sebastopol as a key harbor, and after his appointment as field marshal in 1784, his construction of the Black Sea Fleet that led the Russians to victory during the Turkish Wars. FTP, identify this army officer and statesman probably best known for his love affair with Catherine the Great, fabricated villages, and a namesake battleship.
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His first major invention was the teletype printer, which he created in 1850. That same year he explored the area of Damaraland in Africa, and soon after demonstrated new techniques in statistics, particularly in correlation calculations. His 1863 book Meteorographica was one of the first modern treatises on weather mapping, but he soon began work in another field, which resulted in the controversial publication Hereditary Genius. FTP, name this cousin of Charles Darwin, student of heredity, and promoter of eugenics.
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His first military ventures were against Moorish pirates in the Mediterranean and the rebellious Moriscos of Granada. Later, as Governor General of the Netherlands, he expressed his desire to invade England and wed Mary Queen of Scots, but due to the failure of his peace plan, the Perpetual Edict, and the lack of resources given to him by his half-brother Philip II, he was kept in stalemate until his 1578 death. Despite this failure he was renowned for a previous victory in which he led the forces of the Holy League against the Ottomans. FTP, name this bastard son of Charles V, the victor of Lepanto.
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His government saw the passage of the Army Enlistment Act as part of the Cardwell Reforms as well as Forster's Education Act. He quarreled with the Vatican over the subject of papal infallibility, and wrote the pamphlet Bulgarian Horrors and the Questions of the East as part of his Midlothian campaign. He lost the support of the Liberal Unionists to Lord Salisbury, and he was publicly blamed for the death of General Gordon. He abandoned Charles Parnell, whom he had earlier supported as part of his plan for Irish Home Rule. For 10 points, name this "Grand Old Man" and four time British prime minister, the Liberal rival of Benjamin Disraeli.
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His large retinue of baronial knights was known by the badge: a collar of linked SS. Famous for leading the chevauchée from Calais to Bordeaux, he acquired land and titles from his wives becoming the Earl of Richmond upon the death of his father-in-law in 1361. In 1396 he married his mistress Catherine Swynford, a member of the powerful Beaufort family. Through his second wife, Constance, he acquired a claim to the kingdom of Castile. A patron of Geoffrey Chaucer and John Wycliffe, his most famous child came from Blanche Plantagenet. For 10 points, name this Duke of Lancaster, whose son, Henry Bolingbroke, became Henry IV.
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His life's achievement was inspired by a picture of a burning city in a book his father gave him. He became a US citizen after getting rich as a military contractor in the Crimean War. He argued that Bunarbashi was not the site he desired to find, but that Hisarlik was, in his 1868 Ithaca, the Peloponnes & Troy. FTP, name this man who later proved his claim in his excavations.
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His long campaign to win Livonia eventually met failure at the hands of Stephen Bathory, but he did conquer Kazan and Astrakhan and made the first Russian inroads into Siberia. The son of Vasily III, his reign was characterized by his struggles with the boyars, leading him to call the first national assembly, the zemski sobor, and establish his own state called Oprichnina within Russia. After the death of his first wife Anastasia in 1560 he experienced a decline in emotional stability which is the source of his current fame. FTP, who was this first czar of Russia, known as * "the Terrible"?
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His nicknames included Rantipole, reflecting his wild and rakish youth; Man of Silence, from his taciturnity; Badinguet, from the name of the mason who changed clothes with him when he escaped from Ham; Boustrapa, a compound of Boulogne, Strasbourg, and Paris, the places of his escapades; and Man of Sedan, because it was at Sedan in 1870 that he surrendered to William I of Prussia. FTP, name Louis Bonaparte's third son who was also called the Man of December when he became emperor of France in December 1852.
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His only son served in the British Army and was speared to death in 1879 by Zulus. Father and son are buried together in Farnborough, England, even though this man oversaw the construction of the railway network and investment banking system in France. Such achievements, however, pale in comparison to his failed military ventures such as the Strasbourg coup of 1836 and, during his later rule following the coup of the duc de Morny, the attempt to conquer Mexico and the disastrous war with Prussia. FTP, name this man who was president of the Second Republic before declaring himself emperor in 1851.
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His participation in the Siege of Dumyat under Richard of Cornwall brought him to the height of his career, when he was sent with unlimited powers to crush the Gascon Barons' Revolt, though he lost favor with the King after the Council of Oxford. Perhaps his most important victory was at the Battle of Lewes, which ensured the survival of his Committee of 15, though he was undone by the desertion of Gilbert De Clare, who provided the genius behind his defeat at Evesham by Edward Longshanks. FTP, name this rebellious Earl of Leicester, the leader of the Baronial Revolt against Henry III.
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His philosophy was shaped by his time in the von Gerlach circle, with whom he collaborated on a column in the Kreuzzeitung. As a representative to the Erfurt Parliament in 1849, he denounced unification as "a putrid brew of sentimentality," and he later negotiated the Three Emperors League, launched the Kulturkampf, and altered the Ems Telegram. He warned that "the great questions of the day will not be setteld by speeches and majority decisions...by by blood and iron." After the success of his realpolitik in the Franco-Prussian War, he was elevated to Chancellor of the new German Empire. FTP, name this Prussian diplomat.
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His rebellion had begun as a simple land feud with one of his neighbors, Reynold, Lord Grey of Ruthin. Though his time was short, one of his descendants, at the end of the Wars of the Roses, took the English throne as Henry VII. He opposed Richard II, and a year after Bolingbrooke usurped the throne, he began his fight for independence, actually calling his own parliament in 1405. FTP, name this nobleman who unsuccessfully fought for autonomy for his native Wales and appears as a prominent character in Shakespeare's Henry IV, Parts 1 and 2.
Charles I
His religious policies caused the Covenanter Rebellion led by James Montrose, and he was forced to capitulate with the Treaty of Berwick. Sir Thomas Stafford was his harshest critic, and though Stafford was acquitted of treason, he was executed anyway. Bishop of Exeter John Gauden ghost-wrote a controversial autobiographical apology for this man's reign, entitled Eikon Basilike. Ever a fan of the theatrical, he whispered his famous last words "Remember" - to the notoriously lazy Bishop of London, William Juxton. FTP, name this English monarch, who lost his head in 1649.
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His religious policies were steered by his brother, Bruno, who later became an archbishop. He defeated Duke Eberhard and Giselbert at the Battle of Andernach after they aligned with this man's half brother, Thankmar. Later, he intervened in Northern Italy after the assassination of Berengarius and gained power there after marrying the daughter of Rudolph II, Adelaide. After further rebellions by his son Ludolph and by Conrad the Red, this man terminated their powers at the Imperial Diet of Auerstadt. Following this, he rushed to Augsburg to defeat the Magyars. FTP, Identify this man who ruled out of Magdeburg and the victor at Lechfeld; a German king who consolidated power and in 962 was crowned the first Holy Roman Emperor of the Saxon line.
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His uncle enraged St. Dunstan by leaving his coronation feast to cavort with his foster-mother and foster-sister. His mother Elfrida, in her quest to put him on the throne, killed his half-brother, who was later considered a martyr, and during his reign his theigns defeated the Norwegians at Maldon. According to William of Malmesbury, he defecated in the font at his baptism, and he brought disaster to England on St. Brice's Day when he ordered a massacre of the Danes. In response to this, Sweyn Forkbeard launched a campaign to conquer England, but died several weeks after achieving his goal, allowing this man to retake his throne in 1014. FTP, name this father of Edmund Ironsides and Edward the Confessor, a pre-Norman English king whose epithet means "without counsel."
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His was elected to his first political post on the Cologne City Council in 1906, and became mayor of the city during World War I. During the Weimar period he belonged to the Centre Party, and was removed from his posts during the Nazi period, eventually being sent to a concentration camp. After the 1961 elections, he persuaded the Free Democrats to join his coalition on the condition that he resign as Chancellor before the end of his term, which he did after concluding a treaty of cooperation with France. Earlier achievements included winning approval for German rearmament and the inclusion of West Germany in NATO. FTP, name West Germany's first Prime Minister.
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His wife was never permitted in the royal carriage, as a condition of his marriage to the lower-class woman after he became heir apparent following the death of his cousin Rudolf and father Charles Louis. Alleged to have died because surgeons could not find any buttons on his clothing, which he had sewed onto himself each day for a perfect fit, this man held the office of inspector general of all land and sea forces, which spurred Oscar Potiorek to invite him to a review of maneuvers in Bosnia. FTP, name this Hapsburg prince, assassinated by Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914.
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His writings include Prelude to Bolshevism, The Catastrophe, and The Crucifixion of Liberty. His father Fyodor's star pupil was Lenin and this man was the leader of a socialist bloc called Trud, or the Group of Toil. His most famous post saw the uprising of General Lavr Kornilov, and he served as justice minister and war minister under Georgii Lvov. He was unable to prevent the Bolsheviks from establishing a parallel government to his own, despite his efforts to overtake Petrograd, where the soldiers refused to fight for him. FTP, identify this prime minister of the Provisional Government toppled in the Russian Revolution of 1917.
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Howard Barker discussed the aftermath of this battle in Scenes from an Execution, and the Fontana dei Quattro Mori in Marino commemorates it. It reversed the outcome of the Battle of Preveza fought forty-four years earlier, and it was followed by a brief campaign of expansion which captured Tunis. The Marqués de Santa Cruz's reserve forces helped annihilate the defeated side after this event, whose immediate cause was the siege of Famagusta and capture of Nicosia during a war over Cyprus, whose surrender two years later reversed this battle's practical impact. The king of one country involved in this event appointed Luis de Requesens responsible for controlling the temper of the military commander, whose other lieutenants included Alessandro Farnese and Andrea Doria. FTP, name this battle in which Pius V's Holy League fleet commanded by Don John of Austria sailed to the Gulf of Corinth and defeated Ali Pasha in 1571.
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In 1013, Zawi ben Ziri founded a kingdom at this city, which is protected by the Alcazaba Yidida and the fortress of Illora. In the sixteenth century, Aben Humaya led a revolt of the Moriscos near this city. In 1238, Ibn al-Ahmar founded the Emirate of this city, which was ruled by the Nasrid dynasty. Muhammad XII Boabdil was forced to surrender it after the fall of Málaga and Almería. Invaded by Alfonso X of Castile in 1265, its capture on January 2, 1492 ended the Reconquista. For 10 points, name this last Moorish stronghold on the Iberian Peninsula, a Spanish city that contains the Alhambra.
Aragon
In 1134, Alfonso the Warrior attempted to will this kingdom to the Templars and Hospitalers, but no one took him seriously. Its kings were vested by the Pope with the title "King of Sardinia" in the 1320's, part of its expansion in the Mediterranean which included the acquisition of Sicily in 1282. It was established as an independent kingdom in 1135 by Ramiro I, the son of the King of Navarre, and in 1137 it was united with Barcelona and Catalonia. FTP, name this kingdom, which united with Castile to form modern Spain, and whose most famous resident may have been, Catherine, the first wife of Henry VIII.
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In 1194, it came under Hohenstaufen rule after the reign of King William the Bad, its last Norman king. In the 1280s it selected its first Aragonese king, Pedro III, and though it separated from Aragon in 1292 it remained associated with the Spanish Crown until the War of Spanish Succession. FTP, name this island kingdom of the central Mediterranean, which became part of Italy after being invaded by Guiseppe Garibaldi and features the cities of Messina and Palermo.
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In 1520, a monk named Matteo di Bassi had a frightening vision in which Jesus Christ informed him that habit worn by the monks of his order was not at all like the one that St. Francis had worn. As a result, Matteo became a hermit, gave up shaving, and lived in extreme austerity; more significantly, he also started to wear tall pointed hats. For 10 points so began what offshoot of the Franciscians, whose name derives from Matteo's favored headgear, which is perhaps most famous for its contributions to the field of coffee?
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In 1633 he organized the Protestant princes of Germany into the League of Heilbronn. He also negotiated the Treaty of Wismar with France, whereby his nation gained France's aid with no concessions. He stripped Denmark of its power by negotiating the Peace of Brömsebro after the 1643-45 Danish War. He lost power after disputes with Queen Christina, though the diet appointed him legate plenipotentiary in Germany after the death of Gustavus Adolphus. The primary delegate at the Peace of Westphalia, FTP, identify this most powerful statesman in Swedish history.
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In 1645, this Chancellor of the Exchequer was removed to the island of Jersey, through the pretext being made guardian to the Prince of Wales. After the death of Oliver Cromwell, he was appointed Lord Chancellor and wrote the History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England. For ten points, name this minister whose name is collectively attached to the Corporation Act, the Five-Mile Act, the Conventicle Act, and the Act of Conformity, which were aimed at Nonconformists.
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In 1647 Masaniello led a revolt against its barons, while its final fate was decided at the battle of Volturno River in 1861. Its legitimacy had been bolstered in 1821 by the Congress of Laibach, at which Ferdinand I's absolute power was declared. Originally united in 1443 under Alfonso V, in the Peace of Utrecht it was ceded to the French Bourbons, who lost it 25 years later when Charles III reclaimed it. Finally taken as part of Garibaldi's campaign, FTP, name this Italian kingdom under which a single ruler controlled both Naples and Palermo.
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In 1778, Parliament had passed a Relief Act, which lifted some of the restrictions on Roman Catholics. Next year, the Protestant Association was formed to secure repeal of the act. On June 2 a year later, a crowd of some 50,000 people gathered to present a petition to Parliament. The march turned into a week-long affair, in which Catholic chapels were destroyed, public buildings attacked, jails set afire, and prisoners freed. FTP, identify these violent anti-Catholic demonstrations that occurred in London in 1780, named after their Protestant leader.
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In 1872, he was offered a chair at Berlin to replace his mentor, Leopold von Ranke, but refused, preferring to stay in his native Basel. His first great work was The Age of Constantine the Great, and his last was an unfinished Cultural History of Greece that saw Greek culture as pessimistic and dominated by pursuit of momentary victory in contests of all kinds. FTP, name this first great cultural historian who saw both the state and the individual as works of art in his Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy.
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In 1944 this man gained notice for his radical article entitled "The United Front of Youth". Two decades later this leader would issue a decree forcibly detaining homeless or disabled children at "psychiatric wards" in Siret and Cighid, at the same time banning all contraception in hopes of increasing his nation's working population by fifty percent. Giving himself the title "Conducator", he also struck out against non-conformists via 1971's July Theses. During WWII this leader spent time in the Tirgu Jiu concentration camp, where he met the man he would succeed as party secretary in 1965, Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej. His downfall began with demonstrations in Timisoara, culminating with his execution alongside his wife Elena on Christmas Day of 1989. For ten points, name this longtime Communist dictator of Romania.
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In 1994, this order was granted Permanent Observer status in the UN. In 1798, Napoleon expelled them from the home they had occupied since it had been granted to them in 1530 by Charles V of Spain; in 1834, they found a new home in Rome, where their Grand Magistracy enjoys extraterritorial rights. Long known for doing hospital work during wartime, their eight-pointed cross is widely recognized. FTP, name this order, possibly best-known for the story in a Dashiell Hammett novel about the jewel-encrusted falcon they sent to Charles V.
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In 1997 in Norfolk, Virginia, officials were asked to recall personalized license plates issued to a man convicted of vandalizing churches. The plates bore the name of this compound, manufactured by Degesch and Tesch/Stabenow and patented by I.G. Farben. For ten points, name this crystallized prussic acid, used in the showers of Auschwitz and other concentration camps.
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In 956, he inherited vast estates in the region of Orleans, becoming a serious danger to Lothair the Miserable. He then married Adelaide, and by 985, was the de facto ruler of France. Allying himself with Aladbero, the archbishop of Reims, he managed to get himself elected King in 987. FTP, name this founder of a long-ruling French dynasty.
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In Weber's opera Oberon, he provides the impetus for the slaying of Babekan and marriage of Rezia to Huon. His son Chariot uses a chessboard to kill the son of Ogier the Dane. Historically, the Basques ambushed the rear guard of his army at Roncesvalles, where his legendary nephew was killed. FTP, identify this man who brought the scholarly monk Alcuin to his court and who in the chansons de geste was surrounded by twelve men, including Malagigi the Enchanter, Florismart, and Roland.
Perkin Warbeck (or Perkin de Werbecque)
In a historical oddity he was raised by a cousin named John Steinbeck. He went on to serve as a squire to the one-eyed Portuguese knight Vaz da Cunha after having come to the country in the service of Lady Brampton. Within five years he was married to a Miss Gordon, one year after commanding an expedition provided with ships from Maximilian I. His early supporters included Kildare and Desmond, the latter with whom he spent some time in Munster after having aborted his planned invasion at Kent. His wife would end up in the service of Elizabeth of York but he would, after recanting at Westminister and Cheapside, be hung. For 10 points, name this Frenchman who was falsely proclaimed to be Richard, duke of York, the youngest of Edward IV's sons and was a pretender to the throne of Henry VII.
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In a meeting at Ponthion, this monarch received the title "Patricius" from Pope Stephen II in reward for assistance against the Lombard King Aistulf. Several years later he began a long campaign against the forces of Waifar, king of Aquitane, fully subduing the region in 768, the year of his death. Prior to that he fended off the claims to the throne of his half-brother Griffon. The illegitimate son of Charles Martel, FTP, name this king of the Franks, the father of Charlemagne who was known as "the Short".
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In addition to his political role, this man was also a prominent scholar, composing such philosophical and theological works as Basilikon Doron and The Demonologie. His attempt to marry his son to the Infanta Maria Anna was he first time this king called for Parliament in a period of seven years. This monarch had the 'honor' of being the target of the Bye Plot, the Main Plot and most famously, the conspiracy of Catesby and Fawkes called the Gunpowder Plot. For 10 points, name this first monarch of the Stuart dynasty, a sixteenth-century British king who lends his name to an English translation of the Bible.
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In contemporary politics, this country's far right has seen such groups as MIEP, a break off of the Smallholder's Party. Historically, fascists in this country included the Palffy and Mesko-led "Green Shirts", but more successful was a revolt raised by the publishers of "Ten Commandments of the Storm Troopers", the Scythe Cross, which took power east of the Tisza and was led by Zoltan Boszomeny. This country's fascists' dreams were realized with the Vienna Concessions, including the Arrow Cross Party of Ferenc Szalasi, who led this nation after the Nazi-enforced deposing of its long-time "regent", Miklos Horthy. The revision of the Treaty of Trianon was a major issue in, for 10 points, what country, a former partner in the dual monarchy with Austria?
Jan III Sobieski (or John III Sobieski) or Jan Sobieski or John Sobieski or Sobieski
In early life, this ruler suffered an injury in a duel with a member of the Pacas family that sidelined him while his brother Marek died. His numerous love letters use the pet name "Marysienka" for his wife Marie Casimire Louise de la Grange. He would defeat Petro Doroshenko at the Battle of Podhacje and quashed the rebellion incited by his former commander Lubomirski. His victory at Chocim coincided with the death of his predecessor Michael I, allowing him to take power. In another action he came to the aid of Ernst Rüdiger von Starhemberg by leading a charge of his Winged Hussars. For 10 points, name this King of Poland who defeated Kara Mustafa at the 1683 Battle of Vienna.
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In his early career, this man helped his friend, Cardinal Matthew Schinner, retake his position in Sion by attacking George Supersax. His ideas were popularized due to the efforts of his son-in-law, Rudolf Gwalther, and printer Christopher Froschauer, and a pivotal event involving this man saw him speak on the arrival of Bernhardin Sanson. Though his influence had begun to wane following a "Land Peace" in 1529, his participation in the brief Second Kappel War in defense of his city led to his death. This author of "On the True and False Religion" was invited by Philip of Hesse to debate a major contemporary in the Marburg Colloquy, though he could not agree on the doctrine of real presence with Martin Luther. For 10 points, identify this prominent citizen of Zurich, the foremost figure of the Swiss Reformation.
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In his eighties, he wrote a monograph on his friend Claude Monet. Years earlier, as editor of the newspaper L'Aurore, he had published Emile Zola's article under the headline "J'Accuse." His political career included a long rivalry with socialist Jean Juares. FTP, name this two-time French premier, who lost power for the last time in 1920 for allegedly being too soft on the Germans at Versailles.
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In his first year of rule, he avoided war with one of his neighbors with the Peace of Knared. Shortly thereafter he sent an abortive expedition to seize the fortification of Dunamunde in an attempt to overthrow his initial rival for the throne, Sigismund III. After defeating his cousin, he would form the Corpus Evangelicorum, which he led at the Alte Veste and to victory at Breitenfeld. FTP, name this king who became known as the "Lion of the North," until he was capped at Lutzen while leading his Swedish forces in the Thirty Years' War.
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In his old age this leader feared walking across his tent, thinking that his legs were made of glass and would shatter. After successfully guarding the rear at Jena, he earned victories at Katzbach and Möckern, paving the way for victory at Leipzig. Despite setbacks in the disastrous 1806 campaign against France that concluded with his surrender near Lübeck, he was made prince of Wahlstadt in 1815, the year he joined Stein, Hardenberg, and Scharnhorst in reestablishing opposition to Napoleon. FTP, identify this Prussian field marshal who assisted Wellington at the Battle of Waterloo.
for 10 points - the Bolsheviks launched the October Revolution to overthrow whose short-lived provisional government?
In his youth, he became a member of Narodniki, though publicly he claimed to be a member of the more moderate Group of Toil. After the czar's overthrow, he was made both vice chairman of the Petrograd Soviet and Minister of Justice, becoming popular due to his institution of basic freedoms and equal rights for women. As Minister of War, his June Offensive was a complete disaster, and prompted him to give command to Lavr Kornilov, who he accused of attempting a coup d'état. Soon after
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In its later years, Nicholas von der Flue saved it from dissolution by arranging the Compact of Stans. Left virtually defenseless when many of its castles were destroyed by the Earthquake of 1346, it nonetheless repelled an invasion of the English Guglers of Enguerrand de Coucy at Entlebuch. Earlier, it was excommunicated after seizing Einsiedeln Abbey, but the ban was lifted by Louis of Bavaria, whom it thereafter supported. It was renewed in the Pact of Brunnen after it crushed two attempts to punish it at Morgarten and Sempach, and in 1499 it signed the Treaty of Basel with Swabia, in which it dissolved in favor of a full confederation. FTP, what was this anti-Hapsburg alliance between Uri, Schwyz and Unterwalden that became the nucleus of Switzerland?
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In one election, this politician contradicted his opponent's Sheffield Rally by standing on an actual soapbox and shouting through a megaphone in Luton. He appointed the Nolan Committee to investigate the Cash-for-Questions affair, which involved Harrod's owner Mohamed Al-Fayed bribing members of his party. He defeated Neil Kinnock in general election before signing the Downing Street Declaration with Albert Reynolds. This man withdrew the pound from the European Exchange Rate Mechanism after its value fell on Black Wednesday. He was opposed by the Maastricht Rebels, members of his own party who opposed that treaty. He also governed during the First Gulf War before being defeated by the New Labour party. For 10 points, name this successor of Margaret Thatcher, a conservative Prime Minister of the UK for much of the 1990s.
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In one of this author's works, the speaker asserts that "one must be for ever drunken: that is the sole question of importance." Another of his works sees the speaker attack the title character for having "no coloured glasses."Â In addition to "Intoxication" and "The Glass-Vendor," he described how "Languorous Asia and burning Africa, / A whole world, distant, absent, almost exist" in the title object of "The Head of Hair." The title character, a "captive king," is mocked because its "giant wings keep them from walking" in his "The Albatross." He opened another work asserting "folly and error...possess our spirits," after which he compares himself to the "hypocrite reader." For 10 points, name this man who wrote the Prose Poems, the French author of The Flowers of Evil.
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In one polity the first ruler of this name was the successor of Peter I and died at the Battle of Fraga and in one country the first ruler of this name was the son of Henry of Burgundy and the second ruler of this name was excommunicated by Honorius III. In that second country the final ruler of this name saw his nation lose its last colony in Sri Lanka, defeated his rivals at Ameixal [ah-may-SHALL], and wed his sister to Charles II of England. In that same country the fourth and fifth were known as the "The Brave" and "The African," with the latter ending a serious rebellion at Alfarrobeira. In another country the final ruler of this name attempted to regain his throne but was expelled by General Mola. For 10 points, give this common name which identifies six kings of Portugal as well as thirteen kings of Castile or Spain, the last of whom abdicated in 1941.
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In one story, this man saved the town of Gubbio by making a pact with an attacking wolf. After spending time as a Perugian captive, he saw a vision of a hall full of cross-marked armor, which encouraged him to travel to Apulia. After 40 days' fasting on the mountain La Verna, he saw a six-winged seraph, after which he received the stigmata, according to his namesake Fioretti. He praised Sister Death, Brother Fire, and Brother Moon in his Canticle of the Sun, and was credited with inventing the Nativity creche scene. For 10 points, identify this Catholic patron saint of animals, the founder of a namesake group whose first two orders are the Poor Clares and the Friars Minor.
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In response to the threat posed by this agreement, Lord Minto negotiated with Ranjit Singh at the Treaty of Amritsar, and Count Pozzo resigned his diplomatic post. It was a conseuqence of General Bennigsen's loss at Friedland, and this treaty allowed one party to conquer Finland and chip away at the Ottoman Empire. It also established both the Kingdom of Westphalia and the Grand Duchy of Warsaw while expanding the Continental System. For 10 points, name this 1807 sequence of agreements signed on a raft in the Nieman River by Alexander I of Russia and Napoleon.
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In the aftermath of this battle the losing forces were forced to retreat over a single bridge which was prematurely destroyed, trapping 30,000 troops. Initially, the attacks by Blucher from the north and Schwarzenberg from the south were unsuccessful, but the arrival of Russian and Swedish troops combined by the defection of Saxon forces led to Napoleon's defeat. Breaking French power in Poland and Germany, FTP< what was this October 1813 battle, known as "the battle of the nations"?
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In the aftermath of this battle, one monarch gave Riwin the office of his father Dietpald, who had died in the fighting; that episode is discussed in one of the major contemporary sources on this battle, Gerhard's Life of Bishop Ulrich. Two months after this battle was fought, Stojgnev, the king of the Obotrites, was killed at the battle of Recknitz. The winner of this battle commanded eight legions, one under the control of Boleslav I and a Swabian line under Duke Burchard. It ended with many losing soldiers killed in the namesake river while the winning general was soon after crowned emperor by Pope John XII. For 10 points, name this battle fought in August 955, a triumph for Otto the Great over the Magyars.
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In the fifteenth century, it was the capital of the Duchy of Mazovia and Napoleon created a Grand Duchy there in 1806. It became a royal capital in 1611 when Sigismund III moved there and was technically one between 1815 and 1830, although the king in question was also the ruler of its country's larger neighbor. Between the Third Partition of 1794 and 1806 the Prussians were in charge of, for 10 points, what city that in 1919 again became the capital of an independent Poland?
Poor Laws
In the late eighteenth century, they were supplemented by the Speenhamland system that gave allowances to workers who received insufficient wages. The Elizabethan ones, codified from 1597 to 1601, required that each parish establish overseers who would collect the parish tax and provide assistance for the aged, young, and infirm. The New One of 1834 sought to punish the indigent and provided no relief except for work in the dreary workhouses for able-bodied paupers. FTP, give the term for these English welfare laws.
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In the late seventeenth century, this polity was bankrupted by an unsuccessful attempt to establish a colony in Panama, the Dari(n Scheme. The death at sea of The Maid of Norway set off a succession crisis here known as the "Great Cause," which was won by a man nicknamed "Empty Coat." That man, John Balliol, was taken captive after the Battle of Dunbar by England's Edward I, known as the "Hammer" of this kingdom's people. This kingdom ceased to exist in 1707 with the Acts of Union, when it was subsumed into Great Britain. For 10 points, name this kingdom whose kings included Kenneth MacAlpin and Robert the Bruce.
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In the run-up to this conflict, three rulers signed Lowenwolde's treaty, an agreement to back Emmanuel of Portugal. One front saw the sieges of Kehl and Philipsburg and the aborted siege to Mainz. On another front, Bonnie Prince Charlie had his first-ever experience of combat when he witnessed the siege of Gaita. On that front, an impasse over the use of forces to secure Milan led an angry Charles Emmanuel of Savoy to refuse to lend his siege weapons to the assault on Mantua. Don Carlos of Parma lost his lands but gained the throne of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in this conflict, while France gained Lorraine in exchange for recognising the pragmatic sanction and Augustus of Saxony won the central office. For 10 points, name this war in which France and Spain used Stanislaw Lesczyinski's cause as an excuse to fight Austrian power after Augustus III became king of the namesake country.
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In this play, Jacomo directs an abbess and three of her nuns to be happy upon the construction of a new abbey. Later, a friar is strangled with a belt, and another character, believing the friar to be alive, is charged with his murder after striking him with a staff. The main character proclaims "As for myself, I walk abroad a- nights, And kill sick people groaning under walls". A conflict caused by a forged letter leads to Mathias and Lodowick killing each other in a duel. The main character has Ithamore deliver poisoned rice-porridge to a convent out of vengeance after his daughter Abigail joins. Later, he assists an invading Turkish army and dies after falling into a boiling cauldron. For 10 points, name this play about the murderous villain Barabas, written by Christopher Marlowe.
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Initial attacks by Prince Bagration fell on the seemingly isolated French troops under Marshal Lannes. The French countered attacked with Ney's corps around 5 pm by moving down a triangle of land created by the confluence of a millstream and the Alle River, capturing the Sortlack Wood and trapping the Russian forces under Leonty Bennigsen. Some Russian troops escaped across the Pregel River back to Russia, but the battle still resulted the the evacuation of Konigsberg two days later. For ten points, identify this June 14, 1807 Napoleonic victory.
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Initially, the prospects for this Jacobite rebellion were promising, but the late arrival of James Edward Stuart to Scotland, the untimely death of French King Louis XIV, who had promised aid, and the vigor of the English government doomed the uprising. FTP, name this short campaign of insurgence against the Hanoverian dynasty which came to an end at the Battle of Sherrifmuir, named for the year in which it occurred.
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It began as an autonomous constitutional monarchy with the Russian empire with its own legal system, parliament, and army. Nicholas I paid scant attention to its liberal constitution, however, and the Organic Statute of 1832 effected a true union with Russia. Nationalist sentiments led to the January Insurrection of 1863 in Warsaw, but the Russians soon crushed it, effectively ending any autonomy this state may have had. FTP name this kingdom set up as a Russian puppet state at Vienna in 1815.
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It began at the Hanselbauer Hotel, where the man who ordered it was upset by the rampant homosexual activity on display. In its aftermath, Victor Lutze became the head of a group that had previously been led by a man who three years earlier had been recalled from Bolivia to command it. Among those killed were the socialist Gregor Strasser, former prime minister of Bavaria Gustav von Kahr, and the country's previous chancellor, Kurt von Schleicher. Taking place on June 30, it was designed as a "blood purge" of a paramilitary organization led by Ernest Röhm. FTP, name this event of 1934 in which Hitler consolidated his grasp of power by killing some leaders of the SA.
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It came about because General Bazaine had fought a successful engagement Saarbrucken, but then gotten bogged down at Metz and needed to be rescued. With his newly formed Army of Chalons General MacMahon tried to recapture the glory that had earlier allowed him to beat the Austrians at Solferino and Magenta, but at this site near the Meuse his opponents managed to pound him with their steel artillery while still out of range of French bronze guns. Thus 100,000 men got captured by von Moltke's army, which then went on to occupy Paris in the aftermath of, for 10 points, what battle that saw the end of Napoleon III and the Franco-Prussian War?
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It declares that "it is a crime to worship the sabre as a modern god when all of human science is laboring to hasten the triumph of truth and justice", and praises Auguste Scheurer-Kestner for his honesty. It attacks Armand Mercier du Paty de Clam, three hand-writing experts, and two court martials. Appearing in the January 13, 1898 issue of Clemenceau's L-Aurore and addressed to the French president, Felix Faure, it praises Georges Piquart and attacks Commandant Esterhazy. FTP, name this open letter in favor of Alfred Dreyfus written by Emile Zola.
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It ended by disbanding after a plebiscite in October after reinforcements arrived from Marche. It began with embarkation from Quarto and included major conflicts at Calatafimi and finally at the Volturno River. The primary opponent was Francis II, who was decisively defeated at Milazzo after failing to stop a landing at Marsala. Its success was largely guaranteed by the incompetence of Bourbon opposition and within a few weeks Messina and Palermo had also fallen. FTP, identify this campaign that overthrew the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, which was led by Giuseppe Garibaldi and which was named for the approximate number of participants.
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It ended the oppressive dragonnades, but the end of its political benefits was achieved by the Peace of Alais and the capture of the stronghold at La Rochelle, while a series of declarations beginning in 1665 interpreted it so narrowly that it became virtually useless. Officially revoked in 1685, it had originally created what was essentially an independent state within France with its provisions for French subsidies for troops and fortifications for its constituents. FTP, what was this 1598 edict of Henry IV which ended the Wars of Religion by granting religious toleration to the Huguenots?
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It especially targeted sheriffs who did not collect ship money and enforced the decrees against enclosures. Not bound by common-law protections against self-incrimination or the use of pillory on the gentry, it was expanded to punish rioters under Thomas Wolsey and became known thereafter as incorruptible. Along with its counterpart at the High Commission, it was abolished in 1641 by the Long Parliament. FTP, name this supplementary court used to persecute the Puritans by Charles I, named for the figure painted on the ceiling of its meeting room.
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It established a court system, its namesake chamber, one of the most famous instances of which was located at Castres. The renunciation of this agreement led to the Potsdam Proclamation of Frederick Wilhelm, which caused a mass emigration. Among its provisions was the non-transfer of control of certain places de sûreté, the maintenance of which was to be paid for by the government. Partially annulled by the Peace of Ales, it restored Catholicism in many places, but was vehemently opposed by Clement the Eighth and other popes until its repudiation at Fountainbleu. FTP, identify this declaration by Henry IV that sought to protect Huguenots.
Portugal
It established its independence in 1385, when John of Avis defeated John of Castile in the Battle of Aljubarrota. The victorious John, who ruled as John the Great, signed the 1386 Treaty of Windsor with England, creating an alliance that was never broken. Nonetheless, it remained neutral during World War Two, under the iron rule of Antonio Salazar. For 10 points, name this country on the Iberian peninsula.
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It eventually forced the 3rd Earl of Sunderland, Charles Spencer, out of office. This event inspired the street ballad "Every fool aspired to be a knave" and drew comparison to the Trojan Horse by the second Earl Cowper. It involved a rumor of Earl Stanhope's reception of overtures. James Craggs and his son John were both tried for this event, and through a Parliamentary inquiry, John Aislabie was expelled for his involvement with it. Madam von Platen and the Duchess of Kendal's bribe-taking helped pass a measure by which the entity responsible for it assumed the British national debt. That entity, established by Robert Harley, excited Exchange Alley investors with its promise of abundant wealth with zero taxes from Philip V, despite being limited to one vessel after the Treaty of Utrecht. For 10 points, name this 1720 British speculation crisis.
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It featured correspondence which was translated into English and encrypted by the secretary Gilbert Curle. Messages were transmitted through a local brewer, with the first coming from the Baron of Chateauneuf. The initial correspondence had been described to the Baron by a double agent using the alias Coledrin, but the most damning evidence, including plans for a hundred people to rise up in Chartley, was deciphered by Thomas Phelippes, who reported it to Francis Walsingham. Chidiock Tidbourne, John Ballard, and John Savage were all executed for their roles in, FTP, what plot to kill Queen Elizabeth I, in which Mary, Queen of Scots was also implicated and for which she was sentenced to death?
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It gained power over Scania through the Peace of Stralsund, which was signed five years after the Peace of Wordingborg weakened its power in Denmark. That peace was the work of Waldemar IV, whose victories at Helsingborg and Wisby curtailed its dominance. Its last formal assembly was held in 1669, but it reached its apex much earlier, when its major kontors were at London, Bergen, and Bruges. FTP, name this association which centered at Lübeck, a union of North German towns which worked together to regulate trade.
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It had 577 signitaries, and only one man--Martin Dauch--refused to sign, claiming that he could do nothing without the sanction of the king. First proposed by Jean Joseph Mounier, it declared the delegates' intention "not to separate, and to reassemble wherever circumstances require, until the constitution of the kingdom is established." FTP, name this defiant pledge signed by the members of France's Third Estate when the Estates General were locked out of their usual meeting place at Versailles.
El Escorial
It has 9 towers, 9 organs, 16 patios, 73 statues, 86 sets of stairs, 88 fountains, 1200 widows, and more than 1600 paintings. Designed to support the Counter-Reformation, its church façade is of a simplified Roman Mannerist style with an Ionic temple on a Doric lower story. Dedicated to St. Lawrence, on whose feast day the King defeated the French at St. Quentin, it was begun by Juan Bautista de Toledo and finished by Juan de Herrera to honor Philip II. FTP name this monastery, church, and museum located about thirty miles northwest of Madrid.
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It is administered as a single city with the nearby resort of Sopot. Historic landmarks include the over 600-year old Gothic Church of St. Mary, one of the world's largest Protestant churches, and the Stare Miasto, or "Old Town," which lies on the river that runs through it. However its most notable site is the world famous Neufahrwasser, or Nowy Port. Once the capital of Pomerelia, it sits on a branch of the Vistula, alongside the Baltic Sea. FTP, name this site of Lech Walesa's shipyard strike, now a Polish port known in German as Danzig.
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It is believed that his fanatical and violent temperament was due to brain damage caused at birth. He succeeded his father, who had ruled for only three months, but, unlike his grandfather, he sought to rule personally, dismissing his chief minister in 1890. Intent on making his nation a world power, he entered into a naval arms race with Great Britain, thus helping to cause World War I. FTP name this grandson of Victoria and third kaiser of Germany.
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It is said he acquired his heraldic motto of "Ich Dien" after seeing the body of John of Bavaria, who died at one of his earliest victories. His chivalric reputation was stained forever by the terrible atrocities he ordered at Limoges, which he directed from a litter, as he was in the grip of the malady that would kill him later that year. He had acquired that sickness three years ealier on the campaign which culminated in his victory over Henry of Transtamare and Bertrand du Guesclin at Najera in 1367, though he is perhaps better known for his defeat of du Guesclin twelve years earlier. FTP name this warrior who won his spurs at Crécy and captured Jean II at Poitiers, the son of Edward III and father of Richard II whose colorful nickname came from the armor he wore in battle.
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It notes that letters of pardon issued by one of its signatories have been given to such men as Father Pandulf and Henry, archbishop of Dublin. One section promises to return his sisters to Alexander, king of the Scots, while another promises to remove from their bailiwicks such men as Gerard of Athee and Engelard of Cigogne. Its 14th and 61st clauses led to the creation of the Great Council, and it was signed a year after the battle of Bouvines, at which Norman lands belonging to a number of the signatories were lost. FTP, name this agreement whose renunciation led to the First Barons' War, which was signed in 1215 at Runnymede by King John.
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It prompted Isaac Newton to say he calculated movements of the stars, not the madness of men. It was brought on in part due to an erroneous belief the residents of present-day Latin America would give up precious resources in exchange for access to wool and fleece garments. Alas, it was not noted that Philip V of Spain was only allowing one ship per year to access the Spanish colonies. However, this did not daunt investors, who drove up prices in the namesake company to insane levels, thus severely damaging the economy when the stock price went in the tank. Starting when its namesake agreed to finance the English war debt after the Peace of Utrecht, this is, FTP, what English stock bubble of 1720?
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It reached its summit in its victories over Waldemar IV of Denmark, gaining in the Treaty of Stralsund a virtual monopoly in Scandinavia, but its hegemony was curbed by a Dutch defeat in 1441. The last diet was held in 1669, but this group never formally dissolved. Originating in a treaty between Lübeck and Hamburg in 1241, its goal was to obtain mutual security and exclusive trading rights for its members. FTP, identify this medieval German mercantile league.
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It reached the height of its power when it defeated Waldemar IV of Denmark and signed the favorable Treaty of Straslund. It still met as late as 1669, but it had not been a major power for over a century. It began in part to facilitate trade of salt and herring for Kiel and Lubeck, but a 1241 mutual defense pact between Lubeck and Hamburg is considered its true beginning. Consisting of up to 160 members, FTP, name this powerful league which controlled trade in the Baltic and North Sea regions for centuries.
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It reconfirmed an earlier agreement that had been overturned by the Edict of Restitution. Delegates negotiating it included the Marquis de Sablé, the Count d'Avaux, Fabio Chigi, Count Johann von Sayn-Wittgenstein, and John Oxenstiern. Under it, Alsace and Metz went to France, and western Pomerania, Verden, and Wismar went to Sweden. 1624 was deemed the "standard year," and all ownership and religious affiliation was to be returned to the state of that time. The Netherlands and the Swiss Confederation were officially recognized by, FTP, what agreement between Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand III and most European powers, that ended the Thirty Years War in 1648?
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It saw the cession of Breisach to France, and confirmed its sovereignty over Toul, Metz, and Pinerolo. The Rhenish Palatinate was left to Charles Louis, and the Elector of Brandenburg was compensated for his loss of Pomerania. Its religious stipulations were a continuation of the Peace of Prague, the most important of which was the restoration of the worship rights of 1624. FTP, name this 1648 peace that resulted in the recognition of independence for The Netherlands and Switzerland and ended the Thirty Years' War.
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It saw the death of the famous British strategist Sir Basil Henry Hart. After a week of artillery bombardment, the British launched their attack and suffered 60,000 casualties in a single day. In a couple of months torrential rains turned the battlefield to a sea of mud and blood, though by November the Germans had retreated to the Hindenburg Line. The Allied goal of relieving pressure on Verdun was achieved in this encounter that saw he introduction of the tank in battle. FTP, identify this 1916 WWI battle named for the river along which it was fought.
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It used such devices as the Tohopesate, a military pact, and the Verhansung, a final exclusion of recalcitrant members, to enforce its interests. Albrecht of Mecklenburg attempted to destroy it by hiring Klaus Störtebeker's pirates, the Vitalienbrüder, to war against this organization. Another war, with England, lasted from 1468 to 1474, a century after it signed the Treaty of Straslund which ended its war with Denmark. Founded by Henry the Lion, it declined after expelling Cologne and Brunswick in the fifteenth century, and only Hamburg, Bremen, and Lübeck remained as members by 1669. FTP, name this Baltic trade confederation.
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It was born out of the failure of the Fashoda Expedition, which pushed a group led by Eugène Étienne to first call for it. Secret provisions of it promised expanded access to Spain around the territories at Ceuta and Melilla. Articles 6 and 7 ensured the free passage of the Suez Canal and Strait of Gibraltar, while Article 4 stipulated that no customs duties were to be imposed in Morocco and Egypt. Signed by Lord Lansdowne and Paul Cambon, it was largely proposed by Théophile Declassé and its strength was tested by Germany the following year in the Tangier Crisis. FTP, name this agreement between Britain and France that, with the inclusion of Russia in 1907, expanded to become the Triple Entente.
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It was built by Azzo Adalbert, but by the 1070s it had come into the possession of Countess Matilda of Tuscany. She was the one who invited a German emperor to visit there in an event described by Lambert of Hersfeld, who claimed that he stood outside this castle in the snow for three days before being granted absolution on January 28. FTP, identify this castle in northern Italy, where Henry IV was humiliated by Gregory VII, whose name has become a byword for penance.
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It was completed at least partially under the financing of Louis XV of France, and sits at a junction spanned by the Via Condotti. Built to unite the Via del Babuino with the Via Felice, original designs for this structure were made by Alessandro Specchi. To the south sits the boat of Pietro Bernini's Barcaccia fountain and to the north is the Sallustian Obelisk. The obelisk sits in front of the Trinitá dei Monti cathedral, which appears in this construction's usual Italian designation, and the one-time contiguous residences of Keats and Shelley have now been replaced by museums. Ultimately completed by Francesco De Sanctis, the central Ripetta is flanked by a pair of convex paths that unite at the top. Named for an embassy to the Holy See and often lined with pink azaleas, FTP, name this picturesque structure in Rome consisting of 12 flights of stairs.
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It was completed in part by the desire to facilitate the Treaty of Hubertusburg between Austria and Prussia. In exchange for their removal of troops from Hanover, Hesse, and Brunswick the French were granted, among other possessions, the islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon off Newfoundland and Guadeloupe and Martinique in the West Indies. However, Grenada, Saint Vincent, and Tobago went to Britain while Havana was restored and Louisiana given to Spain. FTP, this describes the terms of what 1763 treaty resolving the Seven Years War and signed in the namesake European city?
Jacquerie
It was ended by the forces of Charles II of Navarre at Clermont-en-Beauvaisis, but began following the Battle of Poitiers when the countryside was ransacked by bands of British mercenaries whose actions were ignored by the French nobles. This oversight, coupled with the Dauphin's demand that his subjects rebuild the fortifications of their lords, fueled an uprising of Parisians under Etienne Marcel and country-folk under Guillaume Carle who began at Compiegne and spent two moths attacking castles and massacring the nobles. FTP, name this insurgency that primarily took place in 1358 and whose name comes from a French pejorative for "peasant."
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It was engendered by the Six Acts. Its organizer, having visited the U.S. and France in the 1790s, became obsessed with the idea that a true patriot must overthrow the established government. Following the crackdown on radical protest after Peterloo, Arthur Thistlewood conceived the idea of assassinating the entire Cabinet in order to spark a general rebellion in Britain. Shortly before he and his conspirators were to leave their room on a certain street to commit the crime, they were apprehended. FTP, name this botched plan.
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It was finally suppressed by the ruthless actions of John Wilkes, after which he lost much of his Parliamentary support. Its inciter and namesake was charged with treason but received acquittal after the masterful defense of Thomas Erskine. This event was in response to the 1778 Catholic Relief Act, which allowed Roman Catholics who rejected to Pope to buy land. Sparked by the forming of the Protestant Association, 60,000 people marched on the House of Commons and began a riot that lasted for several days. FTP, identify this 1780 set of riots named after the Protestant leader that incited them.
zemstvos
It was first instituted in 1864, and representation in it was based on land ownership and elected bodies on the district level would vote for a provincial assembly, who would then appoint a committee that would take care of such matters as hospital maintenance and road construction. They were replaced by the soviets as a form of local government in 1917, mainly because they had served a vehicle for which Russian liberals had pushed through reform. Later curtailed by Alexander III, FTP, name these local governing bodies, one of the key reforms of the reign of Tsar Alexander II.
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It was followed by the naval battle of Ahvenanmaa five years later, and immediately after it, the losing commander fled to Bendery in the Ottoman Empire. Drunkenness and a battle at Ljesna prevented Marshal Lewenhaupt from linking-up with the main body, and a brave but foolhardy charge led to the injury of the losing commander, who was replaced by field marshal Count Rehnskold. Although the turncoats Konstatin Hordienko and Ivan Mazepa had joined the other side, superior numbers and artillery allowed Boris Sheremetyev and Prince Menshikov to withstand the enemy attack and force the surrender at Perevolochna. FTP, name this 1709 battle of the Great Northern War, a victory of Peter the Great over Charles XII of Sweden.
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It was forced into early engagements near Plymouth and Portland Bill after departing from La Coruna. Its mission was deemed necessary due to the Treaty of Nonsuch, but was hampered by the death of its intended leader, the Marquess de Santa Cruz. Intending to join an army under the Duke of Parma, it was effectively opposed by Charles Howard's forces, and was unable to force close fighting to board the British ships, partly due to the inexperience of its leader, the Duke of Medina-Sidonia. Decisively defeated in 1588, FTP, what was this great naval force sent to engineer an invasion of England?
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It was hidden under floorboards, buried with an orphan, and given to a servant after it was shot. It was played in a monastery, a gypsy camp, in an English concert hall, and during intercourse. Ultimately it was stolen at an auction by Charles Morritz and replaced with a copy. FTP, name this masterwork of Nicolo Bussoti, whose color comes from an additive to the varnish-the blood of Bussoti's dead wife-whose history is traced in a 1998 movie.
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It was officially convoked by Count Gyula Andrassy, and the Italian representative was Count Luigi Corti, whose blunders would lead to his resignation. It saw the withdrawal of all British objections to French expansion in North Africa, and only the Earl of Salisbury's diplomacy ensured that the Russians would come to the conference table. Prince Milan IV gained the independence of his country but saw the stage set for future turmoil in the region. Called to modify the recent Treaty of San Stefano, this parley was dominated by Otto von Bismarck. FTP, identify this meeting of 1878, named for the German city in which it took place.
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It was originally chronicled by Jean le Bel and Jean de Venette. One faction was defeated by Gaston Phoebus and Jean de Grailly at Meaux, and on the next day at Clermont-en-Beauvaisis they were defeated again, this time by Charles of Navarre. Vigilantes under Saint-Dizier indiscriminately hanged suspects and a leader was tortured on a hot iron throne in the aftermath, after a failed attempt to unite with the Parisian rebels of Etienne Marcel. Theorized to be a result of seigneurial oppression and plague by Simeon Luce, Marie de Medeiros emphasized its spontaneous and anarchical nature. Best known from an unsympathetic account by Froissart, FTP, identify this 1358 rebellion in France which is named for the revolutionary Guillaume Caillet, who was better known as Simple Jack.
Wessex
It was probably founded early in the 6th century under the leadership of Prince Cerdic and his son Cynric. During the next century it was usually ruled by other kingdoms, notably Mercia, Northumbria, and Kent. Early in the 9th century, King Egbert, having conquered Mercia, Northumbria, and several other kingdoms, including Essex and Kent, was acknowledged overlord of all England. During the reign of his grandson, Alfred the Great, the Danes, who had long harassed the Saxons, acknowledged its sovereignty over all English territory not under Danish rule. FTP, identify this Anglo-Saxon kingdom of England, located east of Cornwall, which shares its name with the setting of many of the writings of Thomas Hardy.
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It was resolved here to move one force towards Rabaul while another army moved from India to Burma, and its operational plans were clarified four months later in the Trident conference. At this meeting, the delegates also decided whether Henri Giraud or Charles de Gaulle should be recognized as leader of the Free French, planned the intensive bombing of Germany, and determined to invade Sicily instead of landing in the West. Some have suggested that a proclamation at its end discouraged attempts to overthrow Hitler by demanding the "unconditional surrender" of Axis powers. It took place in January, 1943, and Stalin declined to participate, so, FTP, only Roosevelt and Churchill met at what World War II summit in North Africa?
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It was revoked by Louis XI 23 years after its promulgation, but it was periodically reasserted, and it exerted a profound influence on church authority and the progress of the Reformation. Reaffirmed in part by the Concordat of Bologna, it was based on the decisions of the Council of Basel. It claimed certain liberties for the Gallican Church, and asserted the supremacy of councils over the Pope. FTP, identify this document, issued in 1438 by French King Charles VII.
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It was somewhat overlooked in its time due the naval Battle of Beachy Head, which occurred at the same time. A large amount of troops here were separated from each other by a deep ravine near Roughgrange, a landform that neither side knew existed. That mistake cost the losing side its cannons. The actual fighting broke out at Oldbridge, where George Walker and the second-in-command of the winning side, the Duke of Shomberg, were killed. The Dutch Blue Guard managed to force its way across this battle's namesake feature. The winning side had the help of infantry from the region of Ulster known as Inniskillingers, while much of the losing army in this battle had been raised by Richard Talbot, First Earl of Tyrconnel in an attempt to reclaim the landholdings lost by Catholics in Ireland during the event which this battle prevented from being reversed, the Glorious Revolution. For 10 points, name this 1690 battle that took place in Ireland, in which William III of England crushed the former James II near the namesake river.
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It was sparked when troops fired on demonstrators supporting Polish reforms, and the man whose 2-year term as premier had ended a year before was restored. That man immediately instituted reforms, sought UN aid to preserve neutrality, and withdrew his nation from the Warsaw Pact. However, Janos Kádár called in the Soviets, who crushed the uprising from November 4 to 14. FTP, name this revolt, which ousted Matyas Rakosi in favor of Imre Nagy (NOZH).
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It was suggested to James I by Raymond of Pennafort, and the resulting Bull "Declinante jam mundi" ordered Archbishop Esparrago to begin. The Council of Lerida confided it to the Dominicans and Franciscans, and its terms were defined by the Synod of Tarragona in 1242. Officially declared by Sixtus IV in 1478, it was overseen by the Consejo Supremo, while Miguel de Morillo and Juan de San Martin oversaw it in Seville. Organized by Tomas de Torquemada, it was not abolished until the revolution of 1820. For 10 points, name this Holy Office that attempted to root out heresy in Spain.
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It was the principal large-scale expression of discontent with Reformation legislation of Henry VIII. Causes of the uprising were opposition to Cromwell's attempts to extend government control in the north of England, agrarian enclosure, and the dissolution of the monasteries. Rebels under Robert Aske and Thomas Darcy seized Lincoln and York in October of 1536, but the movement was quashed and its leaders executed by the beginning of the following year. FTP name this revolt, whose participants were identified by the wearing of badges commemorating the five wounds of Christ.
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It was waged on the pretext of a Brabantian law that provided for the transfer of property to the children born of the first marriage of the deceased. Thus, it was hoped that the instigator of this war would receive the Spanish Netherlands instead of the future Charles II of Spain. Also known as the Queen's War, this conflict saw the invasion of Franche-Comté by French armies under de Turenne and saw the United Provinces, England, and Sweden form the Triple Alliance. Ended by the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, FTP, identify this 1667-8 war fought by Louis XIV on behalf of his wife Marie Thérèse.
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It was weakened by surprise attacks at Cascaes and St. Vincent, which led to the destruction of many of its supplies. Possibly its biggest loss was the Salvador, which led to the death of the paymaster and no more gold. Dutch intervention prevented the duke of Parma from reinforcing it, and Medina-Sidonia was at the mercy of Lord Howard's superior tactical force. FTP, name this force weakened by Frobisher, Hawkins, and Drake and which failed in accomplishing Philip II's dream of a naval invasion of England.
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Its aftermath saw Lords Sidmouth and Liverpool push through Parliament the so-called Six Acts, which included a measure requiring a sheriff's permission to hold public meetings of over fifty people. Two year-old William Fildes was among the eleven killed as divisions of yeomanry and hussars cut through a crowd of 60,000 to arrest Henry "Orator" Hunt and various leaders of the Manchester Patriotic Union Society. FTP, identify this 1819 massacre which derives its name from the fact that it took place at St. Peter's Field four years after the Battle of Waterloo.
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Its colors are green and red and its members wear a blue sash and, since 1939, a kepi cover. One of its best-known units, the 13th Half-Brigade, fought in WWII at both Narvik, in Norway, and in North Africa. It was created in 1831 and took part in the conquest of Algeria, but its greatest moment was at Camerone where 65 of its men under Captain Donjou held off 2000 Mexicans for hours. It was also featured prominently in the film Beau Geste and fought bravely at Dien Bien Phu. FTP, name this multinational military unit of France.
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Its commander, the Marquis de Launay, complied with the shouted command "down with the second drawbridge! no terms!" Nevertheless, his head ended up on a pike before he reached the Hotel de Ville. His eighty elderly veterans and thirty Swiss regulars killed at least 98 of the crowd from Faubourg Sainte-Antoine that captured his post and released its occupants. On its last day of operation only three mental patients and four forgers awaiting prosecution were behind the "massive stone walls and eight great towers" that confined Dickens's Dr. Manette. FTP name this infamous prison of the ancien regime, stormed by a revolutionary mob on July 14th, 1789.
Little Entente
Its early negotiations were threatened by the attempted rebellion of a man who was exiled to the island of Madeira. Minister Banffy was an infrequent participant in those negotiations, which concluded successfully and twelve years later led to the establishment of an Economic Council, Permanent Council, and Secretariat via the terms of Pact of Reorganization signed by all of its members. This was done at Geneva, which was less important than both the Genoa conference the prior decade and the series of treaties signed with France by all of its members. Intended to suppress Habsburg resurgence as well as Hungarian advances, for 10 points, name this brainchild of Edvard Benes, an alliance between Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Yugoslavia formed in 1920 and 1921.
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Its effects were aggravated by the vacillation of Mayor Bludworth and the haphazard use of gunpowder against it by the Trained Bands before its second phase erupted from the legal district known as The Temple. A column known simply as The Monument stands where it first arose from the home of Thomas Farynor, the king's baker, in Pudding Lane. It came just months after a devastating plague had died down, and it was described at length by Samuel Pepys. FTP, name this 1666 conflagration that led to Christopher Wren and others rebuilding the city.
a benevolence was no longer forcibly extracted. It sought the recognition of four principles: no quartering of soldiers on subjects, no imprisonment without cause, no martial law in peacetime, and no taxes without consent of Parliament. FTP, identify this document directed at King Charles I, a written declaration of 1628.
Its enactment was directly related to the impasse that followed the arrest of Thomas Darnel and four of his companions a year earlier. Soon following its acceptance, the Duke of Buckingham was assassinated, though one desired goal was achieved
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Its failure to unify against the hostility of Richard II and the Merchant Adventurers was the first sign of its decline. Its greatest enemy used Kampen and the towns of the Zuider Zee as a lure to split it in two and co-opt the Livonian cities, but they rebelled and joined with their Wendish rivals in the Confederation of Cologne to recover the fortress of Halsingborg and rights to trade through the Oresund. The Peace of Stralsund confirmed its victory over Waldemar Attedag, despite his sack of Visby in 1361. First formed to facilitate trade along the Kiel "salt road," FTP, name this medieval group of merchant associations from Lubeck, Hamburg, and other north German cities.
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Its first king, Eudes, is not officially a member of this house. Three of its members were emperors of Constantinople for 45 years, while another branch of the family served as kings of Hungary for 72 years. All of its rulers descended from Robert the Strong, whose progeny assumed permanent power upon the death of Louis the Do-Nothing. Probably the most notable members of this house were Philip II, who fought King John, and Saint Louis, though its name comes from its first ruler Hugh. Coming into power after the Carolingians, FTP, name this ruling house of France from 987 to 1328.
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Its first president co-negotiated the surrender of the Batavian Republic to his country and another of its original members was the head of a deist sect known as the "Friends of God and Man." Among its military successes was forcing the capitulation of the king of Sardinia and the establishment of the puppet state in Naples known as the Parthenopaean Republic. After its downfall a triumvirate was established with one of the seats being held by Roger Ducos. Of the original members, Rewbell, would resign and his replacement hatched a plot along with the help of another member Paul Barras. It had already been weakened by the military's defeats at the hands of Suvorov and the loss at Aboukir Bay. Established in the Consitution of the Year III and dissolved on 18 Brumaire, for 10 points, name this body of five members that, from 1795 to 1799, ruled France.
Bohemia
Its name derives from a Celtic tribe that was expelled by the Macromanni circa 400 AD. Vratislav II was the first to obtain the region's title of King, and success struck in 1355, when this region's king was elevated to Holy Roman Emperor as Charles IV. Cyril and Methodius came west from Moravia to introduce Christianity to this historical country. A nationalist revival was suppressed in 1848, and it is now the largest part of its present country. FTP, name this region of central Europe that makes up the westernmost two-thirds of the Czech Republic.
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Its name was coined by scientist-politician Rudolf Virchow, who vehemently opposed its policies. Results of it included the government assuming the right to inspect religious schools, the expulsion of clergy from public schools, the dissolution of the Jesuit order, and the 1873 May Laws, which mandated state control of religious training and ecclesiastical appointments. FTP, identify this political conflict, which saw increased oppression of Roman Catholics by the Bismarck-led German government.
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Its origins can be traced to the Middle Ages, when it was arbitrarily applied and often commuted, but it was revived under Charles VII and made a permanent source of royal income. In the northern districts, it was levied on an individual basis, called the personnelle, and in the south it was collected on nonprivilieged land. As it was exempted for military service, the nobility who fought as well as the clergy were not subject to its levies, nor were the inhabitants of towns and cities, and so its burden fell largely on the landed peasantry. FTP, name this tax, a hated symbol of the ancien régime which was abolished during the French Revolution in 1789.
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Its presiding officer had to stand upon a lava promontory called Law Rock and recite all the laws passed by the body that year--a natural and effective check on legislative power and long-windedness. Located upon the plains of Thingvellir, it was founded in 930 AD, making it the oldest parliamentary body in the world. FTP, name the General Assembly of Iceland.
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Its project was unsuccessfully opposed by Robert of Bavaria and Carlo Malatesta. It was presided over by the Bishop of Palestrina, and came to a climax with a stirring denunciation delivered by Simon de Cramaud, the Patriarch of Alexandria, after which Baldassare Cossa successfully intrigued on behalf of Peter Philarghi. It asserted that Pedro de Luna and Angelo Corraro were heretics, and five years after it occurred another council met and elected Oddone Colonna as Martin V. FTP, name this meeting which elected Alexander V pope, a council convened in 1409 to end the Great Schism.
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Its publication was advised by Sergey Witte, and it guaranteed freedom of speech, press and assembly; a broad franchise; and a legislature that had to approve legislation before it could become law. Prompted by a disastrous war with Japan and the Bloody Sunday uprising, FTP, what was this 1905 letter in which Nicholas II ended autocracy in Russia, named for the month in which it was issued?
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Its sixteenth article was mainly a restatement of the second article of the Conference of Nerat. Attorney General Bernard did not read it until more than a year after the king signed it in a castle in Bretagne. Amended by the Peace of Alais [ah-LAY], it created "mixed chambers" in superior law courts and allowed non-Catholics access to Catholic universities. It was rejected by supreme law courts in several cities including Bordeaux, Toulouse, and Paris, though it excluded Protestants from a zone surrounding Paris. FTP, identify this law signed by Henry IV granting religious toleration to the Huguenots.
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Its supporters rose ineffectively at Newport under John Frost after Thomas Atwood, leader of the Birmingham Political Union, walked out of their national convention. They split over the issue of "physical force," with opponents such as BLANK arguing that no violence was necessary to advance their agenda. Supporters argued that names on their petitions, such as Victoria Rex and No Cheese, afforded the protection anonymity, while opponents used these pseudonyms to refute their figure of six million supporters. They were so feared that Queen Victoria ordered the Duke of Wellington to lead thousands of troops in suppressing their 1848 gathering in London. FTP, name this nineteenth-century radical movement, whose "six points" including universal male suffrage and salaried members of Parliament appeared in an 1838 document.
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Its third section discusses various kinds of its namesake "literature," and compares certain German writers to monks who wrote "silly lives of Catholic saints" over ancient manuscripts. That section mentions Karl Grün as the classical type of a kind of "foul and enervating literature," and derides as "duodecimo editions of the New Jerusalem" such concepts as the "Home Colonies" and "Little Icaria." Its second section claims that upper class marriage is merely a "system of wives in common" in which men amuse themselves by seducing each others' wives, and offers ten applications of its philosophy, including confiscation of the land of emigrants and rebels. In its fourth and last section, it describes temporary alliances with Polish agrarians and French Social Democrats, though it notes that its immediate interests are in a projected German revolution. FTP, name this 1848 pamphlet which claims that a specter is haunting Europe, a work written by Marx and Engels.
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Jack Lang served as culture and education minister under this man, who famously replied "so what" when confronted with the fruits of an extramarital affair. Before serving in his most famous position, he served among others as interior minister for the UDSR, and became the leader of the PS. After two failed attempts, this man was able to win the presidency on the strength of his 110 propositions program. He became mired in controversy over his secret order to sink the Green Peace ship Rainbow Warrior, and earned early enmity by opposing de Gaulle in the 1958 Algiers Crisis. He appointed Fabius, Rocard and Cresson to the office of Prime Minister, and prior to his death from prostate cancer was forced into the so-called "cohabitation" with his longtime rival, Jacques Chirac. For 10 points, identify this President of France from 1981-1995 who was notably socialist.
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Jan Palach set himself on fire to protest the failure of this movement, whose only short-term result was the federalism espoused by NAME Husak, who made an alliance of convenience with the hardliners. The attempted revival of the Social Democratic party, the churches, and the Boy Scout movement frightened the country's neighbors, but it was the publication of Ludvik Vaculik's "Two Thousand Words" manifesto in the Literary Gazette that spurred them to action. Despite the conference of Warsaw Pact leaders at Cierna-nad-Tisou in Slovakia, tanks were sent to repress this move toward "socialism with a human face," an initiative of Alexander Dubcek. FTP, name this short-lived 1968 season of liberal reform in the Czech capital.
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John Bright and Richard Cobden founded a league that mobilized popular support against them. Their protests succeeded in inducing Sir Robert Peel to amend them in 1842, allowing a sliding scale for prices and imports. Finally abolished in 1846, the first had been passed at the end of the Napoleonic Wars. FTP, name this series of acts that sharply restricted the import of grain into Britain.
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John Knox Laughton, the premier British authority on it, wrote that Charles Blount and Thomas Gerard were the two pivotal strategists of the plan against it. It was created in response to the Treaty of Nonsuch and was to be bolstered by surprise reinforcements from the Duke de Parma; but conflicts at Portland Bill and Plymouth saw its decimation and the end came soon after at Gravelines. Lord Charles Howard was the commander who cost the duke de Medonia-Sidonia almost half of its strength. FTP, name this force organized by Philip II for a naval invasion of England in 1588.
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John Salvius, Johann Wittgenstein, Count Trautmansdorff, and Henri d'Orléans participated in its negotiation. Present as Papal nuncio was Fabio Chigi, the future Alexander VIII. It became necessary after after Ferdinand III's conflict with the electors over the baseline date for territorial acquisitions led to the collapse of the Peace of Prague. Negotiated in Münster and Osnabrück, it established the independence of the United Provinces from Spain, endorsed hereditary succession in Bohemia, and legitimized Brandenburg's acquisition of Magdeburg, Halberstadt, and East Pomerania. Revoking the 1629 Edict of Restitution and setting all land ownership back to its "standard year" state of 1624, it eliminated almost all practical power of the Holy Roman Emperor. FTP, identify this agreement, largely completed in 1648, that ended the Thirty Years' War.
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Josef Lenart was indicted in 1995 for a role in undermining this initiative, whose mediation was discussed decades earlier at the Cierná-nad-Tisou conference. Some of its participants went on to found Charter 77, while others outlined its goals in the Action Program and the Literary Gazette's Two Thousand Words article. Its economic dimension was inspired by the "third way" of Ota Sik, who advocated "socialism with a human face." In its wake, the period of "normalization" began, Gustav Hasak rose to power, and the Brezhnev Doctrine was elucidated. FTP, Oldrich Cernik, Frantisek Tomasek, and Alexander Dubeck led what 1968 attempt at Czechoslovakian autonomy from the Warsaw Pact, which was ended by Soviet military intervention?
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Joseph Addison's The Late Tryal and Conviction of Count Tariff was critical of this agreement's attached Treaty of Commerce, which would have violated the Methuen Treaty but was voted down by Whig opposition. Victor Amadeus II of Savoy gained Sicily in this treaty, though he was forced to exchange it for Sardinia after the soon-following War of the Quadruple Alliance. Britain acquired Newfoundland and Gibraltar, as well as the lucrative right to slave trade in the Spanish colonies, while Austria gained the Spanish Netherlands. For 10 points, name this treaty which recognized Philip of Anjou as the new Philip V of Spain, ending the War of the Spanish Succession.
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King Emeric of Hungary was one of its targets. A meeting between Philip of Swabia and Boniface of Montferrat may have helped bring it about, as it has been argued that Philip intended to return a pretender from the Angelus family to the throne. Its beginnings could be found in a tournament at Écry, where Fulk of Neuilly preached, and it is also suggested that the blinding of Enrico Dandolo and his subsequent vendetta may have inspired it. It is remembered mostly from the works of Nicetas Choniates and Geoffrey of Villehardouin [vee-hahrd-whan], who was one of the Franks involved in it. It began with an invasion of the Adriatic city of Zara, and ended with the establishment of the Latin Empire under Baldwin of Flanders. FTP name this crusade that saw the Venetians and Franks capture Constantinople.
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King Mvemba a Nzinga of the Kingdom of Kongo credited his 1509 victory over his rebellious brother Mpanzu a Kitima to the intercession of this figure, and in gratitude declared a national holiday on July 25. Together with his brother, he is described as being a "son of thunder" by Mark 3:17, and his question about the signs of the end times prompts Jesus' discussion of eschatology in Mark 13. According to tradition, he ordained as first bishop of Braga a man whose namesake spring is believed to cure sterility, St. Peter of Rates, while another tradition states that he appeared at the Battle of Clavijo on horseback, leading to the nickname Matamoros, Slayer of Moors. For ten points, name this patron saint of Spain, an apostle whose symbol is the scallop shell, and whose shrine is at Compostela.
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Late in his life, while living at his palace in Fassolo, he broke up a plot on his life led by the Fieschi family. This prince of Melfi actually began his career in the service of Innocent VIII and King Ferdinand of Naples. His capture of the Barbary corsair Cadolin and his quelling of the Corsican Revolt led him to work for Francis I under who he raised the Siege of Marseilles. Eventually Charles V made him de facto ruler of his hometown of Genoa. FTP identify this Italian admiral whose name graced a luxury liner that famously collided with the S.S. Stockholm in 1956.
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Late in life, he was forced to surrender Stralsund and Wismar and conspired with the Jacobites before meeting his death at the siege of Fredrikshald. His most prominent successes, including the battle fought at Bendery in Moldavia and an attack on Zealand, were at the expense of his cousins, Augustus II of Poland and Frederick IV of Denmark. He rode across Germany to Pomerania in disguise to escape his five years of captivity in Turkey, where he had been forced to flee after his partnership with the Ukrainian Cossack Mazeppa went wrong at the battle of Poltava. FTP, name this opponent of Peter the Great, a rash young king who presided over the decline of Sweden.
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Lavrenti Beria was appointed head of the NKVD over this man upon the death of Yezhov Nikolai. An original member of the Presidium, he eventually joined forces with Beria and feuded with Communist Party rival Andrei Zhdanov, who had this man relieved from one of his posts in 1946. Later, this man formed the "Antiparty Party" with Bulganin in an attempt to oust Khrushchev, but was unsuccessful and permanently banned from Soviet politics. FTP, identify this early statesman most famous for succeeding Stalin as leader of the Soviet Union.
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Leading directly to the construction of the Marly Palace, this treaty became inevitable with the capture of Stettin and the signing of the Treaty of Frederiksborg by some of the lesser combatants in the war that it ended. Negotiated on the losing side by Ulrica Leonora and her husband Frederick I, it included the transfer of Ingermanland, part of Karelia, and all of Livonia to Peter the Great. Resulting from the Battle of Poltava and the death of Charles XII, FTP, name this 1721 treaty that ended the Great Northern War.
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Louis IX of France reportedly produced one regarding various clerical reforms, but it was eventually found to be a forgery. Another limited papal power over France but was superseded by the 1516 Concordat of Bologna, and one of 1759 forbade the union of the Kingdoms of Naples and Two Sicilies. In 1830, Ferdinand VII of Spain relied on one to insure that he would be succeeded by his daughter. That use directly invoked the best known of these concordats, an agreement which was made in 1713 and which resulted in France, Prussia, Bavaria, and Saxony challenging the successor of Emperor Charles VI, Maria Theresa. FTP, give the shared name of these agreements, one of which led to the War of the Austrian Succession.
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Many of its provisions had earlier been suggested in the Treaty of Nérac and the "Peace of Monsieur." Protests over royal activities in the newly acquired territory of Béarn resulted in the revocation of many of its guarantees, including special defenses for the city of La Rochelle. It was finally revoked, in the Declaration of Fontainbleau, by Louis XIV in 1685, eighty-seven years after it was issued in a namesake Breton city. FTP, name this proclamation of Henri IV that accorded religious toleration to the Huguenots.
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Marschall exported mineral water to France in order to circumvent this polity's tariffs. This organization's founder explained his views Outlines of American Political Economy, as well as the more famous The National System of Political Economy. Treitschke claims that it was here that "public opinion won its first well-deserved victory," and this polity's Heppenheim program unsuccessfully called for a parliament. Karl Buck advocated expanding it to include neighboring states, but Rudolf Delbruck insisted on the exclusion of Austria to protect its industry. and in its second incarnation no single state possessed veto power. Founded by Friedrich List and later reformed after the Austro-Prussian war, FTP, name this German customs union founded in 1834.
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Martin du Gard's Jean Barois incorporates news clippings of this event and it led to a break between Anton Chekhov and his friend Suvorin. Its effects on politics included the formation of a new cabinet by Rene-Waldeck Rousseau and riots at the funeral of president Felix Faure. Although first brought to the public eye by Scheurer-Kestner, it had begun when an agent from the Section of Statistics discovered an unsigned document in the office of von Schwartzkoppen. The identity of the bordereau's author was finally discovered by Georges Picquart, but the forger Colonel Henry committed suicide and Major Esterhazy escaped to England unpunished. FTP, name this scandal in the French military over the innocence of the namesake Jewish captain, made famous by Emile Zola's J'accuse.
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Matthew Marryott inspired an alteration to them contained in Knatchbull's Act, while the creation of Select Vestries was allowed by ones named for William Sturges Bourne. One of them contained the so-called "bastardly clause", and books on them were written by Beatrice and Sydney Webb. An amendment to one of them created the Speenhamland system, and they were replaced by the Local Government Act of 1929. The Old one was passed under Elizabeth I, while the New one of 1834 ended outdoor relief and led to a scandal at Andover, one of many workhouses. For 10 points, name this series of British laws that established a welfare state.
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Matthias Brady was charged with threatening the jury in the trial of those accused of partaking in this event, and some of those who partook in it killed one of the jurors, Denis Field. On his way to South Africa the leader of the men involved in this incident was shot and killed. The conspirators were largely undone by the testimony of Michael Kavanagh who became an informant along with their leader, James Carey. As a result of it the advances gained four days earlier by the Kilmainham treaty would be delayed for the next few decades. The victims were on their way to Viceregal Lodge in the namesake location before being set upon by members of a group known as the Invincibles. For 10 points, name this incident in which Thomas Burke and Lord Frederick Cavendish were stabbed to death in 1882 in Dublin.
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Mayer studied for the rabbinate for a time in Frankfurt. Nathan settled in London in 1804, at the height of the Napoleonic wars. Alphonse made the two liberation loans that supported the French government in 1871 and 1872. Lionel, who had become the first Jewish member of Parliament in 1858, lent Disraeli the money to buy up Suez stock in 1875. All of these people were members of what, FTP, great European banking family?
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Medieval scholar Michael Jones claims that this man was the illegitimate son of a French archer. He became grossly fat in Burgundy as the unhappy guest of Louis de Bruges, drinking and whoring incessantly while he collected an army. After a secret marriage to Elizabeth Woodville , this victor at Barnet had to deal with his angry patron Richard Neville, who rebelled and defeated him in at Edgcote. FTP, Warwick the Kingmaker was a key figure in the reign of what English monarch, whose cause was victorious at Towton and Tewksbury, and whose tumultuous reign was interrupted in 1470?
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Members wore badges of the five wounds of Christ and swore an oath against the supremacy of the king. They rose early in 1536 and briefly occupied Lincoln. A rising also occured in Yorkshire where they were able to seize York from October to December 1536. FTP, name this uprising against Henry VIII by Roman Catholics.
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Named for the grandfather of Queen Anne, attempts were made to lessen its effects with declarations of indulgence in 1662 and 1672. Largely superseded by the Test Act of 1673, its provisions included the enforced use of the Book of Common Prayer and the prohibition of a minister within 5 miles of his former church. Named for Edward Hyde, the chief advisor to Charles II, it was composed of the Corporation Act, the Five Mile Act, the Act of Uniformity, and the Conventicle Act. FTP, name this series of four legal statutes passed between from 1661-1665 that reestablished the supremacy of the Anglican Church in England.
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Napoleon's troops attempted to destroy it in 1812 during a retreat, and of its towers, the tallest is the Torre de la Vella. The baths, the queen's chambers, the Lindarajas gardens, and the Myrtle Court were all built around the Alcazaba, or original castle. Those constructions are the work of Yusuf I and Mohammed V, and are known as the Old Palaces to distinguish them from later Christian additions under Charles V. Most famous for its marble Court of the Lions, FTP, identify this Granada palace, the home of the Muslim emirs, whose name means, "the red fort."
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Negotiations for this were opened by Lieutenant Senneur and a volunteer named Meren while one side's naval interests were represented by Altflater. Article IV concerns the districts of Erdehan, Kars and Bactum while Article VI defines borders by Lake Peipus and the Narwa River. One of this treaty's lead negotiators Max Hoffmann also was involved in negotiating the Treaty of Rapallo that superseded this treaty. Richard von Kuhlmann ultimately forced peace with Ukraine and territorial concessions in Livonia and Finland from the lead negotiator for the other side, Leon Trotsky. FTP, identify this treaty that ended Russian involvement in World War I.
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New laws inspired by this group allow a court to keep a lawyer from serving a client if criminal activity between them is suspected, and to continue a trial during a defendant's absence if the defendant is missing due to his own activities, i.e. a hunger strike. Some of the many crimes they were tried for include the kidnapping of Peter Lorenz, a Christian Democrat candidate for mayor of West Berlin, though they are better known for a 1976 airplane hijacking in Entebbe, Uganda. FTP, identify this terrorist organization started by Ulrike Meinhof and Andreas Baader.
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Of its twenty-five sessions, three actually took place at Bologna. Signed by 255 men, only sixty of so were at most of the sessions, and Salmeron and Lainez spoke first and last on every topic, as well as being the only ones allowed to preach. It suggested less concubinage, approved the Apocrypha, made Latin official for the Mass, set up an index of prohibited books, and declared that justification was by both faith and works. FTP, name this council, which went from 1545 to 1563 and started the Counter-Reformation.
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Of the nobles on the losing side, only Huntly, Lindsay, and Home escaped alive. The last of them, Lord Home, is sometimes alleged to have made an agreement with Lord Dacre to sit out the battle, and was pilloried in its aftermath. A skirmish was initially fought at Milfield, on a pretext of instigation by a man called "the bastard," John Heron, but the action then moved to Branxton Hill, which provides an alternate name for the battle. Thomas Howard, the Earl of Surrey, commanded forces since the remainder of the English army was in France under Henry VIII, and the result was a crushing defeat of James IV. FTP, name this 1513 victory for the English over the Scots, described in Walter Scott's Marmion.
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On Easter Sunday in 1478, a rival family with the backing of Pope Sixtus IV attempted to assassinate him and his brother during Mass. He escaped unharmed, but the death of his brother in the "Pazzi Conspiracy" made him abandon his frivolous love poetry and embrace the humanistic intellectualism of such scholars as Angelo Poliziano (PALL-itz-ee-an-oh) and Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, as well as artists like Sandro Botticelli. FTP, name this patron of the arts and ruler of Florence after the death of his father Piero.
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On one occasion this ruler pardoned a murderer in return for the murderer participating as a guinea pig in an operation to remove gallbladder stones. This ruler, upon hearing of his father's severe illness, raced to Rheims to have himself crowned king first instead of his brother and nemesis Charles the Duke of Berry. His loveless marriage at the age of 13 to Margaret, daughter of James I of Scotland, did not help relations with this man's father, with deteriorated to the point that he participated in the Praguerie Rebellion against his father, only to see it fail and be exiled to the province of Dauphine. He intervened in the War of the Roses by pressuring the Earl of Warwick to oppose Edward IV, only for the plan to backfire and Edward to invade France, while this monarch bribed Edward off with the Treaty of Picquigny. Known for his political machinations and complicated webs of alliances, this is FTP what ruler, son of Charles VII and King of France from 1461 to 1483 with an arachnid-sounding nickname.
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On the eve of this battle, General Lanrezac was replaced in command of the Fifth Army by Franchet d'Esperey, known to his allies as "Desperate Frankie." His advance threatened the right flank of von Bulow's forces, while the German Second Army's left stalled in the Marshes of St. Gond under desperate counterattack by Ferdinand Foch. Meanwhile in the west, Maunoury's "mediocre value" reserve divisions and Sir John French's British Expeditionary Force attacked von Kluck's German First Army. An order by Gallieni saw the first use of motorized vehicles on the battlefield when six hundred taxis delivered French reserves to the front. FTP, identify this September 1914 battle that halted the Schlieffen Plan and prevented the capture of Paris.
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On the home front, this ruler paved the streets of Paris and officially established it as the French capital. He worked with Pope Innocent III to secure victory over Flemish and German forces at the Battle of Bouvines (BOOV-in). At the turn of the century, he confiscated the Norman lands of King John of England, as well as acquiring Maine and Touraine (TOOR-in). FTP, name this powerful French monarch who succeeded Louis VII in 1180.
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One English monarch of this name issued the "Statute of the Staple," mandating which ports could ship which goods. Another king of this name is also the addressee of an anonymous poem that contains the line "Alas! For hunger I die!" written "on [his] Evil Times," and served as the British king during the Great Famine that marks the beginning of the Little Ice Age. The first English monarch of this name executed the heads of all of the Hebrew families for coin-clipping before issuing the Edict of Expulsion, kicking the Jews out of England. The fifth monarch of this name was one of the "Princes in the Tower," while the third was King at the beginning of the Hundred Years' War. For 10 points, name this kingly British name, the first of whom was nicknamed "Longshanks."
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One English queen by this name married Richard II at the age of eight and was the elder sister of Catherine of Valois. Another, known as the "she-wolf of France," was the mistress of Roger Mortimer, opponent of the Despenser marcher lords, and conspirator in the death of her husband, Edward II. Twenty-five years of personal rule by the second queen of this name led to her deposition in the Revolution of 1868, long after her accession to the throne provoked the Carlist wars. FTP, identify the name most famously held by the Castilian wife of Ferdinand II of Aragon.
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One accusation of treason against this man rested on him possibly owning his own railroad car, and he cast an abstaining vote when his Jewish wife Polina Zemchuzhina was accused of treason. This man joined Lazar Kaganovich and Georgy Malenkov in an attempt to bring Nikolai Bulganin to power, becoming one of the "Anti-Party Group" denounced by Khrushchev. He then served for a while as ambassador to Mongolia after being demoted from his post of Soviet Foreign Minister. For 10 points, name this man who signed a non-aggression pact with Nazi representative Joachim von Ribbentrop and was the namesake of some anti-tank "cocktails."
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One agitator of this conflict was broken at the wheel at Kazimiersz despite the pleas of his sister, Princess Ulrica; that man was Johann Patkul. One battle in this war led to Denmark's exit in the Peace of Travendal, and another country in this conflict was occupied with Golitsyn as its governor in an event known as the Greater Wrath. The Treaty of Preobrazhenskoye spurred this conflict, which saw early defeat for the eventual victors under Charles Eugene de Croy. This war ended by the Treaty of Nystadt included the decisive Battle of Poltava. For 10 points, name this 1700s conflict that began at the Battle of Narva between Charles XII's Sweden and Peter the Great's Russia.
Johann Tserclaes, Graf von Tilly (accept either underlined answer as well as Count of Tilly)
One anecdote relates how he ordered a town to be sacked unless one of its citizens could finish an enormous flagon of wine which one citizen, Heinrich Toppler, did before dying. His own death occurred at a battle in which his subordinate and successor Aldringen was also wounded. After an indecisive encounter at Wiesloch, he embarked on a string of victories including one at Stadtlohn, where he defeated one of his rivals Ernst of Mansfield. Three years later his defeat of Christian IV at Lutter forced the Treaty of Lubeck, resulting in the entry of his eventual chief adversary. The events that followed included his sacking of Magdeburg and death at Lech. For 10 points, name this man who was crushed at Breitenfeld by Gustavus Adolphus, the commander of the forces of the Catholic League who had been made a count during the Thirty Years' War.
Switzerland
One author from this country wrote a work about a sculptor attempting to maintain the identity of James White, and another work about UNESCO engineer Walter Faber. Another author from this country wrote a novel whose title painter falls in love with both the widow Judith and the Count's daughter Dorothea. The home of the authors of I'm Not Stiller and Green Henry also produced the author of a play in which Dr. von Zahnd looks over patients who call themselves Newton and Einstein. It is also the setting of a work whose title character, the son of Walter Furst, helps Baumgarten escape and saves his son from prison for refusing to bow to Gessler's cap. For 10 points, name this country, the home of Max Frisch, Gottfried Keller, Friedrich Durrenmatt, and the local hero William Tell.
War of the Grand Alliance (or Nine Years' War or War of the League of Augsburg or War of the Palatinate Succession)
One battle in this conflict gave its name to a popular neckcloth with lace ends twisted in front of a coat and pulled through its buttonhole, known as the Steinkirk. In another theater of this conflict, battles at Marsiglia and Staffarda provided victories for Nicolas Catinat and marginalized a heroic stand by the residents of Cuneo. The successful sieges of Charleroi, Namur, and Mons helped one side overcome crushing naval defeat at the Battle of La Hogue. The Earl of Portland was sent to negotiate peace with Marshal Boufflers, resulting in the surrender of Lorraine by France in the Treaty of Ryswick, which also recognized William III of England as king. For 10 points, identify this war fought from 1688 to 1697, in which Louis XIV was opposed by the namesake coalition.
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One character in this novel is killed while trying to make love to the figurehead of a wooden ship. Another character in this work dies after seeing eels being pulled from a dead horse. In addition to Herbert Truczinski, another character in this novel becomes a lover of Roswitha Raguna after joining Bebra's group of performers. Jan Bronski steals a necklace for Agnes in this novel. Its protagonist can shatter glass with his voice and refuses to grow any more at the age of three. It is followed by Cat and Mouse and Dog Years in its author's Danzig Trilogy. For 10 points, name this novel about Oskar Matzerath, who cherishes the title instrument, written by Gunter Grass.
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One clash in this conflict was the Battle of the Bridge of Dee, which saw the Viscount Aboyne, the son of the Marquis of Huntly, driven back and defeated. A more substantial clash saw the Viscount Conway retreat after defeat of Henry Wilmot's cavalry at the Battle of Newburn. After that, the Treaty of Ripon was negotiated and provided for payment, one year after this conflict had been temporarily ended by the Peace of Berwick, negotiated by men including Alexander Henderson and the earl of Rothes, John Leslie. The Treaty of London was finally signed in 1641and provided the Covenanters with significant reparations. FTP, give the name for these wars fought against Charles I by the Scots from 1639-40, named for a certain religious office.
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One commander at this battle was almost killed by Henry de Bohun while riding alone in front of his lines, but saved himself by killing Bohun with a battle axe. The defending army was drawn up into three squares, and a series of pits with stakes at the bottom was dug in front of their line. After the Earl of Gloucester was killed on the second day of fighting, it turned into a rout and the losing commander was forced to flee to Dunbar Castle. FTP, name this battle fought south of Stirling Castle in the summer of 1314, in which Edward II's army was defeated by Robert Bruce.
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One diplomat stalled the proceedings of this treaty by demanding to be referred to by his thirty-eight word title which included “knight of the royal order of St. Januarius.†Preceding the signing of this treaty, one side repelled a coup led by Charles Pichegru. This treaty reaffirmed the Peace of Leoben, and one side was represented by Count Ludwig von Cobenzl. A secret article of this treaty provided for a peace congress at Rastatt. One side received Dalmatia and Istria as part of a partition of Venetian territories, and the other received Belgium. This treaty recognized the Ligurian and Cisalpine republics, and it was signed between France and Austria. For 10 points, name this 1797 treaty signed by Napoleon, which ended the War of the First Coalition.
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One engagement at this battle saw the Marquis de Choisy defeat the forces of Thomas Dundas at Gloucester, while the capturing of Redoubts 9 and 10 led one side to the breaking point. Prior to this battle, one side had convinced the enemy of an imminent attack on New York City, while the other side had marched in after resupplying at Wilmington. This battle was preceded by a defeat for Thomas Graves' fleet against the fleet of Admiral de Grasse at the Battle of the Chesapeake and its conclusion saw the British band play The World Turned Upside Down. For 10 points, identify this battle that caused the downfall of Lord North's government, the signing of the Treaty of Paris and the defeat of the British in the American Revolution.
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One figure in this period defeated rebels at the Battle of Vosma. During this period, Bishop Ignatius replaced the patriarchs Job and Hermogenes, who were deposed and imprisoned. The "bandit of Tushino" appeared during this period, which included a peasant revolt in Kaluga. During this period, Stanislaw Zólkiewski won the Battle of Klushino, which led to the election of Wladyslaw IV. Vasilii Shuiskii briefly ruled during this period, which began with the assassination of Fyodor I and ended when a zemskii sobor elected Mikhail Romanov. For 10 points, name this period featuring three False Dmitris and the rule of Boris Godunov, a pretty turbulent era of Russian history.
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One holder of this office responded to Lord Derby by authoring a namesake note demanding political reform in Bosnia and Herzegovina. This position was held by Karl Buol until he was fired in 1859, while another holder resigned when the Sixtus Affair was revealed. It was also held by Count Cobenzl until he was dismissed after the Battle of Austerlitz. Apart from being occupied by Julius Andrassy, this office was held by a man who boasted "we shall shock the world with our ingratitude," Felix von Schwarzenberg. The most famous holder of this office promoted the Carlsbad Decrees and ran the Concert of Europe. For 10 points, name this office held by Klemens von Metternich, which involves being the chief diplomat of a certain country.
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One instance of this activity began with an amphibious landing at Pillau. If Stephan the Great of Moldavia had chased the retreating army at the Battle of the Cosmin Forest, he would have committed this act after crossing the Prut River. One instance of this activity resulted in the death of Duke Henry the Pious at the hands of an army led by Baidar, Kadan, and Orda Khan. Another instance was codenamed "Case White" and began with a fabricated attack on a radio station and an assault on Westerplatt. One ultimately unsuccessful effort to do this ended with the Treaty of Riga, while another culminated in the siege of Marienburg and involved an organization led by Urlich von Jungingen. The threat of the Soviet Union doing this was used as an excuse to declare martial law by Jaruzelski. FTP, name this common military action, performed by Germany on September 1, 1939.
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One issued in 1222 by King Andrew II of Hungary confirmed the rights of the nobility on the pattern of the Magna Carta, while another two years later granted certain rights to Saxon inhabitants of Transylvania. The first was issued in 1213 by Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, but perhaps the most famous was issued more than a century later and was promulgated at the Diet of Nuremberg. Attempts during the Thirty Years War to alter its provisions in favor of the Bavarian ruling house caused much grumbling. FTP, name this document issued by Charles IV in 1356, which defined the process of selecting a new Holy Roman Emperor.
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One king of this name abdicated from the throne of Mercia to become abbot of Bardney. Another came to the throne under a cloud of suspicion after the mysterious death of his half-brother Edward the Martyr, and his ordering of the St. Brice's Day Massacre further poisoned relations between the Saxons and the Danes. He was forced to flee to Normandy when the Danish leader Sweyn Forkbeard was accepted by most of the Anglo-Saxon thanes. FTP, name this ineffective Anglo-Saxon ruler who fathered Edmund Ironsides and Edward the Confessor, and who is best known for his epithet "the Unready."
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One king of this name and number subdued rebellious forces in Argyll and gave up his claim to English land in the Peace of York; that ruler assisted the English barons in threatening King John. A pope of this name and number gave his blessing to William the Conquerer's invasion of England. Another ruler of this name and number had ministers like Dmitry Milyutin and Pyotr Shuvalov, and that ruler suppressed the January uprising in Poland. That same ruler also sold Alaska to the United States and set up the zemstvo system. That tsar of this name and number ended the Crimean War after succeeding Nicholas I. For 10 points, give the name and number of the tsar who was assassinated by People's Will after earlier undertaking the 1861 emancipation of the serfs.
Scotland
One king of this polity was captured in the Battle of Neville's Cross and detained until his ransom eleven years later by the Treaty of Berwick. Between 900 and 1286, this country was ruled by the Kingdom of Alba, which began with the reign of Donald II. Andrew Moray was one of the leaders of a force that briefly preserved this country's independence at the Battle of Stirling Bridge. A few decades later, this kingdom's independence was regained after a victory at the Battle of Bannockburn over the forces of Edward II by Robert the Bruce. For 10 points, identify this kingdom that was defended by William Wallace against its southern neighbor, England.
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One lesser known member of this family was the Prince of Squillace and married Dona Sancha of Aragon, while another member was created the first Duke of Gandia. A more well-known one organized an event known as the Banquet of Chestnuts, as recounted in the diary of Johann Burchard, and another one married Charlotte d'Albret. One of them was the third "general of the Jesuits" and founded the Jesuit imperial college; in addition to Pier Luigi and Francis, this family included a guy who took the title Calixtus III and his nephew who ruled as Alexander VI as well as a ruler famously admired by Macchiavelli. FTP, name this Renaissance family which included Rodrigo, Cesare, and Lucrezia.
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One man by this name and numerical designation founded the Patarine party, which opposed the marriage of priests, and was elected pope after serving as Bishop of Lucca until 1061. Another man married Henry III's sister Joan and signed the Treaty of York in 1237 after succeeding his father William I as King of Scotland in 1214. Another personage with this name took advice from his minister, Pyotr Shuvalov, throughout his reign, and was honored for his defeat of the Turks with a statue in the middle of Sofia; he also signed the 1856 Treaty of Paris and put down a Polish insurrection. FTP identify this common name and number which most famously identifies the Russian czar who freed the serfs in 1861 and was assassinated by the People's Will in 1881.
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One man by this name was twice made hospodar of Wallachia, the second time ending with his capture by Austria and imprisonment at Brno. His more famous grandson of the same name lost an arm at the Battle of Dresden, but came to lead the "Friendly Society" which displayed a flag depicting a phoenix rising from its ashes on the reverse. He called for his compatriots to take a stand at Jassy, but this former aide-de-camp to Alexander I and phanariot was left high and dry and crushed at Dragashan. FTP, name this hero in the Greek War for Independence, whose more successful brother Demetrios lent the family name to a Michigan town near Ann Arbor.
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One man by this surname endorsed Richard Wagner's racial theories in the book Foundations of the Nineteenth Century and became a German citizen during World War I. Another urged England to "think imperially" as Colonial Secretary during the Boer Wars, while another was the Tory leader in between Andrew Bonar Law's two stints and shared a Nobel Peace Prize with Charles Dawes for bringing about the Locarno Pact. The brother of that man created the first municipal savings bank in England and later extended recognition to the Italian occupation of Ethopia after becaming Prime Minister in 1937. He was supplanted by his intraparty rival Winston Churchill two years after declaring that he had delivered "Peace in Our Time" via the Munich Pact. FTP name this family of British politicians, including father Joseph and sons Austen and Neville.
Chamberlain
One man with this surname proposed giving Zionists Uganda as their homeland and attempted to form an alliance with Germany several times in the Salisbury administration. Another man with this last name served as Chancellor of the Exchequer under Arthur Balfour and Foreign Secretary under Stanley Baldwin, during which he negotiated the Locarno Treaties with Gustav Stresemann. The best known man of this surname is remembered for preceding Winston Churchill as Prime Minister and appeasing Hitler. For 10 points, give this surname shared by British politicians Joseph and his sons Austen and Neville.
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One member of this dynasty died as Abbot of St. Germain-des-Pres after signing the Truce of Andrusovo. Another member of this dynasty was defeated at the Battle of Stångebro by his regent, and after his wife died, he married her sister Constantia, provoking a civil war in one nation he ruled. Another member of this dynasty signed the Armistice of Stuhmsdorf with one of its branches. This house succeeded to the throne of one nation after the death of Stephen Bathory, after which it signed the Truce of Altmark. Including members such as John II Casimir and Wladyslaw IV, one member of it invaded Moscow and held it for two years, from 1610-1612, Sigismund III. That leader was frustrated in his attempts to unite two kingdoms, by his uncle, Charles IX, whose descendants in this line include Charles XII and Gustavus Adolphus. FTP, name this dynasty famous for ruling Sweden from 1523-1654.
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One member of this dynasty had a son named Grifo who rebelled against the infant Tassilo III. Another suppressed the rebellion of the Stellinga and regulated ecclesiastical services with the Admonitio Generalis. One ruler of this line commissioned the Swan Sequence and another commissioned the Historia Langobardorum from Paul the Deacon. Another king standardized succession rules with his Ordinatio imperii. This line created and maintained buffer zones known as the Neustrian and Spanish Marches, and two kings of this dynasty strengthened their alliance with the Oath of Strasbourg after defeating their brother at the battle of Fontenoy. Its lands were divided between Charles the Bald, Lothair I, and Louis the German with the Treaty of Verdun. For 10 points, name these successors of the Merovingians whose rulers include Charlemagne.
Bonaparte
One member of this family shot journalist Victor Noir, and another held the title Duke of Reichstadt. One member of this family was stymied by the Lines of Torres Vedras, was forced to flee after the Battle of Bailén, and was defeated at Vitoria. One descendent of this family served as a trust-busting Attorney General under Teddy Roosevelt. Another member of this family took the name Lodewijk I as King of Holland. Other members of this family included the king of Westphalia, as well as the Spanish king during the Peninsular War. In addition to Jérôme and Joseph, it included the man who led the coup of Eighteen Brumaire and became the first Emperor of the French before losing the Battle of Waterloo. For 10 points, name this family of Napoleon.
Levellers
One member of this group wrote tracts under the name Martin Marpriest, and another wrote about “New Chains Discovered.†A rallying cry for this group was the murder of Thomas Rainsborough, and they published the newspaper The Moderate. This group was opposed by the Grandees, and supporters of this group wore sea-green ribbons. Richard Overton was a leader of this group, which was opposed at the Putney Debates by Henry Ireton. This group supported the document “Agreement of the People†and was led by John Lilburne. This group's goals included universal male suffrage. A group which claimed to be the “true†form of this one was also known as the Diggers. For 10 points, name this group of democratic agitators active in Civil War-era Britain.
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One member of this group, Nelson Wells, shot at Oliver Sallee in what some accounts claim instigated the Charleston Riot. Another member of this group plotted to seize the arsenal in Indianapolis and overthrow the Indiana state government; that plot led to David Davis writing an opinion that martial law has no jurisdiction in areas with functional civil courts in an ex Parte case involving another member. Those members were Harrison Dodd and Lambert Milligan. Another member of this group ran for governor of Ohio while hiding in Canada after being convicted of treason and having his sentence commuted to banishment to the Confederacy. For 10 points, Clement Vallandigham was an outspoken member of what group of Democrats that opposed the Civil War?
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One member of this house gained hereditary lands in the Treaty of Krakow, which made him a vassal of the king of Poland. A second member of this house replaced Alexander John Cuza and established this house's Sigmaringen branch, which ruled in Romania, and after the deposition of Isabella II, another member of this house was offered the throne of Spain but declined due to French opposition. This house split into Swabian and Franconian branches, and its members came to prominence as Murgraves of Brandenburg. For 10 points, name this family which included Frederick the Great and two Kaiser Wilhelms, and which ruled Prussia and the unified Germany.
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One member of this house won a major victory at Guastalla during the War of the Polish Succession, while a member of this house named Boniface served as Archbishop of Canterbury and died accompanying Edward I on a crusade. This house was established by a count known as the White-handed, while a female member of this house named Louise was the mother of King Francis I of France, in which capacity she negotiated the Treaty of Cambrai. Another member of this house recovered much of its territory at the treaty of Cateau-Cambresis; that member was Emmanuel Philibert. A more famous member of its Carignan branch, by defeating the Ottomans at Zenta, helped bring about the Treaty of Karlowitz. For 10 points, identify this Piedmontese house which ruled Italy from 1861 until 1946, and whose members included Eugene as well as several Umbertos and Victor Emmanuels.
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One member of this movement was Pasquier [pas-key-YAY] Quesnel [kay-nel], whose 101 propositions were condemned by Clement XI. Earlier members included Pierre Nicole and Jean Duvergier de Hauranne, the latter a friend of its founder, the Bishop of Ypres [EE-pruh]. Though the movement proclaimed an attachment to the Roman Catholic Church, they believed in predestination and the total corruption of human nature owing to original sin, as stated in 1640's Augustin. Centered at the Port-Royal Monastery, FTP, name this pessimistic religious movement whose heyday was from 1640-1710, and whose members included Antoine Arnauld and Blaise Pascal.
one known as the Patuleia ended by the Convention of Gramido and a larger one known as the War of the Two Brothers or the Liberal War, which ended when a usurper was defeated and rule in this house passed to Maria da Gloria. The first king of this line, John IV, had a daughter who became the wife of the English king Charles II, that being Catherine. FTP, name this house which ruled after the Aviz Dynasty from 1640 to 1910 in Portugal.
One member of this royal house met with the Baron John Methuen, in order to agree to a trade agreement known as the Methuen Treaty. Another was nearly assassinated in a coup attempt which sparked the Tavora affair. This line of rulers was plagued by two civil wars around the same time
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One monarch of this name and regnal number was the son of Francis I and Maria Theresa, and brother of Joseph II and Marie Antoinette. The other was originally named Louis Philippe Marie Victor, was married to the Austrian princess Marie Henrietta, and financed Lord Henry Stanley's trip along the Congo River. FTP, give the common name shared by these kings, respectively an 18th century Holy Roman Emperor and 19th century Belgian monarch.
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One movement by this name was founded four years after the original by Pierre Gemayel, whose son Bashir commanded its military wing. The original movement used a blue shirt embroidered with a red yoke and arrows as a symbol and quickly merged with JONS after its founding. Its official anthem "Cara al Sol" was partly written by Rafael Mazas, while its 25-point manifesto endorsed national syndicalism and service to the Fatherland and was written by its founder Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera. By the terms of the Unification Decree, it officially merged with the Carlists in 1937. FTP, name this right wing political party which supported the rise of Francisco Franco in Spain.
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One nation received the majority of the cities of the Decapole through this agreement, and Fabio Chigi, the future Pope Alexander VII, was the Papal legate to it. This agreement also ended a conflict which saw the Act of Abjuration, although it took the Treaty of the Pyrenees eleven years later to end a conflict between two of its participants. Consisting of separate treaties signed in Munster and Osnabruck between the Catholic and Protestant sides, this peace agreement recognized the Peace of Augsburg. For 10 points, name this peace agreement, largely the work of Cardinal Mazarin, which ended the Thirty Years War in 1648.
pogroms
One notorious example of this type of event lasted for three days at Chisinau in 1903. Revived in Germany and Poland after Hitler took power, they had greatly increased in number after the abortive revolution of 1905, over 20 years after the first major outbreak of them following the assassination of Alexander II in 1881. With a name meaning "riot", FTP, what were these violent attacks on Russian Jews in the late 19th and early 20th centuries?
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One of his advisors was the younger brother of the Duke of Newcastle, whose choice as a godfather angered his own father and led him to establish residence at Leicester House. The firt Earl of Wilmington was denied a post by this man's wife Caroline, but later served as a figurehead to Lord Carteret, who pushed him into a military conflict that included his defeating the duc de Noailles at Dettingen, making him the last British monarch to lead trips in battle. His youngest surviving son, the Duke of Cumberland, beat down Bonnie Prince Charlie at Culloden Moor, and he died in the midst of the Seven Years' War. For 10 points, name this king who succeeded his father, George I.
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One of its rare uses of military force came in the struggle against Valdemar IV, forcing Valdemar to accept its supremacy in the Peace of Straslund after a decisive 1368 victory over the Danes. It established a number of enclaves called Kontore in foreign towns like Novgorod, Bergen, and the Steel Yard in London, but was ultimately unable to compete with the powerful nation states that formed around it, meeting for the last time in 1669. Originating in an alliance between Lubeck and Hamburg, FTP, what was this league that dominated trading in northern Europe from the 13th to the 15th century?
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One of its signers believed her son was involved in a plot to murder John the Fearless, the former duke of Burgundy, and that he would not live long enough to rule because five sons before him had all died. Though Philip the Good signed it, entering into an alliance with England, he was also party to the Congress of Arras, whose decisions nullified it. It was only effective for two years, as two of the rulers involved suddenly died. Clerics claimed it was illegal, citing Salic law, and Charles VII denounced it, leading the Armagnacs back into war. FTP, name this 1420 treaty which attempted to end the Hundred Years' War, and established Henry V as the heir to the French throne.
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One of the bloodiest battles in this nation's history occurred at Hauganes, and ended with the execution of Brandur. The greatest and in fact only naval battle in this nation's history took place two years earlier, and was known as "the Bay Battle." The civil war in which those battles were fought also included a battle in which Gissur the White and Kolbeinn the Young proved victorious in 1238. That period of conflict is known as the Age of the Sturlungs, which came to a conclusion with the signing of a so-called "Old Covenant" that put an end to this country's commonwealth, which had been founded in 930. FTP, name this island nation whose current republic was established in 1944 after it achieved independence from Denmark, which is governed by the Althing.
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One of the causes of this war was the issue of sovereignty for Gascony. It was temporarily ended by the Treaty of Troyes, which forced Charles VI to disinherit his son, even though the English had earlier given up their claims to the throne in the Treaty of Bretigny. The English dominated the early phases of the war with their naval victory at Sluys and land victories at Calais, Crecy, and Poitiers, but much of the conquered territory was regained by Joan of Arc after Agincourt. FTP, what was this war of the 14th and 15th centuries that lasted longer than its name indicates?
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One of the factors that caused it was irritation over members of the Centre Party frequenting the Radziwill salons where they were believed to be influenced by Polish demands. The death of Pope Pius the Ninth calmed down much of the heated battle, but the conflict would go on for another decade. One of the divisive measures, the expulsion of the Jesuits, was soon followed up by minister Adalbert Falk's so-called "May Laws," which made civil marriage compulsory and subjected the clergy to state control among other things. FTP, identify this 1870's struggle for power between the Roman Catholic church and the German government, now synonymous with any type of cultural struggle.
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One of the major practices associated with these events occurred in between rows of seven stone columns in the courtyard of the Hall of Heroes, and saw an item named for the bodily fluid of Andreas Bauriedl used to anoint fresh banners for the coming year; that "Blood Flag" was normally kept in the Brown House. Accounts of these events were published in "Red" and “Blue Books,†and they were organized primarily by the local machine of Julius Streicher. A supposedly too controversial speech about Ethiopia was replaced at the last minute by the most famous announcement at one of these events, which concerned the hiring of young women and dealth with the status of Mischlings. Featuring a massive array of searchlights, the "Cathedral of Light" of Albert Speer, for 10 points, identify these events documented in Riefenstahl's Triumph of the Will, annual rallies in support of Adolf Hitler held in a German city that later saw some infamous Nazi trials.
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One of the richest nobles in his country, he was made Commander-in-Chief of the army for helping expel the Swedes. His granddaughter Clementina married James Edward Stuart and was the mother of "Bonnie Prince Charlie." Following his exploits at Chocim, he was elected King John III following the death of King Michael, but he fought his most famous battle in July of 1683 when he came to the aid of Count Stahremberg and pitted his 75,000 men against an army of more than 200,000. FTP, name this Polish king who lifted the Turkish siege of Vienna and ruled Poland until 1696.
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One of their great leaders was Winrode of Kniprode. Another was Hermann of Salza, who came to the aid of Conrad of Masowia and established their power in Prussia. Their fortunes declined after Witold of Lithuania and Ladislav of Poland defeated an army led by Ulrich von Jungingen at a battle in Grunwald. The Golden Bull of Rimini in 1226 gave them all lands taken from the Prussians. FTP, name this group which was known as the Order of St. Mary of the Germans when it was founded at Acre in 1190, and which was crippled by a 1410 defeat at Tannenberg.
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One of their leaders expressed their ideology in the pamphlet "Truth." Drawn from such organizations as the Union of Welfare and the Union of Salvation, their acts were immortalized in a special issue of the periodical The Northern Star. Some ten days after their initial military operation had been defeated another force of 1,100 men in Chernigov led by the Southern Society rose up to challenge the ascension of Nicholas I. Led by such men as Pavel Pestel, they sought to set Prince Trubetskoy up as provisional dictator until Constantine could take power. FTP, identify this group of Russian revolutionaries who took took name from the month in which they planned their uprising.
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One of these events saw a confrontation between William of Wykeham and Lord Latimer, and was described in the Anonimolle Chronicle. Participants in another of these events included Osborne Stuart and George Fennel, and it was prompted by Samuel Whitbread. Despite being the instigator for several of these events, John Pym fled before he could become the focus of one of them. In 2004, Adam Price denied that his call for another of these was "just a stunt," citing "Undermining the constitution" and "Entering into a secret agreement with the US President" as reasons why it should occur. For 10 points, name this event in which the House of Commons prosecutes an official before the House of Lords, which sees the official removed from office if convicted.
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One of these types of events was quelled by Henry le Despenser, and another one was ended by the Battle of Mello. The forces of Guillaume Cale and Etienne Marcel joined together in one of these events, and the apocalyptic preacher Thomas Munzer led one in Thuringia. The Statute of Labourers was a cause of one of these events in England, whose namesake leader was beheaded on the order of the lord mayor of London William Walworth, and Martin Luther wrote Against the Murdering, Thieving Hordes in opposition to one of these events. For 10 points, name these types of events that included the Wat Tyler Rebellion and the Jacquerie.
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One of this country's most important leaders put down "the tippler's revolt," and two of its earlier rulers were known as "the Peopler" and the "Farmer King." This country signed the Treaty of Methuen in 1703, which hampered its industry, and its scandals included the Tavora Conspiracy and a civil war known as the War of the Two Brothers or the Liberal War. After victory in the Battle of Aljubarrota came the establishment of the Aviz Dynasty, while its later rulers would include the Queen Maria da Gloria. The Estado Novo was brought to an end here in 1974, most associated with the long-time rule of Antonio Salazar. Led by the Braganza family, FTP, identify this Iberian country with a capital at Lisbon.
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One of this leader's famous actions was a response to a speech by Lorenzo Sumulong accusing his country of hypocrisy. He authorized Walter Ulbricht to build a barrier to “brain drain.†An Ilya Ehrenburg novel gave its title to this man's namesake “thaw,†which began when he gave an anti-Stalinist “secret speech.†He negotiated the withdrawal of American missiles from Turkey. For 10 points, name this Soviet premier during the Cuban Missile Crisis who banged his shoe on the podium during a speech at the UN.
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One of this ruler's finance ministers was forced to resign because of the influence of the count of Maurepas, and another of his finance ministers was forced to resign after attempting to abolish the corvée. Those ministers under this ruler were Jacques Turgot and Jacques Necker. This man attempted to help his country's economic troubles by calling the Assembly of Notables, which refused to accept the measures presented. That led to this monarch calling the Estates-General. For 10 points, name this Bourbon king who was condemned to death by the National Convention, and who was executed by guillotine like his wife Marie Antoinette during the French Revolution.
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One offensive ordered by this monarch was blunted by the Water Line erected decades earlier by Maurice of Nassau, but still prompted his enemies to lynch the De Witt brothers for instigating the "Disaster Year", or Rampjaar. One of this ruler's generals had a major rivalry with the Count of Montecuccoli, while another defeated Francisco Melo after a bold march through a mountain pass to break the siege of Rocroi. This ruler's territories were defended by a modification of the trace italienne that relied upon a pentagonal ravelin system, designed by his greatest military mind, Vauban. This monarch relied on the command of Turenne and the Prince of Conde to win clashes like the Battle of the Dunes, which led to the Treaty of the Pyrenees. Forced to accept the Treaty of Ryswick, for 10 points, name this impetus behind the War of Devolution and the War of the Grand Alliance, a long-reigning Frenchman known as the "Sun King".
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One portion of this event was witnessed by reporters at the Caravelle Hotel, who were caught in fighting over a racetrack. Successful deception about the intent of this action led the targets to launch Operation Checkers and Operation Niagara. The victors in this action were directed by the Chairman of the Central Office because that group's top general was hiding out in Hungary in fear of political reprisals for his accused role in the Anti-Party Affair. It began with diversionary attacks on small towns and a siege of a Marine base, and ultimately included attacks on sixty-four district capitals. As a result of this event, the former Imperial seat at Hue was occupied for three weeks, which came as a surprise due to incorrect predictions by William Westmoreland. Walter Cronkite's reporting on this action heavily influenced Lyndon Johnson's decision not to run for re-election. For 10 points, name this series of 1968 Viet Cong attacks which began on the Vietnamese lunar new year.
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One possibility suggested for this man's identity was General du Bulonde, who, in 1691, raised the siege of Cuneo against the order of Catinat. He is now generally believed to have been Count Girolamo Mattioli, minister to the duke of Mantua, who refused to honor his promise to give up the fortress of Casale to the French. This replaced an earlier theory holding that this prisoner was the twin brother of Louis XIV. FTP, name this famous occupant of the Bastille, the subject of literary works by Zschokke, Fournier, and Dumas.
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One result of this meeting was the formation of a Counsel of Foreign Ministers that would reevaluate an agreement involving terms of Turkish naval control, the Montreux Convention. Also created here was an agreement that included a demand to enforce the Cairo Declaration under threat of "prompt and utter destruction." This conference resulted in millions of German nationals being forcibly relocated due to its declaration of the Oder-Neisse line as the western border of Poland. For 10 points, name this meeting of Winston Churchill, Joseph Stalin and Harry Truman that laid out terms of surrender for the Axis and plans for the future of formerly occupied Europe.
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One ruler from this dynasty lost a battle to Stephen the Great of a neighboring country at Suceava. In addition to John Albert, it included a ruler who won at the Battle of Nish before succumbing at the Battle of Varna. The founder of this dynasty signed a secret treaty with Winrich Kniprode, which enraged Kestutis, and signed the Treaty of Melno; that founder also converted to Christianity in order to marry the daughter of Louis of Hungary. This branch of the Gediminids included Casimir I, Sigismund I, Sigusmund II, and Ladislaus III. For 10 points, name this dynasty which began with the marriage of Queen Jadwiga to the namesake ruler of Lithuania, uniting that land with Poland.
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One ruler of this city, known as the Wise, fought Louis IV of Bavaria and was named Robert. The last duke of this city died at the Battle of Rignano while fighting against Ranulf II alongside Roger II. That man, Sergius VII, was a member of the Sergi dynasty. Louis the Great attacked this city in revenge for his brother Andrew, who had been married to Joan I of this place. After a victory at Ponte della Maddalena, Cardinal Fabrizio Ruffo organized the Sanfedisti to overthrow the Parthenopean Republic in this city. Spain took control of this city after the battle of Garigliano, and Jan Hus opposed Baldassare Cossa's attempts to organize a crusade against a ruler of this city who controlled Innocent VII, Ladislaus. Henry II of Lorraine was opposed in a revolt by the fisherman Masaniello in this city. The Battle of Tolentino signaled the restoration of Ferdinand IV to power here. For 10 points, identify this Campanian city, once ruled by Joachim Murat.
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One ruler of this name and number conquered the lands of Rainald of Spoleto as part of his campaign against Frederick II's Italian holdings. That same ruler served as the regent for Baldwin II of the Latin Empire and was a king of Jerusalem from Brienne. Another ruler of this name and number saw his succession contested between a namesake son and Ferdinand I; that ruler was elected king following the battle of Mohacs. Another ruler of this name and number contended with John of Gaunt for his throne and lost at the battle of Aljubarrota to another ruler of this name and number. The latter ruler founded the Aviz dynasty and fathered Henry the Navigator. For 10 points, this is what name and number which is also sometimes used to identify a certain "land-lacking" king of England and brother of Richard the Lionheart?
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One ruler of this name and number passed De heretico comburendo to forbid translating the Bible or owning a Bible in vernacular translation, as well as permitting the burning of heretics like the then-powerful Lollards at the stake. That man, who was the son of John of Gaunt, gained power after imprisoning Richard II. Another ruler of this name fought for the throne at such battles as Ivry and Arques and was eventually murdered by Francois Ravaillac. For 10 points, give the name and number of these rulers, one of whom famously granted religious rights to the Huguenots with the Edict of Nantes and declared about his conversion to Catholicism that "Paris is worth a mass."
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One ruler of this name first gained distinction in the rebel army of Bardanes Turcus, and signed a thirty year peace with Omortag. A ruler of this name seized power after allying with Artavasdos and leading a revolt of the Anatolikon, while another rose to power after deserting his predecessor at the Battle of Versinikia. The former one released a Greek-language modification of Justinian's law code known as the Ecloga. The latter was part of a trio of generals with Thomas the Slav and the man who later assassinated him, Michael the Stammerer. The most noted emperor of this name appointed the Patriarch Anastasius to oversee a policy that would be continued under his son Constantine V. For 10 points, give this name held by Byzantine emperors known as "the Khazar" and "the Armenian," as well as by the founder of the Isaurian dynasty who started iconoclasm.
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One ruler of this name fought a war which was settled at Margut-sur-Chiers when he made peace with Otto II. One Holy Roman Emperor of this name rose to power after winning the battle of Welfesholz, and fought a war against Roger II of Sicily with the help of his son-in-law Henry the Proud of Bavaria. An earlier ruler of this name was decisively defeated at the battle of Fontenay, after which he agreed to a treaty which granted Aquitaine to Pepin II while giving the eastern and western portions of an empire to this man's two brothers. FTP, give the name shared by a man who laid claim to the Holy Roman Empire on the death of his father Louis the Pious in 840, but decided to share with Louis the German and Charles the Bald at the Treaty of Verdun.
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One ruler of this name succeeded his father Kresimir III and was succeeded by his son Petar Kresimir the Great, who expanded the medieval Croat state to its largest size. Another ruler of this name married Anna, the sister of Sigismund II, and led the Polish Commonwealth to victory at Pskov during the Livonian War. Yet another defeated his cousin Koppany after the death of his father Geza and was crowned king by Pope Sylvester II, while another fought The Anarchy against Empress Matilda after succeeding his uncle Henry I. For 10 points, give this name shared by the patron saint and first king of Hungary and the only British monarch from the House of Blois.
Frederick
One ruler of this name was influenced by Arnau de Vilanova to enact law codes such as the Constitutiones regales and the Ordinationes generales. That ruler of this name was the first to take the title King of Trinacria, which he was granted by the Peace of Caltabellotta, and was a son of Peter III of Aragon. Another ruler of this name used his marriage to Yolande of Brienne to claim the crown of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. That ruler of this name was excommunicated by Gregory IX and was stripped of his position as emperor by Innocent IV, though he had earlier led the Sixth Crusade. Another ruler of this name was defeated at the Battle of Legnano by the Lombard League and drowned in the Saleph River while attempting to join the Third Crusade. For 10 points, give this regnal name held by the first Hohenstaufen Holy Roman Emperor, a certain Barbarossa.
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One ruler of this nation as well as Hungary had his head cut off as the result of an ill-conceived cavalry charge against the Janissary forces of Murad II at the Battle of Varna, while another ruler of it defeated Ulrich von Jungingen with the help of Vytautus the Great, stomping the Teutonic Knights at Tannenberg. The Union of Lublin was signed at the instigation of another of its rulers, Sigismund II, as formal recognition of its union with Lithuania. Kara Mustafa's attempts to take Vienna were thwarted by another ruler of this nation, Jan III Sobieski. For 10 points, name this nation which was ruled by the Jagiellon dynasty and got partitioned a lot.
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One ruler of this nation dismissed the cabinet of his Prime Minister Zahle in an incident known as the Easter Crisis, but he was met with a lack of public support and pledged no longer to interfere in political decisions. A peasant uprising in this country known as the Count's War was initiated by a group under Skipper Clement. This country, which originally established a colony at Tranquebar, was the site of a underground movement during World War II known as its namesake "Freedom Council," consisting of groups like its Unity Party. Also the birthplace of the wife of King James I of England, this country sold its rights to St. Croix, St. John, and St. Thomas to the United States in 1917. Governed by the Folketing, for 10 points, name this nation which hosted the Battle of Copenhagen in 1801.
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One ruler of this region won a major victory over King Osberht, after which he subjected another ruler to the blood eagle ritual, and its armies would later suffer defeat at the battle of Tettenhall. Many of the innovations of this region were incorporated into and formally recognized by the Wantage document, and formal recognition of this region's autonomy took place under the Treaty of Wedmore. Edward the Elder used fortified towns to conquer this region, whose name comes from its distinctive customs that included aristocratic jury trials and fines for the breach of peace, which contrast with the customs of Mercia to the west and Wessex to the south. For ten points, identify this region of northern England settled by the namesake Scadinavians in the late 9th century.
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One ruler with this given name defeated Arduin of Ivrea to end the brief separation of Italy and Germany, and was succeeded by Conrad II, the first Salian king, and became the only German king to be canonized. Another ruler by this name succeeded Conrad I as ruler of East Francia and established a line of Saxon kings of Germany through his son Otto the Great. A third ruler by this name started a conflict ended by the Concordat of Worms, the investiture controversy. For 10 points, give the shared name of the unifier of the German tribes known as "the Fowler" and the Holy Roman Emperor who went to Canossa to beg forgiveness from Pope Gregory VII.
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One side in this battle featured several units that had been in French service, such as the John Drummond-commanded Royal Écossois, while the other had been augmented a few months before by a force of five thousand Hessians led by Prince Frederick. One side's commander attempted a sneak attack in the night but only made it a few miles from the River Nairn an hour before daybreak. It resulted in the discontinuation of a common wood and leather shield called the targe, which had been essential to the Highland charge, rendered ineffective by new bayonet techniques, which aided in Murray's rout at the hands of Cumberland. For 10 points, identify this battle, which ended the Second Jacobite Rebellion with the defeat of Bonnie Prince Charlie.
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One side in this battle was weakened by the recall of General Musa, who was replaced by a less-experienced commander. Its two major chroniclers were Isidore of Beja and Saint Denis, and it was precipitated by the defeat of Duke Eudes of Aquitaine shortly before, as well as a plan to pillage the Basilica of St. Martin. Resulting in the defeat of Abd ar-Rahman by a man nicknamed the "Hammer", FTP, name this 732 CE victory for Charles Martel.
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One story about this battle involves a nearby forest of black poplar trees; the losing commander here reportedly struck his sword into a poplar in despair and it turned white. One side was aided by reinforcements under Georg von Frundsberg, whose pikemen surrounded a mercenary group known as the Black Band, while the pikemen of Richard de la Marck were slain. Alfonso d'Avalos, the Marquis of Pescara, led the arquebusiers under the overall command of Charles de Lannoy; he breached the wall of Mirabello around midnight and many combatants drowned in the nearby Ticino River. Its aftermath saw the losing side forced to sign the Treaty of Madrid, which would never be honored. Resulting in the capture of French emperor Francis I, FTP, name this battle by which Charles V solidified Spanish hegemony at the climax of the Italian Wars in 1525.
Harald Haadrada [or Harald Sigurdsson; or Harald III]
One story about this ruler says that, in order set fire to a town in Sicily, he captured a bunch of sparrows and put wax and brimstone on their wings so that they would set fire to the thatched houses in which they nested. This ruler is referred to as the "son of the King of Varangia" in the Strategikon, in homage to the time he spent in the service of Michael IV and the Empress Zoe in Constantinople. Upon returning home, his used his great wealth to force joint rule with Magnus the Good. After some wars against Einar and Svein Ulfsson of Denmark, he was supported as rightful heir to the English throne by Tostig, Earl of Northumbria, who died in the same battle as this man. For 10 points, name this King of Norway, a contender for the English throne who lost at the Battle of Stamford Bridge.
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One treaty by this name saw the towns of Cambrai, Aire, and Saint-Omer restored to Spain, while Lille and the border towns of Flanders remained in French possession. That treaty was signed on one side by the Triple Alliance and ended the War of Devolution. Another treaty with this name gave Cape Breton to France, Madras to England, and the duchies of Parma, Piacenza, and Guastalla to Don Philip. A congress of this name came two years before the Congress of Troppau and three years after the Congress of Vienna and confirmed the Quadruple Alliance in 1818. For 10 points, name this site where Maria Theresa agreed to 1748 treaty ending the War of the Austrian Succession.
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One treaty of this name confirmed the Peace of Nikosburg and was signed by Ferdinand II with Gabriel Bethlen. The second treaty of this name saw Vladislaus of Hungary renounce claims on lower Austria and stipulate that Maximilian I would succeed him if he left no heir. The most famous treaty of this name saw the surrender of Venetia and Dalmatia to Italy, and the cession of Augsburg to Bavaria was forced upon its signatory Count Gyulai. Francis II replaced Francis I of Austria, and the earlier Treaty of Luneville was confirmed by this agreement which paved the way for the Confederation of the Rhine. For ten points, name this treaty which withdrew Austria from the Third Coalition after defeats at Ulm and Austerlitz, and which effectively ended the Holy Roman Empire upon its signing in 1805.
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One was an inconclusive battle in which Napoleon forced the allies to withdraw but did so at a cost of 20,000 casualties on May 2, 1813. The other looked to be a victory for the imperial forces of Wallenstein until the royal commander of the enemy forces was killed. Then Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar took coomand, rallied the Swedish troops, and captured the entire imperial artillery. FTP name this November 16, 1632 battle in which Gustavus Adolphus was killed.
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Only half of those directly affected by it took the oath of loyalty required by an attendant piece of legislation, and it had strong support from Henri Gregoire, who became the first to take the oath of loyalty it required. Jean de Boisgelin authored the Exposition of Principles opposing it, but the Jansenist Armand Gaston Camus argued that there was no conflict between it and the New Testament. Pius VI's rejection of Cardinal de Lomenie's suggestion of withholding mental assent assured that its passage would cause a schism, and it was finally revoked by the Concordat of 1801, which returned to the papacy the right to choose bishops but forced it to give up claims to all lands confiscated during the revolution. Abolishing "regular and secular chapters for either sex," providing for the election of bishops, and outlawing absentee bishops, FTP, name this law passed on July 12, 1790 which subordinated the Catholic Church in France to the state.
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Only representatives of the Great Powers were invited, and no representative of a Balkan state was permitted to attend. Disraeli wrote that "all questions are publicly introduced and then privately settled." Among the things that were privately settled were the creation of an Eastern Rumelia, which was placed under Turkish control, and Turkey's retention of Bulgaria's Aegean Sea coast. Serbia, Montenegro and Romania were granted independence and then stripped of territory, and Bosnia Herzegovina was occupied, though not annexed by Austria. FTP name this 1878 conference which extensively revised the Treaty of San Stefano.
Burgundy
Originally a province of Scandinavia, its second incarnation reached its height under King Gundobad, but in 534 the Merovigians subjugated it. Broken up by the Treaty of Verdun and later by John the Good, its attempts to attain de facto independence were strengthened by dynastic marriages with the rulers of Flanders and reached their height under Duke Charles the Bold, but his death in 1477 brought it back under French control. Known for supporting England during the Hundred Years War, FTP, identify this region with capital at Dijon whose name also identifies a type of wine.
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Part of the settlement that ended this conflict was a secret partition treaty between one participant and the Hapsburg Leopold I. A tapestry from the series The History of the King depicts one ruler party to this conflict overseeing the Battle of Douai, while other battles during this conflict included the sieges of Tournai and Charleroi. This conflict saw England, the Dutch, and Sweden form a triple alliance, and the troops on one side of this war were commanded by the Vicomte de Turenne. The aforementioned Triple Alliance granted concessions to the aggressor in this war in 1668, but the Prince de Conde still manage to overrun the Franche-Comte before this conflict formally ended at the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. Arising from the death of Philip IV and the invocation of an old Brabantian law, for ten points, identify this conflict which arose from the claims of Louis XIV to the lands possessed by his wife Marie-Therese's father.
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Participants in this event took captive John Newton, the governor of Rochester. It began with an attack on Robert Belknap at Brentwood. An attempt to resolve it was made at Mile End. During this event, executions were held at Tower Hill, including the beheadings of Robert Hales and Simon Sudbury. Participants in it destroyed the Savoy Palace, which belonged to John of Gaunt. It was partly a response to the Statute of Labourers, and this event's leader was killed at Smithfield by William Walworth. Support for it was gathered with John Ball's question “When Adam delved and Eve span, who was then the gentleman?†This event was started as a response to an increased poll tax levied by Richard II. For 10 points, name this 1381 revolt of the English poor led by Wat Tyler.
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Peter of Blois claimed that this man's reign was a time of no blessing, and this man waited four years before selecting a successor to Lanfranc. This man sent Edgar Atheling to dethrone Donald Bane. He built a castle in the city of Carlisle, which he captured after forcing King Malcom III to submit to his rule, and he also put down a rebellion by Robert of Mowbray. He pledged to cut taxes in order to stave off an earlier rebellion by Odo of Bayeux and Geoffrey of Contances, which sought to replace this man with his brother Robert Curthose. He confiscated all property belonging to his appointed archbishop St. Anselm, and he was finally killed by Walter Tirel, allowing another brother to take the throne as Henry I. For 10 points, name this second Norman King of England, who shares his name with his father, the Conqueror.
The Children's Crusade
Pieter Raedt's landmark 1977 article questioned many of the accounts of this event. Aubrey of Trois-Fontaines, in mentioning the disaster that befell some of its members in an expedition possibly organized by the merchants William Porcus and Hugh Ferreus, recounted how Gregory IX built a church to honor those who died. The chronicler Wendover wrote of the large contingent of prostitutes and how one of its leaders claimed to have received a letter to the King of France from a pilgrim who was Jesus. Some of it would end due to orders from Phillip II, while the remainder mostly petered out when seas at Genoa failed to part. After getting suckered into "free transport" at Marseilles, some participants were sold into the Egyptian slave market. Led by Stephen of Cloyes and Nicholas of Cologne and coming in the wake of the Fourth Crusade, for 10 points, name this expedition to the Holy Land led by some youths.
Elizabeth I
Pius V issued Regnans in excelsis officially excommunicating this monarch, who a year earlier had put down the Northern Rebellion. The duke of Alba was party to an assassination attempt against this monarch which was led by Roberto di Ridolfo, but its failure resulted in the execution of the duke of Norfolk. She was advised throughout her reign by William Cecil and Francis Walsingham, the latter of whom uncovered the Babington plot to take her life, after which she executed her cousin. FTP, name this Tudor queen, under whose rule the Spanish Armada was defeated, and who executed Mary, Queen of Scots.
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Polish Foreign Minister Skrzynski was the driving force behind its fourth and final article, which ensured the neutrality of his nation as well as that of Czechoslovakia. One point of contention dealt with penalties for a "covenant-breaking" state, but that was resolved by Austin Chamberlain, who won the Nobel Peace Prize for his help in drafting it. It ensured the demilitarized status of the Rhineland, and the signatories guaranteed Germany's existing frontiers with France and Belgium also leaving the path clear for Germany's admission to the League of Nations. FTP, name this document signed in October 1925 in a Swiss resort town.
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Pope Martin V named him the head of the Order of Christ, which became the primary source of funding for his ventures. Made Duke of Viseau by his father, he played a large part in the capture of Ceuta which he briefly governed. He showed poor leadership in a campaign against Tangier where he was forced to leave his brother Fernao as hostage. However he had success with Gil Eanes's rounding of Cape Bojador and the organization of voyages to Cape Verde through his school at Sagres. FTP, name this Portguese prince remembered as a patron of explorers.
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Portugal did not attend the talks leading to this treaty, but later signed the Treaty of Madrid, a separate document. Robert Jenkinson, Lord of Liverpool, led negotiations on the British side, which were prompted by losses such as Hohenlinden. The Republic of the Seven Ionian Islands achieved recognition as a result of this treaty, and under it Egypt was taken from France and restored to the Ottoman Empire under British supervision. Additional terms of this agreement included Britain ceding overseas territorial gains except for Trinidad, Tobago, and Ceylon to France, France bringing a halt to advances in the Papal States, and Spain reclaiming the island of Minorca. For 10 points, name this treaty spurred by the Battle of Marengo and negotiated in 1802 among Joseph Bonaparte and Cornwallis, which ended hostilities between France and the Second Coalition.
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Preceded by the taking of Norham by the invaders, this battle may have been decided by a commander's dalliance with Lady Ford, who was likely a spy. One side crossed Twisel Bridge and took a stretch of earth called Brankstone. Although the Scots had one more division than the British, the British took control of this battle after Lord Dacre held off the forces of Lord Home, leading to the loss of 10,000 Scots. FTP, what was this major 1513 battle that saw the death of King James IV?
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Prior to this battle one side had resupplied at Bristol and undertaken a false fortification of Sodbory. Lord Wenlock failed to provide reinforcements at this battle, before which one side was denied entry to Gloucester, leading to a forced march in an attempt to cross the Severn River. The losers in this battle were headed to Wales in order to join forces with Jasper Tudor and try to offset the loss of an allied force at the Battle of Barnet, and this battle saw the death of Edward, Prince of Wales. The third Duke of Somerset to die in a certain conflict was executed following this battle, and it also resulted in the capture of Margaret of Anjou. For 10 points, name this throne-winning victory for Edward IV in the Wars of the Roses, taking place at a namesake abbey.
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Prior to this battle, one commander sent a message for reinforcements to Eystein Orre, but he arrived very late, shortly before the entire army's retreat to Riccall. The victorious commander stopped at Helmsley and plotted his attack on a relaxed and unready army situated along the Derwent river. The clash came after the Battle of Fulford, which had seen the defeat of Edwin of Mercia and Morcar of Northumbria. A legend holds that the victors were successful only after spearing a "monstrous giant," and thus defeated the armies of Tostig, the exiled earl of Northumberland, and Harald Hardrada. FTP, name this 1066 CE victory for Harold of England immediately before Hastings, named for a certain structure.
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Prior to this event, one party sent an envoy to the Minor Consiglio in the hopes of avoiding the battle. One wing of the eventual victors was commanded by Agustino Barbarigo. This battle occurred two months after the fall of Famagusta and Miguel de Cervantes' left arm was amputated as a result of wounds sustained in this battle. Occurring near the Gulf of Corinth, it saw the forces from the flagship Real successfully boarded the Sultana and killed Ottoman commander Ali Pasha. For 10 points, name this naval victory for the Holy League led by Don Juan, which halted westward expansion of the Ottoman empire.
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Purchased by the Florentine Acciaiuoli in 1390, it had earlier been center of a state whose official language was Catalan. Later, it was conquered by Navarrese mercenaries who had defeated Walter V of Brienne at Halymros. Walter had succeeded the French knightly family of de la Roche, which had held power here for over a hundred years. Its early prestige had greatly been checked by a 529 closure that dispersed intellectuals to distant Harran and Ctesiphon. Though Venice would twice launch attacks on this city, it would pass into Muslim hands in 1456. Finally returned to Christian rule in 1833, this is, FTP, what city, made capital in the same year by King Othon I but perhaps more famous for the Pnyx and the Areopagus and its ancient prowess under such leaders as Themistocles and Pericles?
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Ranulph Flambard served as his treasurer and kept several bishoprics open so revenue would flow into royal coffers, which earned this monarch the animosity of the clerical keepers of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. His reign saw a major campaign against Robert of Mowbray, though he had to curtail it when he learned that Montgomery had been captured by the Welsh. A revolt against him was led by a group of nobles which included Geoffrey of Coutances and Robert of Mortain, who wanted to place his brother Robert Curthose on the throne. Walter Tirel killed him in a forest near Winchester in a purported hunting accident in 1100. FTP name this English monarch who succeeded William the Conqueror.
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Reportedly, when Hitler was questioned if people would object to his Final Solution, he asked if anyone had intervened to stop these events. The first series began when troops burnt villages and killed thousands who refused to pay vastly higher taxes in 1894. Two years later, partisans seized the Ottoman Bank in Istanbul to draw attention to their plight; 50,000 died in reprisals. The worst, however, occurred during World War I when the Turkish government deported much of the ethnic group to Palestine, causing the deaths of over half a million people. FTP name these atrocities.
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Represented by a sea green color, they were particularly strong around London. The core of their support was within the rank and file of the New Model Army, which included their leader, John Lilburne. For ten points, what was this radical English political movement of the 1640s, which was based around economic reform favoring small property holders and fairness for all before the law?
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Resulting in the change of the Chamber of Peers from a hereditary body into a nominated house, it arose in opposition to the issuance of the namesake Ordinances by Prince of Polignac. Its immediate consequence was the ascension of the Conte de Chambord, but he was forced to step aside in favor of the Duke of Orleans. The occasion of the adoption of the tri-color, FTP, name this French rebellion which brought Louis-Philippe to the throne.
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Rica writes about this event three times in the Persian Letters and in letter 142, Montesquieu allegorizes it with the story of an obsessed classicist. The Royal Bank was modeled after the Wisselbank of Amsterdam and the Duke of Orleans' influence was the greatest cause for its start. Two years after its creation the Compagnie d'Occident was re-organized as the Compagnie des Indes. Despite monopolies on a number of products, the inflation of stock price led to worthless money and the loss of public confidence in John Law's policies. For 10 points, name this French financial scandal of the 1710's.
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Riots against this nation's government in the mid-80s culminated in the uprising of workers at the Red Star tractor works outside of Brasov in 1987, though its regime was finally toppled when protests over the arrest of Pastor Lázló Tökés crystallized into outright revolt, led primarily by the National Salvation Front. Earlier, it had been led by the Sigmaringen kings and the fascist Iron Guard. Ethnic violence broke out during the fall of communism in Tirgu Mures and was centered on its Hungarian minority. Its Ploesti oil fields were a Nazi objective in WWII, and on December 25, 1989, Ion Iliescu led a coup which saw the murder of its longtime Communist dictator, Nicolae Ceausescu. FTP, name this Eastern European country with capital Bucharest.
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Rock carvings in Alta in this country run continuously for four millennia starting around 6000 BC, indicating the retreat of the sea after the last Ice Age. However, lasting settlements and political organization did not begin until approximately 600 AD, as evidenced by hill forts and stone farmhouses. Local councils known as tings began meeting before 900 AD, leading to the development of regional lawmaking assemblies. An excess of population and increasing militarization and navigating prowess led to the Viking Age in, FTP, what Scandinavian nation first united by Harald I in the late 800's?
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S. L. Avaliani published a major study of them in 1910, 11 years after de Rocca's book on them appeared. The first one was created on the model of the "sejmiki" by a ruler who wanted to extend a war into Lithuania. Their decline began after one of them passed the Ulozheniye of 1649, though even in their latest years Golytsin required one to repeal the military preference system, the mestnichestvo. Traditionally meeting in the Palace of the Facets, a famous case of their use in foreign policy was the ratification of the Treaty of Pereyaslav, but they were more commonly used to approve domestic legal codes, and a rare exception to their obedience to the czar occurred when one petitioned Ivan IV to disband the oprichniki. FTP, name these Russian councils composerd of merchants, clergymen and boyars.
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Savoy received portions of the Duchy of Milan west of the Ticino. France returned Madras to England and the barrier towns to the Dutch. Ferdinand VI of Spain negotiated the control of the duchies of Parma, Piacenza, and Guastalla in Italy. Also attended by Charles Emanuel III of Sardinia, Francis III of Modena, the United Provinces, and the Republic of Genoa, the treaty also confirmed the succession of the house of Hanover in Great Britain and Hanover. FTP, identify this 1748 treaty that recognized Maria Theresa but forced her to give up Silesia to Prussia.
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Sent as a hostage to Constantinople at the age of seven, he quickly became involved in the court intrigues of Byzantine emperor Zeno. After becoming consul, he won a succession of decisive victories, including engagements at Isonzo and the Adda. His reign was troubled by conflicts with Pope John I, primarily because of Justin I's edicts against Arianism, of which this ruler was a believer. Earlier, he had solidified his claims by besieging and taking Ravenna and orchestrating the death of Odoacer. FTP, name this man who also executed Boethius, the Ostrogoth king of Italy from 493 to 526 AD.
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Seven months after the main fighting, a counter-attack under Charles Mangin recaptured Thiaumont, and two months later the Germans evacuated Fort Vaux. Begun on February 21 with a massive artillery bombardment, the Germans captured Fort Douaumont four days later. While some progress was made in March, notably the capture of Harcourt and Malancourt, the German drive fell short of primary objective, a fortress city overlooking the Meuse. The French defense was commanded by Henri Petain, who uttered the line "They shall not pass." FTP, name this eleven-month 1916 battle, intended by the German high command to "bleed the French army white."
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She gained the throne after a struggle with a woman claiming to be the daughter of her deceased half-brother, King Henry IV. She backed Cardinal Jimenez's (him-EN-ez-es) efforts to reform the Church in her nation, though the Cardinal burned many Muslim manuscripts on behalf of her attempt to push the Moors out of Granada. Known for backing the Inquisition and supporting Christopher Columbus's expedition to the New World, FTP, who was this woman who became ruler of Castile in 1474 with the help of her husband, Ferdinand of Aragon.
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She was said to have dressed as an Amazon to ride a white horse around Vézelay Cathedral. In her senior years, she made trips to Sicily to deliver Berengaria of Navarre and to Spain to retrieve Blanche of Castile. Her progeny married such figures as Raymond of Toulouse, Alfonso VIII of Castile and Henry the Lion of Saxony. Her alleged liaison with her uncle Raymond of Antioch contributed to the collapse of the Second Crusade and led to the annulment of her marriage to Louis VII of France. FTP, name this queen who then wed Henry II of England and became the mother of John and Richard the Lionheart.
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Shortly after Gregory XI died, the 16 cardinals present elected Urban VI, who was soon acting very offensively to all in the church. The cardinals met again at Agnani and on Aug. 2 declared Urban's election null. At Fondi on Sept. 20 they elected Robert of Geneva pope as Clement VII. Clement VII fled to Avignon, when he reigned surrounded by the former Roman court. This, FTP, started what division in the Roman Catholic Church from 1378 to 1417?
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Shortly after the ouster of its most famous leader in favor of Etienne Flandin, it incorporated a policy of "attentisme", which translates as "wait and see". Incorporating a slogan of "Work, Family, and Fatherland," it survived for four years by never passing a constitution, being led by a series of politicians, including Marcel Deat and Jean Darlan, although its greatest security and independence was attained due to the cleverness of Pierre Laval. Nominally led by Marshall Petain, FTP, what was this German puppet state in southeastern France during WWII?
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Sir John Lauder, Lord Fountainhall, was offered the post of Lord Advocate but declined it because it came with the condition that he not prosecute the people responsible for this event. Major Duncason signed the order for this event, asking to "fall upon the rebels" and "put all to the sword under 70." The orders were given to Robert Campbell, who at that point had already been received hospitably by the rebels for more than two weeks, and this event had been anticipated by the issuance of the "letters of fire and sword," while the Earl of Breadalbane was never implicated. Taking place after Alexander MacDonald was unable to swear an oath of allegiance to William of Orange due to the absence of a magistrate, FTP, name this massacre that occurred on February 13, 1692 in a certain Scottish valley.
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Some believe that the leaders of this dynasty were descended from the children of Mary Magdalene and Jesus Christ, but most would only trace their origins as far back as Childeric, son of the ruler that gives the dynasty its name. Though they had some success at remaining unified through the efforts of strong kings such as Dagobert I and Choltar I, most of the later kings were simply puppets of the powerful mayors of the palace such as Pepin the Short who really ruled. FTP, name this dynasty, founded by Clovis, rulers of most of France from the early sixth century until the eighth century when they were unseated by the Carolingians.
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Some later leaders of this group included Jacob of Arkel and Rudolf Schoppe. They emerged victorious at the Battle of Sirguna and shortly afterwards absorbed the Dobriners. This occurred after they were called upon by Conrad of Masovia and granted authority by the Golden Bull of Rimini. This group, which also absorbed a band known as the Swordbrothers, had earlier been badly defeated at the Battle of Lake Peipus. They were later forced to sign the first Peace of Thorn after their crippling defeat at Grunewald in a clash better known as the Battle of Tannenberg. FTP, name this medieval order with a name betraying its Germanic ancestry.
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Some leaders of this movement called for a “sacred month,†and it saw notable gatherings at Hatshead Moor and Kersal Moor. One leader of this movement broke with its main body to found a National Association, and with John Collins co-wrote a tract supporting it while in jail. Another leader of this movement published the Northern Star, and George Julian Harney was among those who supported the drafting of “ulterior methods†for achieving its aims. This movement grew out of the LWMA, and its leaders included Francis Place and Feargus Edward O'Connor. It saw numerous members executed after John Frost's Newport Rising, and sought annual elections and secret balloting as part of its six points. FTP, name this working class movement that pushed for universal male suffrage in mid-nineteenth century Britain, named for William Lovett's founding document.
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Some of those arrested and executed for their participation in this event include John Thomas Brunt, Richard Tidd, and William Davidson. The king's grandson, Frederick FitzClarence, commanded troops to respond to it, and one police officer Richard Smithers was killed by its leader, who had been arrested four years earlier for involvement at Spa Fields. The plan was spoiled by George Edwards, an agent-provocateur working for the government, while one member, James Ings, proclaimed that he would display the decapitated head of Lord Sidmouth, indicating his anger with the Six Acts characteristic of the Spenceans who perpetrated this event. Led by Arthur Thistlewood, FTP, name this plot to assassinate the British cabinet in 1820, whose name comes from the meeting place where its members convened.
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Some self-termed "disciples" of this saint practice erotic asphyxiation. One legend mistakes him for a similarly-named man born in Jersey who taught the English how to comb wool, partly because the iron combs with which he was executed resemble wool combs. An Armenian bishop who escaped Christian persecution in the third century, he is noted for reappearing to warn the city of Dubrovnik of an impending Venetian invasion in 971, while during his lifetime he cured wild animals and young children of their illnesses. FTP, name this saint, who because of a blessing occurring on his feast day, February 3, is said to be the patron saint of throat ailments.
Saxons
Sometime in the 4th century they encountered the Chauci and Angrivarii, subduing and assimilating both tribes. By the time they became a settled people they started living in thatched huts known as "tuns." By then they would also divide into two groups, with the western one being founded by Cerdic, though it was Cerdic's grandson Egbert who was the first of them to be recognized as a great king. Yet, the only one of them to resist Danish invasions was Alfred the Great. FTP, name this Germanic people that invaded and settled England along with the Angles and Jutes.
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Soon after uniting with his elder brother to beat back the rebellion of Grifo, their bastard half-brother, he had to suppress another revolt, by Odilo of Bavaria. He was crowned by Pope Stephen II, and the following year he saved the Pope from a Lombard invasion. This happened after a famous letter that he sent to Pope Zacharias, whose response allowed him to be anointed by St. Boniface following his overthrow of Childeric III, thus ending the Merovingian dynasty. FTP, name this father of Charlemagne and son of Charles Martel.
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Sterling castle remained under siege in rebel territory when the preparations for this battle began. One side amassed at Berwick-upon-Tweed, from which they marched across Coldstream to the encounter at the namesake creek. The Scots chose to fortify themselves near the namesake village and on Gillies Hill, and successfully defended their position from the English cavalry with large fifteen-foot pikes, securing victory for Robert the Bruce against Edward II. FTP, identify this 1314 battle for Scottish independence.
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Stone cannonballs line the paths of its outer courtyard, and its South Gallery is home to the Deesis (day-eh-sis) Mosaic. A ring of forty windows separated by ribs is found at the base of its most famous feature, which is supported by four pendentives to which Sinan added buttresses. The Fossatis gave it its red and yellow exterior, as well as its calligraphic roundels, and it was originally designed by Anthemius of Tralles and Isidore of Miletus. A mihrab, a minbar, and some minarets were added after its conversion to a mosque in 1453. For 10 points, name this church with a giant dome, commissioned by Justinian and dedicated to the Holy Wisdom in Constantinople.
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Subdivisions of these units of land were once called cantreds, but that term was superseded by divisions of them known as baronies. The Chief Herald of the nation in which these divisions of land lie has granted many of them coats of armor since 1943, including a seal that depicts Patrick Sarsfield outstretching his hand. Naas is the seat of government of one of these units. The King's and Queen's examples of these units were established during the British Plantations movement in their home country, and those ones are today known as Offaly and Laois. These units are subdivisions of larger provinces like Leinster, Munster, and Connacht. For 10 points, name these divisions of land that include Limerick, Tipperary, and Cork, and are located on the Emerald Isle.
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Tekeli's Protestant revolt and subsequent overtures for aid prompted this event, but Tekeli's Hungarian forces played little part in it. The attackers made numerous mistakes, including failure to control the heights at Kahlenberg. Following defeat on September 12, Selim Gherai and Ibrahim Pasha led the only ordered retreat from this action. Kara Mustafa, the leader of this abortive expedition, was executed for his failure on order from Sultan Mehmed IV, after it was raised by a force under Charles, Duke of Lorraine and Jan III Sobieski of Poland. FTP, name this 1683 battle, the second Turkish investment of the Habsburg capital.
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The Akkerman Convention was signed so that the losers of this conflict could devote full attention to it, and Russian diplomat John Capodistria was key in stabilizing its aftermath by popularizing the potato. and it was driven by the infrastructure laid out by a secret society modeled on freemasonry, whose name translates as "Friendly Society". A refusal to honor the Treaty of London led to this conflict's decisive battle, which saw Login Geiden, Henry di Rigny, and Edward Codrington smash the fleet of Ibrahim Pasha at Navarino. Led by Alexander Ypsilantis, it began a downward spiral for the losers, who subsequently fought a series of variously disastrous wars against Russia. For 10 points, name this 1820s war against Ottoman hegemony that saw the death of Lord Byron, a struggle for the independence of a certain country fought in cities like Missolonghi, Corinth, and Athens.
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The Commissions of Array were enacted in order to oppose one article passed by this legislative body, the Militia Ordinance. One of its leaders, William Strode, had earlier been imprisoned for political opposition. The Solemn League and Covenant was advocated by another of its members, John Pym. It was convened following a battle in which Alexander Leslie led his troops across the Tyne River, the Battle of Newburn. This body passed the Triennial Acts and the Self-Denying Ordinance, abolished the Star Chamber, and ended when one hundred and twenty one of its participants were forced out in Pride's Purge. For 10 points, name this assembly, which was followed by the Rump Parliament.
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The Convention of Kloster-Zeven was signed following this man's defeat against d'Estrées at Hastenbeck, while another one of his defeats, at the Battle of Lauffeld, was a rematch with a man who had defeated him two years earlier. He made his military debut at the Battle of Dettingen, where his father led his country's forces into battle, while his most famous victory was preceded by the defeat of Henry Hawley at the Second Battle of Falkirk and took place in a year which had previously seen him fail to relieve Tournay after it was besieged by Marshal Saxe. FTP, name this son of George II who in 1746 crushed the Young Pretender's rebellion at Culloden Moor, the namesake of a "gap" in the Appalachian Mountains.
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The European Maritime Safety Agency is located in this city, as is the European Monitoring Center for Drugs and Drug Addiciton. Expo '98 was held in this city, which was at one point ruled by the children of Sabur the Slav. This city contains the "25th of April Bridge" connects the city to neighboring Almada, in addition to another bridge which is the longest in Europe. The western boundary of this city is marked by the Monsanto forest, and this city was built on a series of terraces on the slopes of the Sintra Mountains and on the banks of the Tagus River. Notable for having a major earthquake in 1755 and for being larger than Oporto, for 10 points, identify this city, the capital of Portugal.
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The French army reached a point about 2 1/2 miles from Alessandria. Rather than wait to be attacked, General Michael von Melas lashed out at the French army. Taking the French by surprise, the attacking army inflicted heavy casualties and forced a hasty retreat. Von Melas then turned command over to a subordinate and retired to Alessandria. However, the slow pursuit allowed the French to regroup and they counterattacked with ferocity and routed the attacking army. FTP, name this 1800 battle between the forces of Napoleon and the Austrians.
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The Frenchman Robert Hubert falsely confessed to causing it on behalf of the pope, and it sparked anti-Dutch violence since it occurred during the Second Anglo-Dutch War. Thomas Bloodworth failed to take action against it, but gunpowder was ordered to be used by Charles II. A column called the Monument stands at Thomas Farriner's bakery on Pudding Lane, where it began shortly after midnight. Samuel Pepys recorded it in his diary, which also covered the plague that occurred in the same year. For 10 points, name this disaster that began on September 2, 1666 and burned down St. Paul's Cathedral.
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The Genoese admiral Emmanuele Pesagno was responsible for the buildup of this country's navy under King Dinis. The first major dynasty in this country was established after the defeat of the Count of Ourem, and one king of that dynasty gained a sobriquet after victories at Alcacer Ceguer and Arzila, before avenging a defeat of his father, King Edward. Philip Massinger's play Believe as You List treated the subject of the some four false versions of a monarch of this country that appeared after that monarch's army was slaughtered at Larache. Establishing bases in Goa, Malacca, and Hormuz, the end of this country's Aviz dynasty greatly weakened their colonial ambitions. For 10 points, name this country associated with explorers such as Da Gama and Prince Henry the Navigator.
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The German contingent went across the Alps to Italy, but no further, and most had died or deserted by then. The French group went by ship to Alexandria. However, the survivors of those 30,000 followers of Stephen of Cloyes were sold into slavery, and, like their counterparts under Nicholas of Cologne, never quite managed to liberate the Holy Land. FTP, identify this 1212 undertaking, alluded to in a Kurt Vonnegut subtitle, which led to a tragic end for thousands of youths.
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The Institute of Red Professors became known as this man's "school," and he was later accused of composing the Riutin Platform. This man published such theoretical works as The Economics of the Transitional Period and The Theory of Historical Materialism, and he collaborated with Yevgeny Preobrazhensky to write The ABC of Communism. He spent five months in New York editing the newspaper New World, and he later resigned from Pravda to protest the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. He was serving as editor of Izvestia when he was accused of affilating with Mikhail Tomsky and Alexey Rykov, the "right opposition." For 10 points, name this NEP supporter who was executed in 1938 following the last of the purge trials.
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The KAN was one organization founded by leaders of this movement, as were K-231 and a revival of Junák, a scouting organization. A meeting discussing this movement was held at Cierná-nad-Tisou. The end of this movement was protested by Jan Palach with self-immolation. Oldrich Cernik and Ota Å ik were leaders of it, and LudvÃk VaculÃk wrote a manifesto supporting it, the “Two Thousand Words.†The aims of this movement were largely carried out by the Action Program. It was followed by a period of “normalization†under Gustav Husák. The policy of “socialism with a human face†was championed during this period by Alexander Dubcek, but it was soon ended by a Soviet crackdown. For 10 points, name this period of reform in 1968 Czechoslovakia.
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The Law of Succession that he passed officially declared his nation a state monarchy and was one of the so-called Organic Laws that he passed to legalize his own rule. He made his name during the Rif War, and his way to the top opened up with the death of General Sanjurjo, and he soon consolidated his power by established his own political party, FET, or the Falange. In 1969 he named his successor as the grandson of Alfonso XII, the last king. FTP, name this military leader who ruled for 45 years as dictator of Spain.
Albania
The League of Prizren was formed by leaders who sought the independence of this country by unifying territories such as Shkodra and Janina. This country's national hero was a man who successfully led the seige of Berat and defended the castle of Kruja several times. Italy invaded this country during World War II when it was ruled by a man who claimed descent from Skanderbeg. A communist ruler of this country published recounted his meetings with Stalin in the book With Stalin and created a secret police called the Sigurimi. For 10 points, identify this Balkan nation which was ruled by Enver Hoxha from its capital at Tirana.
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The Master of the Perfect World teaches the lute and zither to Han Fook in this man's short story “The Poet.†One of this author's characters is sentenced to eternal life after stabbing Hermine in a house of mirrors known as the Magic Theater. One of his protagonists studies at Escholz and Waldzel before becoming a master in the Order of Castalia and earning the title Magister Ludi. Another of this author's creations leaves home with Govinda, learns the ways of love from Kamala, and meets the ferryman Vasudeva in a quest for enlightenment. For 10 points, name this German-Swiss creator of Harry Haller, Joseph Knecht and a title Buddha figure, the author of Steppenwolf, The Glass Bead Game, and Siddhartha.
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The Spanish forces were led by Don Juan the Younger of Austria, Louis II of Bourbon, and included a group of English Royalists led by the Duke of York, the future James II. The English and French forces were led by Viscount de Turenne and Henri La tour d'Auvergne and were reinforced by General William Lockhart's 6000 infantry. FTP identify this 1658 victory of the French and English over the Spanish that led the Spanish to abandon Dunkirk and to conclude the Peace of the Pyrenees.
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The Treaty of Neuberg ended this family's custom of holding hereditary lands in common by assigning separate domains to Albert III and Leopold III. The earliest known ancestor of this house was a Carolingian noble of the tenth century named Guntram the Rich. Their ancestral home was built in 1020 in what is now the Swiss canton of Aargau, by Bishop Werner of Strasbourg, and is known as "Hawk's Castle." Rudolf IV created their title of "archduke" and the motto AEIOU, or "Austria is destined to rule the world." FTP, name this royal family of Austro-Hungary which, under Charles V, had ruled Spain and the Holy Roman Empire.
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The arrival of the French bishops raised the question regarding the divine basis for the obligation for bishops to reside in their sees. Debate raged over its title because it was feared that adding the phrase "representing the Church universal" to its title would be taken to express superiority over the Pope. Defining the mass as a true sacrifice, it fixed the Old and New Testament canon, set the number of sacraments at 7, and defined the Nicene Creed as the basis of the Catholic faith. Convened by Paul III, it ended under Pius IV almost twenty years after it began. For 10 points, what church council confirmed transubstantiation and condemned Luther's doctrine of justification by faith alone?
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The article "Where to Begin" served as the basis for one of this person's works. The April Theses laid out several of this leader's political aims while attacking a political rival, whom he characterized as a "social-chauvinist." Both he and that rival had opposed the views of the Economists and worked for the newspaper The Spark, but that rival, Georgi Plekhanov, opposed this man at the Second Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party, so this man led the group against Plekhanov's so-called Mensheviks. FTP, identify this Russian revolutionary, the leader of the Bolsheviks and the first head of the Soviet Union.
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The battle of Alcacer Ceguer and the defeat of the Moors at Ceuta bookended his brief military career and he organized the assault on Sala-ben-Sala's forces at Tangier. He was assisted in his most important tasks by the Jew Jehuda Cresques, who lived with him at his estate of Sagres. Zurara is the best source for relations between this man and men such as Gil Eanes, Goncalves Zarco, Dinis Dias, and Nuño Tristao, who sighted the Gambia River. The son of Juan I and Philippa of Lancaster, he sponsored the development of the caravel and quadrant and the exploration of Porto Santo and Madeira. FTP, name this prince of Portugal who, despite never having commanded a ship, was nicknamed "The Navigator."
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The battlefield cannot be precisely located, and it may have been a series of running engagements. Its significance for world history has often been overstated; internal dissent stopped the advance more than the outcome of the battle. Abd-ar-Rahman, governor of Cordoba had defeated Eudes, Duke of Aquitaine, but according to legend his attack was stopped by Charles at this site. FTP name this 732 victory for Charles Martel.
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The center of the defending forces in this battle was led by the Marquis of Caracena, while the cavalry on the right flank of the opposing forces was led by the Marquis de Crequy. The winning side featured Thomas Morgan, who had been made governor of Mardyke, which the winning forces had captured the previous year. This battle, which was fought near the Furnes canal, featured a charge by the left side of the winning forces led by William Lockhart, while the losing side's left flank was led by a French rebel, the Prince de Condé. The victorious forces were led by Turenne, and this battle would lead to the signing of the Peace of the Pyrenees the next year. For 10 points, name this victory for a French-English alliance over the Spanish, a 1658 battle fought near Dunkirk.
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The chief creator of this document went on to expound futher proposals in Power and Influence and A Defence of Free Learning. The flurry of policy statements regarding parts of this document led that creator to dub its reception "the White Paper chase." Commissioned by Arthur Greenwood, its opening abstract stated that "proposals for the future...should not be restricted by consideration of sectional interests" and that "now, when the war is abolishing landmarks of every kind," the country had reached "a time for revolutions, not for patching." Harold Wilson assisted in the compilation of this document, which was intended as a survey of social security programs but ended up recommending such organs as the National Health Service. For 10 points, name this 1942 document which laid out the plan for the British welfare state.
Syracuse
The citadel of this city was known as the Island. Its approach was defended by fortifications on the Epipolae Plateau. A man considered a savior of this city defeated Hicetes and had earlier killed his brother Timophanes. A ruler of this city besieged Motya and captured Rhegium. Timoleon fought to free this city, which won the Battle of Himera under the tyrant Gelon. The Spartan general Gyllipus defended this city from Athenians under Nicias during an expedition in the Peloponnesian War, and it was originally a Corinthian colony. It was also ruled by two tyrants named Dionysius. After the death of its ruler Hieron II, it was captured by Marcus Claudius Marcellus, whose forces killed its resident, Archimedes. For 10 points, name this important Greek city located on Sicily.
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The city of Caen became the seat of a "federalist" organization formed in reaction to this group's downfall, an event resulting from the successful intrigues against them by the Club of Cordeliers. Counting Dumouriez, Condorcet, and Carnot among their members, they formed around a platform of foreign war, succesfully engineering the invasion of Austria. In 1793, the fall from grace of ex-Minister of War Jean-Nicolas Pache destroyed their majority in the Legislative Assembly, and forty of them were guillotined during that year's Halloween. Sometimes known by the name of their leader Jacques Pierre Brissot, they sat to the right of The Plain in the assembly and opposed the Jacboins. FTP, name this moderate French Revolutionary faction.
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The combined force of the Act of Seclusion and the Perpetual Edict threatened to hold back the advancement of this man, whose tutelage under Johan de Witt stressed skills of negotiation. He was thrust into national leadership after the invasion of the mainland by Louis XIV and after winning the battle of Narden he succeeded in making peace. But it was his actions during the Glen Coe massacre, such as his victory at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690, that would later solidify his claim to the English throne. FTP identify this Dutchman, wed to Mary, and declared King of England by the Convention Parliament after the ousting on James II.
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The death of Philibert de Chalon and subsequent rise of René joined the two branches of this house. The man known oddly as King William I of this dynasty ruled from 1815 to 1844 and his reign was chiefly notable for the revolt and secession of the newly acquired southern half of his kingdom. Previous members had been princes of its namesake city as well as staathalters. An earlier William was murdered in 1584, sixteen years into his country's war for independence from Spain, while another William became king of England in 1688 by marrying Mary II. FTP, name this family which long ruled in the Netherlands.
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The death of this ruler would later allow her widower to enter into a marriage that sealed a treaty signed after the battles of St. Quentin and Gravelines, and this ruler once rallied support against a rebellion by giving a speech at Guildhall. Pope Paul VI canceled this ruler's appointment of Reginald Pole to be Archbishop of Canterbury, and this ruler's reign saw the repeal of the Act of Supremacy. Though her advisors advocated that she marry her cousin Courtenay, the earl of Devon, this ruler declared that she would marry Philip II, resulting in Wyat's rebellion against her. Gaining her popular nickname from her persecution of Protestants, for ten points, identify queen, this daughter of Catharine of Aragon and Henry VIII, who was succeeded by her sister Elizabeth.
Blois
The decline of this family became irreversible when the countship passed to the House of Chatillon. The zenith of its power was reached when it was combined with Champagne under the leadership of Eudes II. Founded by Thibaut the Cheat, its hereditary dominion extended from the Indre River to the Eure. It entered British history when Henry became bishop of Winchester and his brother set aside Matilda for the throne. FTP, name the short-lived English royal house of King Stephen.
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The defender had dug in around three hills, the strongest of which was known as the Grand Redoubt. The battle featured the largest artillery duel until the 20th century, and by the end of the fighting on September 7, more than 74,000 men had died on the field. Although Marshal Ney asked for the Imperial Guard to break through enemy lines, Napoleon saved it and General Kutuzov kept the Russian army intact. FTP, name this battle that took place 70 miles from Moscow, a Pyrrhic victory for the French.
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The defending side at this battle knew the time of the initial offensive because of the capture of a sapper named Fermello. The other side's eventual attack was led by the army groups of Hoth [HOTE] and Modell [MOH-duhl] under the overall command of von Manstein, who later claimed he could have won if Hitler had allowed him to persist. The attacking forces, who referred to the battle as "Operation Citadel," had delayed the attack for two months while waiting for their new Elephant and Panther tanks to be ready, thus bringing the total tank force to nearly 3,000. Maloarkangelsk and Belgorod marked the ends of a salient that had developed after the German capture of Kharkov and which was the main operational area of, FTP, this largest tank battle of WWII, a massive German defeat in July 1943.
Henry III
The early years of his rule saw a revolt by Fawkes de Breauté, the French Dauphin who agreed to leave England in the Treaty of Kingston. His regents included Hugh de Burgh and William the Marshall, and he faced an alliance between the Earl of Pembroke and Llywelyn the Great of Wales. The Statute of Merton and the Battle of Evesham were among the fruits of his rivalry with the barons under Simon de Montfort, though he was forced to sign the Provisions of Oxford. FTP, name this son and successor of John who ruled England from 1216 to 1267, when his son Edward I became regent.
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The effects of this event were exacerbated by the "Gregory" clause and the initial laissez-faire approach of Assistant Treasury Secretary Trevelyan and Prime Minister John Russell. Earlier Robert Peel had used it to justify repeal of the Corn Laws. One of its results were the death of many in cramped "coffin ships" to the Americas, while it's indirect cause was a boom in population which necessitated the use of the large "Aran Banner" variety, which was immune to the fungus that caused it. FTP, identify this 1846-1850 catastrophe which hit the Emerald Isle.
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The end of this historical event was put in motion with the publication of Ludvik Vaculik's editorial "Two Thousand Words", and saw coltrol of the governemtn pass to Gustav Husak. In an attempt to avoid purges to remove hardline apparatchiks from the government, several measures had been passed on April 5 to ease restrictions on civil liberties and to bring about "socialism with a human face", but by August 27th a Soviet garrison was mandated, leading to the removal of Alexander Dubcek as First Secretary. FTP, what was this brief 1968 period of increaed freedom named for the capital of Czechoslovakia and the season during which it occurred?
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The fall of Longwy and Verdun, and the Argonne forest caused the defenders, who were reinforced by the arrival of the marquis de Beurnonville, to make a stand between the Aisne and Auve rivers. Fighting began at "La Lune" tavern, but it was a heavy fog and the steady artillery fire of the French guns that truly saved the day. When the defenders under Kellerman and Dumouriez let out a cheer of "Vive la Nation," as the Prussian guard advanced, the Duke of Brunswick withdrew from the field in, FTP, what 1792 engagement, a failed attempt to reestablish the rule of Louis XVI.
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The father was arrested and imprisoned in 1531 when he quarreled with the Duke of Suffolk, and he was later charged with treason but regained Henry VIII's favor. Today, however, he is remembered as a writer, not a courtier. The son was a conspirator who helped put Jane Grey on the throne and objected to the marriage of Mary I and Philip II of Spain. For ten points, name these men, one who is credited with introducing the sonnet into English and the other who led a 1554 eponymous revolt against Mary I.
Ivan
The fifth ruler with this name was co-ruler with his brother for 14 years despite being mentally impaired. The sixth was deposed in favor of empress Elizabeth. The second was known as the "Meek", and succeeded his father, the first, who was known as "Moneybags". The most famous is the fourth, who established the Zemsky Sobor and a personal secret service known as the O-prich-ni-ki. FTP, give this shared name of several Russian Czars, the most infamous of which was known as "the Terrible."
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The first is said to have occurred in 1689, when Viscount Dundee defeated a Government army in the Pass of Killiecrankie. Another lasted only four days in 1708 before its figurehead left the Firth of Forth and returned to France. Another more organized effort, led by the Earl of Mar, was known as The Fifteen; and the best-known, which included victories at Prestonpans and Falkirk and a final defeat at Culloden, was fought in 1745. FTP name this series of uprisings, mostly of Scottish origin, which were fought on behalf of the descendants of James II.
Portugal
The first king of this nation was not recognized by the pope until fifty years after his victory in the Battle of Ourique and his subsequent coronation, and the death of another of its monarchs in the Battle of Three Kings led to foreign occupation. In the eighteenth century, the Tavora Affair occurred in this nation, and was an attempt to lessen the power of the aristocracy by the Marquis de Pombal. This country loosened control on its colonies after the Carnation Revolution, which brought the end of Antonio Salazar's Estado Novo. For 10 points, name this nation which had to rebuild after the 1755 earthquake which destroyed its capital, Lisbon.
Capetian
The first kings of this family were descended from Robert the Strong, the count of Anjou and Blois, and are therefore called Robertian. The family's hereditary rule in their home country is broken down into several periods, with fourteen kings reigning in the direct line and thirteen from its later Valois branch. The dynasty can be said to have begun in 987 when Hugh was elected king and continued until the death of Charles IV in 1328. FTP, name this family that succeeded the Carolingians.
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The first member of this house to rule his country consolidated his power by winning victories at Arques and Ivry, after which his authority was acknowledged by the Duke of Mayenne. The second ruler of this family was threatened by conspiracies led by the Marquis of Cinq-Mars and the Duke of Montmorency, and his reign featured the siege of La Rochelle and the Day of Dupes led by his mother, Marie de Medici. That second ruler took the throne at the age of nine after Francois Ravaillac assasinated his father in 1610. FTP, name this royal house whose first French monarch was Henry IV and which included a number of kings named Louis, including the 16th.
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The first monarch to bear this name and number ruled France during the Hundred Years' War, signing the Peace of Bretigny which temporarily ended hostilities with the British. His more famous namesake took the throne of Spain after the death of Ferdinand in 1516, but didn't take his more common title until his installation as Holy Roman Emperor in 1519. FTP give the common name and number of these monarchs, the latter of which founded the Habsburg Dynasty.
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The first of the kings of a certain nation to bear this name gained the throne a year after his predecessor's parliament-empowering decree of "Nihil Novi," and rewarded a loyalty oath from Albert of Brandenburg by making him the first Duke of Prussia. That man's son, the second holder of this name, was succeeded in death by the election of Henry of Valois and bore the nickname Augustus. That man's grandson, the third holder of the name, was defeated at Stangebro in 1598, costing him the Swedish throne. This is also the name of a single Holy Roman Emperor, whose forces were routed at the Battle of Nicopolis during his tenure as the King of Hungary and who helped organize the Council of Constance. FTP, give this name held by three Polish kings, the last of whom invaded Russia during the Time of Troubles.
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The first ruler of this dynasty signed the treaty of Stolbovo with Sweden, which then recognized his authority, and under the Deulino agreement his father was released from prison. Its second ruler signed the treaty of Pereiaslavl after defeating an army led by Bogdan Khmelnitsky, while that man's successor signed the treaty of Bakhchisarai ending a war with the Turks. After the last male in the line died, rule passed to his aunts Anna and Elizabeth, creating a succession dispute in the house of Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel. Neither produced a male heir, and rule then passed to the line of Holstein-Gottorp re-established with Paul I. The dynasty, which began with the heroics of Ivan Susanin, ended in a basement in Yekaterinberg in 1918. FTP, identify these successors to the House of Rurik, a royal line of Russia whose first ruler, Michael, took control after the Time of Troubles.
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The first seven years of his reign were dominated by the Italian adventurer, Concino Concini, who was shot to death by the royal guard on the order of Charles de Luynes and this man. His later reign saw the conspiracy against him by "les Importants" and the duchess de Chevreuse as well as the plotting of a favorite, the marquis de Cinq-Mars, with the Spanish court. Francis Bassompierre and this man's brother, Gaston of Orleans, were exiled from Paris in the incident known as the "Day of the Dupes," echoing the exile of his wife, Anne of Austria, ten years earlier. FTP, name this man, the son of Marie de Medici and Henry IV, who made France the greatest continental power in Europe with the help of his favorite minister, Cardinal Richelieu.
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The first stated that it was to be valid until the target "has acknowledged that the rights of war are the same on land as at sea" and allotted half of all proceeds as compensation for native merchants. The second scorned the enemy for "assimilat[ing] its legislation to that of Algiers" and opposed "the infamous principle that the flag of a nation does not cover goods." The first one ordered the seizure of any ship at a friendly port which had previously docked with the enemy, while the second extended that power to privateers and targeted even those ships which submitted to British inspection. Britain responded with the Orders in Council, which in turn prompted the U.S. to issue the Embargo Act. FTP, name these two writs by which Napoleon imposed the Continental System.
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The first type was used by the Germans against Belgian forts as early as 1914. The second set, which totaled four in number, were moved to their emplacements on railway tracks because of their size. Nicknamed "Paris guns," these weapons had a range of 75 miles and caused hundreds of deaths when they were first used to shell the French capital in early 1918. FTP give the common nickname of these two weapon systems, both named for the powerful head of the Krupp munitions dynasty.
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The first, signed in 1668, left France its conquests in Flanders but ended the French invasion of the Spanish Netherlands. The second gave Silesia to Prussia, recognized the Hanoverian succession in England, and confirmed the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713, ensuring Maria Theresa's right to rule Austria. FTP, what is the shared name of these treaties, the second of which ended the War of the Austrian Succession in 1748?
Rurik dynasty
The founder and namesake of this dynasty left his territory after a decade to manage land in Friesland left to him by his father. Its early rulers worshipped the pagan idol Perun, who would be replaced by Elijah after the arrival of Christianity to the realm. After the uneventful rule of Yaropolk, two great rulers would follow, with the latter being Yaroslav the Wise. Founded circa 862 CE by its namesake Varangian prince, it would remain in power until 1598. FTP, name this dynasty that ended with the death of Fyodor I and which had ruled Russia for more than 700 years.
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The government of his enemies, the Arrabbiati, began his downfall by inciting riots on Ascension Day. This Ferraran composed the poem "On the Decline of the Church" and preached from the pulpit of San Marco, becoming vicar-general there. He prophesied the coming of an avenger in the French King Charles VIII, who served only to create a power vacuum that this man could fill, attacking Pope Alexander VI after the expulsion of Piero de Medici. Machiavelli considered him the greatest contemporary example of an "unarmed prophet," who, unlike Moses or Romulus, would be unseated as soon as the people stopped following him. In 1498 he was hanged and his body burned in the Piazza della Signoria which had been a focal point for the Bonfires of the Vanities that he conducted. FTP, name this demagogue, a Dominican ruler of Florence.
Crecy
The invaders had been following a scorched earth policy, and as a result the opposition arrived hungry, tired, and eager for battle. This impatience would turn out to be a grave mistake. After dispatching with the Genoese crossbowmen, the British force, which was camped out on the Maie River in between Wadicourt and the enormous namesake forest, had to withstand the charge of King John of Bohemia and Charles, the Comte de Alencon. But this charge, as well as many successive ones, would come up short, as knight upon knight fell to quick loaded British missiles. Edward the Black Prince acquitted himself well as his father Edward III won a victory over Philip VI's forces at FTP, what August 1346 battle that signaled the arrival of the English army due to the supremacy of the Longbow
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The large amount of notes taken by James F. Byrnes at this meeting led to his being named Secretary of State five months later. One secret protocol from this meeting promised the Kuril Islands to one nation in return for support in fighting the current holder of those islands. This meeting agreed on the dismemberment of an enemy nation and the creation of four occupation zones. This conference called for a democratic government in Poland and set up a future meeting to create the United Nations. For 10 points, name this World War II Allied conference of the original Big Three that took place on the Crimean Peninsula.
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The last major land battles in this conflict were at Assietta and Lauffeld, and it is also noted for Dettingen, the last battle in which a British monarch led troops. The French took, but were forced to return, Madras in the First Carnatic War, an Indian phase of this war, while the capture and return of Louisbourg on Cape Breton Island occurred in the North American phase, King George's War. Prince Charles Albert of Bavaria was one of the claimants in this war that was ended by the 1748 treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. It began with Frederick II of Prussia's failure to agree with Charles VI's Pragmatic Sanction of 1713. FTP, name this war over Maria Theresa's ascension to the throne of its namesake country with capital Vienna.
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The last parliament during the reign of Charles II was held in this city, though it only lasted for one week in 1681. In 1644 Charles I assembled a parliament in this city, which was the royalist capital at the time. Peter de Montfort was the leader of the so-called "Mad" Parliament which was held here during the reign of Henry III. That parliament created a namesake document which called for a council of 15 noblemen, though those "provisions" would be replaced by the Provisions of Westminster in 1259. FTP, name this English city which was also home to a 19th-century religious movement and a major university.
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The later version insisted that public functions are by necessity temporary, and concluded by noting that in certain circumstances insurrection becomes the most indispensable of duties. That version also abolished the class of "servants" by insisting that people can only contract their services and time, but cannot sell themselves. One response to this document called for a law to assist widows and girls who are deceived by false promises, and demanded the legalization of prostitution. The preface to this document declares that ignorance, neglect, or contempt of the titular things are the sole cause of public calamities, and defines "liberty" as the freedom to do everything which injures no one else. The first of its 17 articles asserts that social distinctions can only be founded on the general good, since men are born and remain free and equal. FTP, name this document which wasapproved on August 26, 1789 by the National Assembly of France.
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The latter part of his reign was marked by a turn towards mystic piety under the influence of Barbara Krüdener, who inspired him to join the Bible Society and adopt a Quaker-derived "universal religion." Upon his accession, he formed the Neglasny Komitet, a group of legal advisors including Viktor Kochubey and Pavel Stroganov. His closed-coffin funeral following his death at Taganrog led to rumors that he faked his death to enter a monastery under the name of Kuzmich. He protested the seizure of the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg after a falling-out at Erfurt with an ally whom he had previously met at Tilsit, and his forces turned back Napoleon at the Battle of Borodino. Following his death, his brother Constantine refused the throne despite the urging of the Decembrists, leaving the succession to their brother Nicholas I. FTP, name this tsar who represented his own interests at the Congress of Vienna after succeeding his father Paul in 1796.
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The leader of the southern faction of this movement was Pavel Pestel, who desired radical changes that contrasted with the ideals of Sergei Trubetskoy, one of the founders of the Northern Secret Society. Both were among the masses sent to Irkutsk, and later to Petrovski Zavod where a prison had been erected. Lieutenant Panov led the rebel troops into Senate Square, where they chanted for "Konstantin and a Constitution" rather than pledge allegiance to the newly installed Nicholas I, and then attempted a failed coup. FTP, name this group who lent their name to an uprising in Russian in 1825.
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The losing side at this battle outnumbered the eventual victors but had an artillery disadvantage and was exhausted after making a long march from Sodbury. The losing side had wanted to cross the Severn to meet up with their allies in Wales, which had become necessary after another ally's defeat and death at the Battle of Barnet. The Duke of Somerset blamed his failure to flank the victor's left at this battle on Lord Wenlock, and apocryphally killed Wenlock in a fit of rage. That act, the failure to join the forces of Jasper Tudor, and the flanking of the loser's right by cavalry under Richard, Duke of Gloucester, led to the collapse of the loser's lines and the death of Somerset, the Prince of Wales, and many other of Queen Margaret's forces, who took refuge in the nearby abbey. For 10 points, name this 1471 battle which saw the final defeat of the Lancastrian supporters of King Henry VI.
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The losing side's approach to this battle was hampered by the skirmish at Musgrove's Mills. Following a trip to Camden to confer with his superior, one commander issued a proclamation at Gilbert Town, threatening his opponents that he would "hang their leaders and lay their country waste with fire and sword." Rather than intimidating them, this statement induced the men of Wilkes and Surry counties to raise a volunteer force led by Isaac Shelby and John Sevier. Shouting cries of "Tarleton's Quarter" the colonials stormed up the slope and inflicted some three hundred casualties, including the inventor of a new rifle, British Major Patrick Ferguson. FTP, name this victory for the "over mountain men" over a force of British loyalists, fought on October 7th, 1780.
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The main character in this novel collects real flowers that resemble artificial ones, and his favorite painting is a Moreau of Salome and the head of John the Baptist. He has a farewell dinner for his virility, where he is served by naked African women. As a youth, he has two lovers: a ventriloquist whom he has perform Flaubert's dialogue between the Sphinx and Chimera, and an American Acrobat, Miss Urania. At the end of the novel, a doctor orders him to return to social life in Paris, and in fear of death, he gives up his decadent ways. FTP, identify this novel about the aesthete Des Esseintes, written by Joris Karl Huysmans.
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The man for which it is named deserted Roderick, "the last of the Goths" and the king of Spain, in 711, the year he made the crossing for which he was immortalized. 993 years after Tariq ibn Siyad's Muslims took it, its owners were again deprived of it, and the deprivers possess it to this day. FTP, name this English possession, the "mount of Tariq," or in the Arabic, "Jebel al-Tariq."
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The movement which led to a daughter branch of this dynasty was inspired by the Cry of Ypiranga. Thirteen years after its initiation, that branch was rocked by the War of Tatters, in which one side was led by Giuseppe Garibaldi and which hastened the ascension of its founder's five-year-old son. The founder returned to his home nation and fought the War of the Two Brothers to return his daughter to the parent nation's throne. That parent dynasty was a collateral line of the House of Aviz, which ruled until the Habsburgs seized its throne in 1580. Sixty years later, John IV wrested that throne from the control of Phillip II, while it was John VI who sent his son, Pedro, to initiate a daughter line in Brazil. FTP, name this royal house of Portugal.
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The name was also given to conflicts of 1799 and 1815. The one of 1832 arose because of opposition to the constitutional monarchy of Louis-Philippe. In the most famous conflict, peasant leaders and Royalists, encouraged by local priests, formed the "Catholic and Royal Army." After early successes, they were repulsed by Republican forces at Nantes in June 1793, thus dooming the rebels' hopes of marching on Paris and restoring monarchy. FTP name these counterrevolutionary uprisings that take their name from a western region of France.
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The name's the same. The one of Provence raised an invasion force against rebel French barons, only to have the fleet wrecked at Sluis, Flanders. The one of Castile is supposed to have saved the life of Edward I of England at Acre by sucking poison from a dagger wound, though the story is evidently apocryphal. The one of Guyenne is known by a better name and accompanied Louis VII of France on crusade, though the two would be estranged during the journey. She was the mother of Richard I the Lion-Heart and John of England. FTP, identify this shared name most famous for its Aquitaine member.
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The official anthem of this organization proclaimed that its banner was more meaningful than death, and members carried daggers marked "blood and honor." In its waning days, it was lead by Arthur Axmann and its members were assigned to Kurt Meyer's panzer division and the anti-aircraft batteries of Berlin. Originally directed by the Gauleiter of Vienna, Baldur von Schirach, it had a counterpart called the Bund Deutscher Mädel for females, while all males were required to join this group at age thirteen after graduating from the Deutsches Jungvolk. FTP, Prince Claus of the Netherlands and Pope Benedict XIV are noted alumni of this compulsory organization for teenagers under the Nazis.
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The opening of this battle saw intense fighting involving forces under Chulouk Bey. Uluch Ali was given the title of Kilic for his capture of the flag of the Maltese knights during this battle. This battle fought near the Gulf of Patras opened with heavy fighting that included a group commanded by Andrea Doria, who fought under a man who was the son of Charles V and half-brother of Philip II. One side in this battle fought for Selim II and was led by Ali Pasha, who was opposed by the fleet of the Holy League commanded by Don Juan of Austria. For 10 points, name this decisive naval defeat in 1571 for the Ottoman Empire.
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The outcome of a sea battle in this war was reported to one side's leader by his jester when his commanders were too frightened to report the loss. Another battle in this war resulted in the death of the blind John of Bohemia, whose three feather crest was then taken by an opposing commander who won his spurs that same day. One side in this war was greatly helped by mud in a battle where archers played an important role. For 10 points, name this war in which commanders such as Edward III, Edward the Black Prince, and Henry V fought at the Battles of Sluys, Crecy, and Agincourt, and which resulted in the near total expulsion of England from continental Europe by the French.
Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester
The papal legate Ottobon urged moderation in dealing with the supporters of this man, whose death led to those supporters pillaging the countryside from strongholds at places like Axholme and Ely. He had first consolidated his power after using his brightly decorated litter as a trap in battle and by raising a fleet in the Cinque Ports. He would then briefly establish co-rule with the Bishop of Chichester and the Earl of Gloucester. However, he was weakened the next year by the machinations of Richard de Clare and the negative views of his alliance with Llewellyn. His end came when his son was defeated at Kenilworth and when his own forces fell the next day at Evesham. For 10 points, name this French-English nobleman who briefly ruled England after the Barons' War of 1263
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The printing press was introduced to this country by a learned king who issued a law code that prescribed blood payment as the penalty for every offense, Vakhtang VI of the Mukhranian dynasty. This country resisted the Mongols under the leadership of a king nicknamed "the Brilliant" after earlier rebelling against Persia under the leadership of Gorgasal and being Christianized by St. Nino. During its time as a client state of Byzantium, this country was ruled by the "kuropalates" or "guardian of the palace," a title which Ashot the Great held before founding the independent Bagratid dynasty here. This country's current capital was incorporated into the state during the campaigns of David the Builder, and many of its lands were later conquered by Queen Tamar. For 10 points, name this state whose "Rose Revolution" elevated Mikhail Saakasvilli to power over Eduard Shevardnadze, and which was reconquered for the USSR by native son Joseph Stalin.
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The recent appearance of a memoir by Graham Bower, who participated in this event, has provided new details. Many of those involved had been members of the "Reform Committee" and their leaders included Raleigh Grey and John Jays Hammond. One consequence of it was the declaration of the Chimurenga campaign by the Shona. Much of the fighting took place at Doornkop where Commander Piet Cronje ultimately convinced its participants to surrender. After the uitlander support failed to materialize and his force was defeated, its namesake leader was replaced at his post by Alfred Milner and sent to Holloway jail. FTP, name this event in which more than 600 men attempted to oust President Kruger in the Transvaal.
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The region that now makes up this country was conquered by Rome in 58 BC, and afterwards was controlled by Swabia and Burgandy until the Holy Roman Empire gained the region in 1033. The march towards independence started with a 1291 defensive league formed by the states of Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden, which resulted in virtual independence from the Hapsburgs in 1499, with official independence recognized in the Peace of Westphalia. An alpine nation of 7 million divided into cantons, FTP, what is this country known for its neutrality?
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The remnants of a force crushed by this man's general, the Duke of Gaeta, formed the Papal Zouave corps in the wake of the Battle of Castelfidardo, which allowed the passage of the Law of Guarantees. France pledged support to this figure in the Treaty of Plombieres and allied with him in a series of battles that prompted the Treaty of Zurich. This man's service at Novara under his father Charles Albert helped earn him a respectful armistice during negotiations with the victor of that battle, Joseph Radetzky. Though his forces won at Magenta and Solferino, this man's kingdom gained only Lombardy after allying with Napoleon III. His greatest achievement took advantage of Austria's military struggles, and the groundwork for it was laid by Mazzini and the Carbonari, and Garibaldi's Expedition of the Thousand. For 10 points, identify this foe of Pius IX and predecessor of Umberto I, a Savoy ruler of Piedmont who carried out the Risorgimento to unite Italy.
Jacquerie
The response to it was led by Gaston Phoebus, who instigated a massacre at Meaux of the forces led by Etienne Marcel. It began near Beauvais as a response to the activities of mercenaries known as écorcheurs. It ended when Guillaume Cale was beheaded by King Charles II of Navarre. FTP, name this peasant uprising of 1358, a reaction to poverty caused by the Hundred Years' War, and named after the common name given to French citizens.
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The scale of this war escalated after Dupont lost the battle of Bailén. After the defeat of Delaborde at the battle of Roliça and Junet at the battle of Vimeiro, Dalrymple and Kellerman signed the Convention of Cintra. After the death of Sir John Moore, the British forces defeated Nicholas Soult at the battle of Porto under the command of Arthur Wellesley, who won the battle of Salamanca in July of 1812 and captured Madrid in August. Wellesley then routed the French forces at the battle of Vitoria, which helped persuade Austria to declare war on Napoleon. Caused by Napoleon placing his brother Joseph on the Spanish throne, FTP, name this war fought from 1808 to 1814 in the Iberian region.
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The signing of this treaty was followed by negotiations between Thomas von Fritsch and Ewald Friedrich von Hertzberg, while this treaty was negotiated by César Gabriel de Choiseul. This treaty was signed a year after the secret Treaty of Fontainebleau. It accompanied the Treaty of Hubertusburg, which decided control of Silesia. This treaty was partly precipitated by the death of the empress Elizabeth, and the Earl of Bute controversially decided not to keep Guadeloupe in this treaty. As a corollary to this treaty, Spain gained Louisiana, and in this treaty Britain gained Grenada, Tobago, and Florida, as well as almost all French possessions in North America. For 10 points, name this 1763 treaty, which ended the Seven Years' War, signed in a European capital.
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The site of this battle has been silted up by the river Eede. Part of one of the fleets consisted of Genoese galleys under Barbavera. Ships under Sir Robert Morley came to the assistance of the English fleet shortly before fighting began. The English anchored at Blankenberghe, but the French commanders Nicholas Bhuchet and Hugh Querat decided not to attack. The result of Edward III's attempt to prevent a French invasion, this is, for 10 points, what June 30, 1340 naval battle of the Hundred Years War.
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The son of Frederick Louis and Augusta, he was unable to read properly until age 11, one year before becoming heir to the throne. Around his 18th birthday, he began to torment himself with thoughts of his own inadequacy. Some 20th century investigators have suggested he suffered from porphyria, producing the agonizing pain, excited overactivity, paralysis and delirium he exhibited at least four times during his life. FTP, name this man portrayed by Nigel Hawthorne in a 1994 film, the King of Hanover from 1814-20 and King of Britain for 60 years.
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The son of Otto the Illustrious, this man became duke of Saxony in 912 and launched into a war with Conrad I of Franconia, who nevertheless left him the throne of Germany in 918. His exploits include subduing Arnulf of Bavaria and defeating Giselbert, king of Lotharingia, which was then was brought back under German control, as well as crushing the Magyars and adding Shleswig to the German state. FTP name this founder of the Saxon dynasty, the father of St. Bruno, who received his nickname because, according to legend, he was laying bird snares when informed of his election as king.
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The southern branch of this movement erroneously identified the Magyars as Slavs. Their leader, Colonel Paul Pestel, proposed Jacobin-style dictatorship but departed from his French model in advocating communal land ownership as a solution to the deprivation of the peasants. The competing Northern Society proposed instead emancipation and a democratic system in the constitution of Nikita Muraviev, while radicals coalesced around Kondraty Ryleev. The military officers who met in Senate Square were dispersed and exiled to Siberia. FTP, name this movement which, upon the abdication of Constantine, resisted the accession of Nicholas I as Tsar in the last month of 1825.
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The specific conflict which was ended by this treaty erupted following the violation of the Peace of Vaucelles three years before this treaty's signing, which occasioned a celebratory ode by Pierre de Ronsard. Emmanuel Philibert was able to recover most of his Savoyard possessions through a clause in this treaty, and one party to this agreement yielded control of Corsica to Genoa. Prior to signing this treaty, one monarch who was party to it sent a memorandum to his sister Joanna claiming that his presence in Flanders was necessary to prevent a possible invasion of England. The French position in negotiating this treaty was weakened by the signature four years earlier of the Peace of Augsburg, and Ruy Gomez de Silva was named Prince of Eboli for his services in negotiating this treaty, which was signed following Spanish victories at San Quentin, Arras, and Gravelines. For 10 points, identify this treaty signed in 1559 by Henry II of France which ended the Habsburg-Valois War phase of the Italian Wars.
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The stage was set for this war by Britain's alliance with Prussia in the Treaty of Westminster and Austria's alliance with France in the so-called "diplomatic revolution". Early success went to Prussia with their victories at Rossbach, Leuthen, and Zorndorf, which were soon followed by British victories at Minden and Quiberon Bay. However, Spain's entry into the war coupled with the death of Russia's Elizabeth Petrovna and the resignation of Pitt the Elder led all parties to conclude hostilities with the Treaty of Paris. FTP, what was this European war lasting from 1756-63?
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The task of executing certain prisoners captured during the best-known of these clashes led to the invention of primitive death chambers known as noyades. They broke out shortly after the battle of Neerwinden, ended with the failure of a British-backed invasion at Quiberon Bay, and saw the execution of Stofflet and Charette by troops under Lazare Hoche. Defeats suffered by its instigators included the battles of Cholet and Le Mans, and among the actions which prompted them was the passage of the "Civil Consitution of the Clergy" and the conscription order of February 1793. Led primarily by royalist nobles, FTP, identify this counter-revolutionary uprising against the First Republic, which takes its name from a region of western France.
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The victims were to be killed on the road between London and Newmarket, but they failed to make the journey on the expected day. Many of the conspirators escaped, but the plot was used by the government as an excuse to arrest several Whig leaders, notably Lord Russell and Algernon Sidney, who were executed for treason. James Scott, duke of Monmouth, may have been more deeply implicated, but he was pardoned and just excluded from the royal court. FTP, identify this conspiracy organized in 1683 for the assassination of King Charles II and his brother the future James II, which is named for a building in Hertfordshire near which the murder was to have occured.
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The victor at Stoke, this person was strongly influenced and aided by his stepfathers Jasper of Penbroke and Lord Stanley. Weakened by the 1407 successional exclusion of the Beauforts, this noble supported the rebellion of Stafford of Buckingham in part by a promise to marry Elizabeth of York. Opposed by the pretenders Lambert Simnel and Perkin Warbeck, this ruler created the Court of the Star Chamber after establishing the Tudor dynasty. FTP, name this man who became king of England in 1485, ending the Wars of the Roses.
Culloden Moor
The victor's only major losses were suffered by Barrel's and Munro's regiments who absorbed the brunt of Lord George Murray's attack on their left. On the far left the Athol Brigade was devastated by enfilading fire from the Campbell militia and Wolfe's regiment. On the right the MacDonalds were routed before they even reached the victor's lines. Starving and outnumbered 2-1 the losers were also tired after a marching for a night attack, which never materialized - upon the Duke of Cumberland's Royalist army. FTP, identify this 1746 battle in Scotland which ended Bonnie Prince Charlie's claims to the throne of England.
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The victors in this battle were accompanied by Arnold Amalric, the archbishop of Narbonne, who wrote several letters describing the victory. Another account claims that the tent of the losing army was surrounded by a human wall of ten thousand slaves and a bunch of iron chains which were cut. The victors used an obscure mountain pass marked by the skull of a cow, shown to them by a local shepherd, who escorted the vanguard under Diego Lopez de Haro through the pass. The winning force was avenging the "Disaster of Alarcos," which necessitated this campaign. They decimated the army under Miramamolin through a combined effort of Sancho VII, Pedro II, and Alfonso VIII of Castile. For 10 points, name this battle which crippled the Almohad Empire and marked a victory in 1212 AD for the Spanish Reconquista.
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The winning side in this battle took up position at the New Park, while a significant contingent of "camp-followers" stayed in secret reserve at Coxet Hill. Six years after the battle came the issuance of the Declaration of Arbroath, which was sent to Pope John XXII. It occurred after a pact between the brother of the winning side's king and Philip Mowbray, the local commander of a castle under siege, after which a force of Thomas Randolph was victorious in skirmish with Robert Clifford and Henry Beaumont. More famous for the heroic slaying of Henry de Bohun, the victors forced a hasty retreat by Edward II. FTP, name this 1314 battle which secured Scottish independence, a victory for Robert de Bruce.
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The winning side lost only 50 men compared to 1,200 casualties for the losers, whose commander escaped but had a 30,000-pound bounty placed on his head. Based on intelligence from Lord George Murray, the eventual winners took up a position where the opposition was restricted by flanking dykes and then butchered by 20 minutes of canon fire. It began soon after one army had reached Derby with about 5,000 men, who were intent on taking London and placing James the Eighth on the English throne. On this site in Inverness-shire forces under the duke of Cumberland smashed Highlanders led by Prince Charles Edward Stuart, aka Bonny Prince Charlie. FTP, name this battle that decisively ended the Jacobite Rebellion begun the year before, in 1745.
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The year before it took place, the king had appointed a ministry led by the Prince of Polignac, the so-called "Ultra of the Ultras." On the 26th, Adolphe Thiers wrote a response to five ordinances that dissolved the Chamber and gave the government control over the press, and two days later the rebels put up barricades and seized the Hotel de Ville. FTP, identify this uprising, which forced King Charles X to abdicate and resulted in a constitutional monarchy led by Louis Philippe, named for the summer month in which it took place in 1830.
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The year before this battle was fought, the man who commanded the victorious army married the princess of Polotsk. The loser of this battle would go on to marry Ingeborg, the sister of King Erik Eriksson. The winner of this battle was expelled from his city a few months afterward, but he was invited back to resist an invasion that had been incited by Pope Gregory IX. The losing army in this battle set up its camp on the Izhora River, after which the winning army moved down the Volkhov River and launched a surprise attack. That attack resulted in the loss of an eye for Birger Jarl, while most of his Swedish forces were annihilated. FTP, name this victory for Novgorod, a 1240 battle which earned the victorious Alexander Yaroslavich his nickname.
Lollards
Their greatest decline came under the time of Thomas Arundel, who vigorously prosecuted them. However, they were briefly reinvigorated by the martyrdom of one of their leaders, John Oldcastle, but they would merge into larger groups within the next 100 years. Drawn primarily from the peasant class, the members of this group held the Bible to be the only rule of authentic faith. FTP, name this religious sect of 14th and 15th-century England initially led by John Wycliffe.
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Their institutions, laws, and ceremonies would not be codified until the publication of a 1672 work by Elias Ashmole. "Extra members" like Emperor Hirohito and Victor Emmanuel III of Italy were briefly expelled during World War II. The prelate is their highest officer, but it is the registrar who is named dean of Windsor. Their motto of Honi soit qui mal y pense, or "Shame to him who thinks evil of it," was uttered following a dancing incident during which Joan of Kent lost a leg band. FTP, name this society of knights founded in 1348 by King Edward III of England.
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There are three so-called "satellites" associated with it, which include the Inquisitio Comitatus Cantabrigiensis and the Inquisitio Eliensis, and an early draft of it is known as the Exon version. Incomplete thanks to the Harrowing of the North, it is divided into the "Great" portion which excludes the area north of the river Tees, and the "Little" portion dealing with Essex, Norfolk, and Suffolk. It lists ownership changes over twenty years among other information, and it was the result of a project announced at Christmas in 1085. The survey which gathered the information for it took place the following year. FTP, name this book which containsa detailed census of English land and people, comissioned by William the Conqueror.
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They gave up the Nieszawa and Samogitia in the Treaty of Melno, which concluded the Gollub War. . Founded during the siege of Acre in the Third Crusade, they later moved their capital to Marienberg. They reached their greatest height under Winrich von Kniprode and were fleeced by the Treaty of Torun after Emperor Louis IV gave permission to them to take over Poland and Lithuania. Wladyslaw II Jogaila defeated them decisively, and they also lost the Thirteen Years War and the "Massacre on Ice," to Alexander Nevsky. Their Grand Master Albert of Brandenburg's conversion to Lutheranism ended their influence. For 10 points, name this German crusading order.
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They had existed since the Middle Ages, but only became a hot political issue after 1815. The one of 1815 banned foreign imports until domestic prices had reached 80 shillings a quarter. The one of 1828 provided a sliding scale. A league against them was founded in 1839, and they were abolished in 1846. FTP name these laws loathed by David Ricardo that regulated the price of grain.
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They were first called by Ivan the Terrible and the most important one discussed the Livonian War against Poland. The last one was called in 1653 and the Slavophiles attempted to revive them in the 19th century. FTP give the name of the 16th and 17th century Russian advisory councils that were also known as "the assembly of the land."
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The Privilegium Minus placated this group's member Henry the Lion with the creation of the Duchy of Austria. Their titular rebellion occurred while Conrad III was fighting the Second Crusade, and they supported Otto IV during the succession dispute with Frederick of Sicily for the Imperial crown. Charles of Anjou helped this group in establishing themselves in their most important city where the Donati and Cerchi families created "black" and "white" factions, Florence. Also controlling Milan, Genoa and Bologna, their main opponents controlled Siena, Arezzo, and Pisa. For 10 points, name this political faction from the 12th to 14th centuries in Germany and Italy who supported mercantile interests and the papacy against the Holy Roman Emperor, and were pitted against the Ghibellines.
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This English statesman put into effect the Act of Supremacy and the dissolution of the monasteries during the 1530s, having earlier become agent and secretary to Cardinal Wolsey. He arranged Henry VIII's divorce from Catherine of Aragon, and proved himself a highly efficient administrator and advisor during his time as Privy Councillor and Lord of the Exchequer, but fell from favor after choosing Anne of Cleves as Henry's consort. FTP, name this beheaded politician known as "hammer of the monks".
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This Frenchman was a notable historian whose works included History of the French Revolution and History of the Consulate and the Empire, but he is better known for his role in public life. An opposition journalist in the 1820's, after the July Revolution he became a liberal Orleanist member of the Chamber. An opponent of Napoleon III, after the fall of the Second Empire, he became the leader of the French government in 1871. Name this statesman who died in 1877 after being forced out of office by the monarchists, and who, FTP, was the first president of the Third Republic.
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This Queen is the only royal in English history whose funeral effigy shows a sitting figure. The daughter of Anne Hyde, early in her life she was advised in matters of the treasury by the 'duumvirs', her olds Godolphin, and corresponded with another of her favorites under the pseudonym Mrs. Morley. Later she depended heavily on the guidance of Abigail Masham and Robert Hartley whose policies eventually brought on the South Sea Bubble. The mother of seventeen children who all died before maturity, she was succeeded by the Hanovers. For 10 points name this English Queen who succeeded William and Mary and was followed by George I.
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This Soviet-sponsored effort to integrate the economies of eastern Europe began as early as Jan. 25, 1949, in response to the Marshall Plan. The council's economic objectives were to coordinate each member country's efforts for development in technology and industrialization, growth of labour productivity, and specialization in industry. For ten points, name this council, disbanded in 1990 after democratic revolutions in Eastern Europe left the organization defunct.
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This action was a major morale boost for the victorious force, who had been forced to slaughter over a thousand Allies in Operation Catapult. The onset of this action was obfuscated by the complexities of Operation MB8, while it saw significant contributions from the Fairey Swordfish, despite its antiquation. Lumley Lister is credited as the tactician behind this operation, which began after he linked up with the forces of A.B. Cunnningham and enabled an easy subsequent victory at Cape Matapan. Famously the subject of a meticulous study by Admiral Yamamoto in advance of the attack on Pearl Harbor, for 10 points, identify this November 1940 battle codenamed Judgement and fought in a namesake Apulian port that saw the British Navy decimate the Italian fleet, the first naval battle in history fought entirely by aircraft.
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This agreement was drafted at the Val Duchesse castle, but since copies of it went missing, participants actually signed a blank document. One lesser party was represented by Lambert Schaus and Joseph Bech, while another was represented by Joseph Luns, who argued with Christian Pineau over certain issues. The Hallstein Commission was created the same year it went into effect, dealing prominently with the agricultural issues outlined in Articles 39-46 of this agreement. It was a direct result of the Messina Conference two years earlier presided over by Paul-Henri Spaak, who signed this document as did Konrad Adenauer. Specific articles give authority to a Court of Justice for preliminary rulings and set up a customs union between member states. FTP, name this 1957 treaty, amended by the Maastricht Treaty, which established the European Economic Community.
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This battle ended with the loser asking for death and having his wish granted by being unhorsed and killed in a bog. Early on August 22nd, the eventual losing army gained a superior position on Ambien Hill, but the tide turned when John Howard was killed in the initial skirmish. One army had landed at Milford Haven and marched toward the other, which was near Leicester [lester]. The key was the betrayal of Sir William Stanley, whose forces attacked the Yorkist flank, causing them to melt away. FTP, identify this 1485 victory for Henry Tudor, which brought the Wars of the Roses to an end.
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This battle occurred 15 days after the invading army landed at Milford Haven, and saw the death of John Howard in the initial skirmishing. Fought 12 miles east of Leicester, the king's army originally secured a superior position atop Ambien Hill. However, John Stanley and Henry Percy, the Earl of Northumberland, failed to assist the Yorkists in battle. Sir William Stanley led the charge into the Yorkist flank, resulting in victory for Henry Tudor. FTP name this 1485 battle, the last of the Wars of the Roses, which saw the death of Richard III.
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This battle occurred due to a salient in the Russian lines between Orel and Kharkov which the other side planned to break with Operation Citadel. The heaviest fighting occurred around the small village of Prohorovka where the Totenkopf, Adolf Hitler and Das Reich SS units were deployed along with five Panzer divisions, Gross Deutschland and three infantry divisions against the Fifth Guards Tank army. In the end the maneuverability of the T-34 was more useful than the heavy armor of the German Tiger tank and the German 586 tanks in the first day alone. For 10 points, name this battle of July 5, 1943, the largest tank battle ever known.
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This battle prompted the coronation of Frederick II as Holy Roman Emperor and the signing of the Magna Carta. Fought on one side between coalition forces led by Ferdinand, count of Flanders, King John of England, and his nephew Holy Roman Emperor Otto IV, this battle was fought southeast of Lille and saw thousands of casualties on both sides. The superiority of the French cavalry and the support of the Hohenstaufens carried the day for the French king. FTP, identify this battle of 1214 that saw European domination of France under Philip II Augustus.
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This battle saw the implementation of the horseshoe formation directed by the French strategist Letellieu, and commanders involved in it include Login Geiden, who was left with a small squadron when Senyavin departed for the Baltic. He fought alongside Henri de Rigny and Sir Edward Codrington, who won his final major victory here. It occurred about six months after the signing of the secret Treaty of London. After it, the losing force had its fortresses in the Morea seized, thus completing the defeat of Ibrahim Pasha and Mahmud II. FTP, name this 1827 battle in the Greek War for Independence, a naval defeat for the Ottomans at the namesake bay.
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This battle was partially relieved following the Operation Iskra counteroffensive. During this battle, a planned encirclement failed after an army was unable to reach the Svir River. Carl Mannerheim turned down offers to have his troops directly take part in this battle, which started after Finnish forces recaptured the Karelian Isthmus. This battle involved an attempt to capture the northern objective of Operation Barbarossa. A vital supply route during this battle called the Road of Life involved a treacherous journey over a frozen Lake Ladoga. For 10 points, name this nearly 900 day long siege of a northern Soviet city during World War II.
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This battle was preceded by the defeat of armies under Henry Hawley and John Cope at Falkirk and Prestonpans, respectively. One side in this battle camped near the Nairn River, while the other force attempted to make a night attack on them but failed. This battle was preceded by a bombardment from Belford's artillery and in it, Barrel's and Munro's regiments received the brunt of the attack. Boggy ground forced the Chattan group to move right during this battle thereby forcing much of one army against Jame's Wolfe's forces, and it saw the use of improved bayonet technique to overcome the shields of the highlanders. For 10 points, name this 1746 battle, a victory for the Duke of Cumberland over Charles Edward Stuart, better known as Bonnie Prince Charlie.
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This battle's outcome was partially caused by the losing commander's decision to split up his army so it could live off the land, leading to the initial skirmishes at Benautzen, Grossbeeren, and Katzbach. Also, the losing general was so badly afflicted with bladder problems that he could not mount a horse and even fell asleep at one point in the action, leading his subordinates to try to hold Mochern without his guidance on the first day. After the second day, the losing commander tried to retreat during the night, but he prematurely blew up the stone bridge over which his army was retreating and stranded his rear guard, whose 30,000 men were annihilated. Despite the efforts of Marmont and Murat, this battle ended in victory for the forces of Karl van Schwarzenberg , Crown Prince Jean Bernadotte, and Marshal Gebhard van Blücher. FTP, name this battle fought in October, 1813, a defeat for Napoleon whose nickname came from the alliance of the victorious side.
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This body was addressed by Johann von Falkenburg, whose treatise argued for the legal right to kill the King of Poland and all other Poles. This meeting also saw Jean Petit defend the Duke of Burgundy for murdering Louis d'Orléans. Often regarded as the Sixteenth Ecumenical Council, other issues this council oversaw were the canonization of St. Bridget of Sweden, and the termination of the Utraquist Wars by condemning Jerome of Prague and Jan Hus. Called to resolve the triple-claim to the papacy, FTP, identify this 1414-18 council that ended the Great Schism by electing Martin V as pope.
Dresden
This capital city of Henry the Illustrious in the early 13th century saw the training of a significant number of troops at its Albertstadt prior to World War I. Frederick the Great recognized Francis I as Holy Roman Emperor in a treaty named for this city that ended the Second Silesian War. Home to many rulers of the Wettin line, the May Rising here marked the last of the Revolutions of 1848 and saw the attempted ousting of a king who ruled from this city, Frederick Augustus II. A battle named for this city saw the garrison of Laurent Gouvion-Saint-Cyr relieved by a long march by Napoleon, marking the emperor's last victory in Germany. The Marshall Inquiry condoned a decision by Arthur Harris to attack this "Florence on the Elbe" by the RAF and US Army Air Force. For 10 points, name this traditional capital of Saxony, notably firebombed in February 1945.
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This city is the subject of a chronicle written in the mid-15th century by Burkhart Zink and in 1084 and 1088, this city's bishop Siegfried, was twice deposed when it was taken by Welf of Bavaria. One controversy in this city was the result of the nepotistic appointment of Aaldbero as bishop here by his uncle, who is, along with Afra, the patron saint of this city, Ulrich. Ulrich organized the defense of this city during a siege which was prompted by the Liutpoldings, Liudolf and Conrad, though that siege ended with Otto I's victory at Lechfeld, in 955. This city lends its name to a 1548 "Interim" peace proposal of Charles V, and to another agreement which established "cuius regio, eius religio". For 10 points, name this city, which was the site of a "Confession" authored by Philip Melanchthon, which defined Lutheranism.
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This city's position at the midpoint of two bridges four miles apart, Oldbridge and Bewley, enabled its defenders to protect its curtain walls as well as the West Gate and St. Lawrence Gate from Phelim O'Neill during the Eleven Years War. A later battle here culminated in the losing commander being beaten to death on St. Michael's Mount with his own wooden leg after that man, Arthur Aston, claimed that "he who could take" this place "could take Hell." Over a thousand survivors of the initial breach of the walls here were caught and killed in St. Peter's Church. Most of the losers were deported to Barbados after the literal decimation of its defenders in 1649, two months before a similar action at Wexford. For 10 points, name this fortress on the Boyne where forces of Oliver Cromwell committed a notorious massacre.
identify this "free Hanseatic city" near the North Sea in northern Germany.
This city's regional government consists of two separate areas: the city of half a million itself, and the city's port, which was founded in 1827 about 60 kilometers downstream and is now among the busiest in Europe. Located on the Weser river, it was recognized as an imperial free city in 1646, and joined the German Confederation as an autonomous republic in 1815; today it is the smallest of the sixteen Länder. For 10 points
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This conflict had no major engagements save for the capture of the Prince of Hessen-Philippstal by Joseph Alvinczy. Alternately known as the Potato War due to the fact that the Prussians spent most of their time picking potatoes instead of fighting, it was precipitated by the end of the House of Wittelsbach and the opposition of Duke Karl von Zweibrücken to the successor Karl Theodor. Settled by the Congress of Teschen in 1779, this war saw Frederick the Great of Prussia invade the titular region against Austria. FTP, identify this 1778-79 war that took place in a German state.
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This conflict saw the death of Florimund de Mercy fighting against the Marshals de Broglie and Coigny at San Pietro. Reinforcements under Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia participated in the late Battle of Guastalla. After the issuance of a manifesto at Konigsberg, Adam Tarlo formed a confederation to oppose the army of Peter Lacy. Meanwhile, the fleet of Luis de Cordova was successful at the key Battle of Bitonto in another theater. It was ended by the Treaty of Vienna, which made Francis Stephen the Grand Duke of Tuscany after the last Medici ruler, and most importantly recognized the rule of Augustus III over the claim of Stanislaw who had fled to France at its beginning. FTP, name this 1733-1738 conflict, a certain war of succession fought when Russia attempted to set up a ruler in the namesake country.
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This council debated Jean Petit's defense of tyrannicide, specifically considering the case of noted Pole-hater Johann von Falkenberg. At this council, Paulus Vladimiri condemned the “conversion by the sword†tactics of the Teutonic Knights. This council issued the decree Sacrosancta to controversially declare their superiority to the pope. It deposed Baldassare Cossa, also known as antipope John XXIII. It was here that Pope Gregory XII helped elect Oddone Colonna as his own replacement. It was called by Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund, and it was a follow-up to the Council of Pisa. This council appointed Pope Martin V, condemned the teachings of John Wycliffe, and led to the burning of Jan Hus. For 10 points, name this 1414 to 1418 ecumenical council that ended the Western Schism.
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This council drew a distinction between sin and concupiscence, or incentive to sin, which "the Catholic Church has never understood...to be called sin." It decreed that a bishop, by himself, has the power to degrade clerics from "sacred Orders" "on account of grievous crimes," though bishops themselves are immune to witnesses who are not of "good life" or "in good esteem and reputation." Salmeron and Lainez were the only participants who were allowed to preach. This council was briefly moved to Bologna, then moved back to the original location due to pressure from Charles V. For 10 points, name this council lasting from 1545 to 1563, in which all major doctrines of Catholicism, like transubstantiation, were reaffirmed in response to Protestant "heresies".
Magna Carta
This document was reissued four times in the half-century after it was originally issued, and on its third reissuance, it was shortened to thirty-seven clauses. This document has traditionally been divided into a preamble and sixty-three clauses, the seventh of which dealt with royal forests, and its thirty-ninth clause lays out the right today known as habeas corpus. This document's causes included defeat at the Battle of Bouvines, the prodding of the Archbishop of Canterbury Stephen Langton, and heavy taxation needed to pay for the Third Crusade. For 10 points name this document, induced by baronial unrest which was reluctantly agreed to at Runnymede by King John of England in 1215.
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This duke of Sagan resigned from command after allowing Ernst von Mansfeld to escape from Dessau and later negotiated with Gábor Bethlen at Pozsony. His seat of power was in the city of Jistchin in northern Bohemia. At Eger, he was assassinated by men loyal to Ferdinand II, after it was discovered that he was secretly planning to make peace. Two years earlier, he had been routed by his rival Gustavus Adolphus at Lützen, and he was ultimately replaced by Graf von Tilly. For 10 points, name this flamboyant Catholic general of the Thirty Years War.
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This dynasty began its rule when its founder, Gustav Eriksson, successfully revolted against Christian II in 1523 and crowned himself Gustav I. Through marital connections with the last male member of the Jagiellonian family of Poland, the dynasty came to rule Poland in the person of Sigismund III in 1587. Although its Polish rule ended with the abdication of John Casimir in 1668, it continued to hold Sweden until 1818, when it was succeeded by the house of Bernadotte. For 10 points name this European royal family whose famous members include Charles IX and Gustavus II Adolphus.
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This dynasty was founded by Robert of Clermont, the sixth son of Louis IX of France. After the demise of the Valois dynasty, this family's Henry IV became king of France. Philip V was the dynasty's first Spanish ruler, and the dynasty lives on in Spain in King Juan Carlos I. Name this family which has included the kings Louis XIII, XIV, XV, XVI, and XVIII of France.
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This dynasty won a victory at the Battle of Polesella, some years after they had preserved their land holdings by the Peace of Bagnolo. One of the most powerful rulers of this line was Ercole I, who clashed with Pope Sixtus IV. Nicolo I "the Lame" constructed their namesake castle with the help of architect Bartolino da Novara, while Ippolito II began construction of their namesake villa, though Alberto Azzo II is generally considered the founder of this line. Borso was endowed with the additional titles of Duke of Reggio and Modena by Frederick III, and Alfonso of this house is most famous for his marriage to Lucrezia Borgia. FTP, name this line of princes who ruled over the Renaissance city of Ferrara.
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This entity made a military pact known as the Tohopesate, and it was harassed by forces of Klaus Stortebeker, the leader of the Likedeelers, which were successors of pirates known as the Victual Brothers. After the humiliating Peace of Vordingborg, this entity defeated Valdemar IV of Denmark and forced him to sign the Treaty of Stralsund. The Peterhof in Novgorod and Steelyard in London are notable examples of Kontores established by this polity, although its power faded as the Swedish Empire lessened the importance of cities such as Visby and Lubeck. For 10 points, name this Northern European trading league which controlled the Baltic Sea.
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This entity shares its name with one controlled by the astronomer and investigator of mesmerism, Jean Sylvain Bailly. It saw the execution of General Lecomte, and Marshall MacMahon led a campaign against it that culminated with a mass execution at the Wall of the Federalists. Its aftermath saw a mass deportation to New Caledonia, and it was opposed by Adolphe Thiers. Louis-Auguste Blanqui was its nominal leader despite being imprisoned at the time, and it ended in the "Bloody Week" amidst fierce barricade fighting. Growing out of the Franco-Prussian War, for 10 points, name this socialist government that held power for two months in 1871 in the French capital.
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This event marked the end of the political career of the founder of Studley Gardens Royal Park, John Aislabie. A jesting parliamentary resolution in the wake of it called for a certain group to be "tied up in a sack of snakes and tipped into the Thames." A parliamentary act preceding it created the Royal Exchange Assurance Corporation. This event coincided with a scandal in France and centered on an entity that was given exclusive rights to supply Spanish colonies with slaves in the Asiento of the Treaty of Utrecht. The shares of that company were used as equity for buying Britain's national debt. For 10 points, name this event surrounding a Robert Harley-founded joint-stock company, speculation in which drove an 1720 economic bubble.
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This event may have started when a group in Brentwood chased away John Bampton, and it ended with Henry le Despenser's victory over John Litster. One action during this event led to the knighthood of William Walworth. One side in this conflict was responsible for the beheading of Robert Hales and Simon of Sudbury, and that side received support from the priest John Ball. The grievances that caused this event included a Statute of Laborers passed thirty years earlier and a heavy poll tax. For 10 points, name this rebellion that took place in 1381 in England against Richard II, which was led for a time by Wat Tyler and named for the social class that took part in it.
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This event saw the popularization of a flag contained a heart with a cross poking out of it, and it earned the epithet of "the Butcher" for Francois Joseph Westermann. It began with the formation of a "Catholic Army" before suffering a notable defeat at the Battle of Cholet, and unlike the similarly-motivated Chouans, drew most of its support from urban areas. This event saw an expedition to capture Granville and meet reinforcements from Britain led by Henri de la Rochejacquelin, though it ended in his execution. General Hoche's conciliatory gestures including the restoration of a few priests helped diffuse tensions from this event, which was mostly centered on the coast near the mouth of the Loire River. For 10 points, identify this 1792 insurrection against the French republican government by citizens loyal to the church and king, named for a region in Western France.
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This event was carried out without the knowledge of Lord-General Fairfax. It was executed by its namesake, accompanied by Lord Grey of Groby, who identified those that were to be detained. This event was engineered by the author of the Remonstrance of the New Model Army Henry Ireton, who was head of the Grandees. This event consisted of its namesake arresting forty-five men and preventing one hundred eighty-six others from entering the House of Commons. FTP, identify this 1648 event that created the Rump Parliament.
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This event was facilitated by a report by Matthew Digby Wyatt and an account of it was written by John Tallis, who exclaimed that it caused "all social distinctions" to merge in a general feeling of pride. It was notably depicted by George Cruikshank in etchings in a book by Henry Mayhew entitled The Adventures of Mr. and Mrs. Sandboys, which intimately showed this event as resembling a giant beehive. Originally conceived by Henry Cole, its attendees included George Jennings and Frederick Bakewell. The introduction of "shilling days" drew enormous crowds at this event, which was funded by Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha and was followed two years later by one in New York City. For 10 points, name this 1851 event centered around the Crystal Palace designed by Joseph Paxton in London.
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This event was precipitated by the failure of the Legislative Commission and lasted as long as it did because of war with the Ottomans, whose end by the Treaty of Kuchuk Kainarji. It was finally brought to a halt by Suvarov, who brutally put down this uprising of Ural Cossacks and disaffected soldiers. Incited ostensibly to free the serfs, it began when its namesake claimed to be Peter III, the ousted husband of the Russian monarch. FTP, identify this 1773-75 rebellion that almost overthrew Catherine the Great.
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This event was related to the riots that sprung up at the funeral of Felix Faure. Emile Loubet successfully attempted to have Rene Waldeck-Rousseau pardon the subject of this event. The document which touched this event off was found in the office of von Schwartzkopfen, and it was made public by Scheurer-Koestner. The person at the center of this event was attacked by La Libre Parole, and this event was touched off when Colonel George Picquart found evidence that the spy C.F. Esterhazy's handwriting was on the letter that began the treason trial. For ten points, identify this scandal over the irregular trial of the namesake Jewish captain, which was highlighted in Emile Zola's J'Accuse.
Stockholm Bloodbath or Stockholm Massacre (or Stockholms blodbad or det stockholmske blodbad)
This event was revenge for an incident three years prior in which one man's castle was destroyed brick by brick after the defeat of the army of his uncle Joakim. One of the spectators, a merchant named Hass, was killed for crying and of the eighteen men initially named for death only six were killed. It occurred after the surrender of the forces of Dame Christina two months earlier to a land force under the command of Otto Krumpen. Ultimately, it was targeted at the followers of a man who had taken a cannonball to the knee and died ten months earlier at Bogesund. Possibly planned by the king's minister Didrik Slagheck, it was directly caused by the vengeance sought by Erik Trolle. As a result 94 people were killed over three days by Jorgen Hellmuth. For 10 points, name this event perpetrated on supporters of Sten Sture on the orders of Denmark's Christian II in 1520 in the namesake Swedish city.
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This faction arose from a 13th century conflict over the imperial crown between Otto of Brunswick and Frederick II. It takes its name from a corruption of Waiblingen, an estate that belonged to the Hohenstaufen emperors. The conflict later moved to Italy, where this faction earned its present name, representing Pisa, Verona, and Arezzo. Its members were expelled from Florence in 1266, and in 1334 Pope Benedict XII forbade the use of this name and its rival faction's name. Representing those that favored imperial over papal authority, FTP, identify this faction constantly opposed to Dante and his Guelphs.
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This family traces its heritage to Walter Fitflaald, a high court official, however it goes back another century to when its members served the counts of Dol. Its royal members had an unlucky history, plagued by sudden death; and seven of them succeeded to the throne as minors. When Walter the Sixth married princess Marjory, their son became the first of its kings, Robert II, and the family maintained its grip on its country for another 342 years. Queen Anne was the last of the sovereigns of this family that had come to the English throne following Elizabeth I's death. FTP, name this Scottish ruling family that also ruled England under James I, Charles I, and four others.
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This foreign king appears several times in the Saga of Magnus Hakonarson, which describes his methodical acquisition of the Orkneys. This builder of Bothwell Castle defeated a viking invasion at Largs shortly after reaching his majority. In the peace settlement, he obtained the Isle of Man and Hebrides from Magnus V of Norway under the Treaty of Perth. Following his death, caused by falling off his horse and over a cliff, this last ruler from the House of Dunkeld was to be succeeded by his granddaughter, who drowned on the way to Scotland. England's Edward I was left to select a new ruler to follow this king, who had refused to swear fealty on behalf of his Scottish holdings when he married the daughter of Henry III. For 10 points, name this king who left the throne to the uncrowned Margaret, the Maid of Norway, after his thirty-seven year rule ended in 1286.
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This gathering condemned the belief that the world had three ages corresponding with the three persons of the Trinity as proposed by Joachim of Flora. It also declared Constantinople's primacy superior to all other patriarchies, but inferior to that of the Pope. In wake of the formation of the Franciscans, the creation of the Order of the Friars Preachers was discussed here, though this council later prohibited the establishment of new religious order to allay fears that the Church was becoming too diverse. The most important result of this meeting was establishing the doctrine of transubstantiation. For 10 points, name this 1215 council presided over by Innocent III at a palace.
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This group sold bonds which were stamped as redeemable "six months after" a hypothetical event happened. Members of this group who were excluded from a prisoner exchange deal were the target of the Catalpa Rescue. Australian provincial governor Henry Parkes was convinced of a massive conspiracy by this group down under, taking as evidence the shooting of Prince Alfred during a visit to Sydney by a man falsely believed to belong to this organization. Founded by John Mahoney in 1858, this group was eventually absorbed into Clan Na Gael after its raids into Canada failed to provoke the intended Anglo-American war. For 10 points, name this secret society of Irish independence activists, named for a legendary band of warriors.
Carbonari
This group venerated St. Theobald as its patron saint, and members addressed each other as buon cugino or "good cousin," while its members assembled in huts called baraccas. Cardinals Consalvi and Pacca issued edicts against this group in 1814, though its promulgation continued primarily in the district of Macerata. A branch of this group appeared during the Spanish revolution of 1820, though it is perhaps most famously associated with Mazzini's Young Italy movement. FTP, identify this secret society whose chief aim was that of Italian unification.
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This historical event is addressed in William Calverly's "A Dyalogue bitwene the playntife and the Defendaunt," and the most definitive study of it was written by Ruth and Madeleine Dobbs. Although the leaders of this rebellion tried to suppress a second uprising at Beverley led by Francis Bigod, they were still held responsible, and many, including Robert Aske, were executed. The Doncaster and Pontefract articles cite enclosure of pasture land as one of the rebels' grievances, but more direct causes of it include the issuance of the Ten Articles, the Statute of Uses, and the closure of Louth Abbey and other places during the dissolution of the monasteries. FTP, name this uprising in 1536 against the reformation of the Church of England by Henry VIII, which was given its name to evoke a religious quest.
a claim criticized by Chief Justice John Fortescue. The middle of its three kings ruled for two and a half months, while the first king had consolidated power after victory at Towton. Its dynastic period ended with defeat at Bosworth Field and the death of Richard III. FTP, name this royal house succeeded by the Tudors and which famously warred with the Lancastrians.
This house, founded by Edmund of Langley, had its first claimant to the throne with a figure descended from Lionel, Duke of Clarence, through the female side
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This king carried on a scandalous affair with the actress Maria Calderona. He made Luis de Haro his chief minister after the expulsion of the man who ran his government for much of his life, Caspar de Guzman. He began the construction of the Buen Retiro palace, which featured the Hall of Realms, which led to this ruler's designation as the "Planet King." The brother of Anne of Austria, he married Elizabeth of Bourbon, the daughter of Henry IV, and his children included the first wife of Louis XIV, Maria Theresa. FTP, name this ruler who was succeeded by Charles II after ruling as the king of Spain from 1621 to 1655.
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This king from the House of Trastámara was the father of the “Mad†woman who gave birth to Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. He expelled the Jews from his country with the Alhambra Decree. One organization that he created was led by Tomas de Torquemada. He met with the Nasrid ruler Boabdil prior to besieging Granada, which he captured in 1492. Along with his wife, he initiated the Spanish Inquisition. For 10 points, name this king from Aragon, the male half of the “Reyes Catolicos†who completed the Reconquista with his wife, Isabella of Castile.
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This king was nearly captured in the uprising at St. Giles Field. He signed the Treaty of Canterbury with the last Holy Roman Emperor from the House of Luxemburg, Emperor Sigismund, who promised him military aid. The older brother of the Duke of Bedford, this king ordered built a flagship named the Grace Dieu. An attempt by Henry Scrope and Richard of Conisbourgh, the Earl of Cambridge, to replace this king with Edmund Mortimer was known as the Southampton Plot. He's famous for winning a battle which saw the death of opposing commander Charles d'Albret, and after that, he forced the signing of the Treaty of Troyes, by which he married Catherine of Valois and was supposed to become king of France after Charles VI. FTP, name this English king who won the Battle of Agincourt in 1415.
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This leader organized a conference that was intended to break up all Burschenschaften after Karl Sand murdered August Kotzebue. That conference resulted in the issuance of the Karlsbad Decrees. This man helped to marry off Marie-Louise to another ruler and sent 30,000 troops under Karl Schwarzenberg to help that leader assault Russia. This man was later forced to resign his position at the start of the 1848 revolutions. This leader was a major player at a meeting that broke up the Duchy of Warsaw and started a period known as the Concert of Europe. For 10 points, name this Austrian statesman who served as the host for the Congress of Vienna.
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This man assisted Marshal Radetsky at the Battle of Santa Lucia in the First War of Italian Independence and later was opposed by Prince Albert of Sardinia. He was the addressee of the Transylvanian Memorandum, a petition asking for equal rights for Romanians and the end of Magyarization, and he assumed the duties of prime minister after the death of Schwarzenberg. He survived an assassination attempt from the Hungarian nationalist János Libényi in 1853, four years after putting down the Hungarian Revolution. The brother of Emperor Maximilian of Mexico, he assumed the throne after the abdication of his epileptic uncle Ferdinand I. For 10 points, name this second-to-last ruler of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the uncle of Franz Ferdinand and the loser in the Six Weeks' War.
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This man authored Matt Weiner's favorite children's story, entitled On Civility in Children. One work by this man contains 195 illustrated variations of the sentence "your letter pleased me greatly" and advocates the "abundant style" of writing and speech. He wrote a guide for future Holy Roman Emperor Charles V entitled Education of a Christian Prince, and in addition to his Copia, this man criticized the accumulation of wealth by the church in his Sileni Alcibiadis. The title character of another work goes to heaven with an angel named "Genius", but St. Peter denies him entry due to his numerous sins. He's more famous for a work that was illustrated by Hans Holbein the Younger, in which the title character represents this figure's own inner voice and constantly chastises him. For 10 points, name this author of Julius Exclusus and In Praise of Folly, a Dutch Humanist.
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This man expanded his ancestral home from the Fearless Tower into a gilded status symbol in an attempt to appease the nobility, erecting the imposing Capistrano tower, named after the elderly monk who had fought in support of this man's major victory. His time serving with George Podebrady as regent for Ladislaus the Posthumous kicked off a long-standing feud with Ulrich Celje, and he was humbled after Julian Cesarini convinced him to derail the Peace of Szeged. Skanderbeg revolted after deserting when this man's Long Campaign ended with a victory at Nis, and he later nearly beat Murad II before Vladislaus III charged into a huge wall of janissaries and was hacked apart. This loser at Second Kosovo was celebrated by the Noon Bell for breaking the Siege of Belgrade, repelling Mehmet II and inspiring his son to form the Black Army to battle the Ottomans. For 10 points, name this father of Mathias Corvinus and military ruler of Hungary.
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This man first made a name for himself by capturing the Aristobulus II and taking the city of Pelusium, both while serving under Aulus Gabinius. His stepfather was executed for his part in the Cataline conspiracy on orders from Cicero, who would go on to make a series of speeches against this man modeled after Demosthenes's Philippics before this man had him proscribed. At Pharsalus he commanded the victorious left flank and led a cavalry charge to secure victory for Caesar, and during Caesar's campaigns in Africa he controlled Rome as Master of Horse. For 10 points, name this man whose defeat at Actium by Octavian led to his suicide along with Cleopatra.
Henry II
This man gained the throne in accordance with the Treaty of Wallingford. His northern campaigns regained Cumbria and Northumbria from Malcom IV of Scotland, but his sons conspired with Philip II Augustus to remove him from power. He more than doubled his continental holdings when he married the ex-wife of Louis VII, Eleanor of Aquitaine, and he earned the scorn of his nation after he was implicated in the assassination of the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas a Becket. FTP, identify this British monarch that ruled from 1154-1189, the first of the Plantagenets.
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This man got his first major break when being appointed to the post of Junior Lord of the Admiralty during the ministry of the Duke of Portland. Soon afterwards, he was appointed to Chancellor of the Exchequer, which was at that time a less important office than what it would later become. This man's long stint as Foreign Secretary came to an end with the demise of Melbourne's administration, when he was replaced by Lord Aberdeen, who was considerably less interventionist than this man. This man famously made his Civis Romanus sum speech in defense of his stance on the Don Pacifico Affair. This man was both preceeded and succeded by John Russell in his most famous post, during which the Second Opium War occurred as well as the American Civil War. For 10 points, name this last British Prime Minister to die in office, known for his aggressive liberal interventionist stance on foreign policy, and who sometimes lends his name to his namesake "age".
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This man had Henry Holland refurbish Carlton House for him, and later in his life, he had the lavish Brighton Pavillion built. Almost bankrupt by an exorbitant lifestyle, he was only aided by Parliament after he gave up his relationship with the Catholic Maria Fitzherbert. After the birth of his daughter Charlotte, Princess of Wales, he effectively separated from Caroline of Brunswick, whom he targeted with the Bill of Pains and Penalties. Several times, he stood in for his father, who was suffering from porphyria. For 10 points, who was this prince-regent, brother and predecessor of William IV, the last of four consecutive kings with the same name?
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This man headed the Independent Commission on International Development Issues, which released the North-South report often named for him. He flew to Iraq to arrange the release of western hostages in 1990, and he had to resign his most famous post when his aid Gunther Guillaume was revealed to be a spy. He recognized the Oder-Neisse Line in a nonaggression treaty with Poland. The longtime leader of the Social Democrats, this man served as mayor of West Berlin and was known for his policy of Ostpolitik. For 10 points, name this winner of the 1971 Nobel Peace Prize, the Chancellor of West Germany from 1969 to 1974.
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This man opposed the economics-first program advocated by an earlier leader who wrote Stadium and Light. This man's followers secured the passage of certain acts that ended the noble exemption from taxation and the practice of extracting "robot" labor that are known variously as the March Laws or April Laws. A bust of this person can be found in United States Capitol with the subtitle "Freedom Fighter," and he claimed to have learned English by studying Shakespeare in jail. This editor of the Pesti Hirlap proclaimed independence in Debrecen, but Viscount Canning had to negotiate this man's exile at Shumen in Ottoman-controlled Bulgaria following the defeat of the Revolutions of 1848. For 10 points, name this man who sought autonomy from the Hapsburgs, the national hero of Hungary.
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This man proposed that his daughter marry Prince Hans of Denmark, but Hans died soon after arriving in this man's capitaly city. Among his early power plays was removing the Nagoi family to Uglich, and his foreign policy included a war against a neighboring power after the expiration of the Treaty of Plussa. He promoted his friend the Metropolitan Job, thus resulting in the creation of the Patriarchate, and Job would later convene the comission that made this man tsar. He forced Fedor Nikitich Romanov, later known as Filaret, to become a monk, and this man's reign saw him oppose Grigory Otrepev by claiming that Grigory was a "False Dimitry." For 10 points, identify this boyar who in 1598 succeeded Ivan IV of Russia, and whose election saw the beginning of the "Time of Troubles?"
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This man received his first official post in government as Superintendent of Buildings some time after he incited a rivalry with Nicolas Fouquet over unpaid taxes. This man placed increased emphasis on the equality of tariffs laid on goods traded internally in his country, and he attempted to increase transportation options, commissioning Pierre Riquet to build the Canal du Midi. However, he ascended to his most well-known role due to the patronage of Cardinal Mazarin, and he successfully curried favor with Louis XIV after Mazarin's death. Known for pushing mercantilist policies and for placing a heavier tax burden on the nobility, for 10 points, name this French Controller-General of Finances for whom an economic commerce system is named.
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This man resigned from the navy after being refused a promotion by the Earl of Sandwich and ultimately died in Newgate after being convicted of libeling Marie Antoinette. Baron Erskine's defense of this man brought an end to the doctrine of "constructive treason," and this man was successfully opposed by liberal arts college namesake Jeffrey Amherst in his most notable action. Johann Ramberg's cartoon Moses Choosing His Cook satirized this man's late-in-life conversion to Judaism. His supporters were shot at by troops stationed outside the Bank of England under the command of John Wilkes, discrediting that figure. Five hundred died during the week-long assault on the houses of Parliament led by this man's Protestant Association, which used the slogan "No Popery" in protest of the Catholic Relief Act. For 10 points, name this British agitator who led some namesake 1780 riots in London.
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This man rose to power after his chief rival was undermined by a party held at Vaux-le-Vicomte. He founded the city of Rochefort after deciding that its harbor would be easily fortified, and Pierre-Paul Riquet designed the Canal du Midi under his direction. In addition to establishing the Code Noir, which dealt with slave labor, he founded the Académie des Sciences. He was succeeded by Jean de la Fontaine as a member of the Académie Française upon his death in 1683, though he is better known for giving pensions to other writers than for his own writings. FTP, name this protegé of Cardinal Mazarin who supplanted Nicholas Fouquet and became minister of finance to Louis XIV.
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This man sent troops to deal with the Spanish capture of Casale, and refused to sign the treaty of Regensburg. He followed the theory of Antoine de Montchrestein, enacting the Code Michaud for regulation of trade. Buckingham failed to stop this man's siege of La Rochelle, and this man withstood one conspiracy led by Gaston d'Orleans and Cinq-Mars, while another, the Day of the Dupes, resulted in him winning a power struggle over Marie de' Medici. For 10 points, name this man who formulated policy during the Thirty Years' War, a minister to Louis XIII and priest known as "The Red Eminence."
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This man served as a naval captain for the Rio Grande de Sul, and earned fame for his performance at the battle of Sant'Antonio in a war against Juan Manuel de Rosas. He would later come to defend the Papal States from an attack by the French, which included a failed charge on Janiculum Hill. On a notable journey, his forces took Milazzo and Calabria before emerging victorious at Volturno River; during that journey, this man subdued Naples and conquered the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies with his “Army of Thousand.†For 10 points, identify this military leader during the Risorgimento who led the Redshirts.
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This man served in the Army of the North with Edouard Mortier, who would later be killed when Giuseppe Fieschi attempted to assassinate this man. He used the pseudonym "Chabos" while working as a tutor at a school in Reichenau, and he later taught French in Boston. His daughter became the first queen of Belgium two years after he supplanted the so-called "Henry V" to become king of his nation. He himself abdicated in favor of his grandson and went to England 18 years after he was named monarch in the wake of Charles X's overthrow during the July Revolution. FTP, name this man known as the "citizen king" who ruled France from 1830 until 1848.
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This man set off on a celebrated mission to America with John Dillon, but once he returned was forced to negotiate the so-called "treaty that never was," the Kilmainham Treaty. His stature rose in the wake of the New Departure campaign, and he set out to continue the quest of his predecessor Isaac Butt. Sometimes dubbed the "uncrowned king," he became troubled by the forgery of Richard Piggott, which linked him to the Invincibles and the Pheonix Park murders. He'd earlier encouraged the issuance of the No Rent Manifesto as president of the Land League, but may be better remembered for his career-breaking affair with Kitty O'Shea. FTP, name this 19th century nationalist politician who advocated Irish home rule.
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This man supported South African mining operations with his newspaper The Representative. He wrote the political novels Coningsby and Tancred, as well as the romance Vivien Grey. This leader used a Rothschild loan to buy fortyfour percent of the Suez Canal Company. Unlike his rival, he supported the Second Reform Bill. He was a close friend of Queen Victoria, and created her Empress of India with the 1876 Royal Titles Act. For 10 points, name this British Prime Minister, a Conservative rival of William Gladstone whose surname reflects his Jewish ancestry.
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This man survived an assassination attempt by the leader of the General Confederation of Labour, a trade union whose downfall had vaulted him to power, and used future Piazza Fontana bomber Yves Guerin-Serac to run the Aginter Press. His brutal order to massacre civilians and then commit suicide frightened a subordinate into surrendering in the face of Operation Vijay, while he crushed an early uprising led by the "blueshirts"or National Syndicalists. The friendship between this organizer of the shadowy PIDE and Ian Smith kept Rhodesia afloat for years, though it led to his government losing ground to movements like FRELIMO and UNITA, whose efforts towards independence led to the ouster of this man's successor, Marcelo Caetano, in the Carnation Revolution. For 10 points, identify this former political economist who like Getulio Vargas presided over an Estado Novo, the Prime Minister of Portugal from 1932 to 1968.
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This man took advantage of an Ottoman siege of Chocim to win a war featuring battles like Dirshau and Mewe, and he inherited the throne in the middle of the Kalmark War. He signed the Truce of Altmark with Sigismund III, who his father had overthrown, and his greatest victory came with the help of Lennart Torstenson and involved an encirclement of Pappenheim. The son of Charles IX, he used combined arms tactics to win battles like the Lech and Breitenfeld, where he defeated the Catholics. For 10 points, name this Lutheran ruler who died at the Battle of Lutzen, a king of Sweden known as the "Lion of the North."
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This man was aided to victory on Palm Sunday by a lieutenant known as "the Black Douglas", and he put forth a non-surviving portion of the Declaration of Arbroath, a draft letter written to John XXII espousing his chief political goal. While trying to aid France, this man was captured at the Battle of Neville's Cross, while he was much more successful at an earlier victory that saw his troops charge from Gillies Hill. This ruler was excommunicated after killing John Comyn in a church, but he solidified his power by marrying his son David II to Joan and ensuring a 5-year truce in the Treaty of Northampton. His best-known victory came near the River Forth and followed this man's siege of Stirling Castle in 1314. The victor over Edward II at Bannockburn, for 10 points, name this man who built on the success of William Wallace as King of Scotland during the Wars of Independence.
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This man was captured by a knight named William de Cahagnes after his battle-axe and sword shattered on the battlefield, but was released after his brother Henry successfully defended Winchester. He fell out of favor with Pope Innocent II after alienating Roger, bishop of Salisbury and entering into an unpopular treaty with Geoffrey of Anjou. After this man's son Eustace died, the issue of succession was decided by the Treaty of Wallingford, which made Henry of Anjou heir. FTP name this English King who fought the battle of Lincoln against the forces of Robert of Gloucester and his own cousin Matilda, the only British King from the house of Blois.
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This man was such a bad commander that his brother had to assume command from his deathbed to rescue the army from this man's incompetence. After the death of his brother and father, he became regent to the young Richard II, and retained influence within the court until his death in 1399, despite his unpopularity, and his association with John Wycliffe. FTP, name this father of Henry IV, whose nickname is taken from the Belgian city of his birth.
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This man was the target of an assassination attempt by Viktor Ilyin. His official cult of personality was centered on an exaggerated version of his role at Malaya Zemlya. This leader's negotiations with a rival nation's leader failed to prevent the passage of the Jackson-Vanik Amendment, which proposed sanctioning his nation. This leader shared power with Nikolai Podgorny and Aleksey Kosygin, and he negotiated SALT II and initiated détente. The Pravda article “Sovereignty and the International Obligations of Socialist Countries†introduced a policy named for this man that justified intervention in other socialist nations; that policy was his namesake doctrine that led to his invasion of Afghanistan. For 10 points each, name this leader effectively in charge of the Soviet Union from 1964 to 1982.
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This man was trained as an advocate, but resigned his post as a judge in 1782 and for a time lived the life of a dandy in Arras. Known as the "Incorruptible", in 1791 he became public accuser, and the next year he emerged as the leader of the Mountain faction of the National Convention, but in 1794 was ousted and killed in the Thermidorian Reaction. FTP, who was this member of the Committee of Public Safety who dominated France during the Reign of Terror?
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This man worked with William Gifford on the weekly review The Anti-Jacobin. This man's cousin Stratford was a longtime minister to the Ottoman Empire, and this man's son was the Governor-General of India during the Sepoy Mutiny. He led a group that refused to join the Ministry of All the Talents, and he supported the Greek War of Independence. This British politician's opposition to Spanish colonization in Latin America led to the creation of the Monroe Doctrine. He was briefly prime minister after Lord Liverpool, in whose cabinet he had prominently served. This Tory feuded with the man who preceded him in his most famous role, going so far as to fight a duel with that rival. For 10 points, name this British Foreign Secretary of the 1820's, the successor to Castlereagh.
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This man's anti-Muslim policies included banning the washing of the dead and forbidding anyone who was not a qualified surgeon from performing a circumcision. Muslim retaliation to this man's policies included a wave of bombings accompanied with the slogan "forty years, forty bombs." Unrealistic modifications of his country's Third Five-Year Plan were known as this man's "Theses." Under this man, the company Kintex provided arms to Third World countries and may have also been involved in the drug trade. Late in his rule, he proposed a liberalization of government known as the "July Concept" and initiated the "New Economic Mechanism," but also demanded that all Turks in his country change their names. A conspiracy theory claims that his secret service was behind the 1981 assassination attempt of Pope John Paul II. For 10 points, name this Communist leader of Bulgaria from 1954 to 1989.
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This man's doctrine declared the right of the Soviet Union to intervene in the affairs of other Communist countries when their governments were threatened. In 1950 he spent time in Moldavia sovietizing Romanians, and after losing and then regaining his seat on the Politburo he became President of the Praesidium if the Supreme Soviet in 1960. Although he briefly shared power with Alexei Kosygin after he engineered the ouster of Khrushchev, he soon took over full control of the government. FTP, who was this man who served as general secretary of the Soviet Union until 1982?
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This man's first administration saw the passage of the Ecclesiastical Titles Act, and as home secretary under Lord Melbourne he was responsible for reducing the number of capital offenses. His 1845 stance in favor of total free trade forced his opponent Robert Peel to follow him, and as foreign secretary, he proposed mediating the American Civil War, only to be denied by the man whose recognition of Napoleon III had caused the collapse of this man's first ministry. He spoke in 1817 in opposition to the suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act, but it was as paymaster under Charles Grey, in which capacity he fought for the rights of English Dissenters and Irish Catholics, that he saw his greatest success. FTP, name this liberal Whig, the driving force behind the Reform Bill of 1832 and Prime Minister from 1846 to 1852 and again from 1865 to 1866.
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This man's first cabinet post was as President of the Board of Trade, where he instituted his country's first minimum wage. Late in his life, he concentrated on writing a History of the English-Speaking Peoples. He was disgraced when he counseled his friend Edward VIII during the Abdication Crisis. This attendant of the Yalta Conference gave the “finest hour†speech. He replaced the signer of the Munich Pact, Neville Chamberlain, in his highest post, in which capacity he oversaw the Battle of Britain. For 10 points, name this Prime Minister of the UK during World War II.
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This man's government introduced an act that made divorce independent from the Anglican Church with the Divorce and Matrimonial Causes Act, and he was inspired by the assassination attempt of Felice Orsini to pass the Conspiracy to Murder Bill. While serving as Foreign Secretary he gained fame for supporting a British national against the Greek government in the Don Pacifico affair, with the Royal Navy's bombardment of Athens becoming known as his "gunboat diplomacy". Succeeding the Earl of Aberdeen as Prime Minister, his first ministry witnessed both the Second Opium War and the suppression of the Sepoy Mutiny. For ten points, identify this British Prime Minister whose first term also saw the end of the Crimean War.
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This man's government was pestered by the Foreign Office undersecretary's doctrine of "vansittartism," and his half-brother of the same name was the foreign secretary who brought Britain into the Locarno Pact. His doom as leader was presaged when L.S. Amery shouted "in the name of God, go!" at him on the floor of Parliament, months after he had reappointed as lord of the Admiralty his intra-party rival, Winston Churchill. FTP, name this Brit who succeeded Stanley Baldwin as Prime Minister, in which role he ceded the Sudetenland and secured "peace for our time" through appeasement at Munich.
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This man's main follower was Louis de Saint-Just. Known for practicing a simple Spartan lifestyle, he wished to establish a religion of the Supreme Being and denounced the atheistic Religion of Reason espoused by a rival group, the Hebertists. Made public accuser in 1791, he soon became the leader of the Mountain, and after defeating the Indulgents he assumed complete power, hoping to establish a Republic of Virtue. FTP, identify this short-lived leader of the Committee of Public Safety who orchestrated the Reign of Terror.
Clovis I
This man's military victories included the conquest of the Thuringians and a defeat of Alaric II. An ally of the Byzantine emperor Anastasius I, he patronized the first written version of the Salic Law. One of the first areas he conquered was the province of Belgia Secunda. Late in his reign, he was converted and baptized by Remigius. Gregory of Tours casts one of this man's late battles, a clash with Visigoths at Vouillé, as a crusade against Arianism. He arose as ruler of the Salians following the death of his father Childeric. For 10 points, identify this king who united Gaul in the late fifth century, the husband of Clothilde who became the founder of the Merovingian Dynasty.
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This man's military was first led by Saint Arnaud, and his advisors included the dukes of Persigny and Morny. He was satirized in a work plagiarized to form The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, Maurice Joly's Dialogue in Hell Between Machiavelli and Montesquieu. His rule saw a boom in railway construction and the implementation of Baron Haussmann's plan to renovate the streets of Paris. He assisted Victor Emmanuel II against Franz Joseph at Solferino and he was able to briefly annex Mexico under Maximilian, but he was defeated and captured by Moltke at Sedan, ending the Franco-Prussian War. For 10 points, name this French emperor, the nephew of his namesake.
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This man's mistresses included Marion Boyd and Margaret Drummond, who may have been poisoned in a conspiracy. After coming to the throne upon his father's death at the Battle of Sauchieburn, he chartered a College of Surgeons in his capital city and abolished the Lordship of the Isles, then held by John III. He supported an invasion on behalf of the pretender Perkin Warbeck, but later signed the Treaty of Perpetual Peace and married Margaret Tudor. However, his country's involvement in the War of the Holy League led to his defeat at the hands of his brother-in-law, Henry VIII. FTP, name this Scottish king who was killed in 1513 at the Battle of Flodden Field.
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This man's partisan, Gebhard of Salzburg, was successfully kept away from a meeting targeting this man by his long-time foe, Hugo Candidus. He was elevated to his highest office after a mixed crowd of clergy and laymen began angrily demanding his election during the funeral service of his predecessor, Alexander II. This man's most notable efforts were validated in the century after his death through the First Lateran Council and the Concordat of Worms thanks to the work of Callixtus II. The Synod of Worms condemned this man, whose response led to the appointment of Guibert of Ravenna as Antipope Clement III. Clerical marriage and simony were targeted by this Pope, whose most notable opponent made a long walk to Canossa and groveled in the snow after his excommunication. For 10 points, name this Pope who feuded with Henry IV during the Investiture Controversy, the seventh Pontiff to bear his name.
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This man's reign saw the confederation known as the Cinque Ports. He appointed Robert Champart as Archbishop of Canterbury and was forced to choose another heir over his grandson Edgar the Ætheling. He confined his wife Edith to a monastery at Wherwell, arousing the ire of her father Godwin, Earl of Wessex, who staged a rebellion against this king. The eldest son of Æthelred the Unready and Emma, he gained the throne after the death of Hardecanute in 1042. FTP, identify this penultimate Saxon king most famous for establishing Westminster Abbey and for his 1161 canonization.
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This man's rise to his first important position of power was supported by the Party of Order, and his trusted advisors included the authoritarian Eugene Rouher and the liberal Duke of Morny. Under this ruler, the minister of education Victor Duruy actively fought clerical influence, and this man entered into talks with the president of Equador about creating a "Kingdom of the Andes." Together with Camilo Cavour, this man concluded the secret agreement of Plombiers, and assistance to the Piedmontese in the victory over Austria at the Battle of Solferino resulted in the Peace of Villafranca. The affair of the Hohenzollern candidacy led him to instigate a war which ended when he was captured at the Battle of Sedan, after which this man was deposed and the Third Republic proclaimed. For ten points, identify this man who became president on the abdication of Louis-Philippe and who ruled from 1852 until 1873 as the last French Emperor.
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This man's son David II succeeded him as king. As Earl of Carrick he swore fealty to England. He consolidated his power by stabbing his political rival John Comyn to death, and after being forced to flee to Ireland returned the next year to defeat the British at Loudoun Hill, but it would be another 21 years until he would be recognized as king in the Treaty of Northampton. FTP, who was this man who, with his 1314 victory at Bannockburn, established himself as KIng of the Scots?
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This man's tenure as head of state saw a substantial cultural clash over films like Love in the Leather Pants and Holidays at Mt. Boinker, which were a variety of pornography named after a certain region. Herbert Hupka left this man's party during his tenure and attacked an incident in which this leader visited a war memorial and dropped to one knee. Late in life, he proposed a line dividing the economies of the world between North and South in a namesake report. Systematic bribing likely prevented his ousting in a no-confidence vote by Rainier Barzel. That corruption may have been organized by Markus Wolf, who also oversaw an intelligence operative who served as one of this man's personal secretaries, Gunter Guillame, resulting in a scandal when the latter's Stasi ties were exposed. For 10 points, identify this advocate of Ostpolitik, the Chancellor of West Germany from 1968 to 1974.
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This man's troops donned surplus slaughterhouse tunics while fighting against Juan Manuel de Rosas. In another campaign, he won at Calatafimi after landing at Marsala. He was ordered not to attack Trentino, but he earlier defeated the Neapolitans at the Volturno River. This leader of the Expedition of the Thousand allied with the prime minister of Sardinia-Piedmont, the Count di Cavour, to install Victor Emmanuel II as king. For 10 points, name this leader of the Red Shirts during the Risorgimento, the military leader behind Italian unification.
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This man's ward Valentinian II was murdered twenty years after this man attained his most famous post by succeeding the persecutor Auxentius. Following Valentinian's death, the usurper Eugenius caused this man to lose a long-standing literary argument with Symmachus by reestablishing the Altar of Victory in the Senate chamber. An enemy of the Empress Justina, he famously exacted public penance for the murder of Thessalonian citizens by the Emperor Theodosius. In art, he is represented with bees or honey to symbolize his gift at oratory, a gift shared by his most famous protégé. FTP, identify this Saint, bishop of Milan and spiritual father of St. Augustine.
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This man's younger brother was made Abbot of Glastonbury and Bishop of Winchester, becoming the wealthiest churchman in the country, while this man himself encountered trouble during the first years of his rule in a period known as the Anarchy. Having been imprisoned for some time in Bristol for rashly accepting battle at Lincoln, he was exchanged for Robert of Gloucester, who had been captured after this man's wife, Matilda of Boulogne, advanced toward London. However, Matilda's son would later return to England, and, following a military draw at Wallingford, the Treaty of Westminster gave this man's second son all of his baronial lands, while recognizing that ruler of Aquitaine as his heir. Succeeding Henry I, this is, FTP, which English monarch, the last of the House of Normandy?
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This man, who is held responsible for squashing the development of the carnival song tradition, was given an order to appear at Bologna, which he returned with eighteen corrections labeled. His canonization was advocated by Catherine de Ricci and Philip Neri, while his follower Benevini translated this person's On the Simplicity of the Christian Life. He rose to power after negotiating the withdrawal of Charles VIII and gathered disciples known as the Wailers. He was aloof from both the Bigi and Arrabbiati parties, but he earned his greatest enmity among the Compagnacci, who worked against his prohibitions on gambling and sodomy. During the same year that he was excommunicated by Alexander VI, this Dominican converted Sandro Botticelli, who contributed to the destruction of paintings and books during this man's 1497 Bonfire of the Vanities. FTP, name this priest who came to power after the Medici left Florence.
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This maternal grandfather of Hugh Capet mortgaged his other daughter Gerberga to Louis Transmarinus for French backing. Under the Treaty of Bonn, Charles the Simple recognized his succession over a territory bequeathed by Conrad I despite struggles with Conrad over Thuringia. He financed wars against the Danes and Wends by jacking Bohemian land from Saint Wenceslas and selling it back to him, and waged a more famous campaign after the Synod of Erfurt forced him to fight the Battle of Riade after his kingdom, East Francia, led other states in rejecting an annual tribute to the Magyars. This man held off the Hungarian threat and overcame Duke Giselbert of Lorraine, allowing local autonomy so he could consolidate power in Saxony. For 10 points, name this first King of Germany and father of Otto the Great, whose epithet denotes his affinity for falconry.
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This monarch signed the Treaty of Etaples with Charles the Affable to cut of support for a domestic rival and sponsored the construction of the first European drydock. One of this man's ministers developed a contradictory tax policy based on outward demonstration of wealth, the so-called "Morton's Fork", and he married off his eldest son in the Treaty of Medina del Campo. One of this man's rivals posed as Edward VI and spoke a laughably minimal amount of English, while another posed as the Duke of York. This man overcame Lambert Simnel and Perkin Warbeck, and rose to the throne after a military victory where he was aided by Sir William Stanley and the Earl of Oxford in putting an end to the House of Plantagenet. The victor at the Battle of Bosworth Field over Richard III, for 10 points, identify this founder Tudor Dynasty and father of Henry VIII.
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This nation was ceded to new conquerors in the Treaty of Karlowitz, after which it became the largest province of Transleithania. It lost most of its area and two thirds of its population in the Treaty of Trianon. Its monarchs wore the hemispherical Crown of Saint Stephen, which was named for its first Arpad dynasty ruler. This nation entered the 1867 Ausgleich with Franz Joseph. Communist leader Janos Kadar ruled this nation after Soviet tanks crushed its 1956 uprising. For 10 points, name this nation populated by Magyars, which was once united with Austria.
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This organization launched an unsuccessful amphibious landing during Operation Menace, which saw the ships Resolution, Barham, and Ark Royal attempted to land personnel at Rufisque. Their most popular anthem was composed by Anna Marly and their leaders included General Dentz and General Koenig, who had a famous affair with his chauffeur driver Susan Travers. During Operation Ironclad, they captured Diego Suarez and were commanded by General Annet, under whom they took Madagascar. They were called to arms by the "Appeal of June 18th," which was issued from London, where their leader was stationed as a diplomat. They employed the Lorraine cross as their symbol. FTP, name this military group opposed to the government of Laval and Petain, led by Charles de Gaulle.
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This people's first recorded major war with Rome was settled by the peace treaty of Cassius Vecellinus after the Battle of Lake Regillus, which established an equal alliance between Rome and their namesake League, which was centered on Aricia [uh-REE-kee-uh]. The second war lasted from 341 to 338, when the League and their allies the Volsci were crushed. After their political extinction, their name still referred to a form of second-class Roman citizenship. In the Aeneid, the husband of Amata and father of Lavinia is their namesake king, and the survival of their name is guaranteed by a compromise between Juno and Jupiter that explains why Romans don't speak Trojan. FTP, name this Italian people who have lent their name to the region of Italy containing Rome, and to the Western Hemisphere south of the Rio Grande.
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This period ended after the failure of the Dyle Plan. Early in its history, the Opportunists held sway over its government. One political party active during this period staged an unsuccessful coup against Felix Faure and demanded the government renegotiate the Treaty of Frankfurt. Besides problems with the right-wing League of Patriots, it was rocked by the 16th of May Crisis when its president installed the Legitimist Duc de Broglie as Prime Minister. The Jules Ferry laws provided for free public education during this period. During it the Panama Scandal occurred. Its first president was Adolphe Thiers, and this government also endured the Dreyfus Affair. It was replaced by Vichy France. For 10 points, identify this French government that succeeded the Second Empire.
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This person once called Past and Present by Thomas Carlyle "the only work worth reading." Greatly influenced by Moses Hess, this contributor to the Volunteer Journal for Lancashire and Cheshire and the Manchester Guardian was the primary organizer of the League of the Just. A notable objector to the institution of marriage, as outlined in The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State, this author of Herr Eugen Dühring's Revolution in Science and 1844's The Condition of the Working Class in England is better known for collaborating on The Holy Family and A Critique of the German Ideology. FTP, who was this son of a cotton factory owner and lesser-known co-author of the Communist Manifesto?
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This person summoned Johann von Felbiger in an effort to improve primary education, and also founded an academy for oriental languages. The breaking up of freemason lodges shows this ruler's intolerance, as did the forced emigration of Protestants to Transylvania, and many of this ruler's reforms were instituted by Count Haugwitz. Wenzel Kaunitz failed to persuade this monarch to not reclaim Silesia from Frederick II. Earlier, Charles VI had ensured this ruler's succession by allowing female inheritance through the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713. For 10 points, identify this archduchess whose 1740 ascension led to the War of Austrian Succession.
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This person was attacked in a "Letter... to a Friend," in which Giovanni Caroli questioned his claims. The Piagnoni formed to preserve the memory of this thinker, who wrote Infelix ego, a meditation on Pslam 51, shortly before his death. His Compendium of Revelations contains his dichotomy of prophecies and images of a black cross above Rome and a gold cross above Jerusalem. He supported the invasion of Florence by Charles VIII, but was excommunicated for defying Pope Alexander VI. FTP, name this Dominican friar and reformer, who led the 1497 "Bonfire of the Vanities."
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This play opens when Marius announces the arrival of one character while another is dictating letters to his secretary Sulla. Dr. Hallemeier and Mr. Busman are managers of a facility run by Harry Domin, who gives a tour to the daughter of the president of his company. That daughter spends much of this play investigating living conditions for the League of Humanity, and persuades Dr. Gall to give the title creatures souls. Dr. Alquist is unable to recreate the formula burned by Helena Glory but sees hope with the love between Primus and Helena.  For 10 points name this play which helped bring the term "robot" into everyday use, a work by Karel Capek.
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This play was performed by the Admiral's Men the day before the Essex rebellion. A pivotal event occurs when the title character is banished to Pomfret Castle. It begins with a bitter quarrel between Thomas Mowbray and the Duke of Hereford, who is better known by another name. The titular character settles the dispute by banishing them both and seizing Bolingbroke's inheritance from his dead father John of Gaunt. This gives Bolingbroke cause to depose the titular king in, FTP, what Shakespeare play that treats the rise of the future King Henry IV and the fall of the titular one?
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This politician commissioned Lord Devon to investigate tenant-landlord relationships in Ireland, and saw his first government fail after the organization of the Lichfield House Compact. Despite serving from two different rotten boroughs, he won early popularity after Perceval chose him to deliver a reply to a speech from the throne. A common rule governing the insanity defense is named for a man who tried to kill this man, Daniel M'Naghten. This ardent opponent of Catholic Emancipation briefly refused to supplant Lord Melbourne in the Bedchamber Crisis and differentiated his philosophy from that of his patron, the Duke of Wellington, in his Tamworth Manifesto. This man responded to the Potato Famine by repealing the Corn Laws, and is credited as the founder of the Conservative Party. For 10 points, name this British PM whose founding of the Metropolitan Police inspired their nickname of "Bobbies".
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This politician gained territory to the north by pushing through the Gastein Convention. He warned against a great war sparked by “some damned foolish thing in the Balkans.†His minister, Adalbert Falk, passed the May Laws to fight the Catholic Church during a social campaign that this man initiated. This politician sparked a war by altering the Ems Dispatch. This giver of the “Blood and Iron†speech initiated the kulturkampf and spurred on the FrancoPrussian War. For 10 points, name this practitioner of realpolitik, an “Iron Chancellor†of Germany.
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This politician had an affair with the wife of Francis Sykes before he gained some financial security through his marriage to the widow of Wyndham Lewis. This man disliked his party's divisive nature and called for a 'One Nation' party, and he also supported the George Smythe-led movement in his party named Young England. This politician served three times as Chancellor of the Exchequer under Lord Derby before briefly succeeding to the prime ministership for the first time in 1868. For 10 points, name this two-time Conservative prime minister who was the political opponent of William Gladstone and the first prime minister to have been born a Jew.
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This politician served in the House of Commons from 1918 to 1931 as a Conservative, Independent, and Labour party member. Detained under the Defence regulations during WWII, he founded a new 'Union' movement in 1948, and ten years described his vision in the work Europe: Faith and Plan. FTP identify this politician who founded the British Union of Fascists in 1932.
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This politician used money confiscated from a deposed king to establish his "Reptile Fund," which he used to establish a secret news agency to procure political information on socialists and influence public opinion. The Austro-Prussian War began when this man accused Austria of violating the Gastein Treaty, while he, along with Julius Andrassy and Prince Gorchakov, orchestrated the Three Emperors' League. The Falk, or May, Laws were passed during his conflict with the Roman Catholic Church, while he instigated the Franco-Prussian War with his publication of the Ems dispatch. FTP, name this Iron Chancellor responsible for Kulturkampf, a Prussian and German statesman of the 19th century.
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This polity had its ancient capital at Emain Macha, and after the fall of that city, was divided into the kingdoms of Aileach, Oriel, and Ulaid. This polity also included Cavan and Monaghan, and in the former county of Fermanagh in this polity, the army of James II was routed at Newtownbutler. Fermanagh is also home to Loch Erne, while the Mull of Kintyre was separated by the North Channel from the county of Antrim. It also included the counties of Tyrconnell and Tyrone, home to Lough Neagh, while Antrim is the site of the famous Giant's Causeway. Also home to the counties of Down and Londonderry, for 10 points, name this historical region of Ireland which mostly forms the modern polity of Northern Ireland and gives its name to a cycle of stories involving Cu Chulainn.
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This polity won the Battle of Maclodio while led by Francesco Foscari; that occurred in a conflict that concluded with the Peace of Lodi and was fought against Filippo Maria Visconti. The League of Cambrai was formed to oppose this polity, which had a government including the Council of Ten. In 1171 Manuel I ordered the arrest of all of this polity's citizens in his lands, and this polity led the siege of its rebellious vassal city, Zara. Enrico Dandolo led this polity during the Fourth Crusade, for which it was contracted to build a giant fleet. Alexius I granted this polity the right to trade without taxation in the Byzantine Empire. Styled the “Most Serene Republic,†it was a rival of Genoa for control of Mediterranean trade. For 10 points, name this Italian city-state that, like Genoa, was ruled by a Doge.
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This precocious scholar became a professor of history at Grenoble at the age of 19, and was often referred to as "le Jeune" to differentiate him from his older brother. He worked with Ippolito Rosellini to direct an expedition that reached Aswan in 1828, two years before the chair of Egyptian Studies at the College de France was created specifically for him. FTP, name this Frenchman, best known for his 1824 breakthrough in which he deciphered hieroglyphics using the Rosetta Stone.
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This prime minister's government had a dispute about rescuing the namesake helicopter company in the Westland Affair, during which Defense Secretary Michael Heseltine resigned. As Education Secretary under Edward Heath, this leader stopped a program that gave free milk to school children. Ascension Island was used as a staging point in this prime minister's recapture of South Georgia in a war fought against Leopoldo Galtieri's Argentina over the Falklands. John Major replaced this leader in 1990 as head of the Conservative Party. For 10 points, name this British politician who served through the 1980s as the country's first female prime minister.
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This ruler allied his kingdom with Spain in the Treaty of Medina del Campo, and his chancellor John Morton raised funds from the nobility with a namesake fork. He executed the Earl of Warwick, the last man to bear the name Plantagenet. He ended a rebellion at the Battle of Stoke, defeating Lincoln and the pretender Lambert Simnel, and he faced another rebellion from Perkin Warbeck, who claimed to be the younger son of Edward IV. He came to power with the help of Northumberland and the Stanleys, who switched allegiances at Bosworth Field. For 10 points, name this man, who overthrew Richard III and ended the Wars of the Roses, the first Tudor king of England.
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This ruler allied with Spain against France via the Treaty of Westminster, and he won a victory at the Battle of the Spurs during the War of the Holy League as well as a defeat of the Scottish at Flodden Field. One of his advisors secured peace among Europe's major powers through the Treaty of London, and he met with Francis I at the Field of the Cloth of Gold. His advisors included Thomas Cranmer, Cardinal Wolsey, and Thomas Cromwell, who helped this leader pass the Act of Supremacy and establish the Church of England. For 10 points, name this English king who was married to Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, and four other women.
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This ruler became head of the Salò Republic after he was rescued from captivity during an operation led by Otto Skorzeny. This leader forced out Zog I when he invaded Albania and made Albania a protectorate of his country. This man brought an arms embargo against his country for an invasion that prompted a speech to be given in Geneva to the League of Nations by the invaded nation's leader. This ruler was a part of the Pact of Steel and came to power after leading a march of his Blackshirts. For 10 points, name this ruler who invaded Ethiopia and forced Haile Selassie out of power, and who ruled a fascist Italy for much of World War II.
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This ruler came to power after grand pensionary Johan de Witt and his brother were executed by a lynchmob, ending the Act of Seclusion that had barred him from power since the death of his namesake father. Some of his military exploits included capturing Bonn from the elector of Cologne, and forcing the English into signing the second treaty of Westminster. He would build the Het Loo palace, and with the aid of emperor Leopold I, he'd force the French into signing the treaties of Nijmegen. Partly due to his longtime mistress Elizabeth Villiers, he was invited by a group called the "Immortal Seven"; a refusal to swear oath to his rule resulted in the Glencoe Massacre. That rule would be recognized by the French in the Peace of Ryswick, ending the War of the Grand Alliance. FTP, name this victor at the Battle of the Boyne, a Dutch stadtholder who became king of England after the Glorious Revolution.
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This ruler concurred with ambassador Diego Sarmiento, count of Gondomar, to marry his heir to an infanta of Spain. This ruler summoned the brief Addled Parliament, and once kidnapped by William Ruthven, earl of Gowrie, this man escaped the regency of the earl of Morton and settled on his crown by the Treaty of Berwick. This man signed the Negative Confession in favor of Puritans, but saw the Mayflower migration during his reign. The son of Lord Darnley, this ruler took up the Duke of Buckingham as a favorite and wrote The True Lawe of Free Monarchies espousing the divine right of kings. For 10 points, name this subject of the Gunpowder Plot who succeeded Elizabeth I, and authorized a new Bible translation.
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This ruler defeated the weaver Vicent Peris and a mysterious rebel known as "The Hidden One" in suppressing a revolt by a group of artisan guilds named Germanies. He forced rebels from Ghent to parade the streets wearing nooses and won the battle of Battle of Villalar en route to defeating the Revolt of the Comuneros. This ruler's navy dealt Hayreddin Barbarossa a rare loss by sacking Tunis. This ruler signed the Augsburg Interim after decisively defeating John Frederick I of Saxony and the Schmalkaldic League at Muhlberg. This son of Joanna the Mad forced the signing of the Treaty of Madrid after crushing Francis I at Pavia and ending one phase of the Italian Wars. For 10 points, name this Hapsburg king of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor who also called the Diet of Worms and opposed Martin Luther.
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This ruler died during his siege of Szigeth in his war with Austria. Establisher of the Corsair States in north Africa, he developed a series of new regulations concerning land tenure which earned him the nickname Qanuni, or Lawgiver, among his people. In three camapigns against Safavid Persia he confirmed Ottoman control of eastern Asia Minor, maintained a naval supremacy in the eastern Mediterranean marred only by his costly failure to take Malta, and advanced all the way to the middle Danube with his victory at Mohacs in 1526. FTP, who was this Ottoman sultan, known as the "Magnificent"?
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This ruler executed his unsuccessful general Mikhail Shein. This ruler signed a fourteen and a half year truce that lost his country control of Smolensk. Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky supported this ruler, whose early reign was dominated by his mother's family, the Saltykovs. This ruler signed the Treaty of Stolbovo with Sweden. With the Truce of Deulino, this man achieved peace with Sigismund III Vasa, after which this ruler shared power with his father, the patriarch Philaret. This ruler was sixteen when he was elected by the zemsky sobor due to his relation to Fyodor I, and he was succeeded by his son Alexei I. His parents had been forced into convents by Boris Godunov, and the election of this tsar ended the Time of Troubles. For 10 points, name this first Romanov tsar.
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This ruler exiled Lord Clarendon after his country's ships were raided by Michael de Ruyter. This king unsuccessfully attempted to issue a Royal Declaration of Indulgences, and was targeted by a plot based from the home of Richard Rumbold. The Second Anglo-Dutch War occurred during the rule of this king, who ascended to the throne after issuing the Declaration of Breda. Titus Oates fabricated the Popish Plot against this king, who was advised by the Cabal. This ruler survived the Rye House Plot and was unprepared to deal with the Great Fire of London. For 10 points, name this Stuart king of England who was restored to the throne after the English Civil War.
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This ruler faced a scandal when Amy Robsart, the wife of Robert Dudley, died by falling down some stairs. This ruler was dubbed a “servant of crime†and excommunicated in the papal bull Regnans in Excelsis, a response to the passage of the Second Act of Supremacy. Anthony Babington's plan to assassinate this ruler was uncovered by spymaster Francis Walsingham. This ruler ordered the execution of Mary, Queen of Scots and sent Francis Drake to defeat the Spanish Armada. For 10 points, name this Tudor monarch, the “Virgin Queen†of England.
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This ruler forced his opponents to sign the Treaty of Vasvar after victory at St. Gotthard under his imperial commander Montecuccoli. On another front, he was forced to sign the less-than-favorable Treaty of Nijmegen [nih-meh-jen]. He married the Archduchess Claudia Felicitas after his marriage to Margaret Theresa, daughter of Philip IV of Spain, produced no children. His third marriage to Eleanora of Neuberg did produce his two successors, long after this son of Ferdinand III emerged victorious in the Battle of Senta and forced the signing of the Treaty of Karlowitz. Aided by Charles of Lorraine and Jan III Sobieski in opposing the Turkish siege of Vienna, FTP, name this Hapsburg Holy Roman Emperor who died in 1705 and was succeeded by his son, Joseph I.
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This ruler gained support for his succession to the throne from Philip II of France after the signing of the Treaty of Le Goulet. This ruler entered his brother's territory in an attempt to overthrow his brother's chancellor William Longchamp. Innocent III excommunicated this man when he refused to accept as Hubert Walter's replacement Stephen Langton. Langton led unrest against this king and was responsible for much of the drafting of a document whose precursor was the Articles of the Barons. For 10 points, name this youngest son of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine, who was forced at Runnymede in 1215 to sign the Magna Carta.
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This ruler had military success in taking Dorpat, and inaugurated an eastward expansion after conquering Astrakhan. He celebrated another victory by having Barma construct a religious structure also known as the Cathedral of Intercession of the Virgin on the Moat. However, he gave up Narva in the Treaty of Plussa with Sweden, and in the Treaty of Jam Zapolski, renounced claims to Livonia. The Oprichniks were members of his private army, which he used to terrorize the boyars, and the first Zemsky Sobor was called by him. His son Feodor was succeeded by Boris Godunov, who likely killed his youngest son Dmitri. FTP, name first Russian to take the title of tsar, who was nicknamed for his fearsome acts.
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This ruler oversaw medical reforms implemented by the Imperial physician Gerhard van Swieten, while a stronger central government was achieved with the aid of talented ministers like Chotek, Haugwitz, and Kaunitz. The first partition of Poland saw the loss of Silesia, but influence to the west was gained when her husband Francis of Lorraine became Holy Roman Emperor. Succeeded by Joseph II, she had come to power after the death of her father Charles VI due to the Pragmatic Sanction. FTP, who was this ruler of Hungary, Bohemia, and Austria who defended her position in the Seven Years War and the War of Austrian Succession?
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This ruler recruited Bela III of Hungary to join him on a military expedition, which this man joined after the Diet of Mainz. He destroyed Milan after the Diet of Roncaglia, which was convened by an alliance that later defeated this ruler at the Battle of Legnano. This ruler drowned in the Saleph River during an invasion he undertook with Philip II Augustus. This opponent of the Lombard League died while on the Third Crusade. For 10 points, name this twelfthcentury Holy Roman Emperor from the Hohenstaufen line, named for his ruddy facial hair.
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This ruler refused to allow his bishops to attend a council at Mouzon, and during the first decade his reign, he swore nominal fealty to his less powerful cousin Lothair. He appointed Arnulf as archbishop, who refused to attend the Council of Senlis and supported his uncle Charles of Lorraine in a bid to usurp the throne from this man. This ruler then quickly replaced Arnulf with Gerbert of Aurillac, who later became Sylvester II. This ruler's wife was the daughter of William Towhead, Queen Adelaide, and during the last part of his reign he ruled alongside his son Robert II, while he himself was a great-grandson of Robert the Strong. With living descendants on the throne of Luxembourg and Spain, FTP, name this founder and namesake of a line of French kings beginning in 987.
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This ruler regained some power when the Fundamental Laws were passed, which dropped some parts of a document this ruler issued at the urging of Sergei Witte. Another prime minister for this ruler who worked for agricultural reform was named Pyotr Stolypin. Most of this ruler's fleet was lost in the Battle of Tsushima in a war that ended as a humiliating loss to Japan. This ruler issued the October Manifesto, which created the Duma. For 10 points, name this tsar whose hemophiliac son Alexei was treated by Rasputin, and whose abdication ended Romanov and tsarist rule during the start of the Russian Revolution.
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This ruler sought a military alliance with Mongol commander Eljigidei against the Khwarizmians, and later sent emissaries to Guyuk Khan and Mongke Khan, including the famous William of Rubruck. He was almost offered leadership of the Mamluk sultanate after the murder of the last Ayyubid sultan Turanshah, but was rejected in favor of his earlier enemy Baibars. Despite victories over Baibars at Damietta and Mansurah, he was finally defeated and captured after the Battle of Fariskur, thus ending that crusade. This ruler established the Parliament of Paris, and his faith led him to purchase the Crown of Thorns and construct Saint Chapelle. For 10 points, name this leader of the Seventh and Eighth Crusades, a thirteenth century king of France who was canonized as a saint for his piety.
Maria Theresa of Austria
This ruler sought to ease the burdens on serfs by issuing the Robot Patent with a co-regent who later repealed it. This ruler's country became allied to France during the Diplomatic Revolution through the work of Wenzel Anton von Kaunitz. This ruler conceded lost territory in one war in the Treaty of Hubertusburg. Another war started despite the efforts of this monarch's father Charles VI, who tried to secure a peaceful succession to the throne. For 10 points, name this monarch who fought in multiple wars for control of Silesia against Frederick the Great, and whose succession as empress to the Austrian throne was contested despite the Pragmatic Sanction.
Christina
This ruler traveled to Innsbruck in disguise to convert to Catholicism and remained an expatriate for five years. Believed to be the secret lover of Cardinal Decio Azzolino, this monarch was tutored at first by the theologian Johannes Matthiae. Later influence was provided by the regent Axel Oxenstierna and a second philosophical tutor, Rene Descartes. Briefly abdicating in favor of her cousin Charles X, she tried to regain the throne in 1660. FTP, name this daughter of Gustavus Adolphus, a Swedish queen of the 17th-century.
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This ruler was encouraged by his Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz to build his navy. This nephew of Edward VII of England replaced his head of state with Leo von Caprivi. He accused the English of being “mad as March hares†in what was dubbed the “Daily Telegraph Affair.†His abdication brought an end to the line of Hohenzollern rulers. He allied with Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire in a conflict that he lost, after which his country was forced to sign the Treaty of Versailles. For 10 points, name this last German emperor, who ruled during World War I.
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This ruler was strongly influenced by Pierre Dubois's "De recuperatione Terrae Sanctae," and enacted heavy reparations on Flanders after winning the Battle of Mons-en-Pévèle. His marriage to Joan of Navarre added Brie and Champagne to his domains, and in a bid for popular support, he summoned the three estates to meet in the first Estates-General. This king expelled the Jews from France, and burned Unam Sanctum during his feud with Boniface VIII. He orded the burning of Jacques de Molay at the stake, and appointed Clement V to begin the Avignon papacy. For 10 points, name this Capetian monarch who crushed the Knights Templar, known for his dashing good looks.
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This ruler was tutored by the poet John Skelton, who appointed himself as the King's Orator when this monarch came to power. Francis Bigod's uprising against this king led to Robert Aske losing the amnesty granted earlier after Aske peacefully ended the Pilgrimage of Grace against this man. One target of that uprising, Thomas Cromwell, had been involved in this king's dissolution of the monasteries. This man increased his power after fallout with Pope Clement VII by getting the Act of Supremacy passed. For 10 points, name this king who broke with the Catholic Church in order to get his marriage to Catherine of Aragon annulled, which ended the first of his six marriages.
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This ruler won favor in a northern part of his empire with the appointment of Count Berg as its governor-general, and his foreign policy included resulted in such events as the seizure of Kokand and the signing of the Treaty of Aigun. Educated by Vasily Zhukovsky, this ruler's Military reorganization occurred during this man's reign under Dmitry Milyutin, and Pyotr Shuvalov, head of the secret police, assumed greater importance in his cabinet after a failed assassination attempt on him. Though this ruler did not live to see the Loris-Melikov constitution implemented, he did institute a number of key reforms such as the creation of the zemstvos and the passage of the Emancipation Act of 1861. Replacing Nicholas I during the Crimean War, for ten points, identify this tsar assassinated by the People's Will, whose reforms include freeing the serfs.
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This ruler won victories at Varaville and Mortemer over Geoffrey Martel. He established Roger of Montgomery as the first Earl of Shrewsbury, creating the Welsh Marches. This ruler faced a rebellion from the earls of Norfolk, Hereford, and Northumberland. Another rebellion against this ruler was led by the men who had earlier lost the Battle of Fulford, Edwin and Morcar. This patron of Lanfranc of Pavia ordered the Harrying of the North. This half-brother of Bishop Odo and husband of Matilda of Flanders was succeeded by his sons Roger Curthose and William Rufus. Originally known as “the Bastard,†this ruler won another title by defeating Harold II. For 10 points, name this commissioner of the Domesday Book and winner of the Battle of Hastings, the first Norman king of England.
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This ruler's early reign was dominated by the autocratic prince Schwarzenberg, who had a major foreign policy success under this ruler at the Olmutz Convention. Foreign ministers who served under this ruler include Count Aehrenthal, whose negotiations with Aleksandr Isvolsky set off an international crisis late in this ruler's reign, and a close collaboration with Germany was the goal of his prime minister Grof Andrassy. The Fundamental Articles of his minister of commerce and agriculture Albert Schaffle was denounced by German nationalists, and he appeared beside Alexander II in Berlin in 1873 in support of the Dreikaiserbund. He was forced to sign the Peace of Villafranca after being defeated at Solferino, and his prime minister Graf von Beust negotiated the Ausgleich. For 10 points, name this man who created the Dual Monarchy of Hungary and Austria, the uncle of Francis Ferdinand.
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This ruler's father fought against Aistulf of the Lombards in order to get Pope Stephen II to guarantee the throne to his offspring. This leader took over Lombardy at the behest of Pope Adrian I from his father-in-law Desiderius. This man's empire was divided following the death of his son Louis the Pious through the Treaty of Verdun. This ruler made Alcuin of York head of his school in Aachen, and a life of this emperor was written by Einhard. This man was crowned unexpectedly by Pope Leo III on Christmas Day. For 10 points, name this son of Pippin the Short and grandson of Charles Martel who was king of the Franks and became Emperor of the Romans in 800 CE.
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This ruler's grave is marked by a large hilltop cross in the “Valley of the Fallen.†He gained military experience at the Battle of Alhucema during the Rif Wars. He responded to the communist-backed “Red Terror†by initiating the “White Terror,†which lasted into his reign. His supporters consisted of conservative Carlists and followers of José Antonio Primo de Rivera's Falange (fah-LON-hay) Party. He was succeeded by the democratizing King Juan Carlos I. For 10 points, name this fascist GeneralÃsimo who ruled from 1939 to '75 after winning the Spanish Civil War.
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This ruler's paternal grandfather married Melisende and become King of Jerusalem upon the death of Baldwin II, while his mother had previously been married to Holy Roman Emperor Henry V. Upon the death of his father, this man obtained the title Count of Maine, and he secured his right to the throne by the Treaty of Wallingford, which was agreed upon by his predecessor, Stephen of Blois. During his reign, his Assizes of Clarendon and Northampton reformed English law, making trial by jury more common, and his Constitutions of Clarendon set out to reduce the pope's power in England, which angered Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Becket. For 10 points, identify this last husband of Eleanor of Aquitaine, the first Plantagenet king of England.
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This ruler's reign saw a migration led by Nekrasov during the Bulavin Rebellion as well as the rise to power of both Count Golovkin and Peter Tolstoi. Vasily Galitzine controlled power for part of this ruler's early reign after one of two revolts led by this ruler's half-sister Sophia and the Streltsy, whom this ruler would later disband. This ruler shared power with his retarded half-brother Ivan until that man's death, and he had his son Alexei executed. He led several expeditions against Azov in order to gain a port on the Black Sea, and likewise fought to gain Baltic Sea possessions from Charles XII. For 10 points, name this victor in the Great Northern War and westernizer of Russia.
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This ruler's reign was preserved early on by the Treaty of Alton, and he took Adela of Louvain as his second wife. He supposedly pushed Conan Pilatus off the Tower of Rouen, leading to its designation as Conan's Leap. After being victorious at the Battle of Tinchebrai, he introduced pipe rolls and the office of the justiciar, first manned by Roger Salisbury. He aimed to relieve oppression by "unjust exaction" in issuing the Charter of Liberties. Tragedy struck when his only legitimate son died on the White Ship and, despite the marriage of his daughter Matilda, he was succeeded by Stephen of Blois. Known as the "Lion of Justice," FTP, name this king of England from 1100-1135 CE succeeding William II.
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This ruler's third wife, Fastrada, had fought against him with Widukind's Saxons. He ushered in a “Renaissance†that included such scholars as Alcuin of York and this man's biographer, Einhard. Three of his grandsons carved up his empire in the Treaty of Verdun. This ruler defeated the Lombards at Pavia, though his rear guard lost to Basques at Ronceveaux Pass. In 800 CE, this predecessor of Louis the Pious was crowned by Pope Leo III as “King of the Romans.†For 10 points, name this son of Pepin the Short, a great Frankish king of the Carolingian dynasty.
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This ruler's troops won the Battle of Ergeme, which resulted in the dissolution of the Livonian Knights during the unsuccessful Livonian War. This ruler organized the standing army known as the streltsy and he called his country's first "assembly of the land," or zemsky sobor. This man divided his country's lands into the zemshina and lands overseen by men dressed in black on black horses known for their brutality, the oprichniki. This ruler's murder of his heir led indirectly to the end of the Rurikid dynasty and the start of the Time of Troubles. For 10 points, name this ruler who first took the title of tsar and who is remembered mostly for his cruelty.
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This ruler's use of the ineffective General von der Tann and the antiquated General Hartmann in one war led to his defeat, and after his next war, albeit successful, his envoys Bray, Pranckh, and Lutz did not succeed in getting favorable terms. After that, this king's Master of the Horse, Count von Holnstein was sent to negotiate, and he succeded in giving away a lovable bulldog named Sultl. Bray had advised this king after Chlodwig, Furst von Hohenlohe, had quit, but no man could overcome this monarch's siding with Austria during the Seven Weeks' War and the tide towards German unification. Known for being a castle building and Wagner obsessed recluse later in life, FTP, name this "mad" king of Bavaria.
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This ruler, the subject of a biography by Michael Roberts, signed the Treaty of Barwalde that contained an unusual provision placing a five-year moratorium on peace negotiations. Over 20 years into his reign, he developed the Form of Government that helped create the Gymnasia and set out plans to create leagues designated as Corpus Bellicum and Corpus Evangelicorum. He negotiated the Treaty of Knared with Christian IV, surrendering a port as security, and used the name Captain Gars in travel. With aid from his chancellor Axel Oxenstierna, he was victorious at the Battle of Breitenfeld but soon died at the Battle of Lutzen. FTP, name this "Lion of the North," a dominant king of Sweden at the start of the Thirty Years War.
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This son of Yaroslav II successfully turned back the "Christianizing" efforts urged by Pope Gregory the Ninth. A few years later, at Lake Chud, he won the famous "massacre on ice," in which he utterly destroyed a German army. When his brother Andrew was appointed to succeed their father, this man conspired with Sartu Khan of the Golden Horde, had his brother deposed, and became grand prince of Vladimir. Also elected prince of Novgorod, FTP, identify this Russian who took his name from his 1240 victory over the Swedes at the Neva River.
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This text's 31st section is concerned with education and requires the learning of the "Italian and Slavic tongues." This document reaffirmed a principle set forth in the Declaration of Rhens, while its ninth section concerned the allocation of gold and silver mines and "Jew taxes." Its promulgation caused Rudolf IV to forge a title in hopes of becoming co-equal with certain individuals enumerated in this document. This document granted certain privileges to the archbishops of Mainz, Trier, and Cologne, but those could be outvoted by princes from Saxony, Brandenburg, the palatinate of the Rhine, and Bohemia. Issued in 1356 by Charles IV, for ten points, identify this decree which set up the system for electing the Holy Roman Emperor.
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This thinker spent most of her adult life in exile, finally spending the three years before her 1817 death in Paris. Her principal philosophical work was the 1796 A Treatise on the Influence of the Passions on the Happiness of Individuals and of Nations in which she developed the theme of the inseparable connection between thought and feeling. Closely associated with Romanticism, her 1813 De l'Allemagne, published in London, was an important instrument for introducing German Romanticism to the French and English. For 10 points, who was this French thinker who had to live in exile because of her disfavored political father, Jacques Necker?
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This treaty led to a sixteen-year period in which Venice controlled the Peloponnese, and it compelled Poland to withdraw from Moldavia. The Hungarian nationalist Imre Thököly was deposed as prince in the wake of this treaty. Its Russian portion was supplemented in the following year by a treaty which transferred Azov, and it exempted an area defined by the Tisza, Mure?, and Danube rivers, the Banat of Temesvár, from one provision. In addition to the namesake town and the surrounding region of Vojvodina, Transylvania and Hungary also changed hands under this agreement, sixteen months after Eugene of Savoy's victory over Mustafa II at the Battle of Zenta. For 10 points, name this agreement signed between the Austria-led Holy League and the Ottoman Empire, who lost territory, in 1699.
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This treaty saw the cession of Podolia to August II of Poland, and gains were also made by Silvestro Valiero of Venice in Dalmatia, the Peloponnesus and Crete, though the Treaty of Passarowitz returned Morea to the Turks seventeen years later. The chief loser was Ghazi Sultan Mustapha II, who retained the Banat, but lost Slavonia and Croatia. The chief winner was Leopold I, whose general Eugene of Savoy had just won a brilliant victory at Zenta. FTP, name this 1699 treaty that passed Hungary to Austria and marked the beginning of the decline of the Ottoman Empire.
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This war resulted in the formation of the North German Confederation and resulted in the secession of Venetia for transfer to Italy by the Peace of Vienna. It included the Battle of Königgrätz, and the outright annexation of Nassau, Hesse-Kassel, Hanover, and Frankfurt by Prussia. Name this 1866 war fought over Schleswig and Holstein and ended by the Treaty of Prague, which, FTP, created a Germany that excluded Austria.
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This was the birthplace of the traveling philosopher Altheides. The last and perhaps most famous person to hold the title of queen of this place was Catherine Cornaro, as the wife of James the Bastard. Another key figure in the history of this place took the name Dighenis. Its independence was ensured by the Zurich and London Agreement and its first vice president became Dr. Fazil Kucuk. The EOKA movement was led here by George Grivas and promoted the notion of enosis, and a 1974 coup here by Sampson overthrew the rule of Makarios III. After the capture of Famagusta in 1571, it was transferred to Ottoman rule from its former status as a Crusader state. FTP, name this Mediterranean island disputed between Greece and Turkey.
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This writer of many genres was predictably negative about mid-nineteenth-century French writing in his 1858-59 History of the Dramatic Art in France, and much of the same artistic concerns got into poems such as "Art" and "Symphony in White Major," the former from his 1852 volume Enamels and Cameos, a book that Baudelaire thought was really cool. For 10 points, name this Frenchman who tore into bourgeois critics and the public in general in the preface to his rather smutty 1835 novel Mademoiselle de Maupin.
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Thomas Otway's play Venice Preserv'd recounts it in a slightly different setting. So-called evidence of it included correspondence between Edward Coleman and Louis XIV as well as the Primrose Hill murder of the judge Sir Edmund Berry Godfrey. The majority of it was directed by Israel Tonge, and it resulted in the execution of about 35 innocent people, including many Protestants. However, Titus Oates may be the name most associated with, FTP, what fictional 1678 scheme to assassinate King Charles II of England
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Thomas Tatton claimed that there was a crowd of only thirty thousand people at this event, while James Wroe, in the Observer, gave the highest estimate at 153 thousand. Wroe and Richard Carlile were imprisoned for publicizing the story of this incident, which inspired Percy Bysshe Shelley to write The Masque of Anarchy. Samuel Bamford was also imprisoned after this event perpetrated by the 15th Hussars and the Cheshire Volunteers, and Home Secretary Sidmouth responded by proposing the Six Acts. The trouble began when Henry Hunt was arrested and prevented from speaking, and eleven people were killed when cavalry troops overwhelmed the demonstrators in Manchester. FTP, name this 1819 incident, with a name reminiscent of Napoleon's final defeat.
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Those in attendance at the signing included Archbishop Liutbert, Bishop Altfrid, Count Ingleram, and Count Liutfried. Agreed upon by the sons of Louis the Pious, The land from the North Sea to Central Italy and the title of Holy Roman Emperor went to Lothair. His brother Louis the German got Germany, and Charles the Bald got France, permanently cleaving the empire forged by their grandfather Charlemagne. FTP, name this 843 treaty that divided the Carolingian empire.
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Though it was renewed numerous times, not until 1226 did it again become a powerful factor. The first consisted of 16 cities and scored a notable victory at the Battle of Legano. Founded in 1167 it was backed by Alexander III who saw in it an ally against Emperor Frederick I. Eventually they secured the Peace of Constance which allowed cities like Milan, Mantua, and Padua liberty and jurisdiction. FTP identify this group of Italian cities formed to resist the power of the Holy Roman Emperor.
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Though its navy sacked the port of Palermo in 1063, two centuries later it was unable to hold off its Genoese rivals, who defeated it at the battle of Meloria. Despite its Ghibelline leanings, which provided it with imperial support, it was unable to ward off its foes on land either, as it came under increasing hostile pressure from Lucca to the northeast. The church council held here in 1409 resulted the uneasy coexistence of three rival popes. Though it reasserted its rights for a brief period after the arrival of the French in 1494, the silting up of its harbor and the Florentine conquest in 1406 ended its existence as an independent power. FTP, identify this city in the valley of the Arno, the birthplace of Galileo but more famous for the uneven foundations of its campanile.
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Though not the Congress of Vienna, this site hosted four conferences following the Napoleonic Wars, beginning in 1818. France was admitted to a newly formed Quintuple Alliance that already included Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia. The treaty of the same name was marked by the mutual restitution of conquests, including the fortress of Louisbourg to France and the Barrier towns to the Dutch. In addition, it provided for the surrender of many Habsburg duchies to Spain by Maria Theresa. FTP, give this name, that identifies the treaty that, in 1748, ended the War of the Austrian Succession.
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Though the Duke of Newcastle's Whitecoats grumbled about their pay just before this battle, "they brought their winding-sheets about them into the field" and died rather than surrender to Leslie's Scottish horse. With dusk falling, the Earl of Leven ordered an advance, surprising the defenders. On the right flank, Thomas Fairfax's cavalry was routed, but the Ironsides on the left defeated Prince Rupert's Royalist horse for the first time. "God made them as stubble to our swords," reported Cromwell after the capture of York. FTP, name this July 2, 1644 battle, the first great victory for Parliament in the English Civil War.
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Though the first of these conflicts ended bloodlessly due to a settlement engineered by Niklaus Manuel, the second one soon erupted after a dispute over a 2500-crown reparation payment led to a blockade. In the period between these two conflicts, an invasion by Giangiacomo Medici was turned back by the same man who defended Valais in the second of these wars, Hans Franz Nägeli. The second one included the battles of Saint Gall and Schaffhausen, where the forces of Jörg Göldli were defeated. The first of these conflicts ended with an agreement by the Christian Union to cease allying with Austria, and the second erupted during a dispute over forced conversions in Thurgau. Named for a monastery that straddled the Zug and Zürich, these conflicts erupted in 1529 and 1531. For 10 points, name these wars between Catholic and Protestant cantons, in which Huldrych Zwingli was killed.
corvee
Though used since antiquity by large landowners, this system was first formalized in 1738 by Controller-General of Finances Jean Orry, who used it to simply book-keeping on the state level. Meaning "contribution," it was a periodic and short-term obligation, used most often used to produce public-sector goods like dikes and roads. FTP, identify this system of French forced labor.
Castile
Though virtual autonomy was secured for this region by nobles like Fernan Gonzalez, it was not made into a kingdom until it was given to Ferdinand I by his father Sancho III. Named for the numerous fortifications built there by Christians to oppose the Moors, it was united with Leon by Ferdinand III, and later the vast privileges of the nobles were curbed by Peter the Cruel. Located in central and northern Spain, FTP, what was this kingdom that Isabella united with Aragon?
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Three years before this conflict, another conflict was sparked by the November Constitution, the culmination of the Eider Program. This conflict was temporarily averted by the Convention of Gastein, and a preliminary peace was arranged at Nikolsburg. Albrecht Roon organized this conflict's victorious army, which utilized a new breech-loading rifle, the needle gun. A side theater to this war included the Second Battle of Custoza and resulted in the loss of Venetia. This war was resolved by the Treaty of Prague after the victory at Koniggratz by Helmut von Moltke. It began with a dispute over Schleswig and Holstein. For 10 points, name this first major conflict in Bismarck's quest for German unification, a very short war between two major German powers.
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To rebuke Luther, he appeared before the Diet of Worms. In 1522, his teacher Adrian of Utrecht became pope -- not surprising, since this man had used funds from the Fugger bankers to secure the throne as Holy Roman Emperor over his main rival Francis I. He claimed to speak "Spanish to God, French to men, Italian to women, and German to my horse," and captured Halq al-Wadi and Tunis, but could not defeat the pirate Barbarossa. FTP, name this Hapsburg monarch, the son of Philip the Handsome and Joanna the Mad.
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Travelling through Newark on his way to be crowned, he saw a pickpocket caught red-handed, and ordered the thief to be summarily executed. When he was informed that the accused had to be tried, he expressed dismay at the vagaries of the English common law. This lack of understanding caused his conflicts with the "Addled Parliament," which he dissolved after leaders like John Pym refused to grant him certain revenues known as "impositions" in 1614. FTP, name this Stuart king of England and Scotland, father of Charles I.
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Troops led by Karl von Bulow reached the site at about 6 PM, pressuring the eastern French flank. Battalions from the Imperial Guard were moved from the main battle to prevent a rear attack, while La Haye Sainte was taken by Michel Ney. The Imperial Guard arrived at about 7 pm, but so did von Zieten's corps, which reinforced the Duke of Wellington's troops. After Ney's forces were repulsed, the Allies advanced, forcing a French retreat at, FTP, what June 18, 1815 battle, Napoleon's final defeat?
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Truly a hockey puck of history, it was subjugated by the Teutonic Knights in the early 13th century and the Poles in the late 1500's. The Swedes took the sourthern portion, Livonia, in 1629 and the Russians got the rest from the Poles a century later. In 1918 it declared independence and first let the Germans oust the Bolsheviks, then it ousted the Germans with British help only to be retaken by the U.S.S.R. 21 years laier. FTP name this mostly Lutheran country, independent (for now), with its capital at Riga.
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Twelve years after this battle, the combatants faced off again in the brief Gollub War. The victors at this battle immediately besieged a nearby fortress commanded by Heinrich von Plauen began, leading to the following year's Treaty of Thorn. Grand Duke Vytautas was one of the winning commanders in this battle, which occurred as one side was moving towards Marienburg. At the hands of Wladyslaw Jagiello's army, this battle saw the death of two hundred and five knights as well as Ulrich von Jungingen, the grandmaster. For 10 points, name this battle where Polish-Lithuanian troops defeated the Teutonic Knights in 1410, five hundred years before a German victory over Russia at the same site in World War I.
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Twenty-four of them were killed in the Newport Rising by troops garrisoned at the Westgate Hotel while another, Samuel Holberry, was imprisoned after discovery of the Sheffield Plot. Generally advocating "moral force," their original demands were presented by Thomas Attwood. The Northampton Debate demonstrated enmity between their leader Feargus O'Connor and the Anti-Corn Law League's Richard Cobden, and they were associated with the London Working Men's Association. Advocating equal electoral districts, the payment of members of Parliament, and universal manhood suffrage was, FTP, what British reform movement of the 1800s named for the types of petitions they presented to Parliament?
name this May 1940 military operation in which Nazi hesitation allowed Allied forces to escape the namesake French town for Britain.
Two key thrusts that gained time for it included the sending of reinforcements to aid King Leopold and a tank attack at Arras. Roughly 200,000 Germans from the Fourth and Eighteenth Armies were led by Generals Gerd von Rundstedt and Fedor von Bock, while Field Marshal Lord Gort led the BEF and its French and Belgian allies. Admiral B.H. Ramsay gathered every available transport under Operation Dynamo. For 10 points
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Two members of this family fought the War of the Two Brothers in the 19th century, which began a few years after one of them held the throne for less than three months before abdicating in favor of his daughter. The penultimate ruler from this family was assassinated along with his heir two years before the dynasty came to an end, which happened despite their last monarch's dismissal of the Franco cabinet. Its greatest monarch built the Palace of Mafra and was known as the Magnanimous, while its first monarch was known as the Restorer. That first monarch was the eighth duke of this house, and took the throne in 1640 as John IV. FTP, name this dynasty which ruled until 1910 as the royal house of Portugal.
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Two years after it was signed, the duke of Anjou escaped and one of the monarchs who signed it was compelled to surrender himself as a prisoner. In this agreement, one side promised to surrender Guines and Ponthieu. The king of the other side promised to renounce his claim to the French throne, as soon as the French king renounced his claim to Aquitaine. Nine years after it was signed, the war it had temporarily settled broke out once more. It also featured a ransom payment of 3 million écus for King John II, who had been captured at the battle of Poitiers. FTP, name this treaty signed in 1360 which failed to end the Hundred Years' War.
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Two years after its conclusion, forces of Father Kostadin Buvski and Leonid Vulgaris met at Gremen to decry it as ineffective. Romania was forced to exchange South Bessarabia to Russia for Dobruja, and the newly created Greater Bulgaria was further divided into North Bulgaria, Eastern Rumelia, and Macedonia. Its eventual mediator offered himself as an "honest broker" between nations represented by Alexander Karatheodori and Alexander Gorchakov, although all of the signers of the 1856 Treaty of Paris were present. FTP, name this meeting convened to rethink the Treaty of San Stefano, an 1878 conference chaired by Otto von Bismarck in the German capital.
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Unlike his predecessor, this ruler recognized the Parthian king Osroes I, and while he traveled abroad, this emperor employed the frumentarii and Marcius Turbo to prevent any coups. This emperor intended Lucius Aelius to become his successor, but outlived him, and following a proclamation by Akiba ben Joseph, this man faced the revolt of Simon Bar Kokhba in Judea. This ruler had his Greek lover Antinous deified, and adopted Antoninus Pius as his successor. For 10 points, name this third of the Five Good Emperors, the successor of Trajan, who ordered his namesake wall be built in England.
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Various legends descibe how the body of the losing commander slain at this battle was either displayed for two days at Leicester or merely pitched off a bridge into the River Soar, where it was later found and buried at the Greyfriars Monastery. Though the winning commander managed to gather forces numbering about five thousand during a march to Ambion Hill, he still faced an opponent more than three times as large. This battle saw the death of the Duke of Norfolk as well as the losing commander. Helped in no small part by the treachery of the brothers Sir William and Thomas Lord Stanley, FTP, name this battle of 1485 in which Richard III was slain and Henry Tudor was crowned, ending the Wars of the Roses.
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Victor Serge claimed that this man murdered thousands of White Guard prisoners of war as head of the revolutionary committee of Crimea. After leaving his most famous position, he failed to rouse the central German miners to revolution in the so-called "March Action", and was eventually shot in a gulag in 1938. Although he was imprisoned by the government after a demonstration led by him killed four policemen, he was released after the publication of the Vix Note. Nominally, he was foreign minister under prime minister Sandor Garbai as part of the coalition that overthrew Count Karolyi, but he clearly held the true power considering his friendships with both Zinoviev and Lenin. Overthrown by the Romanians and replaced by Admiral Miklos Horthy, for 10 points, name this pawn of the Sovet Union who briefly ruled a Communist regime in Hungary in 1919.
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Weapons for this event were supposed to be supplied by the German ship Libau, disguised as the Norwegian trawler Aud. Upon learning that the Libau had been scuttled, Chief-of-Staff MacNeill sent orders to cancel the event, which delayed it by a day. The rebels eventually took up positions including Boland's Bakery and St. Stephen's Green, though the largest garrison occupied the General Post Office, along with commanders of the event such as Connolly and Pearse. FTP, name this Irish rebellion which took place in 1916.
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When a group of his fellow students took refuge from a failed revolution in Austria, this man declared that he would only wear black. The British government admitted to opening this man's mail after the execution of the Bandiera brothers. This man used the slogan "Thought and Action" and met opposition when he planned to use Charles Albert to lead an army against Radetzky in 1848. In 1865, he refused an appointment to the Turin Parliament because he would not take an oath of allegiance to the monarchy. Sentenced to death in absentia due to his part in an army coup and invasion in Savoy, this man was elected Triumvir of Rome after the assasination of Pellegrino Rossi. He said that "neither Pope nor king," but rather "God and the people" would lead to victory the movement he founded. For 10 points, name this leader of Young Italy, a democratic figure of the Risorgimento.
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When asked to give a eulogy on the death of the Duke of Wellington, he nearly copied word for word Thiers's eulogy for marshal St. Cyr. He served in the government of Lord Derby as Chancellor of the Exchequer but his first budget was torn apart by his chief rival, who replaced him. His first term as prime minister followed the Tory takeover of the 1867 Reform Bill but only lasted 10 months. Representing Britain at the Congress of Berlin, FTP, name this Conservative Prime Minister from 1874 to 1880, a longtime opponent of William Gladstone and the first British prime minister of Jewish ancestry.
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When he met the Holy Roman Emperor at Sutri, he gave his stirrup for the emperor to hold but instead received a kiss on the foot that he chose not to reciprocate. with the perhaps apocryphal explanation that "I do this for Peter, not for you." Later, that same would-be stirrup holder entered Rome through Porta Viridaria for a Saturday coronation on June 18, 1155. Even after he crowned Frederick Barbarossa, his excommunication of William the Bad of Sicily led to bad blood that turned into a conflict between Barbarossa and this man's successor, Alexander III. FTP, whose 1154 to 1159 reign made him the only Pope to hail from England?
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When the fateful idea was broached to her, she promptly fainted. At a young age, she spoke both Latin and Greek, finding solace in her studies from the harsh treatment of her parents, the Marques and Marchioness of Dorset. Her marriage to Guildford Dudley secured the power of Dudley's father, the Duke of Northumberland, who eventually persuaded Edward to name her his heir. After Edward's death in 1553, this woman reigned for nine days. For 10 points, name this sixteen- year-old English queen.
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When this ruler visited Rome at age five, Pope Leo IV dressed him in the robes and sword belt of a Roman consul. He established a new legal code with the Book of Dooms, and at the Battle of Ashdown he defeated the forces of the man with whom he would later sign the Peace of Wedmore. He personally translated from Latin works such as Bede's Ecclesiastical History and Boethius's Consolation of Philosophy. The fifth son of Aethelwulf, he defeated Guthrum's forces at Edington, pushing them back into Northumbria and East Anglia and retaking London in about 885. For 10 points, name this king of Wessex, the only "Great" English king.
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While Henry Ireton's cavalry charge from Mill Hill in this battle was repulsed, the opposing army attacked the baggage camp to search for loot. The question of, "Will you go upon your death?", posed by Marmaduke Langdale, prevented reserves from fighting. While one side saw temporary after separating George Goring from the rest of his forces, others rode south to the siege at Oxford, leading to this battle. By the end, the losing infantry was surrounded, and Prince Rupert stayed to fight Lord Fairfax and the New Model Army while the king fled. For 10 points, name this 1645 battle which saw Oliver Cromwell defeat the army of Charles I in the English Civil War.
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While he was in Arles, this man offered nine questions to the Pope concerning marriage and baptism. At a conference under an oak tree in the land of the Hwicce, he cured a blind man to demonstrate the superiority of his views on the proper dating of Easter, but his pride offended the British bishops. Fulfilling the request of the Frankish princess Bertha, Pope Gregory I sent him to preach to the Anglo-Saxons, and on Christmas Day 597 he converted ten thousand of Ethelbert's Kentish subjects to Christianity. FTP, name this first archbishop to serve in England, who shares his name with an earlier Bishop of Hippo.
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While in the Collona regiment, he coordinated papal-Spanish strategy after the Treaty of Monzón, and he served in Antonio Barberini's mission, which resulted in the Treaty of Cherasco. That work on the Mantuan succession crisis introduced him to his future benefactor, who secured for him the wealthy abbey of Corbie after he left Urban VIII's service. He negotiated an end to the Piedmontese Civil War and the surrender of Bouillon's forces during the Cinq-Mars affair. A failed invasion of Tuscan ports, coupled with the lack of major gains for the French in the Treaty of Osnabrük and tax increases, prompted the Fronde, which were revolts against the influence of, FTP, what second principle minister of France, the successor of Cardinal Richelieu?
The Cabal
While it was in power, its country signed a secret treaty with France against Holland, and in 1672, the king increased religious toleration of Catholics, which included two of its five members. The king had used it to govern since dismissing Clarendon in 1667. FTP, name this group of Charles II's ministers, known by a name that, while generic, happens to be an anagram of the initial letters of its members' surnames: Ashley, Lauderdale, Clifford, Arlington and Buckingham.
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While serving as Education Secretary, this politician cut school lunch budgets, earning the nickname “Milk Snatcher.†This leader did not accept the demands of Bobby Sands, who died while on hunger strike in the Maze Prison. James Callaghan was the predecessor of this politician, who passed an unpopular Poll Tax and privatized BP and Rolls-Royce. This Prime Minister led the United Kingdom to victory over Argentina in the Falklands War. For 10 points, name this “Iron Lady,†the first female Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
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While serving as the king's merchant at Antwerp in 1551, he managed to repay a substantial loan that allowed the king to open credit again, and after being dismissed for Protestantism by Mary he was appointed ambassador to the Netherlands in 1559 by Elizabeth. He managed to convince the government to borrow money from London financiers instead of from foreigners, and facilitated the process by founding the Royal Exchange. FTP, name this Englishman, best known for an observation which states that, given two coins of equal value, the one of lower intrinsic value will tend to drive the other one out of use, a "law" that generally says "Bad money drives out good."
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While the eventual winner of this battle offered his traitorous brother his old position back in exchange for laying down his arms, the brother's ally was only offered “seven feet of… earth.†This battle followed one at Fulford, in which the brothers Morcar and Edwin were defeated. According to legend, a single soldier held up one side's advance across a bridge over the Derwent River until an English soldier speared him from under the bridge. The defeat of Tostig and Harald Hardrada here cleared the way for the victor to proceed south, where he was killed less than three weeks later. For 10 points, name this battle that marked the end of the Viking Era whose victor Harold Godwinson would be killed on October 14, 1066, at Hastings.
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While travelling in France and Italy, he was impressed by the cultivation techniques used in the vineyards there, and he subsequently adapted the technique of pulverizing the earth between rows of crops at his farm in Berkshire. This man created a horse drawn hoe and in 1731 wrote the book The New Horse Houghing Husbandry: Or an Essay on the Principles of Tillage and Vegetation. However, he is perhaps most noted for his 1701 invention of the seed drill. FTP, name this noted English agriculturist, later the namesake of a rock band featuring Ian Anderson.
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Who was to blame? Eventual Postmaster-General James Craggs; Edward Gibbon, the grandfather of the historian; a penniless Scotsman named John Paterson; Robert Harley the Earl of Oxford; and above all, arch-swindler John Blunt. Who profited? James Stanhope and George I, at least for a while, but everybody lost big, and Robert Walpole forced Parliament to compensate for some of the losses. FTP, name this market crash caused by the failure of a company that bought a lot of English national debt before its 1720 bust -- er, burst.
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Wilfrid Holme, a contemporary writer, noted that the participants in this incident often sang songs from the prophecies of Merlin and carried a large banner showing the five wounds of Christ. It was born out of anger that had broken out two weeks earlier with an attack on John Meneage and its rapid growth led the Pope to grant legatine powers to Reginald Pole to lead it. Those involved met at Pontefract to organize their demands, which would not be met resulting in Bigod's Insurrection one month later. The assumed leader, Robert Aske, was tricked by the Duke of Norfolk and he was executed as a result. Among other things, those involved wanted the repeal of the Ten Articles, the removal of Thomas Cromwell, and the reestablishment of papal authority. For 10 points, identify this 1536 rebellion against Henry VIII, named for the presumably sacred journey undertaken by the participants
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With Philip I, this king signed a treaty nicknamed the Intercursus Malus, or Evil Agreement, because it was so disadvantageous to the Netherlands. This man sent the Italian explorer John Cabot on his expeditions. This monarch signed the Treaty of Perpetual Peace with Scotland. His legitimacy was threatened by a man who claimed to be the son of Edward IV named Perkin Warbeck. This ruler was supported by the Stanleys in a battle at which he put an end to the House of Plantagenet by defeating Richard III and the House of York. For 10 points, name this victor at the battle of Bosworth Field who ended the Wars of the Roses to become the first Tudor King of England.
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With Tancred of Lecce, this leader signed the Treaty of Messina, which freed his sister Joan and declared Arthur of Brittany to be his heir. This ruler separated the regulation of one group's business by starting the Exchequer of the Jews. This king won the Battle of Arsuf, which gave him possession of Joppa. This ruler supposedly laid siege to the castle Chalus for a hoard of gold, which led to his death by crossbow. Henry VI required 150,000 marks be paid as a ransom to free this leader after his capture on return from the Third Crusade. For 10 points, name this son of Eleanor of Aquitaine and successor of Henry II as king of England, whose epithet refers to his courage in battle.
Marengo
With an army of 30,000 men and 100 guns, Baron Michael von Melas, almost decisively surprised the enemy at this site. However, a counterattack by General de Veygoux [vay-GOO] was able to rout Melas, who suffered almost twice as many casualties as the French. It began poorly for the French, when they scattered their army, which had just moved from Dijon through the Great St. Bernard Pass in the Alps. However, the Austrian attack just north of Genoa was not quick enough and the French successfully reinforced. FTP, identify this June 14, 1800 victory by Napoleon named for the north Italian village where it was won.
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With the assistence of his chief minister, the Duc de Sully, he lowered taxes on peasantry, promoted economic recovery, and instituted a tax on the Paulette. Victor at Ivry and Arquet, he was excluded from succession by the Treaty of Nemours, but won a great victory at Coutras. His excommunication was lifted by Clement VIII, but that pope later claimed to be crucified when this monarch promulgated the Edict of Nantes. For 10 points, name this French king, the first Bourbon who admitted that "Paris is worth a mass" when he converted following the War of the Three Henrys.
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With the death of the illegitimate prince Enzio, this house became extinct. Its penultimate king was another illegitimate son, Manfred, who was the uncle of its last ruler Conradin, who was a king of Sicily. Its founder married Agnes, the daughter of Henry IV, and from their union came a line of kings that included Otto IV and this house's greatest ruler, Frederick II, who became Holy Roman Emperor in 1215. FTP, name this German ruling family that arose in the Swabian castle of Staufen.
Althing
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Anne-Louise-Germaine Necker or Mme de Staël
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Battle of Agincourt
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Isabella
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Isabella of Castile [or Isabella I; prompt on "Isabella the Catholic"; prompt on "Isabel la Católica"]
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Ivan IV (accept Ivan the Terrible before *)
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Marengo
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Margaret Hilda Roberts Thatcher
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Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher [or Margaret Hilda Roberts]
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Maria Theresa of Austria
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Mungo Park
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Napoleon III [Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte]
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The Battle of Blenheim
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The Beveridge Report [or Social and Allied Services]
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The Great Fire of London
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The Great Schism
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Theophile Gautier
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Treaty or Peace of Westphalia
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William Ewart Gladstone
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William Lamb, 2d Viscount Melbourne
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the Armenian genocide [or Medz Yeghern; if some moronic Turkish nationalist gives an answer like "the random deaths of a lot of Armenians that Turkey wasn't responsible for," you can prompt him, but he's not right until he says the word genocide]
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the Bulgarian Atrocities or Bulgarian Horrors (accept other close equivalents)
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the Decembrist Uprising (accept equivalents like the Decembrist Revolt, etc.)
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the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen or La Déclaration des droits de I'homme et du citoyen
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Varna Crusade (or Battle of Varna)
A crucial account of this event by John of Wavrin describes a small flotilla raised to participate in it by Geoffry de Thoisy, whose Burgunidan soldiers gained reputations as pirates during this campaign. It saw an early victory over the governor of Nis which was heralded by its promoters like Julian Cesarini, who protested the signing of a ten-year truce during this event known as the Peace of Szeged. That treaty was soon violated, however, and the armies of the despot Durad Brankovic and King Vladislav III were destroyed along with the forces of Janos Hunyadi at the eponymous battle by Murad II. FTP, name this crusade called by Eugenius IV against the Ottoman army in 1444 and named for a port city in Bulgaria.
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A member of this dynasty effected the conversion of his subjects to Catholicism following his signing of the Treaty of Krewo, and this dynasty lost much of its power during the reign of Alexander I, who was succeeded by his brother Sigismund the Old. A member of this dynasty successfully waged the Thirteen Years' War and managed to place his son on the throne of Bohemia. That son was killed by the Turks at the 1444 Battle of Varna, while another member of this dynasty granted the privilegia casimiriana which formed the basis for the rights of a free city situated on the Baltic. The most famous member of this dynasty was the son of Algirdas who settled his differenses with his cousin Vytautas at the 1401 Treaty of Vilnius. For ten points, identify this dynasty which took its name from the man who married Jadwiga, thereby uniting Poland and Lithuania.
Kalmar Union
Achieved after Albert of Mecklenburg failed to pay a tribute, its end was precipitated by the Stockholm Bloodbath, Christian II's murder of 82 noblemen. Realized with the coronation of Erik of Pomerania, it was the driven by the ambition of Queen Maragaret of Norway and was the subject of the meeting of three Rigsraads on Trinity Sunday in 1397. Dissolved by Gustav I Vasa in 1523, FTP name this 136 year union of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway.
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He first joined the Socialist party in 1904, and by 1919 was in charge of the party and its journal Le Populaire. By the time he became premier, he was the first socialist and first Jew to lead France. He pushed through the 40-hour workweek and nationalized military industries, as the leader of a coalition of Socialists, Radicals, and other left leaning parties. FTP, identify this man known for his work with the Popular Front.
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He fled to France in order to escape his creditors in 1816, not long after his penchant for clever insults lost him his royal patronage. He later pulled his life together long enough to become British Consul in Caen, only to return to debtors' prison shortly afterwards, and he eventually died in a French insane asylum. For 10 points name this onetime fashion icon and sidekick of the future George IV, the unofficial "arbiter elegantiarum" of the British Regency.
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He managed the family plantation on Andros Island, before returning to become mayor of his hometown. He served in various government posts at the national level including postmaster general and minister of health, and he would later serve loyally as lord president of the council under his most foremost critic. But it is for a second version of the Godesberg proposal, which he agreed to sign, along with Edouard Daladier, on September 30th 1938 that he is best known. FTP identify this Englishman who spoke of "peace in our time," the prime minister who signed the ineffective Munich Pact.
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In order to secure the succession of the throne, he took his son Robert as his associate and gave away much of his land holdings. He spent much of his reign fighting against Charles I of Lower Lorraine, for upon the death of Louis V, the nobles and prelates elected him king, ending the reign of the Carolingian line to which Charles was heir. FTP, identify this king of France, who gave his name to the dynasty that ruled France until 1328.
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It was renamed in honor of Sir Christopher Hatton. It was originally accompanied by the Marigold, Swan, and Christopher. Originally known as the Pelican, it was renamed near the Cape of Virgins following the execution of Thomas Doughty. Its notable achievements include the capture of the Cacofuego and an arrival in Plymouth on September 26, 1580, almost three years after it departed. FTP, name this English vessel which circumnavigated the globe under the command of Sir Francis Drake.
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Its abolition was founded on the interpretation of laws made during the reign of Edward III and also repealed any proscriptions made in the third year of Henry VII's reign. It was initially created when Parliament was compelled to pass an act asserting the ancient right of kings to hear petitions of redress. Francis Bacon became its clerk in 1589, long after Henry VII had devised it in 1487. The Long Parliament abolished it in 1641, as its supplementary powers over the common-law courts had grown too great. FTP, identify this English judicial body whose name came from the constellations painted on the ceiling of the room where it first met.
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Its smaller settlements include the fishing port Marciana Marina, the resort town Marina di Campo, and the more centrally-located Poggio. Often carrying a batch of criminals to the penal colony at Porto Azzurro, the boat from Piombino needs only a half hour to cover the six miles lying between the capital at Portoferraio and the Italian mainland. FTP, name the Tyrrhenian island on which, between May 1814 and March 1815, Napoleon Bonaparte lived in exile.
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One of its three leaders died of drowning while crossing Anatolia. Another was taken prisoner in Austria and ransomed by Emperor Henry VI. Called in response to the Battle of Hittim, its major accomplishment was the conclusion of an agreement whereby the safety of pilgrims was safeguarded in the Holy Land. It failed, however, in its goal to retake Jerusalem. FTP name this 1189-1192 effort led by Frederick I, Richard I, and Philip II.
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The commander-in-chief of this polity's army is the subject of a memorial designed by Bertel Thorvaldsen. This polity's army defeated General Pahlen at the Battle of Zedtiltz, and had earlier won the Battle of Raszyn as part of an invasion of Austria. Nominally led by Frederich Augustus I of Saxony, this polity was created by an agreement signed in the Nemen River on a raft by France and Russia, the 1806 Treaty of Tilsit. After its demise, most of this polity was given to Russia, which turned it into the "Congress Kingdom." For 10 points, name this Napoleonic puppet state centered on the capital of Poland.
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This enemy of the Military Council for National Salvation, who was supported by the KOR, negotiated a twenty-one-point agreement with Edward Gierek. After holding his most powerful position, this author of The Struggle and the Triumph and A Way of Hope co-founded the AWS, and while in power he declared a “war at the top.†This enemy of the PZPR won concessions at his nation's round-table talks. He implemented Leszek Balcerowicz's brand of "shock therapy," and he was defeated in a re-election bid by Alexander Kwasniewski in 1995. Earlier, he helped lead an organization that began in the Lenin Shipyard in Gdansk. For 10 points, name this Polish winner of the 1983 Nobel Peace Prize for his work with the Solidarity trade union.
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This event saw the condemnation of a form of communion practiced by Jakoubek of Stribro. John XXIII offered to resign from the papacy during the second session of this event and the primary election at this event occurred despite not having Peter de Luna's cardinals present. This event saw the order to exhume the bones of John Wycliffe and occurred due to the wishes of Emperor Sigismund. One of the major consequences of this event was the wars fought by figures such as Jan Ziska, a result of the execution of Jan Hus that occurred after this event. For ten points name this 1414-1418 Church Council that installed Oddo Colona as Pope Martin V thereby ending the Western Schism.
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This man assisted his nephew-in-law to victory at the battle of Val-ès-Dunes, but would later turn against him and lose a battle to him at Varaville. This man's father was nicknamed "the Pious," even though he was excommunicated by Pope Gregory V, and spent much of his reign getting the church to recognize him as duke of Burgundy. This man had two wives named Matilda who died, but his third wife, Anne of Kiev, bore him such illustrious offspring as the crusader Hugh of Vermandois and his successor, Philip I. FTP, name this French monarch, a Capetian who ruled from 1031 until 1060, quarrelled with William the Conqueror, and preceded by five centuries the next three French kings to share his name.
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This man gave the Invocavit sermons and opposed the Peasant's War. The papal bull Exsurge Domine was issued against this man by Pope Leo X. He opposed Johann Tetzel before being compared to Jan Hus by Johann Eck. This man was intercepted by Frederick III and taken to Wartburg Castle during his return trip from a meeting at which Charles V called him a heretic, the Diet of Worms. For 10 points, name this monk who started the Protestant Reformation when he nailed Ninety-Five Theses to a church door in Wittenberg.
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This man orchestrated the fall of the Duke de La Vieuville after he was himself dismissed from office when Charles de Luynes' conspiracy resulted in the death of his patron, Concino Concini. After personally overseeing the siege of Rochelle, this man negotiated the Peace of Alais with the Huguenots, and in the Day of the Dupes, he was almost dismissed at the behest of his king's mother, Marie de Medici. A supporter of French involvement in the Thirty Years War, this man was succeeded by Cardinal Mazarin in his highest post in 1642. For 10 points, name this Chief Minister of Louis XIII.
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This man was the governor of the Kaffa region during his grandfather's reign, and he banished the concubine Gulbehar from his kingdom. He signed the Peace of Amasia with Tahmasp, who kept control of Tabriz, though late in his life, he lost a campaign against the Knights of St. John in Malta. He employed Sinan as the chief architect, married Roxelana, and was often called "kanuni." Though his navy led by Barbarossa suffered heavy losses in his capture of Rhodes, he defeated Louis II in the 1526 Battle of Mohacs, but he failed in his siege of Vienna. The son of Selim the Grim, for 10 points, name this ruler of the Ottoman Empire who is often called "the magnificent."
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This ruler was opposed by a Robert Aske-led movement whose red flag showed the stigmata, the Pilgrimage of Grace. This king's commander, Thomas Howard, defeated the Scots at Flodden Field. His meeting with Francis I at the Field of the Cloth of Gold was organized by his adviser, Cardinal Thomas Wolsey. He pushed for the first Act of Supremacy and established the Church of England after Clement VII refused to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. For 10 points, name this Tudor father of Elizabeth I, an English king who beheaded two of his six wives.
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(Warning, two answers required!) The Holy Roman Emperor renounced claims to the Spanish throne but did not actually make peace with Spain or recognize Philip V. Charles VI was recognized by France as ruler of Milan, Tuscany, Naples, southern Netherlands, and Sardinia. Charles recovered Breisach, Kehl, and Freiberg and ceded Strasbourg and Alcase. The electors of Bavaria and Cologne recovered their possessions. FTP name these 1714 treaties that ended Charles VI's attempt to continue the War of Spanish Succession, concluding the Peace of Utrecht.
Archduke Franz Ferdinand [or Francis Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria-este; or Franz Ferdinand, Erzherzog Von Österreich-este]
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Armenian massacres (or atrocities or something similar)
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Athens or Athinai (accept Attica or the Duchy of Athens until "city" is mentioned)
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Austerlitz (accept early Battle of the Three Emperors)
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Basil II or Basil Bulgaroktonos or Basil Bulgar-Slayer
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Battle of Austerlitz
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Battle of Bannockburn
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Battle of Culloden Moor
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Battle of Stamford Bridge
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Battle of Tewkesbury
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Charlemagne
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Charlemagne [or Carolus Magnus or Charles the Great; prompt on "Charles" or "Carolus"]
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Charlemagne [or Charles I; or Charles the Great; or Charles le Grand; or Karl der Grosse; or Carolus Magnus; prompt on Charles]
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Charlemagne [or Charles I; or Charles the Great; or Karl der Grosse from any Germans]
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Charlemagne [or Charles the Great; or Carolus Magnus]
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Charles Baudelaire
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Charles II Stuart
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Charles IV
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Charles Maurice de Talleyrand Perigourd
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Charles Stewart Parnell
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Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire [or Charles I of Spain; prompt on Charles]
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Chartism (accept: Chartists)
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Chartism [or Chartists]
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Don John (or Juan) of Austria
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Dunkirk
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House of Hapsburg (accept House of Austria)
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House of Hohenzollern
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House of Savoy
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Innocent X (accept on Giovanni Battista Pamphili before it's mentioned and prompt on it afterwards)
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Ionian Revolt [accept obvious equivalents]
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Treaty of San Stefano
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Treaty of Tilsit
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Treaty of Troyes
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Treaty of Verdun
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Treaty of Versailles
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Vasa
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the Night of the Long Knives
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A final attack mounted by the Counts Marle and Fauquembergues and an earlier attack on the baggage train likely combined to explain the victorious commander's order to execute prisoners. The victor's flanks were protected by long stakes driven into the ground while the losers attack was so funneled that they couldn't wield their weapons when they reached the enemy line. The French commander, d'Albret, blocked the road to Calais and in the resultant battle the masses of English longbows proved devastating to the clumsy French knights. FTP, name this battle of the Hundred Years' War fought in 1415, a resounding victory of Henry V.
Ostpolitik
A treaty with Poland confirming recognition of the Oder-Neisse boundary. A German-Soviet treaty renouncing "the use of force in Europe." A four-power agreement clarifying the international status of West Berlin and granting its citizens freedom of movement. The chancellor's bow in front of a Warsaw monument to Holocaust victims. All were manifestations of, FTP, German leader Willy Brandt's policy of reducing conflict between West Germany and the Soviet bloc.
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Due to the insistence that these acts be ratified within four days, a secret set of minutes was prepared which included the legislative objections on them, while the published minutes showed a unanimous, unquestioned vote. The next year, the legislature was stripped of debating privileges and allowed only to vote under the "Final Act," which strengthened these laws. The idea for these acts was formulated during demonstrations at the Wartburg Festival. Their provisions included establishing a secret police at Mainz, empowering the confederation Diet to censor all periodicals, and dissolving the "youth associations" at Jena and other universities. A response to Karl Sand's murder of August Kotzebue, they were agreed to by eleven ministers at a meeting in Bohemia. For 10 points, identify these 1819 laws written by Metternich, which restricted liberal and nationalist groups in German lands.
Albania
During World War II, resistance movements in this country included the Legality Party. Abdyl Ypi was unable to attend the Congress of Lushnjë, which reformed this country, because he was assassinated by the puppet government which ruled from Durrës. This modern state declared its independence in the Vlorë Proclamation, shortly after which it was ruled for six months by the German prince Wilhelm zu Wied. Riven by conflict between the traditionalist bajraktars and the liberalizing forces led by Fan Noli, it was later oppressed by a secret police called the Sigurimi. Since 1990, events in this country have included the fall of Ramiz Alia's dictatorship and the bankrupting of most of its population during a 1997 wave of pyramid schemes. Invaded by Italy during World War II, this country was once ruled by King Zog. For 10 points, name this state which became an isolated outpost of the Communist world under its longtime ruler Enver Hoxha.
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During his eleven years as an MP for Coventry this man organized a civilian works corps to help the army in Crimea and promoted a harmonic integration of railways. He worked with Joseph Lindley to publish The Magazine of Botany and The Flower Garden, works that drew heavily from his time with the Duke of Devonshire where he supervised the construction of a conservatory at Chatsworth and designed a lily house for the rare Victoria Regia. His most famous work was eventually moved to Sydenham Hill until it was destroyed by fire in 1936, a full 85 years after it was originally exhibited. FTP name this architect who constructed the crowning jewel of 1851's Great Exhibition, the Crystal Palace.
Oliver Cromwell
During his reign, this man established subordinate bodies called the Triers and Ejectors to rule over clergy and teachers. Following a failed coup attempt against him led by John Lambert, he disbanded the Assembly of Saints, and this ruler mandated that Parliament follow the "four fundamentals." His rule saw the conquering of Jamaica by the British. His government, which fought for the “Good Old Cause,†worked to oppress sects like the Fifth Monarchy Men. One of his greatest military campaigns concluded with the Battle of Worcester, a conflict that followed his predecessor's Bishops' Wars. This organizer of the New Model Army was succeeded by his son Richard. For 10 points, name this first Lord Protector of England.
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Early in this man's reign he faced revolts from Theobald IV of Champaign and Pierre Mauclerc, and his biographer was Jean de Joinville. He defeated Hugh of Lusignan and the English at the Battle of Taillebourg, and with James I of Aragon he signed the Treaty of Corbeil. With a Treaty of Paris he ensured Languedoc would become a royal possession, ending the Albigensian Crusade, and he constructed the Sainte-Chapelle. This son of Blanche of Castille captured Damietta before failing to take Cairo, ending the Seventh Crusade. For 10 points, name this only French king to be canonized.
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Ecclesiastically, it ended all religious persecution in Germany and confirmed the Treaty of Passau and the Peace of Augsburg. Politically, it ceded the archbishoprics of Bremen and Verden to Sweden, while the Lower Palatinate was restored to Charles Louis, eldest son of Frederick V, and the de facto independence of the United Provinces of the Netherlands was recognized. Including the Treaties of Munster and Osnabruck, FTP, what was this agreement that was signed on October 24, 1648 and ended the Thirty Years' War?
Flodden Field
Fearing that the opposing army would retreat, the English commander issued a challenge to the invaders, who agreed to wait until September 9 to begin this battle. Despite being outnumbered 30,000 to 20,000, the English were victorious due to the success of their archers against the invader's right flank and the superiority of the English bills against the Scottish spears. A victory for the Earl of Surrey over James IV of Scotland, FTP, what was this 1513 battle that secured the Scottish border for a generation?
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Great-grandfather: Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy. Paternal grandfather: Maximilian I. Father: Philip I, king of Castile. Maternal grandparents: Ferdinand and Isabella. FTP, what Habsburg used all of these beneficial relations to become king of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor by 1519?
Henry II
He initiated the assizes of Northampton in order to combat the anarchy rampant during the reign of his predecessor, who he had earlier forced to sign the Treaty of Wellingford or Winchester making him the sole heir to the throne. Known by such monikers as Fitzempress and Curtmantle, he is best known today for conflict instigated by his Constitutions of Clerendon, in which he sought to curb the power of the church. The last years of his reign were marred by the revolts of his sons, who were encouraged by his wife, Elinor of Aquitaine. FTP, who was this first of the Angevin kings, known for his feud with Thomas a Becket?
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He is the namesake of a five-member archipelago to the west of Duncan Island in the Galapagos, and his name was used for eleven years as a pseudonym in The New Yorker's "The Wayward Press" column by Robert Benchley. He was recruited while fighting for Spain in the Netherlands under the name of Guido and was eventually executed on the same day as Thomas Wintour. He pretended to be John Johnson, a servant of Thomas Percy, when discovered in a cellar after joining a group led by Robert Catesby. That led to his name gracing a holiday, also called Bonfire Night, which takes place on November 5. FTP, identify this member of the Gunpowder Plot, who attempted to blow up Parliament and James I in 1605.
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His most famous voyage was inspired in part to take over the territory at Nootka Sound, and his book describing the voyage was completed on his death by his lieutenant, Peter Puget, for whom this man named Puget Sound. After sailing on James Cook's second and third voyages, he visited the Hawaiian islands, where his presentation of the British flag to Kamehameha led to the Union Jack's inclusion in the Hawaiian flag. He then conducted a detailed survey of the western coast of North America from 1792-94. FTP, who was this British explorer for whom a large island off the coast of British Columbia is now named?
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His navy won a major battle at Preveza under Khayr ad- Din, and his court included the architect Sinan and his vizier Ibrahim. He died while besieging the fortress of Szigetvar, and the later years of his reign where filled with civil struggles between his sons. But he is most famous for subduing Louis II of Hungary in a 1526 battle and for his expansionist campaign against the Safavids. FTP identify this Ottoman sultan whose 46 year reign saw great military and cultural advancements for the Turkish empire inherited from his father Selim the Grim.
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His sister Anna wrote The Tale of a Great Sham, which emerged from her discontent with the League of which he had been the president. He was released from prison in return for help in suppressing violence through the Kilmainham Treaty, which brought an end to the Land War. He also gained status due to the deaths of T.H. Burke and Frederick Cavendish in Phoenix Park, which allowed him to displace the National League with his own Home Rule Party. His downfall began in 1889 when his alliance with Gladstone unravelled, and his fate was sealed in 1891 when the Freeman's Journal abandoned him, after he was named in a divorce petition involving William and Kitty O'Sheaa. FTP, name this leading Irish nationalist of the 1880s.
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His son and successor was excommunicated by Pope Gregory V, which would seem to bely his nickname. This man's problems with Church figures came to a head when the Bishop of Laon joined with Eudes of Blois in a plot designed to deliver him into the hands of his enemy Otto III. He also was at odds with Pope John XV, particularly over the deposition of archbishop Arnulf, the nephew of the duke of Lorraine. That duke, Charles, was the only legitimate heir to a certain crown following the death of Louis the Indolent. However, this man schemed with yet another clergymen, Adalbero of Reims, who crowned him at Noyon in 987. The originator of a dynasty which lasted until the 1328 death of Charles the Fair, FTP, name this king, the name of whose dynasty derived from his penchant for "wearing a cape."
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His studies under tutors Jean Belmain and Sir John Cheke included an essay on the horrors of war excoriating the consequences of his father's war with France and an argument in French against the papal supremacy. John Foxe imagined him as a new King Josiah, purifying the temple by the burning of idolatrous images. Kett's rebels, angered by enclosure, and the Cornish rebels angered by his religious policy were put down by force. Power during his reign was held by the Duke of Somerset, who was named Lord Protector, and John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland, who attempt to secure his Protestant legacy by promoting the succession of Lady Jane Grey. FTP, name this son of Jane Seymour, the "boy king" who died, probably of tuberculosis, at the age of sixteen.
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His two main rivals were warlords named Kobyak and Konchak, according to the Hypatian and Laurentian Chronicles. Edward Keenan of Harvard argues that the most famous literary work describing this man was a forgery by the 18th-century Czech writer Josef Dobrovsky, but Roman Jakobson argued for the work's authenticity by comparing it to the Zadonshchina. Eventually named ruler of Chernigov, he and his brothers set out in 1185 on a failed expedition against the Kumans, who were immortalized in an operatic dance 700 years later under the name of Polovetsians. FTP, name this Kievan prince whose life became the subject of an early Russian epic poem and an opera by Aleksandr Borodin.
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In 1931, he was nearly assassinated by two gunmen as he left a performance of I Pagliacci at the Vienna Opera House. In 1938, he married Geraldine Apponyi, a postcard saleswoman at the Budapest National Museum. He went into exile after Italy overran his country in 1939, abandoning the republican government he had formed in 1922. After World War II, he officially abdicated after the takeover of his kingdom by Communists under Enver Hoxha. Giving himself a royal name meaning "bird," FTP, name this Albanian leader who declared himself king in 1928.
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In one conflict of this name, William of Cassingham conducted a guerilla campaign against the invading army, while Hubert de Burgh defended Dover Castle during a three-month siege. That conflict also saw the defeat of Eustace the Monk's naval forces at the Battle of Sandwich, and it was concluded by the Treaty of Lambeth after Robert Fitzwalter was captured at Lincoln. The more famous conflict of this name saw the victorious commander issue the Dictum of Kenilworth to the followers of the Sixth Earl of Leicester. Though the rebelling side scored an early victory against the Royalists at Lewes, that group ultimately lost this conflict when its leader was killed by Edward Longshanks at the battle of Evesham. Arising when Henry III abrogated the Provisions of Oxford, for 10 points, name this uprising led by Simon de Montfort and the namesake group of noblemen.
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In the Hulsemann letter the Taylor administration's support of this event was protested by the region's ruler. It began with a March 3rd speech in which its leader urged a crown prince to 'perpetuate the ancient glory of the dynasty by meeting half-way the aspirations of a free people' and was finally defeated when the revolutionary government fled to Debrecen and Arthur Görgei surrendered. The setting of the fall of both Emperor Ferdinand I and Metternich, FTP, name this 1848 revolution which led to the ascension of Franz Joseph and the exile of Lajos Kossuth in the namesake nation.
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It began on October 1 with a number of concerts and balls to entertain the delegates, leading the Prince de Ligne to famously say that "it doesn't work, it dances." Work did get done, however, like installing the Prince of Orange on the throne of the United Netherlands, giving the left bank of the Rhine to Prussia, and making Sweden sovereign over Norway. On March 13th, the delegates officially termed Napoleon an outlaw, but Talleyrand stayed to continue his diplomatic work. Meeting in 1814 and 1815, FTP what was this summit of European powers called to reshape the continent after Napoleon's defeat?
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It began when the leader interrupted a speech by Gustav van Kahr and it was aimed at kidnapping a triumvir of officials including General Lossow and Colonel Seisser. As part of this action men under Ernst Rohm were to seize strategic points about the city. Its leader started it with the proclamation that "The National Revolution has begun" and this event ended after a brief firefight between insurgents and police in the Residenzstrasse. Lenient juries completely let off one major leader, Erich Ludendorf, while the other was given only five years in prison and only served eight months, during which time he wrote Mein Kampf. FTP, name this 1923 rebellion in Munich led by Adolf Hitler.
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It began with a series of daytime convoy raids along the southern coast and a series of nighttime attacks on Guisborough, Canewdon, Hertford, Welwyn, and other Scottish population centers. Conducted under the command of Sir Cyril Newall and Sir Hugh Dowding it lasted approximately three and a half months. It is considered part of Operation Sea Lion and resulted in the destruction of 2,698 Luftwaffe aircraft at the cost of only 915 Royal Air Force planes. FTP, name this aerial engagement that resulted in the Nazis abandoning plans to invade the United Kingdom.
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It began with its namesake landing at Lyme Regis with eighty-two supporters. Its leader and his men stayed overnight in the town of Shepton Mallet both before and after their unsuccessful attempt to capture Bristol. Lord Feversham defended both Bristol and Bath from the rebel forces, leading to the eventual massacre of the peasant army at Sedgemoor by John Churchill, later the Duke of Marlborough. Resulting in the Bloody Assizes and led by the titular illegitimate son of Charles II, FTP, name this 1685 Protestant rebellion against James II.
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It decreed that kings should not be anointed on their heads, and that chrism should be reserved for church ceremonies. The distinction betwen regalia, granted through the lance, and spiritualia, received through the ring and staff, was based on an earlier settlement between Paschal II and the English king. At the request of the archbishop of Mainz, its decisions were confirmed by the First Lateran Council the following year. Arguing that the emperor could be present during the election of bishops and abbots, FTP, identify this 1122 agreement between Calixtus II and Holy Roman Emperor Henry V that sought to end the struggle over lay investiture.
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It was a result of the revolt of Maurice of Saxony and the subsequent Treaty of Passau which provided for the meeting that produced it. The emperor was not present and he empowered his brother, who later became Ferdinand I, with his authority. It provided for movement into different states and allowed certain imperial cities freedom of worship but did not recognize the Anabaptists or Calvinists. FTP, identify this 1555 accord which declared that a state's religion would be that of the princes and allowed toleration of Lutheranism in Germany.
Ukraine [or Ukrayina]
One leader based in this modern country made his people swear allegiance to Russia by the Pereyaslav Agreement, and that man earlier led the successful Khmelnytsky uprising against the Poles. Over seven million people died in the Holodomor famine forced on this country in the 1930s by the Soviet Union. This country was once the location of the Cossack Hetmanate. A candidate for the presidency of this country in 2004 was found to be suffering from dioxin poisoning. That election became the focus of the Orange Revolution and resulted in the presidency of Viktor Yushchenko. For 10 points, name this eastern European country with a capital at Kiev.
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One lesser branch of this group was known as the Dragovitsians, while another was called the Patarenes. The only prayer recited by its members was "Our Father," recited 120 times per day, and trained an elite caste known as "the Elect." Their leader was condemnded by Nicholas III, and this group had its origin in a community of Armenians originally brought to Philipopolis by John Tzimisces. Theologically related to the Cathars, they believed that the world had been created by Satan, God's eldest son, and that Jesus entered Mary through the ear. Rejecting Christ's miracles and infamous for their orgies, for ten points, identify this group of dualist heretics led by Basil the Physician, eradicated in the Byzantine empire and Bulgaria in the thirteenth century.
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One location by this name, southwest of Hobart, occupied the worst convicts of Van Diemen's Land producing lumber until 1877. Another was an early center of the oil industry near Beaumont, Texas. The third and most famous was occupied in 1897 as a response to German aggression in Kiaochow, even though it had been leased to another power under the treaty of Shimonoseki. That power, angered by plans to connect it to the Chinese Eastern Railway at Harbin, made it the target of a surprise attack in February 1904. FTP, Lushun is the current name of this site on China's Liaodong peninsula, once a Russian port on the Pacific and the principal strategic objective of the Russo-Japanese War.
Prague Spring
One meeting during this event required delegates to disguise themselves as workers to convene the Vysocany Congress. The leader of this movement launched an "Action Program" that was intended to change the direction of the KSC party. This period saw the publishing by Ludvik Vaculik of the "Two Thousand Words" manifesto. The Soviet response to this event resulted in the promulgation of the Brezhnev Doctrine. The reforms of this period were intended to bring about "socialism with a human face." For 10 points, name this event that resulted in a Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968, which was a brief period of liberalization under Alexander Dubcek.
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One member of this family became the patron saint of earthquakes after he renounced his position as Duke of Gandia and became the third leader of the Jesuits. An apocryphal story suggests that during the Siege of Belgrade another member, PopeCallixtus III, excommunicated Halley's Comet. Another member of this family was famously found dead in the Tiber, while his brother, suspected of the murder, fled after the ascension of Julius II and died during a siege in Valencia. Noted during their day for poisoning enemies, this is, FTP, what Renaissance family of Spain and Italy, which included Rodrigo, also known as Pope Alexander VI, and his children, Giovanni, Cesare, andLucrezia?
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One of his campaigns was conducted against Grimoald III, duke of Benevento, who had formerly been his hostage. In his namesake Libri, theologians attacked the Second Council of Nicaea, before he himself convened the Synod of Frankfurt, which overruled that ecumenical council. In his "cold war" with the Byzantines, he advanced his own candidate to succeed Hadrian I, Pope Leo III. Defeat at Zaragoza forced his troops to retreat to Roncevaux Pass in the Pyrenees, a site famous for the poem it inspired, The Song of Roland. His biographer Einhard served as secretary for his son and successor, Louis the Pious. FTP, name this king of the Franks, whom Leo crowned Holy Roman Emperor on December 25, 800.
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One of its first major actions was a response to the assassination of the German ambassador, Count Wilhelm von Mirbach-Harff. A month later, Fanny Kaplan's attempt at killing the country's leader led to its receiving the power to impose death sentences. When peasants refused to sell their grain to the government at fixed prices, it was empowered to seize the grain, which resulted in the so-called "Bread War." These things made it understandably unpopular, and a year before it was superseded by the State Political Administration its power to investigate ordinary crimes was withdrawn. When it was established by the Sovnarkom, it was given extraordinary powers to combat counter-revolution and sabotage. FTP, name this police force which preceded the GPU, and which was established in 1917 with Felix Dzerzhinsky as its first head.
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Shame to him who thinks evil of it is the motto of this group whose membership consists of its country's sovereign, a prince, and 50 "knight companions". Founded in 1348, legend holds it was created after an incident during a dance between the Countess of Salisbury and Edward III, who put on an item of clothing which had fallen off the Countess. Considered the highest honor in England, FTP, what is this English order of knights?
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The Weisberg massacre was part of this war, which first erupted at Stühlingen. One military commander in this war was a man known for his iron hand, Götz von Berlichingen. The demands of one side in this conflict were expressed by Schappler in the "Twelve Articles" and included the election of pastors and the end of serfdom. The defeat at Frankhausen of the radical Thomas Muntzer by the Swabian League signaled the end of this war, whose namesake people were denounced as "murderous, thieving hordes" by Martin Luther. For 10 points, name this rebellion in sixteenth-century Germany, an uprising of a downtrodden group of people.
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The implication of Oswald Tesimond in this affair gave the government impetus to search Jesuit households. Thomas Bates, a servant of one of its leaders, was one of the few who managed to flee from the raid of Holbeche House, in which most of the principals were killed or arrested. Among those principals was Thomas Percy, who rented the room at the center of the plan. A tip sent to Lord Monteagle led to a search of that basement of the House of Lords, where John Johnson was found with matches. FTP, name this 1605 attempt, led by Robert Cateseby and Guy Fawkes in 1605, to blow up the houses of Parliament and James I.
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The king was almost convinced to aid the Dutch in their rebellion against rival Spain. The Queen Mother saw France in no position to intervene. So she came up with a plan. She invited dozens of nobles to her niece's wedding, and pressured her son, Charles IX, to get rid of them all. De Coligny, Henri de Navarre, and hundreds of Protestant nobles and peasants were butchered in chaos which would spread throughout France and effectively diminish the strength of the French Reformation. For ten points, give the name this outburst of violence.
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The legitimate political party from which this group splintered in 1959, the PNV, had existed since 1894, but was unwilling to begin an armed struggle for independence. It not only survived the Franco regime, but dispatched one of its leaders with a car bomb. FTP, name this Basque terrorist organization, responsible for a large number of assassinations and much political discord in Spain and France.
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This conflict included the signing of the Act of Accord. Enmity between the Percy and Neville families was high during this conflict. The Earl of Warwick led forces to victory at the First Battle of St. Albans and later got the epithet “Kingmaker†for successfully crowning Edward IV during this war, which included battles at Northampton and Tewkesbury. During this conflict, Henry VII defeated Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field. For 10 points, name this series of British wars that pitted the houses of Lancaster and York against each other.
July Revolution or rebellion or uprising, etc. (or the French Revolution of 1830)
This event was sparked by the passing six years earlier of the Law Against Sacrilege, which doled out increasing criminal penalties for theft or profanation of holy objects or vessels containing holy objects. A petition drafted in the midst of this event by men like Casimir Perier and Georges Mouton was quickly rebuffed by Auguste Marmont. Most immediately, it was caused by a set of documents which placed censorship orders on the press, drafted by the newly appointed Jules de Polignac. His attempt to dissolve the Chamber of Deputies resulted in the storming of the Hotel de Ville during the "Three Glorious Days" after the drafting of some namesake ordinances in this event. For 10 points, name this uprising by which King Charles X was forced into exile and replaced with Louis-Philippe in 1830, and which bears the name of a certain month.
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This family was divided into two lines, those "of the doe" and "of the lily," based on their coat of arms. They were nearly bankrupted when their partnership in the spice trade with Prince Bishop of Brixen floundered, but the secret purchase of Charles the Bold's crown jewels kept them solvent. Founded by a weaver from Augsburg named Hans, they made much of their fortune through mines in Guadalcanal, Neusohl, and Tyrol. Jakob, nicknamed "the Rich," funded Charles V's defeat of Francis I for the title of Holy Roman Emperor, while their influence with the clergy was denounced by Luther. FTP identify this German banking dynasty that dominated Europe during the 15th and 16th centuries.
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This kingdom was partitioned under the Treaty of Tudillén, though its ruler Sancho the Wise was able to resist the agreement. Berengaria of this kingdom married the English king Richard I. One Joan of this kingdom was the mother of French kings Louis X, Philip V, and Charles IV, and another was the daughter of Charles the Bad. Founded early on by Iñigo Arista, a queen of this kingdom wrote the Heptameron. A later ruler from here was advised by the Duke de Sully and was the victor at the Battle of Coutras who assassinated the Duke of Guise, winning the War of the Three Henrys. FTP, name this long-independent state which was then absorbed into France by its native son, who became the French king Henry IV.
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This legislation established the Consolidated General Order to oversee a system modeled on John Becher's work at Southwell, and it was protested by Joshua Hobson's Murder Book. Driven by Edwin Chadwick's reading of a sensationalist Mark Peters article and by the violent Swing Riots, this legislation scrapped the failed Speenhamland and pro-human auctioning Roundsman systems. This bill sought to correct the failed modifications proposed by Knatchbull and Gilbert for a 1601 law, and tragically discouraged one action's "outdoor" form. The Andover scandal resulted from the ensuing bureaucratic war zones created by legislation, whose "less illegibility" provision actually banned tolerable conditions in workhouses. Passed two years after the Great Reform Bill and inspired by the ideas of Bentham, and Malthus, for 10 points, identify this 1834 legislation that ended up starving and killing rather than aiding many of its namesake impoverished Britons.
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This man came to power after the death of his predecessor at the hands of Walter Tirel. He further solidified his position by marrying the Scottish princess Edith and by ceding lands in Normandy in the treaty of Alton. His conflict with Paschal II was settled by the Concordat of London, which also led to the return from exile of St.Anselm. This king established the Exchequer and also issued reforms in the Charter of Liberties. The death of his legitimate heir William Atheling in the White Ship Tragedy resulted in civil war between this ruler's daughter Matilda and his eventual successor Stephen of Blois. For 10 points name this Norman ruler, nicknamed the Lion of Justice and Beauclerc, the second of William the Conqueror's sons and first of his name to rule England.
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This man criticized his country's involvement in foreign wars in an allegorical fable called The Ox. He demanded compensation for the family of Jacob Kaiser and forced another group to end its alliance with Austria in an armistice that he negotiated to end a war in which no battles occurred. This man executed Felix Mantz, a founder of a group known as his nation's Brethren. That group later became the Anabaptists, whom this man attacked with tracts like Tricks of the Catabaptists. He was succeeded by Heinrich Bullinger after his death during the Second Kappel War. His denial of the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist caused his split with Martin Luther at the Marburg Colloquy. For 10 points, name this Swiss Protestant reformer who preached at Zürich.
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This man defeated forces invading his nation during the Great Sleigh Drive, and invited Hugenots into his country via the Edict of Potsdam. He was forced to give up the lands of Bremen-Verden in the Peace of Saint-Germain-En-Laye, which also forced him to give up Swedish Pomerania. This man was forced to become a vassal of Charles X Gustav by the Treaty of Konigsberg. His delegation of power to subordinate commanders during battle would form the basis of the Auf-trag-staktik doctrine later employed by Germany. A staunch Calvinist, he pushed for several internal improvements such as a canal system, and his successor Frederick I managed to transform his nation into a Kingdom because of his policies. For 10 points, identify this Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia from 1640 until 1688, whose political skill earned him the title "The Great Elector."
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This man first distinguished himself as chief secretary to Ireland before being elected to Parliament from Oxford. While serving as home secretary to Arthur Wellesley, he helped carry out the concessionary Emancipation Act, allowing Catholics to sit in Parliament, though it cost him his own seat. Earlier, he had revamped Britain's criminal code and established the London police force, now named for him. His first stint as prime minister lasted only about five months, but he came back six years later, in 1841, for a second term, during which he reinstituted the income tax and famously repealed the Corn Laws. FTP name this British prime minister who founded the Conservative Party.
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This man ordered the beheading of 4,500 Saxons in the Massacre of Verden, and he signed the Treaty of Heiligen with Danish King Hemming. This ruler deposed Tassilo III of Bavaria, and this man helped Leo III regain his position as Pope after conquering the Lombards. Einhard served as the principle biographer of this ruler, and men such as Alcuin of York brought about his namesake renaissance. The ambush of this ruler's rearguard by Basques at the Battle of Ronceveaux has been immortalized in the Song of Roland. For 10 points, name this son of Pepin the Short who was crowned on Christmas day 800 as Roman Emperor.
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This man received the undesirable assignment of guarding Black Rock. William B. Giles got this man a commission to an artillery corps early in his career, and in another post, this man replaced John Wool. He was captured on the Niagara front, but fought successfully at Lundy's Lane. Later, this man won three victories in quick suchere he was elected from the district of Meath. The one-time president of the Land League, this man attempted to get the No-Issuance Manifesto passed. This man was unfortunately linked to the Phoenix Park massacres, and was ruined by the exposure of his adultery with Katherine O'Shea. For ten points, identify this person who pressed for Irish Home Rule, a 19th century politician.
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This man's father of the same name was a failed member of the First Crusade who returned home during the siege of Antioch. He renounced his hereditary claims over Chartres, passing them on to his brother, Theobald. Much of his reign was dominated by civil war, and he was unable to secure the throne for his son, Eustace, even after his defeat of a woman whose son managed to acquire Normandy and Aquitaine. This man was forced to acknowledge the aforementioned Henry of Anjou as her heir. FTP name this last Norman ruler of England, who fought with Matilda and was the sole monarch of the House of Blois.
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This man's habit of assembling his subjects at the foot of an oak to dispense justice is frequently recalled by his biographer Jean de Joinville and his chaplain, Vincent of Beauvais, wrote the first great encyclopedia, the Speculum Majus. This ruler achieved a bloodless victory over foreign forces supporting the rebel Hugh of Lusignan at Taillebourg Bridge, and his children with his wife Marguerite of Provence included Phillipe III. This man sent Matthew Paris to Haakon IV of Norway in an unsuccessful attempt to get the latter to join him on his most famous military campaign, on which he was accompanied by Alphonse of Poitiers and Charles I of Anjou and during which he captured Damietta before Baibars captured him at the Battle of Fariskur. FTP, name this Capetian king, son of Blanche de Castille, and leader of the Seventh Crusade, the only French king to be canonized.
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This military commander died at Salzbach en route to engaging in a battle against a rival who had earlier won the Battle of Saint Gotthard. In addition to that rivalry with Raimondo Montecuccoli, legend has it that this brother of the Duke of Bouillon was induced to betray the king as a result of his love for Anne Geneviève, the Madame de Longueville and the sister of his other major rival. Of this man, who led a successful campaign in Flanders after conquering Treves, Napoleon once said: his "genius grew bolder as he grew older." His greatest victory came at the Battle of the Dunes, where he crushed the victor at Rocroi and thereby ended the rebellion of the Frondé. For 10 points, name this general, a constant foil to the Prince de Condé as a viscount under Louis XIV.
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This monarch requested that Clement XI issue the anti-Jansenist bull Vineam Domini. One his mistresses was implicated of witchcraft in the Affair of the Poisons. This ruler tried to install one of his sons by that mistress, Madame de Montspan, as regent for his son, but the Duke of Maine was arrested by this man's nephew, the Duke of Orleans. An invasion of the Netherlands by this ruler was ended with the Treaty of Nijmegen. His ministers included the Marquis de Louvois. This monarch was opposed by an alliance led by Leopold I and the Palatinate known as the League of Augsburg. This man made his son Philip of Anjou king of another nation after the death of Charles II, leading to the War of the Spanish Succession. For 10 points, name this French “Sun King.â€
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This monarch's maritime ambitions towards Indonesia led him to contest Dutch holdings by founding the French East India Company, and he maintained diplomatic ties with Islamic states first established when he had organized a failed takeover of Aragon. This man's predecessor endured the Day of the Barricades, while he governed with the aid of the Duke of Sully after defeating the Duke of Mayenne at Arques. His first wife was spurned in favor of his mistress Gabrielle d'Estrees, who bore this victim of Francois Ravaillac four children. This winner at Ivry wed Marie d'Medici, years after his marriage to Marguerite had helped trigger the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre. The victor over Henry of Guise and successor of Henry III, for 10 points, identify this issuer of the Edict of Nantes, who founded the Bourbon dynasty after ending the Wars of Religion.
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This name is also used for the events of 1814 in Ancaster, Upper Canada. In the more well-known such occurrence, James Daniel famously escaped by means of a secret chamber while Edward Strode saved his own life by producing his daughter's dowry, a gold apron. The young women of Taunton were ransomed by their parents for 1,000 pounds and Colonel Kirke executed Elizabeth Gaunt-the last woman burned in England for political crimes. It resulted in the elevation of Lord Chief Justice Jeffreys of Wem to Lord Chancellor and in the execution of between 150 and 200 people from throughout the Dorset region. FTP, name these Dorchester based trials that followed a rebellion against James II by James Scott, the Duke of Monmouth.
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This ruler placed Pyotr Shuvalov in charge of the Third Department, which operated as a secret police force. This ruler's country's first use of conscription came from the military reforms of Dmitry Milyutin. Mikhail Loris-Melikov served as Minister of the Interior to this ruler and wrote up a reforming constitution that this leader signed. This man also set up a system of local assemblies called zemstvos and issued a ukase in 1861 that emancipated all the serfs in his country. For 10 points, name this tsar who came to power during the Crimean War after the death of Nicholas I, and whose assassination by the People's Will in 1881 led to his succession by Alexander III.
Lollards
According to the chronicler, Hocsem of Liege, they originated in Germany in the late 13th century. Their name is either a reference to a method of singing or is derived from the Latin for "tare", and it appears in such contemporary dramas as The Plowman's Tale and Pierce, the Plowman's Crede. The title was most famously ascribed by the Oxford professor Henry Crumpe, who applied it to Nicolas Hereford and several knights associated with John of Gaunt; while John Oldcastle was probably the most famous adherent at a later date. FTP, name this itinerant, anti-clerical European religious movement, today generally associated with the followers of John Wycliffe.
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Arms production in this ruler's lands was greatly improved by the introduction of blast furnaces there by Louis de Geer, and he maintained a shaky alliance with John George of Saxony. This ruler ended wars with his neighbors through the treaties of Knared and Stolbovo, although he was constantly at war with his cousin, Sigismund III of Poland. Axel Oxenstierna served as this ruler's chancellor, and this ruler defeated Count Tilly and Albrecht von Wallenstein in battles such as Breitenfeld and Lutzen. For 10 points, name this king, the father of Christina, who led Swedish forces in the Thirty Years' War.
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Consolidation of its eastern lands was aided by the complacency of the rälssi class and by the archbishop Maunu Tavast. The inability of its miners to trade iron during wartime led to the Engelbrekt Rebellion, after which Christopher of Bavaria unseated its first ruler. Instituted for Albert of Mecklenburg's failure to pay 60,000 silver marks, its strongest king was Eric of Pomerania, but it ended after a series of executions in Stortorget Square, known as the Stockholm Bloodbath, led to greater national feelings. FTP, name this entity created by a 1397 declaration in which Margaret I united Norway, Sweden, and Denmark.
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Early alliances in this war were shuffled around by the treaties of Traventhal and Altranstadt. The end of one phase in this war saw the naval battle of Hangö, and it continued in name only for three years after the throne devolved to Ulrika Eleonora and Frederick I following one commander's death at Frederikshald. Parts of Ingria and Karelia changed hands under the final peace which ended this war, the Treaty of Nystad. For 10 points, name this war including the battles of the Pruth River, Poltava, and Narva, that targeted Charles XII and ended in 1721 when Peter the Great secured control of the Baltic Sea from Sweden.
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Executed in 1815, this son of an innkeeper first distinguished himself on the 18th of Brumaire, when he dispersed the Council of Five Hundred. The cavalry commander at Marengo, in 1801 he was nominated governor of the Cisalpine Republic, and he was later given the grand duchy of Berg and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies; the British retained Sicily, but he was able to install himself as king of Naples. FTP who is this husband of Caroline Bonaparte and brother-in-law of Napoleon?
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Her To Know the Ways of God was destroyed in 1945, and her The Book of Divine Works is known only through a later reproduction. The originals were probably created by nuns along the river Rhine, and among her 80 vocal works are the Latin drama Ordo Virtutum. FTP, name this Benedictine abbess and artist-musician of the 12th century.
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In 1522, a group of this man's followers were arrested for deliberately eating meat during Lent. After his repudiation as a heretic by Pope Adrian VI, he married the widow Anna Reinhard, and had his region withdrawn from the jurisdiction of the bishop of Constance. He debated the question of transubstantiation with Martin Luther in the Marburg Colloquy and was killed in battle against the Forest Cantons, those members of the Swiss confederation that would not accept his views. FTP, identify this 16th century Swiss church reformer and leader of the Reformation.
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It was more of a nine-year cease-fire then an actual treaty. By its terms Edward III renounced his claim to the French throne; in return, he was recognized as sovereign of Limousin, Gascony, and Calais. Signed at a French village just southeast of Chartres, for ten points, by what 1360 Hundred Years' War agreement was King John II of France also released in exchange for three million gold crowns?
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Israel Tonge was one of the people behind this conspiracy, which led to the execution of 35 people and the fall of the Danby government. Gaining credibility due to Shaftesbury's desire to exclude the future James II from the throne, it was supposed to burn London, slaughter Protestants, and assassinate Charles II. The revelation of this plan to the authorities earned its inventor living space in Whitehall Palace. Created principally by Titus Oates, FTP, what was this fictitious 1678 Roman Catholic plot?
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It became an independent political entity after the war of Thuringian succession saw Henry I the Child found the Brabant dynasty. The Lutheran Landgrave Philip the Magnanimous split it among his four sons, who established capitals at Rheinfels, Marburg, Kassel, and Darmstadt. In the northeast the Fulda River drains to the Weser past Bad Hersfeld, while the mountains of the south and west include the Odenwald and the Taunus. The capital of the current Bundesland is Wiesbaden, while its largest city is Frankfurt-am-Main. FTP, name this German region, notorious for supplying mercenaries to Britain during the American Revolution.
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It overlooks Hechingen, a Baden-Württemberg city in the Swabian Alps, southwest of Tübingen. Destroyed in 1423 and rebuilt by Frederick William IV, king of Prussia, it houses the Prussian crown jewels and both Frederick the Great and Frederick William I are buried in its Christ Chapel. For ten points, name this structure, originally called Zolre, which lent its name to the dynasty of the aforementioned kings.
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Jean François de Rozier, the first hot-air balloon pilot, died in a fall from a balloon named for this place. During the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, this was the only town from which the Merchants Staples permitted English wool to be exported. A treaty named for this place gave control of Aquitaine to Edward III in return for Edward renouncing claims to the throne of France and promised the release from captivity of Jean II; that treaty is also known as the Treaty of Brétigny. The duke of Guise conquered it in 1558, thereby removing the last English foothold in France. In the wake of the Battle of Crécy, it was besieged by English troops until six of the town's leaders volunteered as hostages. For 10 points, name this French port which, in 1346, made heroes of those "burghers."
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Originally trained as an electrician, criticism of party government cost this man his job at a government owned shipyard in 1976. He was imprisoned during the military crackdown in 1981 after gaining numerous concessions from the government, for which he was awarded the 1983 Nobel Peace Prize, while 7 years later he would defeat his former ally Tadeusz Mazowiecki for his country's presidency. FTP name this Polish hero, the leader of Solidarity.
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The armies met near Glebe Farm and Ambien Hill Farm, about a mile to the west of Sutton Cheney. After Lord Stanley and his uncle were convinced to desert by the Duke of Richmond, the battle was effectively over, and it ended with the deaths of Lord Ferrers, the Duke of Norfolk, and the king. FTP, identify this battle, fought in Yorkshire on August 22, 1485, which ended the Wars of the Roses as the future king Henry VII defeated Richard III.
Bogomil(s)
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Borgia
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Braganza or Bragança
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Calais [accept Brétigny before it is read]
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Canossa
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Charles Stuart Parnell
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Charles V
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Charles V (accept Charles I of Spain)
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Charles V [or Charles I of Spain]
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Charles XII
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Republic of Hungary [or Magyarország before “Magyarâ€]
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Suleyman I or the Magnificent
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A force of these people defeated Eustathios Palatinos under Drogo, while another was crushed by Ilghazi at the Field of Blood. Another force of them, supposedly fighting for Michael Doukas, invaded Greece before being driven out by Alexius I. One of their leaders was ransomed by Danishmend Gazi after capturing and becoming the first king of Antioch during the first crusade. His father conquered much of southern Italy, establishing a royal line in Sicily. In addition to Bohemond and Robert Guiscard, their leaders include a man known as "the bastard" before his defeat of Harold Godwinson at Hastings. For 10 points, name these people led by William the Conqueror.
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After Emile Cottin (Uh MEAL Cot ANNE) failed in his assassination attempt on him, this man asked for leniency for the young anarchist, recommending eight years in prison and "intensive training in a shooting gallery." The leader of the extreme left in the Chamber of Deputies, he was a friend, and then adversary of Boulanger (Boo lahn JHAY), and lobbied against the Dreyfus affair, publishing Zola's "J'Accuse" in his journal "L'Aurore" (Lau ROAR). FTP, name this man who presided at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, known as "The Tiger."
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After his impudent "Sermon before the Princes," on Nebuchanezzar's dream in the second chapter of Daniel, was delivered at Allstedt before the brother and nephew of Elector Frederick the Wise of Saxony, he was exiled. Captured at Frakenhausen, he was tortured and killed. FTP, name this preacher, who called for blood in the Peasant's War.
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During this conflict, Duke Eric II of Calenberg lifted the siege of Bremen before being defeated in the Battle of Drakenberg. One leader achieved the political freedom to instigate this war through his peace with Francis I of France, and it began two years later when Duke Maurice of Albertine Saxony invaded Ernestine Saxony. This war was effectively decided by the Battle of Muhlberg, which saw the defeat of John Frederick I and Philip the Magnanimous. For 10 points, name this 1546 to 1547 war fought between the Catholic forces of Charles V and the Protestant forces of an entity including Brunswick, Madgeburg, and Hesse.
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During this conflict, two ships, forced to turn back after a premature departure from Marseilles, were shamefully met by the main fleet going in the opposite direction. Within three years of its end, two of its leaders, Baldwin and Boniface, were both killed by Bulgarians. Pope Innocent III excommunicated all of its participants when they attacked the Dalmatian capital in exchange for assistance from Enrico Dandolo, the doge of Venice. After that siege of Zara, they established the Latin Empire by laying siege to a city on the Bosporus. For 10 points, identify this crusade whose participants sacked Constantinople.
name this English king overthrown in the Glorious Revolution of 1688.
He distinguished himself by his bravery as a soldier in the French army of the Vicomte de Turenne in the 1650s, and then defeated the Dutch at Lowestoft in 1665 as the commander of the British navy. He was forced to resign as first lord of the admiralty because of the Test Act, and his Catholic faith led to his downfall when he issued a Declaration of Indulgence two years after succeeding his brother Charles II. For 10 points
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He eliminated danger from the cities of the Chalcidian League by destroying its chief member of Olynthus and defeated the Illyrians, also a historical enemy of his people. Soon after, he crushed the forces of Pherae and gained the leadership of the Thessalian League. He also built ties with the kingdoms of Epirus, marrying an Epirot princess named Olympias. This son of Amyntas III consolidated his power by defeating a combined army of Thebans and Athenians at Chaeronea and was planning an invasion of the Persian Empire at the time of his assassination. FTP, name this man who conquered much of Greece, a Macedonian king and father of Alexander the Great.
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He fought with William the Rich until the Treaty of Venlo gave him the Duchy of Guelders, and with the help of his sister Eleanor, the Queen of France, he secured the Peace of Crepy. He defeated Barbarossa to capture Tunis, and he defeated the Schmalkaldic League at Muhlberg with the help of the Duke of Alba. His general Charles of Lannoy secured the Treaty of Madrid for this man by defeating Francis I at Pavia. The son of Philip the Handsome and Joanna the Mad, he issued an edict condemning Martin Luther after calling the Diet of Worms. For 10 points, name this Habsburg father of Philip II who ruled both Spain and the Holy Roman Empire.
Otto I
He made a treaty with John XII extending the temporal power of the papacy, with a clause giving him the ability to ratify their election, and shortly thereafter deposed the pope and replaced him with Leo VIII. The brother of St. Bruno, he had to return home to quash his son Liudolf's rebellion soon after assuming the title King of the Lombards, and later fought back a Magyar invasion at the Battle of Lechfeld. The son of Henry the Fowler, FTP, who was this man who in 962 was crowned the first Holy Roman Emperor?
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He negotiated for one of his sons to marry the Byzantine princess Theophano, and he divided Mecklenburg between two margravates. At the behest of Pope John XII, he invaded Italy and deposed Adalbert, after which he was crowned in St. Peter's. He had earlier thwarted Berengar, the king of Burgundy, by venturing into Italy a year before his coronation and marrying Adelaide, though he was drawn back to his homeland to put down a revolt by the Duke of Lotharingia, Conrad. His chronicler, Thetimar, claimed this man would rather "die than tolerate [the] evil" of the Magyars, whom he defeated in 955 at Lechfeld. FTP, name this son of Matilda and Henry the Fowler, the first Saxon ruler of the Holy Roman Empire.
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He resigned from his first term after a scandal involving the defense minister Lavon, and his policies resulted in the Haganah becoming an important pseudo-military organization. Late in his career, he founded the Rafi Party and the massive immigration of people from Yemen, which was known as "Operation Magic Carpet." He was the first head of the Mapai party, and was also the first and third person to hold his most notable office, being succeeded first by Moshe Sharett and later by Levi Eshkol. For 10 points, name this first Prime Minister of Israel.
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He risked his career through his use of the spy Dalberg to set up the failure of the Congress of Erfurt after being insulted with an assignment as jailer at Valencay. He had failed as Bishop of Autun after he was excommunicated, though his ban was lifted after arranging the Concordat of 1801. The overstatement of his role in the kidnapping of the Duke of Enghien by his enemy Joseph Fouche caused one scandal, but he is better remembered for his role in the XYZ affair. FTP, name this statesman whose diplomacy brought Louis Philippe and Louis XVIII to power, best known for representing France at the Congress of Vienna.
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Heinrich Abeken served as the go-between for two of the major figures associated with this object. It resulted from Spanish overtures offering their throne to Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern and followed after Count Vincent Benedetti sought reassurances for the French government. Named for a bathing resort on the Lahn River, it presents the details of a conversation between the French ambassador and Kaiser Wilhelm I. FTP, what is this 1870 communiqué altered by Otto van Bismarck to precipitate the Franco-Prussian War?
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His Florentine agent, Naldo Nadi, prepared a catalogue of the works in his library, which would be bolstered by his marriage to Beatrice of Aragon, who had her own collection. His uncle was sawed in half and the plague took his intended first wife as well as his father. Nevertheless he consolidated power by raising a large army, the fekete sereg, and proceeded on a series of conquests, including the capture of the capital of his western neighbor Frederick III. After concluding a peace with his father-in-law George Podebrad, he would eventually be defeated by the Moldavian Stephen III. He had already become king of Bohemia and his own country by his 1490 death. For 10 points, identify this son of John Hunyadi, a king of Hungary named for the raven on his coat-of-arms.
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His attempt to reform the excise tax by extending it to wine and tobacco failed miserably after generating riotous opposition. He perfected the system of political patronage, putting "placemen" loyal to him in important positions in the government. His rise to power peaked after he was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1721, in which capacity he restored confidence in the government following the South Sea Bubble. Forced into declaring war against Spain over Jenkins' ear, he resigned in disgust in 1741. FTP, who is this man, considered Britain's first prime minister?
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In 1934's "The Army of the Future", he defended a professional army based on mechinazation and mobilization. In World War I, he fought at Verdun and spent two years, eight months in a POW camp. He was the head of his country's provisional government following World War II, but resigned in January, 1946. However, he was elected President in December, 1958, under the constitution of the new Fifth Republic. FTP, name this French general and statesman who led the Free French forces during World War II.
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In 1984, the government in the nation where this lake is located closed down a large pulp and paper plant on its shore to lower the high rate of pollution. One town on this lake contains a structure translated as "Nut Fortress", while the town itself means "key fortress", as it was reportedly considered one of the "keys" to Ingria. An archipelago in this lake is noted for its Orthodox monastery and is named "Valaam". The Treaty of Tartu demilitarized this lake among the two countries bordering it. The Karelian Isthmus separates this lake from the Baltic Sea. During World War II, supplies were brought to a certain besieged city through the "Road of Life", which was across this lake. For 10 points, name this largest freshwater lake in Europe, a lake located near St. Petersburg.
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In its greatest victory, it defeated an army led by Bartolomeo d'Alviano on the banks of the Adda River. Its opponent blamed the defeat on the indecisive leadership of Leonardo Loredan, which was thought to have contributed to the loss at Agnadello. In the aftermath of that battle, its opponent's sphere of influence was reduced to Mestre, Treviso, and the Friuli. Named for a fortified town on the Escaut or Scheldt River, its forces came from such places as Hungary, Ferrara, and Savoy, though its most effective armies were led by Maximilian I. Ferdinand V of Aragon and Louis XII of France were other members, but it collapsed in 1510 after one of its members, Pope Julius II, switched sides. FTP, name this league formed in 1508 that was formed to limit the political and territorial power of Venice, named for a town in France.
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In response to it a rival group was formed by Archduke Ferdinand I and Joachim I. Weakened by the defection of Albert Alcibiades II, it pressed on to fight its namesake war, which ended at Muhlberg with its disbandment. It refused admission to William, Duke of Cleves, who turned to Francis I of France, a secret ally of this group. Zwingli turned down an offer for his Swiss cantons to join it despite heavy pressure from its founders, John Elector of Saxony, and Phillip, Landgrave of Hesse. Created in 1531, FTP, name this alliance of German princes that resisted Charles V's attempts to stamp out Lutheranism.
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In the 19th century Vincenzo Gioberti's "On the Moral and Civil Primacy of the Italians," was an exposition of a group that appropriated the name of this faction (*). Its name originated as a rallying cry during the Battle of Weinsberg, and this group later supported French king Charles VIII. By 1300 its members had split into "white" and "black" factions over the influence of Pope Boniface VIII in Florence. Traditionally referring to supporters of the Papacy, FTP, give this term which was most likely an Italian corruption of a German family name and rival to the Ghibellines.
Canute
One story surrounding this leader says that he successfully rebuked his flatterers by failing to command the tide of the sea to stop. He ended years of conflict with Wessex by murdering Edmund II and marrying Emma, widow of Æthelred the Unready, and maintained internal peace with reforms and his use of both British and Danish advisors, thus consolidating the gains of his father, Sweyn Forkbeard. FTP, who was this king of Denmark and England, the father of Hardecanute?
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Prior to this battle, the double-crossing Johann Gummert was hanged in effigy by one side, then actually hanged by the other. The winner of this battle ended one prior conflict with the Treaty of Traventhal. Its victor failed to immediately follow up his advantage, instead working to place his puppet Stanislaus Leszczynski on the Polish throne. The losing forces here were commanded by the Duke de Cröy, who was crushed when a blizzard blown into his men's faces aided the decisive charge by Count Rehnskjöld. It occurred when Russian forces were caught besieging the namesake Estonian fortress, though the result of this battle would be reversed nine years later at Poltava. For 10 points, name this victory for Charles XII and Sweden early in the Great Northern War.
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The Declaration of St. Germain ended much of the fighting in this conflict and during it the arrest of Pierre Broussel led to a mass barricade demonstration. It was interrupted by the Peace of Rueil, and one of its prominent participants, Marshall Turenne, pursued the Prince de Conde into the Spanish Netherlands. Divided into parts named for the Parliament and the Nobles, it occurred during the regency of Anne of Austria. Followed by the Franco-Spanish War and sparked by dissatisfaction with the policies of Cardinal Mazarin, it drew its name from the children's slings used by participants. For 10 points, name this peasant uprising during the early rule of Louis XIV.
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The buildup to this conflict saw one side occupied with the Uskok War, and the Smolensk War is sometimes considered an episode in it. Gabor Bethlen took advantage of this conflict to carve out some land, and it also involved Maximilian I of Bavaria. Christian IV signed the Treaty of Lubeck to end Denmark's involvement in this war, and the Battle of White Mountain ended its Bohemian Phase, which began with a Defenestration of Prague. Commanders in this war included the Count of Tilly, Wallenstein, and Gustavus Adolphus. For 10 points, name this war between Catholics and Protestants in the Holy Roman Empire that ended with the Peace of Westphalia.
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The investigation resulted in the suicide of journalist Richard Piggott, and those affected were attended to by Thomas Myles at Steevens' Hospital. The event led to the proposal of legislation that would have legalized abrupt changes of venue and the abolishment of trial by jury, and thus threatened to undo the positive effects of the recently-signed Kilmainham Treaty. By not endorsing the actions of the nationalistic Invincibles and distancing himself and his party from the deaths of Thomas Henry Burke and Lord Cavendish, Charles Parnell's reputation wasn't submarined and his ability to deal with Britain was retained. FTP, name this 1882 event which saw the assassination of the British Chief Secretary of Ireland, and which takes its name from a large recreation area in the middle of Dublin.
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This agreement was mediated by Lord Paget, who was acting as a foreign ambassador. Venice acquired most of Dalmatia and, in addition, took control of the Morea, though it was forced to give it back 20 years later by the Treaty of Passarowitz. The losers were additionally forced to cede Transylvania, Slavonia, and Hungary, leading one historian to pair it with the Peace of Ryswick signed two years earlier, referring to those treaties as the "pacts that shook the world." Resulting in huge territorial gains for Austria, FTP, name this 1699 treaty often cited as the beginning of decline for the Ottoman Empire, named for a Serbian village.
Joseph Conrad
This author wrote of a student whose betrayal of Victor Haldin allows him to infiltrate a group of revolutionaries. Mr. Verloc tries to make Stevie bomb Greenwich observatory in another of his works. In one novel by this man, Montero's army invades the town of Sulaco after the title character takes over Gould's silver mining operation in the fictional country Costaguana. One of this author's protagonists becomes a leader on the island of Patusan in a novel narrated by this author's recurring character Charlie Marlow. For 10 points, name this author of The Secret Agent and Nostromo who wrote about the sinking of the Patna in Lord Jim and the search for Kurtz in the Congo in The Heart of Darkness.
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This battle could have led to the destruction of Constantinople, but the emergency reinstatement of Theodosius as emperor allowed order to be restored. It was precipitated by Roman abuse of the Visigoths, who were taking refuge on Roman territory from the Huns. The Visigoths revolted and marched on Constantinople; the Emperor Valens attempted to stop them, but his army was crushed and he himself was killed in, FTP, what 378 AD battle?
a fitting gift given his longtime opposition to rock and roll. As a result of his terminal cancer, he was allowed to live with his daughter Sonja in Chile instead of standing trial for treason. The artist Dmitri Vrubel lampooned this leader by depicting his notoriously passionate kiss with Leonid Brezhnev, which occurred after he came to power by securing the downfall of Walter Ulbricht. Eventually succeeded in his office by Egon Krenz, for 10 points, name this man who served from 1971 to 1989 as the Socialist head of state in East Germany.
This politician was infamously presented with a leather jacket as a gift by the musician Udo Lindenberg, and in return, he gave Lindenberg a medieval wind instrument called a shawm
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This polity falls in the Bishopric of Samland, a name taken from its native Sambians, founded in 1243. Its capital, built on the ruins of Tvankse, was named in honor of King Ottokar II of Bohemia who had supported its conquest by the Teutonic Knights in 1255. Yantarny, once the world's biggest amber mine, lies on its coast. Currently governed by Georgiy Boos and a threatened site of Iskander missile deployment, it contains the port of Baltiysk, which headquarters the Russian Baltic Fleet. The port of Sovetsk in this polity was once site of the town of Tilsit, of treaty fame. A sea route linking this region with Ust-Luga was opened in 2006, critical as this territory is an exclave bordered by Poland and Lithuania. FTP, name this oblast whose capital contains a cathedral that holds Immanuel Kant's tomb and was formerly called Königsberg
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This treaty was forced by the success of the Prussian breech-loading needle guns at the Battle of Koniggratz. The Prussians were successful in campaigns in Bohemia and Western Germany to isolate Austria from their allies in the rest of the German Confederation. The treaty forever isolated Austria from the rest of Germany and forced the Austrians to pay a large indemnity to Prussia although little territory was lost due to Bismarck's desire not to greatly antagonize Austria and maintain a balance of power in Europe. Name this treaty which helped lead the way to German unification and ended the Six Weeks War.
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This war included the naval victory of Anson at Finisterre Cape and saw the defeat of the king of Sardinia at Madonna del Olmo. In the successive battles of Rottofreno, Piacenza, and Colle dell'Assietta, the French were frustrated by the Savoyards but managed to capture Bergen op Zoom during peace negotiations. The Prussians were victorious at the Battle of Chotusitz and defeated Marshal Neipperg again at Mollwitz, but the best-known battles are Maurice de Saxe's victory at Fontenoy and the last battle involving an English king, Dettingen. Beginning with the invasion of Silesia, this is, FTP, what war that included the War of Jenkins' Ear and King George's War, a conflict in the 1740's over the throne of Maria Teresa, concluded by the Treaty of Aix-la-Chappelle?
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This work's concluding chapter is on the "General Spirit of Doubt," which ends its final section entitled "Morality and Religion." Containing a study of the relationship between social equality and festivals, it centers on the attributes of "Personality," "Glory," and "Ridicule and Wit" for the section entitled "The Development of the Individual." Also containing a section entitled "The Discovery of the World and of Man," its most famous portions are probably the discussion of "The State as a Work of Art" and "The Revival of Antiquity." FTP, name this famous historical monograph by Jacob Burckhardt.
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Titian's Last Supper was placed in the refectory of this building's monastery, and the books of its library are shelved with their spines to the wall, so that air can get to the pages. Located in the foothills of the Sierra de Guadarrama, it was designed like a gridiron to recall a martyr's death. Called by a name meaning "slag heap," it was supervised by Juan Bautista de Toledo and Juan de Herrera. FTP, name this palace of Spain's Philip II.
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Adolph Deschamps wrote a book titled after this agreement that Count Golz said, "puts us permanently on the path of trickery, force, and violation of law." A dispatch published in the Independence Belge from the British Prime Minister at the time refers to this agreement as having been trodden under foot. This agreement was negotiated after one of the parties had defeated Christian of Glucksburg in a war that saw battles at Lundby and Heligoland, and it divided two neighboring polities, which were soon admitted into the Zollverein. The Seven Weeks War was fought in part due to breach in this agreement that was negotiated by Otto von Bismarck, and affected the makeup of a prominent German customs union. For 10 points, name this August 1865 agreement that resolved the dispute over the governance of Schleswig-Holstein, a convention named for a resort town in Austria.
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After fleeing the Russian Army, Jaroslaw Dabrowski became its military leader. Another of its leaders was nicknamed "locked up" because he spent over half his life in jail. A week before it was declared, Generals Jacques Thomas and Claude Lecomte were murdered. Those deaths led to a crisis in which the Central Committee of the National Guard declared itself powerless, and a council consisting of 92 members took power under the presidency of Auguste Blanqui. It temporarily cancelled rents, had pawnbrokers return tools to their original owners, and abolished the guillotine. In the end, it was crushed by Marshall MacMahon over the course of "Bloody Week." FTP, name this socialist government which for two months in 1871 held power in the capital of France.
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After his first election to Parliament from Horsham was challenged, Sir Leonard Holmes gave him a pocket borough on the Isle of Wight on condition that he never visit. Entering government as a Tory, he secured the creation of an independent Belgium and prevented Muhammad Ali from overtaking the Ottoman Empire as Foreign Secretary. He earned censure for his "gunboat" diplomacy, to which he responded with his famous "Strong Arm of England Speech." Succeeding John Russell, FTP, identify this man who became Britain's first Liberal prime minister in 1859.
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William Morris wrote a poem about the "eve" of this battle, whose refrain is a French phrase meaning "Ah, Margaret is beautiful." It resulted in the deaths of Louis of Nemours and Charles of Alençon, the brother of the losing commander. The losing army made at least fifteen charges, but was never able to inflict any serious casualties on the winning army, which is said to have lost only 40 men. Among those killed was the blind King John of Bohemia, whose insignia of three white plumes and motto "Ich Dien" was taken by one of the victorious commanders. This battle taught Europe that Genoese crossbowmen can't be trusted, at least if they are confronted with superior longbowmen. Fought neer Abbeville on the Somme, it ended in defeat for the French army led by King Philip VI. FTP, name this battle of the Hundred Years' War at which the Black Prince "won his spurs," a victory for Edward III's army in 1346.
Battle of the Boyne
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Battle of the Dunes
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Alfonso X or Alfonso the Wise or Alfonso the Learned
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Alhambra
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Anne Frank
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Anne of Austria
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Battle of Culloden Moor [or Blàr Chùil Lodair]
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Battle of King's Mountain
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Battle of Lechfeld (accept Battle of Augsburg)
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Battle of Leipzig [accept Battle of the Nations before it is mentioned]
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Battle of Lepanto
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Battle of Lutzen
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Battle of Marengo
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Battle of Mohacs
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Battle of Narva
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Battle of Naseby
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Battle of Navarino
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Battle of Pavia
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Battle of Sedan
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Battle of Solferino (or Battle of the Three Emperors)
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the Dreyfus Affair
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A German organizer of the Nazi 'Brownshirts' or SA, he was a potential rival to Hitler. On the pretext of an intended SA Putsch or uprising, some one hundred of the SA's including him were killed. FTP name this man who was executed without trial on Hitler's orders during the Night of the Long Knives.
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A year after it, a commission led by Mikhail Speransky came together to consider legal reforms. When five of its leaders were supposed to be hanged, three of the ropes broke, leading Ryleyev to quip that a country where they don't even know how to hang you is unhappy indeed. The factions led by Nikita Muraviev hoped to bring about a constitutional monarchy, while the one led by Pavel Pestel aimed for a republic. They were encouraged by the dissension which resulted when Constantine refused the throne, and occupied Senate Square shortly after the brother of Alexander I took power, only to be fired upon by loyal soldiers. FTP, name this uprising of 1825 which opposed the autocratic rule of Nicholas I, whose name refers to the winter month in which it took place.
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According to the traditions of Brabant and Hainaut, females of a first marriage took precedence over males of a second with regard to property inheritance. Therefore, Louis XIV insisted that his wife Maria Theresa should inherit the Spanish Netherlands from her father Philp IV. As such, he sent Marshal de Turenne to conquer Flanders in 1667. England, the Dutch Republic, and Sweden formed the Triple Alliance to oppose him; eventually peace was reached at Aix-la-Chapelle in 1668. FTP, identify this war dealing with inheritance.
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After the death of his son Eustace, he signed the treaty of Winchester. With the support of nobles who disliked Geoffrey of Anjou, he seized the throne, but was troubled by Robert, earl of Gloucester, before his victory at Faringdon in 1145 secured his reign. FTP, identify this king of England, who took the crown from Matilda, the daughter of Henry I, but allowed it to pass to her son Henry II after his death, becoming the only member of the house of Blois.
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Although he was retired, Lucius Clay was responsible for ordering tanks to this location, which is also the site of a monument for Chris Gueffroy created by Karl Biedermann. The soldier Conrad Schumann was photographed by Peter Leibing in one famous moment at this location early in its development. Tunnel 57 was one tunnel built under this site by Wolfgang Fuchs. Peter Fechter was left to die after he was shot in this structure's death strip. Walter Ulbricht ordered its construction, which Erich Honecker oversaw. For 10 points, name this structure built in 1961 and torn down in 1989, which served as a physical representation of the Iron Curtain in the East German capital.
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Although made heir to the throne in the Pact of Guisando this monarch had to fight a Civil War with Juana la Beltraneja in order to secure the throne. The second child of Juan II and the successor to a half-brother Enrique IV, this monarch was succeeded by her daughter Juana "the Mad" while another daughter became the first wife of Henry VIII. Together with her spouse she established the Santa Hermandad, instituted the Spanish Inquisition and completed the conquest of Granada. FTP, name this Spanish monarch who financed Columbus's voyages and unified the Spanish monarchy with her husband Ferdinand.
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Although not thought of as an artist, he is credited with introducing the mezzotint into England. Although not thought of as a naval figure, he commanded the remnants of his slain uncle's fleet, losing to Blake in the Mediterranean and turning to piracy in the Azores. He is thought of, however, as a military leader on land, leading the Royalist cavalry at Marston Moor and Naseby. FTP name this prince and noted figure of the English Civil Wars.
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Around the year 700, the virginity of the princess Frideswide was preserved in Christ Church Meadow because her ravisher was struck blind, a miracle which inspired her to found a priory near Folly Bridge. Although it acquired its modern use with the migration of students from Paris in the 12th century, undergraduates still mark its founding on May Day with a chilly breakfast on the river while a choir sings from Magdalen Tower. FTP, name this English university, said to have been erected on a river forded by oxen.
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Battles in this war were fought with one side being lead by the duc de Mayenne, though victory was granted to his opponents at Arques and Ivry, in addition to their most famous victory at Coutras in 1587. It ended when the victor abjured his faith and quipped "Paris is well worth a Mass." This war precipitated upon the death of Francis, duc de Alençon, which left a Protestant as the heir to Henry III. The Catholic League under Henry duc de Guise rebelled and began, FTP, what 16th century religion conflict that saw Henry IV become king of France?
Thrace
Briefly united by Sitalces who set its capital at Komatini, this entity entered the Peloponnesian War on the side of Athens. After Sitalces' death it broke up into several chiefdoms, losing its land west of the Struma River to Macedon. Falling to Lysimachus after the death of Alexander the Great, conquering Romans gave half of this region to the province of Moesia. Known for its rich silver mines, FTP, name this historical region of Southeast Europe containing the cities of Serdica, Phillipopolis and Adrianople whose fierce warrior-natives included Spartacus.
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Charles I was imprisoned in this town while awaiting execution, and Earl Godwin (the father of King Harold) may have been poisoned while attending a banquet here. Appropriately, its landmarks include the royal mausoleum, as well as a notable Town Hall designed by Christopher Wren. Located on the Thames River about 20 miles west of London, its castle has been a royal residence since the time of William the Conqueror. For 10 points name this English city, closely associated with a play by Shakespeare and, since 1917, with the former House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.
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Charles II traveled to Fuenterrabia in anticipation of this event, but was rebuffed under the terms of its secret article arranged by Ambassador Lockhart. The Prince de Conde's troops, who might have overthrown the English republic, were instead disbanded after their defeat at the Battle of the Dunes, which along with the formation of the Rheinbund prompted this agreement. Among its provisions were the pardon of Conde, the cession of Rousillon and Artois, and the acquisition of Alsace and Lorraine for the state governed by Cardinal Mazarin. Centering on a marriage contract with the infanta Maria Teresa. FTP identify this 1659 treaty between France and Spain, named for the mountain range that forms the border between those countries.
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Early in his career he was forced to share power with John Carteret, but was eventually able to force his resignation. He spent time in jail for graft during a period of Tory ascendancy, but was most popular for his economic policies, including his establishment of the sinking fund to reduce the national debt, which he had also addressed with his resolution of the South Sea Bubble crisis. However, he was forced from office due to British failures in the early stages of the War of the Austrian Succession. FTP, who was this first official Prime Minister of Britain?
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English journalist Archibald Forbes coined the term for one of the structures that became significant during its rule. Perhaps its most unusual demand was the closure of all pawn shops in the surrounding area. In its aftermath, 7,000 of its staunchest supporters were exiled to New Caledonia. A month earlier, actions came to a head when 147 of the involved combatants were shot in front of the "Wall of the Federalists," and the death toll escalated until the period from May 21 to 27 was known simply as the "Bloody Week." It started with the National Guard's refusal to give up a canon and within eight days Louis-Auguste Blanqui was elected president. In power for approximately two months in the spring of 1871, FTP, name this socialist government that controlled the French capital.
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Eugene IV's supported the issuance of the first one, which established new freedoms in the French church and curtailed papal power. That one was credited to Charles VII, who declared it from Bourges. A more famous one was given under the influence of the king's wife, Maria Christina. That one was issued by Ferdinand VII in 1830 and revoked the Salic law, sparking the Carlist wars. The most famous one was given by Charles VI, though it was heeded by none of his neighbors, including Frederick the Great. FTP, name this decree of 1713 that permitted the succession of Maria Theresa to the Austrian throne.
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Five hundred fifty-eight names are found on its inside walls while the outside bases are decorated by such reliefs as Peace, Resistance and The Departure of the Volunteers. The horses that once graced its roof have been returned to St. Mark's in Venice, but the eternal flame remains lit. Designed by Jean Chalgrin, it sits on top of the hill of Chaillot and its full name is usually appended with the designation "of the star." FTP, identify this structure originally commissioned after Austerlitz by Napoleon and modeled after the Arch of Constantine; the premier emblem of French patriotism.
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Guntram the Rich was the earliest traceable ancestor of this house. From their modest beginnings in a castle overlooking the Aar River in the 11th century, heads of this family like Albert I built their possessions up until the Peace of Passarowitz brought the dynasty to its apogee in territorial terms. FTP name this House whose most famous scions include Maximillien, Carl, Charles V, and Franz Joseph II.
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He fled to Burgundy after his brother, the Duke of Clarence, rebelled and smashed his army at the Battle of Edgecoat Moor. This man accepted tribute from Lous XI in the Treaty Picquigny, pledging not to invade France, and had earlier established his claim to the throne with a victory at the Battle of Towton. This man's lovers included London socialite Jane Shore, while his wife Elizabeth Woodville had previously been married to an enemy of this man, whose father was killed at Wakefield. This man was eventually victorious at the Battle of Barnet over Richard Neville, an Earl of Warwick nicknamed "the Kingmaker", and over Edward of Westminster at Tewkesbury, ending the last Lancastrian claim to the throne. For 10 points, identify this English king during the War of the Roses whose death left his sons Edward and Richard to be locked away as the Princes in the Tower.
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Henry Knighton's chronicle provides a harsh primary source view of this group, who were the namesake of a "pit" of corpses in Thorpe Wood. John Scrivener was one of this group's leaders, and Thomas Harding was executed for his involvement with them. This group was targeted for extermination when Sir John Oldcastle used its ideals as support for a rebellion against Henry V, and one offshoot of this group petitioned Parliament with the "Twelve Conclusions," which were posted on the door's of St. Paul's. For 10 points, name this group that called for the reform of the Catholic Church in Britain, led by John Wycliffe.
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Her older sister Margot is hardly mentioned, even though she is smart and pretty. Peter Schiff was her first love since she was in sixth grade, though she has also had romantic feelings for Harry Goldberg a.k.a., Hello Silberberg and received her first kiss from Peter van Pels or van Daan. FTP, name this daughter of Otto and Edith who died at age 15 in Bergen-Belsen, best known for documenting hiding from the Nazis in her diary.
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Heroes of this principality included the merchant Sadko and the giant Basil Buslaev. The high court of the posodnik had ten jurors, including one boyar and a commoner from each kontsy. Although the Council of Notables dominated, it was officially governed by a veche, or town assembly, which accepted and dismissed the princes, a power gained with the expulsion of their hereditary ruler in 1136. In the 13th century, they defeated the Teutonic Knights at the Battle of the Ice, but in 1471 they surrendered to Ivan III of Moscow. FTP, name this Russian principality, whose most famous ruler was Alexander Nevsky.
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His Admonitio Generalis proposed standardized texts and curricula for liturgical pedagogy. Born of Northumbrian nobility, he entered Archbishop Egbert's school and eventually became its headmaster. He became Abbot of St. Martin's at Tours in his later years, but is better known today for his contributions to education, and he is credited with popularizing the use of lowercase letters. The teacher of Einhard, FTP, name this scholar, who in 781 CE began his work as "Master of the Palace School" for Charlemagne.
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His armies were defeated at Guinegate, but three years later he signed a treaty that won him Artois without a fight, following the death of Mary. His barber, Olivier le Dain, was one of his most influential advisors, along with Cardinal Balue and Tristan l'Hermite. After being captured by the Duke of Burgundy, he caused the Swiss to rise up against and kill Charles the Bold. The oldest son of Charles VII, he tried unsuccessfully to overthrow his father and was forced to flee the country before taking power in 1461. FTP, name this French monarch who ruled until 1483, and whose machinations earned him the nickname the "Spider King."
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Horace Vernet painted this figure on his deathbed, while Antoine-Jean Gros's paintings of him include one at Jaffa and one at the Arcole Bridge. In one work by his most famous depicter, he stands in his signature pose as his candles burn out at dawn in his study, while in another the names of Charlemagne and Hannibal are carved into a mountain beneath the hooves of his leaping horse. If it were not for a mis-measurement of The Marriage at Cana, the painting of him placing a crown on his wife's head would be the largest at the Louvre, whose central hall bears his name. For 10 points, name this favorite subject of Jacques-Louis David, former Emperor of France.
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Ironically this staunch anti-Fascist may have lived the last years of his life in the vicinity of his former enemies when he was allowed to live out his final days with his daughter in Chile. His own career began after he was found guilty for "preparing treason" and spent ten years in a Nazi labor camp, whereupon being set free by the Red Army he served in the Volkskammer and joined the Free German Youth Movement. When Walter Ulbricht was proving a little too receptive to Willy Brandt, this member of the SED replaced him, just as Egon Krenz would take over his position as chairman of the council of state after a wave of pro-democracy demonstrations. FTP identify this East German leader who built the Berlin Wall and effectively ruled the country from 1973 until 1989.
Navarre
It gained de facto independence from the Arabs in 798 and within a hundred years was on equal terms with neighbor Asturias. In the early Eleventh Century, its king Sancho III built an empire including all Christian Spain, from which Castile and Aragon were carved on his death. Centered around Pamplona, it was ruled by a series of French dynasties from 1234 to 1589. For 10 points--name this kingdom in the Pyrenees whose king became King of France in 1589.
Jacobite Rebellion of 1745 or the Forty-Five (accept equivalents for rebellion as long as year is mentioned; prompt on Jacobite Rebellion, Revolt, etc. until Jacobite is mentioned)
Its leader was only able to escape after assuming the identity of Betty Burke, a servant to a supporter of his. The panic of December 6th or "Black Friday," during this event is described in the memoirs of Chevalier de Johnstone, who took part in it. It was planned at meetings of the Association, a group that included the noblemen Lovat, Drummond, and Linton and began with the embarkation of the warships Doutelle and Elisabeth. The first major battle saw the defeat of forces under John Cope and skirmishes at Stirling Castle and Derby followed. Despite their initial victory at Prestonpans the instigators would be crushed the next year by a son of George II, the Duke of Cumberland. For 10 points, identify this uprising that ended with Bonnie Prince Charlie's defeat at Culloden, a Jacobite rebellion named for the year in which it began.
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Its leaders were closely connected with the Russian government through Count Giovanni Capo d'Istria (duh-iss-TREE-yah). In fact, its leader, at the head of the secret society known as the Philiké Hetairia, was a member of the Russian army and was born in Moldovia, not the country fighting for independence. FTP, name the struggle led by Alexander Hypsilanti (IP-sill-ahn-tay), which saw the battles of Missolonghi (MISS-oh-LONG-ee) and Chios (KEY-os).
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John Milton said that she was "fit to govern not only Europe, but the world." Defying convention, she collected paintings of sensuous nudes, called Ebba Sparre her "bedfellow," and liked to dress in men's clothing. Becoming queen at six, she worked to conclude the Thirty Years War, which had claimed the life of her father Gustavus Adolphus. FTP name this Swedish queen who abdicated in 1654.
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Juan de Padilla led the Revolt of the Comuneros against this ruler. This monarch released the princes John Frederick and Phillip in the Peace of Passau, despite having won the Battle of Mühlberg against the Schmalkaldic League. This ruler destroyed the French army of Francis I in the Battle of Pavia. That battle was part of the Italian Wars, which were ended by the Treaty of Madrid. This leader demanded Martin Luther come forward at the Diet of Worms, although he later tolerated Protestantism in the Peace of Augsburg. For 10 points, name this Hapsburg ruler of Spain and the Holy Roman Empire, who reigned in that latter role from 1519 until 1556.
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Kett's Rebellion was primarily a revolt against this practice. It was the major domestic achievement of Gustavus IV Adolphus, who implemented it after observing British success with its standardization by the Public General Act of 1801. Toynbee blames it for the depopulation of the East Midlands with migration to cities like Leeds and Birmingham after its acceleration due to the expansion of the 15th century Flemish wool trade. Begun in the 12th century, FTP, name this process, a precursor to the agricultural revolution, by which manorial rights were eliminated through consolidation of arable land into modern farm plots.
Joseph II
Late in his reign, this emperor constructed a secret central police force headed by Count Pergen, who also designed the education system under him. Around the same time, in a very sickly condition, this emperor commanded an army that famously confused the word “Halt!†for “Allah!†on the eve of battle, resulting in his infantry attacking his cavalry, firing shots in a drunken stupor. His first wife Isabella of Parma died of smallpox long before that blunder in the Battle of Karansebes. His quarrels with Pope Pius VI originated when he attempted to dissolve all contemplative monasteries in his kingdom, though he's better known for issuing the Patent of Religious Toleration and edicts on freedom of the press. For 10 points, name this emperor who also abolished serfdom after succeeding Maria Theresa as Holy Roman Emperor.
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Louis XII of France proposed a general council at Pisa that would have deposed him, a natural response to his anti-French alliance of the Holy League. This league was intended as a replacement for his alliance with Louis in the League of Cambrai, which proved unsatisfactory despite its seizure of Rimini and Faenza. It was these triumphs over the Venetians that first earned him the title of "warrior pope." FTP, name this pontiff most famous for commissioning the Sistine Chapel ceiling.
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Maximilian of Bavaria and Karel Buqouy led wings of the victorious army at this battle, which fought against forces that were led by Jindrich Thurn and Arnost Mansfeld. The losers failed in their goal of holding the Ruzyne hill and the Hvezda arboretum in order to protect the previous year's Act of Confederation. As a result of this engagement, the nephew of James I of England and ruler of the Palatinate earned the epithet "Winter King," as it ended the rule of Frederick V after less than one year. Christian of Anhalt's army set up here in order to defend Prague, and was easily defeated by Tilly in November 1620. FTP, name this battle which ended the Bohemian phase of the Thirty Years War.
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Members revered their great ancestors who they identified as the Yasa and later leaders include Tokhtamysh and Emir Mamay Mizra, whose support of Islam spurred its division into two branches. At the battle of Kulikovo Russian princes won a major battle against Mamai who struggled to reach the military success that earlier rulers like Oz Beg and Batu had tasted. Also known as the Khipchak Khanate, it was dealt a final blow in 1395 when Tamerlane sacked Sarai Berke. FTP identify this western part of the Mongol empire that took its name from its founder's magnificent gleaming tent.
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Military events during this war included the Duke de Villeroi's destruction at Ramillies, a failed attempt by the dukes of Boufflers and Villars to break the siege of Mons, and a battle which began with a weakening strike by John Cutts and ended with with the retreat of Maximillian II Emanuel. Perhaps the most important consequence of this war was a provision in the peace treaty giving the "asciento," or control over the Atlantic slave trade, to Britain. It failed to prevent Philip V of Bourbon from succeeding the Habsburg Carlos II despite bloody clashes at Oudenarde, Malplaquet, and Blenheim. FTP, name this early-1700's war in which Eugene of Savoy and the Duke of Marlborough distinguished themselves, ended by the Peace of Utrecht.
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Much of our knowledge of him comes from a history of his reign written in heroic verse by a nun, Hrotswitha of Gandersheim. He first gained fame when he marched to Italy to assist Adelaide, the widowed queen of Lombardy, against Berengar II. He then had to return to his homeland to crush a rebellion led by his son Liudolf. Four years after becoming ruler of northern Italy, he halted the Magyars westward expansion with a crushing defeat of them at Lech River in 955. When chosen king, he selected Aachen as the site of his coronation as a symbol of continuing Charlemagne's tradition. FTP, who was this first official Holy Roman Emperor?
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Napoleon called him "the bravest of the brave". A soldier in the French Revolution, he first rose to prominence at the battle of Ulm in 1805. He fought so valiantly at Borodino that Napoleon named him Prince of the Moskowa. After Napoleon abdicated, he retained his rank under Louis XVIII, but he defected rather than arrest Napoleon after his return from Elba and commanded the Old Guard at Waterloo. FTP, name this French general, executed for treason despite Louis XVIII's efforts to save him.
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Of the four known accounts of it, the one of the chronicler Fulcher of Chartres is believed to be the most accurate. During this parley, King Phillip of France was excommunicated for adultery, and Bishop Adhemar of Le Puy was chosen as a papal legate at its conclusion. The famous exclamation of Deus vult, or "God wills it" was first introduced there as well. Its primary decision was the result of a request for envoys by the Byzantine emperor Alexius I Comnenus. Called by Urban II in 1095, FTP, identify this church council that became the occasion for initiating the First Crusade.
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On Ascension Day, he boarded the Bucentaur and led a fleet of a thousand ships to preside over the "Wedding of the Sea" ceremony. The original holders of this title replaced the tribunes as the local representatives of the Byzantine emperor. The first was Paolo Lucio Anafesto, and the last one, Ludovico Manin, was deposed by Napoleon. The Porta della Carta is the gateway to their palace, designed by Buon and Giovanni, which was built after such figures as Freancesco Foscario and Enrico Dandolo held this title. FTP, name this office, the elected leader of Venice.
Charles II
One king of this name and number, a 14th century ruler of Navarre called "the Bad," tried to poison the king of France. Another, the Lame, was a king of Naples who fought unsuccessfully for Sicily until 1302. One known as the Mad was the slow-witted Spanish monarch whose death led to the War of Spanish Succession. The Bald was a grandson of Charlemagne who was king of France from 843-77. FTP, give the name and number these men share with the "Merry Monarch" of England from 1660-85, the Stuart king who regained the throne in the Restoration.
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Planning to emancipate the serfs upon ascension, this ruler was forced instead to secularize clerical land due to debt left by the empress Elisabeth. This monarch successfully conducted war against Turkey and put down Pugachov's rebellion, and before her mysterious 1797 death engaged in an affair with Grigory Potemkin. A friend of the enlightenment FTP identify this German-born Russian empress known as "the Great"?
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Precursors to this event occurred in 1894, in response to the formation of the Bell and Union parties and a tax strike in Sasun, and again in 1896 after the occupation of the national bank by members of the "loyal millet." It is often held to have started on April 24 with the arrest of two hundred prominent community leaders, and the most widely accepted numerical description of it is based on fieldwork done by future historian Arnold Toynbee during his career in the British Foreign Office. Discussion of it is suppressed today by Article 301, which has led to the persecution of Hrant Dink and Orhan Pamuk. The main thrust of this campaign occurred under the pretext of a deportation to Syria and Iraq and resulted in six hundred thousand deaths. FTP, name this World War I-era campaign by the Ottoman and Turkish governments against a minority population.
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Reversing the Edict of Restitution, the terms of this agreement resulted in the sovereignty of the Helvetic Body, and the Ober, Elbe, and Weser being given to Sweden. France made away with three Lorraine bishoprics and certain rights in Alsace. In addition, the Holy Roman Empire could no longer raise taxes under this agreement, which renewed the terms stated in the Peace of Augsburg by allowing each German state to choose its own religion. Also allowing Calvinism, it was comprised of two treaties signed at Münster and Osnabrück. For 10 points, name this 1648 settlement which ended the Thirty Years War.
El Cid
Robert Southey translated the chronicles about this man into English in 1808. He briefly survived under King Zaragoza before betraying him and fighting off Almoravid attacks for the last five years of his life. As recorded in the Historia Roderici his principal feat was the capture of Valencia after having been banished by a jealous Alfonso the Sixth. Originally named Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar, FTP, name this subject of Corneille's most famous drama, the man considered Spain's national hero.
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Shortly after this nation achieved independence, Sir Stephen Tallents settled the border with its southern neighbor, dividing the city of Valga. A major foreign policy concern for this country is reacquiring the former Petseri County, which had been granted to this country in a 1920 treaty. Friedrich Kreutzwald was the first to document the Setu people found in its Voru County, and on this country's eastern coast and islands, the Rannarootslased, ethnic Swedes, form a small minority. With important ports like Sillamae, Ida-Viru County is this country's chief industrial area, though more economically and environmentally important are the facilities and power plants associated with this nation's oil shale reserves near the city of Narva. The home of the city of Tartu, it is located to the west of the Leningrad Oblast and to the north of Latvia. For 10 points, name this Baltic republic, whose economic hub is the capital Tallinn.
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The Gniezno incarnation resulted from Boleslaw III's acceptance of the suzerainty of the Holy Roman Empire, and led to the de-facto independence of the Polish church. A 1242 instance of this saw Hungarian king Bela IV grant city rights to present-day Zagreb, though the most famous example of one of these confirmed the role of the city of Frankfurt and explicitly specified the role of the archbishop of Mainz. Emperor Frederic II was identified as the source of the 1218 one of Berne, considered a forgery, but definitely did issue one dealing with the holdings of Teutonic knights in Prussia named for the town of Rimini. The best-known of these documents was issued in 1356 by Charles IV and codified the Diet of Nuremberg's rulings regarding Holy Roman Emperor election. For 10 points, identify these decrees named for the precious metal used on their seals.
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The Treaty of Töngsberg secured concessions for it from the Norwegian king Eric II Priest-hater, while the relocation of a Kontor to Dordrecht induced Philip the Bold to renew its privileges. Piracy by the Victualler Brethren was long a threat to it, especially during the slow break up of the Union of Calmar. The Treaty of Straslund with Waldemar IV of Denmark marked its apex. Before that pact, Waldemar had sacked one member, Visby in Gotland, though by the time of its demise 300 years later, only Bremen, Hamburg, and Lübeck remained as major centers. FTP, name this medieval trade organization, which dominated commerce throughout most of Northern Europe.
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The attendees at this event included satirist Joseph Hall and Simon Episcopius, who acted as a spokesman for one party. It resulted in a version of the Bible known as the Translation of the States, a version of which remains in the Arquebusiers Armory where this conference was held. Moderated by Bogerman, it set forth the doctrines of perseverance of saints, irresistible grace, total depravity, limited atonement, and unconditional election. These became known as its canons and refuted the five articles of the Remonstrance of 1610, which was drafted by the followers of Arminius. FTP, name this 1618 meeting of Reformed churches in the Netherlands, a synod named for a Dutch town.
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The author of the 1926 expressionist novel Michael: A German Destiny in Diary Sheets, he first came to prominence in 1927 as the founder and editor of the journal Der Angriff. He earned a doctorate from Heidelberg under Friedrich Gundolf after gaining exemption from World War I service due to a clubfoot that was later held by some to the hoof of the Devil. Leader of the Berlin branch of the Nazi Party in the 1920s, he became chancellor the day before he took his own life in Hitler's bunker. FTP, who was this Nazi minister of propaganda?
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The chairman of the bench of magistrates ordered the 15th Hussars and the Cheshire Volunteers to aid the yeomenry in this incident. Resulting from an attempt of the citizenry to petition against the Corn Laws, about 60,000 people had attended the August meeting including many women and children and within a span of minutes over 500 were injured and 11 killed and Henry Hunt, the speaker at the rally, was jailed for two years. FTP, name this 1819 incident that saw the attack on a rally against high food prices and for parliamentary reform, held on St. Peter's Field in Manchester.
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The daughter of a prominent painter, this woman was apprenticed under Gustav Kilmt but turned away from painting to music, studying composition under Alexander von Zemlinsky. Though not herself known for any musical or artistic works of her own, she was friends with many of the major artistic figures of the early twentieth century, including Arnold Schoenburg, Alban Berg, Franz Werfel, Walter Gropius, and Gustav Mahler, the latter three of whom she married. For 10 points name this woman, whose amatory exploits are celebrated by Tom Lehrer.
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The future Byzantine Emporer Romanus II was at one time betrothed to his niece Hedwig, and his son married Theophano, who was either the daughter of the same Romanus II or the niece of John Tzimices. The son of Henry I, Duke of Saxony, he defeated the Magyars at the Battle of Lech in 955 and was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 962. For ten points, name this founder of the dynasty that bears his name.
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The opening section of this document refers to the "Stratutum de Tellagio non Concedendo" as precedent. It was partly prompted by the promotion of chaplain Roger Maynwaring, which was strenuously objected to by John Selden. It was also a direct response to Chief Justice Hyde in Darnell's Case, and acted as a rebuttal of that case's arguments Its drafters purposely avoided referring to tunnage and poundage, which had recently been withheld in protest to the foreign policy of the Duke of Buckingham. This document drafted by Edward Coke asserts the inability of the monarch to impose martial law in peacetime, as well as freedom from arbitrary imprisonment. For 10 points, name this 1628 document which was grudgingly accepted by Charles I.
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The overall effect of this church council, which declared Jerusalem and Constantinople patriarchates, was to give the church a more stable institutional character. Convoked by the emperor Marcian and held in what is now Kadikoy, Turkey, this council acknowledged the orthodoxy of Theodoret, excommunicated the Monophysite Dioscorus, and approved the Tome of Pope Leo I confirming two distinct natures of Christ. FTP, name this Christian church council of 451 which approved the creed of Nicaea (ny-see-uh).
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The son of a devout Catholic secondary schoolmaster, he received a diploma in agriculture after World War I and worked as a poultry farmer. He served as flag bearer in the abortive Beer Hall Putsch, and thereafter rose steadily in the Nazi party, in 1929 becoming head of Hitler's elite bodyguard, the Schutzstaffel. FTP, name this man, who eventually became the Nazi minster of the interior, commander of the Gestapo, and, in 1944, commander-in-chief of the armed forces.
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The son of a miner, he joined the German Communist Party in 1929 and was imprisoned between 1935 and 1945. After WWII, he was elected to the Volkskammer in 1949 and in 1958 he became a full member of the SED politburo and secretariat. He oversaw the building of the Berlin Wall in 1961 and became East Germany's effective leader upon Walter Ulbricht's death in 1973. FTP, name this German politician who was forced out of power in 1989 and replaced by Egon Krenz.
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The retreating side tried concentrating its central forces in superior positions on hills around Pozzolengo and Guidizollo. One of the early advances was stifled by mulberry trees and grapevines, and a force under d'Hilliers advanced slightly past Castiglione before noticing the opposing army. Nine hours of fighting along a 15-mile front ensued, and after the battle the Peace of Villafranca was signed. Fought near an Italian village in 1859, FTP, name this victory for a French and Sardinian army which was witnessed by Jean-Henri Dunant, who was inspired by it to help found the Red Cross.
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The second of them was provoked by George of Podebrad's refusal to capitulate to accepted reforms. The first got underway after an early encounter at Kutna Hora. That first one degenerated into a civil war following the introduction of the agreement known as the Compactata. However, a decisive result at Lipany, where Procopius the Elder was killed, brought an end to the first one. As a result, the Utraquists, one of the two divisions of the namesake group, assumed power. They began with the expulsion of Emperor Sigismund and only worsened when the gap with the Taborites was furthered by the death of Jan Ziska. FTP, identify this series of wars in 15th-century Czechoslovakia named for a religious group whose namesake was burned at Constance in 1415.
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The story was broken by Berlin Radio in 1943, and within a week the expatriate Polish government under Premier Sikorski had filed an official complaint with the International Red Cross. Moscow officials denied the Red Cross' request to investigate, but evidence pointed to a spring 1940 date. The perpetrators were probably the Russian NKVD, and over 2,000 Polish officers were found shot in the head. FTP, identify the massacre named after a forest near Smolensk (SMALL-ensk), Russia.
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The two accounts from the losing side of this battle are known as "The Light to the Blind" and "The Destruction of Cyprus." The attacker's movement of cavalry towards Slane distracted Sarsfield's horse from the critical crossing at Oldbridge. There the infantry, led by the Dutch Blue Guards and the Danish contingent, forded the stream under hostile fire despite the death of their leader, the Duke of Schomburg. While one king involved in this battle was nearly killed by his own Inniskilling troops, the other was the first to flee the field, in the company of the Duc de Lauzun. FTP, name this battle commemorated annually by the Protestant marchers of Northern Ireland, a 1690 clash between William III and James II.
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This leader launched a campaign to use the steppe to cultivate grain which was known as the Virgin Lands project. This man worked to have Lavrenty Beria executed and took power from Georgy Malenkov. This leader decried the use of secret police, poor economic policies, and a cult of personality in his Secret Speech. In another speech, this man told the West, "We will bury you." He allegedly banged his shoe on a desk during a UN meeting. This leader started a foreign policy of peaceful coexistence and a domestic period known as his "thaw." For 10 points, name this Soviet leader during the Cuban Missile Crisis who oversaw a period of de-Stalinization.
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Twenty-two years after it was signed, one of its signatories was compelled to accept Adolf Frederick of Holstein-Gottorp-Eutin as heir apparent in the Treaty of Abo. It was reached a year after one of the signatories gave up its right to free passage of Oresund through the Treaty of Frederiksborg. It was negotiated by Frederick of Hesse-Kassel, the husband of Ulrika Eleonora and brother-in-law of the monarch who had fought most of the war it concluded. It was signed in the modern town of Uusikaupunki, and gave one nation Ingria, Livonia, and Estonia. FTP, name this treaty signed on September 10, 1721, which made peace between Russia and Sweden and ended the Great Northern War.
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Two and a half weeks before this battle, the man who would lose it burned the fortress of Norham in retaliation for John "the Bastard" Heron's murder of Robert Kerr. While that man dallied with Elizabeth Heron at Ford Castle, the man who would beat him went from Pontefact to Wooler, assembling his army. After the English crossed the River Till on September 9, they assembled at the foot of Branxton Hill, where the 15-foot spears employed by the losing army proved to be no match for the 8-foot "long bills" of the victors. Over 10,000 Scots, including the king, were killed in this battle, which was a decisive triumph for a lieutenant of Henry VIII, the Earl of Surrey. FTP, name this battle in which James IV was defeated, which ended a Scottish invasion of England in 1513.
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Vera Figner, the last member of this group's Executive Committee, was convicted as part of the Trial of the Fourteen that greatly allayed its influence. They originally splintered from the group "Land and Liberty" and demanded universal suffrage and a Constituent Assembly through their "Worker's Gazette." Their members included the designer of an early rocket, Nikolai Kibalchich, and a Lithuanian Pole named Ignacy Hryniewiecki (rih-new-ick-ee), who actually performed their most notable act. Their impatience led to rise of a more radical splinter group, the Pervomartovtsi (per-voh-mar-toft-cee), whose terrorist campaign culminated in an action on March 1, 1881 for which the government hung four people. George Plekhanov was once a member of this group, which more famously included the brother of Lenin. FTP, name this revolutionary Russian organization that assassinated Tsar Alexander II.
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Was he barrister Montague Druitt? Was he the painter Walter Sickert? What is known is that in the poverty stricken Whitechapel area, Mary Ann Nichols, Ann Chapman, Catherine Eddowes, Elizabeth Stride, and Mary Kelly were all prostitutes brutally disemboweled. FTP, what is this nickname supplied in grisly letters to the press by a notorious, but so far unidentified, serial killer in late 19th century London?
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While serving as Chancellor of the Exchequer this man reset the ten year rule and caused a general strike in support of coal miners when he enacted a return to the gold standard. He was involved in a scandal surrounding the Sidney Street Shootings as Home Secretary, and he supported close cooperation with the United States through the "special relationship." During World War I he was disgraced for his role in the Gallipoli Campaign as First Lord of the Admiralty, and he won a Nobel Prize in Literature in part for a history of World War II. For 10 points, name this Prime Minister who succeeded Neville Chamberlain.
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With a name meaning "wiseacre," this leader struck a deal with Hildebrand, the influential advisor to Pope Nicholas II, at the Council of Melfi. He later repaid the Vatican by expelling Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV from Rome. The son of the Tancred of literary fame, he assisted his brothers, William Bras-de-Fer, Drogo, and Humphrey, in ending Byzantine influence over Southern Italy, and later led his sons in repeated, unsuccessful attempts to take Constantinople. FTP, name this Norman knight who founded the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Franz Josef I [or Ferenc Jozsef; or Francis Joseph]
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Free French Forces [or Forces Françaises Libres; prompt on FFL]
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Free Hanseatic City of Bremen or Freie Hansestadt Bremen
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Gdansk (accept early Danzig)
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Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher
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George Bryan "Beau" Brummell
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George II
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George III Hanover [or George William Frederick; prompt on George]
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George IV [or George Augustus Frederick]
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George Vancouver
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Gibraltar
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Girolamo Savonarola
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Greek Independence war or movement
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Grigory Aleksandrovich Potemkin
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Guy Fawkes [or Guido Fawkes]
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Habsburg [or Hapsburg]
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Hadrian IV [or Adrian IV]
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Hanseatic League
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Henry I [or Henry the Fowler or Heinrich I]
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Henry IV [or Henry of Navarre; or Henry the Great; or Henri le Grand]
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Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston [accept either underlined part, accept Lord Palmerston]
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Henry VII of England [prompt on Henry]
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Henry VIII Tudor [prompt on Henry]
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Henry VIII of England [prompt on Henry]
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Hesse (or: Hessen)
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Hohenstaufen
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House of Stuart
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House of York
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Hugh Capet
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Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
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Klemens Wenzel Nepomuk Lothar von Metternich-Winneburg-Beilstein
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Klemens Wenzel Nepomuk Lothar, Fürst Von Metternich
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Marston Moor
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Martin Luther
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Martin V or Martin the Fifth or Oddone Colonna
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Matthias Corvinus (or Matthias Hunyadi or Matyas)
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Maximilien Francois Marie Isidore de Robespierre
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Neville Chamberlain
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October Manifesto
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Otto I
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Publius Aelius Hadrianus
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Pugachev's Rebellion
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Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin
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Queen Elizabeth I [prompt on Queen Elizabeth]
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Ravenna
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Schmalkaldic War [or War of the Schmalkaldic League; accept anything containing the words Schmalkaldic or League of Schmalkald]
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Spanish Armada
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Thomas Cromwell
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Thomas Müntzer
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doge
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enclosure or first enclosure movement
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Charles de Gaulle
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After struggling with Gruffydd ap Llewellyn for two years, he overran Wales with his army. Despite allegiances he had sworn after being shipwrecked, he accepted the witenagemot's election of him as king. He was promptly forced to put down an attempted led by the Norwegian king Hardraada and his own brother Tostig, which he did successfully at Stamford Bridge. However, in less than a month he took an arrow through the eye at Senlac Hill and was dead. FTP, name this man who briefly rules as king of England before he was defeated at Hastings by William the Conqueror's forces.
Owen Glendower
After studyng law at Westminster this man became esquire to the Earl of Arundel. But it was a rivalry with his neighbor Reynold, Lord Grey of Ruthin, that sparked off what would become his lasting legacy. In 1402 he captured Lord Grey and Edmund Mortimer who then joined his insurrection. His coalition with Henry Percy ended at the battle of Shrewsbury, yet this man went on to triumph at Harlech and continued to call himself Prince of Wales, even entering into a treaty with Charles VI of France before the effort was snuffed out. FTP name this fifteenth century Welsh nobleman who sought independence for his country and who was featured in the plays Henry IV, Parts 1 and 2.
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Agreed to at the site now known as Yeilköy, it was precipitated by the Siege of Pleven and the taking of Adrianople. Nikolay Ignatyev dismissed the reservations of Prince Gorchakov and gained for Russia Dobruja, Bessarabia, and Armenia. Opposed by Austria-Hungary and Great Britain, it provided for the independence of Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro and the creation of Bulgaria. FTP, name this 1878 treaty which ended the final Russo-Turkish war and was amended four months after its signing by the Congress of Berlin.
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At the end of this war, the duchies of Lorraine and Bar were taken away from France for a generation and the displaced duke of Lorraine was given the duchy of Tuscany after the death of its last Medici ruler. Sardinia entered in hopes of dislodging the Austrians from Lombardy, but it was Spanish entry that caused the defeat of Anna of Russia, Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI, and their candidate. It began upon the death of Augustus II and escalated after the fall of Danzig, which forced the flight of Stanislaus I. FTP, name this war that ended with the Treaty of Vienna in 1738, a conflict over ascension to an Eastern European throne.
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He entered the forces in 1893, serving on the Norht-West frontier, in South Africa, and with the West African Frontier Force. He went on to become Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police Force between 1931 and 1935 where he established the Police College at Hendon. It was in another service that he gained fame. He helped to found the RAF in 1918 and was Chief of the Air Staff between 1919 and 1929. FTP, name this man who was appointed Marshal of the RAF in 1927.
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Despite having a three to one advantage at dawn on October 25, the larger force lost more than 500 of its nobility and saw its cavalry completely massacred by the opponent's billhooks. Among the dead was the losing commander Charles D'Albret, whose defeat of Henry V was not in the cards that day. The battle was truly decided because, weighed down by heavy armor, the French were almost immobilized in the muddy field. FTP, name this engagement of the Hundred Years' War, an English victory in 1415.
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Despite a royal order ordering it to end on August 25, it continued unabated in the countryside, leading to 70,000 deaths. Prompted both by a failed assassination plot against Admiral Coligny and the gathering of many prominent leaders for the wedding of Margaret of Valois to Henry of Navarre, it was a Guise plot reluctantly joined by King Charles IX and organized by Catherine de'Medici. FTP, what was this 1572 massacre of French Huguenots?
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Due to disagreements between some of this group's leaders, one of them left to start the Red Republican newspaper. The newly passed Crown and Security Act targeted this group, who's so-called "Schoolmaster," James O'Brien, tried to steer a middle ground between its two factions. Richard Pilling, one of its leaders, was among those charged for participating in the Plug Plots. Their positions were delineated in their newspaper, the Northern Star, and they were split into the Moral and Physical Force factions; the latter supported the Newport Rising. Their newspaper was edited by Feargus O'Connor, who was often at odds with their chief leader, William Lovett. Thomas Carlyle wrote a famous petition supporting their demands such as voting by ballot and an end to rotten boroughs. For 10 points, identify this 19th century British group that agitated for their namesake document of rights.
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Due to the animosities between the Holy Roman Emperor and the French Monarch, this treaty could not take effect until the completion of additional negotiations in Madrid, Baden, and Rastatt. Charles VI was recognized as ruler of Milan, Tuscany, Belgium, Sardinia, and Naples. Meanwhile Victor Amadeus II of Savoy was recognized King of Sicily and Frederick I was named King of Prussia, while the French obtained Alsace and agreed to stop supporting the heirs of James II. FTP, identify this collection of Treaties recognizing Philip V, which ended the War of the Spanish Succession.
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During an eastern theater of the war which led to this action, members of two ethnic groups were hung from trees with a dog and the slogan "all of one faith" was written on the tree. One polity affected by this event lost half of its annual tax revenue when the Bochnian salt mines were transferred as part of it. The treaty formalizing this event specifically omitted Torun but included Podolia and Galicia. This event was made possible following a victory at Lanckorona by Suvorov over the Confederation of Bar, which had attempted to depose Stanislaw II. Twenty years after this occurrence, an invitation from the Confederation of Targowica led to a similar event. For 10 points, name this 1772 action orchestrated by Frederick II and Catherine the Great, which came before two other divisions of a certain country.
Jack Cade
Fleeing to France after being accused of murdering a woman in Sussex, in 1450 he settled in Kent posing as a doctor named John Aylmer, though he would later adopt still another name, John Mortimer, in order to associate the rebellion he was leading in Kent with the faction of Richard Duke of York who was then in revolt against Henry VI. At Seven Oaks he defeated a royal army and marched on London, but his lawlessness there cost him popular support, and though granted a pardon he was killed after surrendering himself. FTP name this rebel who appears in Shakespeare's Henry VI, Part 2 giving assent to the suggestion that he "first kill all the lawyers".
Harold II
Following a pilgrimage to Rome, he returned to England and completed his church at Waltham. His first wife, nicknamed "Swan-neck," bore the same name as his second wife, Ealdgyth, and he was actually married to both at the same time. His military successes included putting down a Welsh rebellion led by Gruffyd and later a Northumbrian rebellion, which resulted in his brother, Tostig's, banishment. Tostig returned with a Norwegian army commanded by King Hardraade, but this king defeated them decisively at Stamford Bridge. Alas, he would be killed four days later in a more famous battle. FTP, name this successor to Edward the Confessor who lost to William the Conqueror at Hastings.
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Following his resignation, he was succeeded by a member of the National Unity Party that he had founded. He was originally appointed prime minister by President Carmona because of the fiscal skills garnered while he was professor of economics at the University of Coimbra. Soon after, he quickly reimposed press censorship and crushed all opposition parties. His successor, Marcello Caetano carried on the policy that saw this man send troops to Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, and Angola to suppress independence movements. FTP, name this man who, from 1932 to 1968, ruled Portugal as a dictator.
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Formed in response to the battle of Newburn, its actions led to the revival of the Commissions of Array. It executed Archbishop Laud and the Earl of Stafford by bills of attainder and passed a list of alleged misdeeds known as the Grand Remonstrance. Its Speaker was William Lenthall, who responded, "I see the birds have flown" when five of its members were accused of treason. It was initially dominated by John Pym. Convened in order to raise money for the Second Bishops' War, 121 of its members were expelled in Pride's Purge. For 10 points, name this English body that preceded the Rump Parliament.
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Grigory Vakulinchuk was one of the few men killed. The original group was joined by George the Conqueror which quickly ran itself aground. The remaining men fled to Romania fearing they would be attacked in their home country. Many people blame Matushenko for this incident which began when soldiers who refused to eat borscht made from rotten meat were ordered executed and the firing squad turned on their commanders. For 10 points, name this 1905 mutiny in Odessa harbor that was famously portrayed in a movie by Eisenstein.
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Guillaume Apollinaire taught him how to tell time. His father argued with another poet over the invention of "simultaneous poetry," though this man made his breakthrough as a historian and educator, penning such works as Race: A Study in Modern Superstition and 1968's The American University. The author of Darwin, Marx, Wagner, he is best known for his historical analyses such as The Use and Abuse of Art and The House of Intellect. FTP, identify this French historian who wrote 2000's From Dawn to Decadence: 500 Years of Western Cultural Life, 1500 to the Present.
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He consolidated his continental territory by defeating one of his brothers at Tinchebray. His coronation charter contained the first English royal charter of liberties, and during his reign the offices of justiciar and royal exchequer were created. Still, nobles complained of the harshness of his rule, and he forced Saint Anselm into exile over the issue of the lay investiture of the clergy. FTP, name this fourth son of William the Conqueror who gained the throne upon the death of his brother William II in 1100, becoming the first king of his name?
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He entered politics through the connections of his wife, the countess Eleonore Kaunitz. In his first ministerial position, he forged a friendship with Friedrich von Gentz and he replaced Count Stadion in his most famous post. Following his nation's defeat at the Battle of Wagram, he was forced to relinquish control of Fiume, Istria, and Trieste in the Treaty of Schönbrunn. The first victim of the 1848 revolution in Austria and staunch exponent of a European balance of power, he advocated the continental system at a meeting hosted in his nation following the Napoleonic Wars. FTP, name this Austrian diplomat known for his role at the Congress of Vienna.
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He thought that his work in optics surpassed Newton's and "changed the face" of science and he published an Essay on the Human Soul in 1771. His first work of fiction was The Adventures of the Young Count Potowski, but it was not published until 1847. While in England he published The Chains of Slavery, in which he celebrated John Wilkes and explained that the French "had no country". Appointed physician to the Count d'Artois, it was while he held this post that he wrote his subversive "Plan for Criminal Legislation". As editor of The Friend of the People he championed radical reforms and was forced to leave France after publishing attacks on Finance Minister Necker. For 10 points, name this symbolic leader of the Montagnards murdered by Charlotte Corday.
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He took Conrad, the young king of Arles, under his protection, and eventually married Conrad's sister Adelheid to get a claim to the Italian throne. After suppressing a revolt led by his son Liudolf, he defeated the Magyars at Lechfeld, went to pick up the Italian crown after Pope John XII asked him for protection, and married his son to Theophano, the daughter of the Greek emperor. FTP, name this ruler, whose brother Bruno was Archbishop of Cologne and the leader of a German cultural revival, who was the eldest son of Henry the Fowler, ruled as Saxon emperor from 936 to 973, and was nicknamed "the great."
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He was nicknamed "Lord Cupid" for his womanizing and had an affair with Mrs. O'Kane. As foreign secretary he organized and chaired the London Conference of 1830, which resulted in an independent Belgium. He was generally a proponent of "gunboat diplomacy" as in the Don Pacifico Affair of 1850. Replacing Russell as Prime Minister, his nearly ten years in office are known as the "reign of moderate liberalism" which saw the U.S. Civil War and the Crimean War. For 10 points, identify this Liberal nicknamed Pam, who served until 1865.
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He was practically unknown until the age of forty, when, in 1722, he published his Treatise on Harmony. This made him known as a philosopher, but his patron La Popelinière (poh-plan-ee-AIR) helped him succeed as a popular opera composer, with the production in the 1730s of such works as Hippolyte et Aricie (ee-poh-LEET ay ah-ree-SEE), Dardanus, Les Indes gallantes (lay zand gah-LANT), and his masterpiece Castor et Pollux. FTP, name 18th-century France's foremost musician, whose nephew appears in a 1762 dialogue by Denis Diderot (dee-duh-ROH).
Charles X
He was the fifth son of the Dauphin Louis and his consort Maria Josepha of Saxony. He lucked out when his brother Louis ordered him to leave after the fall of the Bastille, making him the first member of the royal family to flee France. The Comte de Provence, his other brother Louis, would also become king, while he joined and led the extremely conservative Ultraist faction. FTP, name this French monarch who took the throne in 1824 and whose four edicts triggered the 1830 July Revolution.
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Her reputation was damaged by her association with Marie, duchess de Chevreuse, and the English favorite George Villiers, duke of Buckingham. Unable to persuade her husband to dismiss his clerical advisor on the Day of Dupes in 1630, she was accused of traveling to the convent of Val-de-Grace to carry on treasonable correspondence with her brother, the king of Spain. Though Louis XIII tried to deprive her of the regency, she had his will annulled by the Parlement of Paris and relied on the support of her first minister, Cardinal Mazarin, to put down the aristocratic revolt of the Fronde. FTP, name this Hapsburg queen of France, the mother of Louis XIV.
name this Anglo-Saxon king who kept the Danes at bay and sponsored scholarly works like the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.
His biographer Asser records that he first came to prominence in the service of Burgred and married Burgred's niece Ealhswith (eels-with). His military success derived largely from a defense line of earth forts known as burhs and his decision to force citizens of adequate wealth to join the thegn (thain), a mounted infantry class. He defeated the Danes at Edington in 877 and translated religious works like St. Gregory's Pastoral Care and Boethius' Consolation of Philosophy. For 10 points
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His campaign in the Rhineland against Villars brought about the Treaty of Rastatt. Unable to obtain a commission from Louis XIV, he went east to fight the Turks, inducing a rout at Senta and capturing Belgrade, paving the way for the Peace of Karlowitz. A series of victories over Catinat and Villeroi culminated in his success at Luzzara in 1702, after which he joined his most famous compatriot in another war. A co-victor at the Battles of Malplaquet, Oudenaarde, and Blenheim, FTP, identify this prince-general who teamed up with the Duke of Marlborough during the War of the Spanish Succession.
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Its founder is considered to be Mindaugus, who received a crown from Pope Innocent IV in 1253. Because its nobles desired aid in the Livonian War, it lost its independence in the Commonwealth of Two Peoples, also known as the Union of Lublin, in 1569. At its height, it held the cities of Smolensk and Kiev. For ten points, name this grand duchy, whose great leaders included Vytautus and Jagiello, before it lost its independence to Poland.
Edward VI
Humphrey Arundell led a rebellion in Cornwall against this ruler. The Treaty of Greenwich arranged a marriage between this figure and someone who later became consort to Francis II, but that betrothal broke down and resulted in the War of the Rough Wooing. The real power during this man's reign was held by the first Duke of Somerset and John Dudley, the first Duke of Northumberland, and his reign saw the publishing of the Book of Common Prayer by Thomas Cranmer. This ruler was succeeded by his cousin Jane Grey, although she reigned for only nine days before her execution by Mary I. For 10 points, name this son of Jane Seymour and Henry VIII who reigned for six years as King of England before his death at age sixteen.
identify this organization founded to unite workers of different nations, led by Karl Marx.
Important members of this organization's General Council included Peter Fox and Johann George Eccarius. English Positivist Edward Spencer Beesly chaired the meeting at which it was founded, held in St. Martin's Hall, London in 1864. It encompassed a number of different ideologies such as French Blanquists and English Chartists but was dealt a serious blow at the 1872 Hague Congress in which its primary leader affected a split with the anarchists by expelling Mikhail Bakunin. For 10 points
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It was enthusiastically supported by the newspaper of Charles Maurras and adopted the "attentisme" foreign policy and the motto "Work, family, fatherland." The United States sent William D. Leahy as ambassador to to this government, whose members included Marcel Déat, Maxime Weygand and Fernand de Brinon. Its secret police was headed by Joseph Darnand after being created by Pierre Laval. It was created after Operation Anton, and was headed by Henri Philippe Pétain. FTP, name this French government controlled by Nazi Germany.
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It drew support from men like the clerks of Dallington and Wartling, the rector of Mayfield and the Prior of St Pancras in Lewes. They opposed the Duke of Suffolk and asked that he be replaced with men like the Dukes of Exeter, Buckingham and Norfolk. Following the defeat of Royalist at Sevenoaks, rebels entered London and killed the Archbishop of Canterbury and the king's treasurer. London tired of the rebels and their leader was forced to flee, but Alexander Iden killed him at Heathfield. For 10 points, name this 1450 uprising against the taxes and corruption of Henry VI in southeastern England.
Jacquerie
It was finally ended when royalist forces commanded by Count Phoebus massacred 7,000 of the participants. It began following dissatisfaction over King John II the Good's defeat and soon swelled into an open revolt against Charles II. The captain general or main leader was Guillame Cale, who increased his force by joining rebels led by Etienne Marcel. The participants then elected their own mythical ruler, the so-called king Goodman, or Bonhomme, from whose first name they got their name. FTP, name this 1358 uprising of French peasants.
Portugal
Its monarchy started in 1139, after Count Henry's son had himself crowned after the battle of Ourique. That monarchy ended in 1580 when the country was unified with its eastern neighbor, but in 1640 Cardinal Richelieu sponsored a revolution that put King John IV on the throne and started the Braganza dynasty, later continued by Emperor Pedro in South America. England's longest-standing continental ally is, FTP, what elongated country that is useful for its proximity to its only land neighbor, Spain.
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Jan Bruegel portrayed the people involved in this event as monkeys. Resulting from an expedition by Conrad Guestner in 1559, a similar event occurred in the Ottoman Empire until Ahmed III. An example of 'windhandel', the Carolus Clusius and his assistant Cluyt began it at the "hortus" at the University of Leiden. One of the Brasserie type was exchanged for a French brewery and tavern owner Wouter Winkel made his children wealthy by leaving them a flowerbed full of them. In 1637 the Dutch government brought an end to, for 10 points, what period of speculation on bulbs of a certain flower?
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Leading historians of this institution include Henry Kamen and Benzion Netanyahu, the father of the Israeli prime minister. Abolished in 1834, it was overseen by a five-member commission known as the Suprema, which sought to ensure the observance of "terms of grace" for those who came before it. Among its actions were several edicts against the Alumbrados, or Illuminati, and its last action was the garroting of the deist Cayetano Ripoll in 1826. Juan Antonio Llorente, a former Suprema secretary, claimed that it killed thirty thousand people between 1480 and 1808, though other scholars and the infamous "black legend" hold that many more were killed under its most famous leader, Tomas de Torquemada. FTP, name this effort to stamp out religious heresy on the Iberian peninsula.
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Like everyone else, she had a cameo role in Around the World in Eighty Days, playing a saloon hostess who briefly flirts with Phileas Fogg. Her other abortive love interests include Spencer Tracy's character in Judgement at Nuremberg and Jimmy Stewart's character in Destry Rides Again, a movie in which her character is called Frenchy, but sounds distinctly Teutonic in a musical number that was subsequently parodied by Madeleine Kahn in Blazing Saddles. Blonde Venus and The Blue Angel were both title roles for, for 10 points, what German sex symbol who also appears in A Touch of Evil and Witness for the Prosecution.
Denmark
On the day Nazi troops moved into this country, an afternoon newspaper printed all of its articles double-spaced in order to alert citizens to "read between the lines." Teenagers in this country formed their own partisan movement called the Churchill Gang, while other efforts were coordinated by the Freedom Council. The vast majority of Jews in this country were saved from an impending Nazi action by ambulance drivers who looked for Jewish names in phone books and used their vehicles to hide whomever they found. The Lutheran Church recognizes Kaj Munk, a pastor in this country who was killed after delivering an anti-Nazi sermon, as a martyr, and its other World War II figures included the collaborationist prime minister Erik Scavenius.After a German officer threatened to shoot anyone removing the swastika flag from this country's government headquarters, the king of this country volunteered to climb the flagpole himself. For 10 points, name this country where a false urban legend states that king, Christian X, wore a yellow star himself.
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One signer of this treaty crushed the Stellinga Uprising. One year after this treaty was signed, its central figures promised their continued cooperation in a meeting at Yutz. An alliance formed at the Oaths of Strasbourg led to the signing of this treaty, which was modified by the Treaty of Meersen. One signatory of this treaty was given land west of the Scheldt, Meuse, and Saône rivers. Signed two years after the Battle of Fontenay, this treaty gave another of its signees land from the North Sea to Italy, and created the divisions of East and West Francia. Signed by the sons of Louis the Pius, for 10 points, name this treaty which divided the Carolingian Empire among Louis the German, Charles the Bald, and Lothair in 843.
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One story about this battle says that the baggage train of one side's rear force was attacked by a band of peasants led by three knights, who stole jewels and a crown, leading to a panic in which that side ordered the killing of all of its prisoners. Casualties on one side included Michael de la Pole and Edward of Norwich, while the Duke of Barabant arrived late from a christening party. The losing side's vanguard was commanded by the Marshal Boucicaut, Jean le Maingre, and was notably decimated by longbowmen in this contest which saw the Constable Charles d'Albret defeated on St. Crispin's Day. For 10 points, name this big victory for Henry V in 1415 during the Hundred Years War.
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Operation Crossbow targeted its storage facilities in St-Leu d'Esserent and Nucourt, and in Operation Hydra, its basis at Peenemünde was attacked. It was nicknamed "doodlebug" for its characteristic humming sound, and it was produced by Fieseler. It was mainly targeted at Antwerp and London, and in total, it cost more than twenty thousand lives. The Luftwaffe counterpart to the Wehrmacht's A4, it was launched from the Heinkel 111 craft or the ground. For 10 points, name this "flying bomb" used by the Nazis, whose code name was incremented for some surface-to-surface missiles designed by Werner von Braun.
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Otto van Bismarck expelled the Jesuits from Prussia in June 1872. He also made civil marriages obligatory, put education under the control of the state, and dissolved religious orders. The struggle lasted about a decade until Bismarck realized that the socialists were far more dangerous than the Catholics. Two centuries before the 1996 Republican convention, Bismarck described his policies with a term that loosely translates to "culture war." For 10 points, identify this German word.
that defeat at Lade resulted in the capture of the leading city of one side of this conflict. The designs of Aristagoras, first to take Naxos and, then, to retain power after that expedition's failure, led to this war. The Carians were drawn in through the burning of Sardis, though Athens withdrew from this clash following the subsequent defeat at Ephesos. Claimed by Herodotos as the spur for Persia's later attack of mainland Greece, for 10 points, name this conflict which featured the uprising of Miletos and other cities against Darius I, and occurred in the namesake region.
Participants on one side of this conflict produced electrum coinage featuring an incuse square divided into four smaller squares. The last major battle of this conflict saw navy under Dionysius of Phokae defeated by Datis the Mede after the defection of the Samians
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Phillip Kearny became the first American to win the French Legion d'honneur due to his actions at this battle, serving in General Louis Morris' cavalry. Sixteen days after it, the Peace of Villafranco was signed. General Ludwig von Benedek's vigorous delaying action here prevented the destruction of the losing army, whose commander Franz von Gyulai was recently fired. Emperor Franz Josef and Napoleon III were among the rulers who participated in this battle, which led to the annexation of Lombardy by Sardinia-Piedmont. For 10 points name this last battle of the Second War of Italian Independence, whose bloodshed inspired Henri Dunant to form the International Red Cross.
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Pierre de La Rue wrote the devotional "Gaude Virgo" for this monarch and her husband. Her daughter Eleanor's unhappy marriage was arranged in the Ladies' Peace of Cambrai, and the War of the Communities was fought to reinstate her as queen of her country. After the death of her Burgundian husband from typhoid, she refused to be parted from his body, and she was eventually immured in the castle of Tordesillas while her son, who defeated Francis I in the battle of Pavia, ruled Spain. FTP, name this wife of Philip the Handsome and mother of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, a Spanish queen known for being loco in the cabeza.
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Pius V revoked this practice, which was frequently invoked by the statement "ab omni culpa et poena." Prominent examples include Innocent II's 40-day one for visiting and contributing to the adornment of the great church at Cluny, and Urban II's complete granting of one for participation in the First Crusade. But their most famous transaction involved a commissary for Albert, the archbishop of Mainz, whose preaching at Juterborg in Saxony enraged a famous theologian in Wittenberg on Oct. 31, 1517. FTP, name these partial remissions of punishment that worked through the sacrament of penance and whose most famous collector, Johann Tetzel, provoked Luther's posting of the 95 Theses.
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Probably the most comprehensive study of this historical figure is the 1967 three-volume work of Carl Burckhardt. This man undertook what he called "the reformation of the third order of the realm" in his political testament, but at first he was forced to flee to Blois in the wake of the murder of Concino Concini. He established the Company of One Hundred Associates, and an attempt to eliminate him was known as the Day of the Dupes. He'd gain plenty of enemies later in his career like Gaston of Orleans and the marquis de Cinq-Mars. Succeeded by Mazarin, FTP, name this chief minister to Louis XIII starting in 1624, a cardinal known as the "Red Eminence."
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Prominent historians who wrote about this event include Peter of les Vaux-de-Cernay. Raymond-Roger de Trencevel was heavily involved in its early stage; that period saw the city of Bezier completely obliterated and the residents of Carcassone forced to strip naked before leaving the city. During this event, a commander died when ammunition from a mangonel allegedly manned by women crushed his head at the siege of Toulouse. In addition to the death of the elder Simon de Montfort, this event led to the marriage of Louis IX's son when Blanche of Castile signed a treaty that gave Raymond of Toulouse control of much of southern France in exchange for fighting in this conflict. It was prompted by the murder of papal legate Pierre de Castlenau shortly after the excommunication of Raymond. Innocent III promised the land of the target group to anyone willing to fight. For 10 points, name this attempt to eradicate a heretical Christian sect based in Languedoc.
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Quashed when John Lister's men were defeated by Henry Le Despenser, it ultimately proved unsuccessful due to forgotten promises at Miles End and Smithfield. It was allegedly caused by an unpopular poll tax, but was largely the result of discontent over the Statute of Laborers. It began in Essex in May 1381, and a month later men from Kent had entered London and destroyed the palace of John of Gaunt. FTP, identify this revolt led by Wat Tyler and named for the portion of the populace involved.
Berlin Air Lift [or Berlin Blockade; accept Operation Vittles before mentioned]
Roger Gene Miller's history of this event details the complex block and ladder system used during it that initially gave low priority to Yorks. Jake Schuffert created popular uncensored cartoons for the Task Force Times, a paper written for members of this operation. It was preceded by the Gatow Disaster, and coal was a key component of its so-called "Easter Parade." One commander of this operation, sometimes known as "Willie the Whip," had earlier made journeys across the Hump in Asia more efficient. Gail Halvorsen became known as The Chocolate Uncle during this event, which was supported by Ernst Reuter. Officially designated as Operation Vittles, it was overseen by "Tonnage" Tunner, but the man most responsible for it was Lucius D. Clay. For 10 points, name this operation that relieved residents of a city blockaded by the Soviets following World War II.
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This battle led directly to the Treaty of Pressburg. Fought in Moravia, Alexander I convinced Francis I to attack before reinforcements arrived, and their complicated plan to encircle the French allowed Napoleon to split the Austrian and Russian forces and defeat each half. Fought on December 2, 1805, FTP, what was this battle known as the Battle of the Three Emperors since all three emperors were present on the field commanding their troops?
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Technically, this conflict can be divided into two phases, with the first half being settled at the Peace of Berwick. A year later, the second phase ended after a battle that saw Lord Conway and Thomas Fairfax defeated by Alexander Leslie, Earl of Leven. Following the battle of Newburn-on-the-Tyne and the capture of Newcastle four days later, the Treaty of Ripon effectively ended it all. With the English defeat primarily resulting from the refusal of funds by the Short Parliament, the conflict was a Scottish victory over Charles I, forcing him to call the Long Parliament and precipitating the English Civil War. FTP, name this war which took its name from the Scottish refusal of certain Anglican clergymen.
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This theologian's lesser known works include Christ the Center and Meditations on the Cross, while his first work was on the sociology of religion, Sanctorum Communio. He tried to trace the influence of transcendental philosophy on Christianity in his monumental Act and Being, while his most famous work examines what it means to be a follower of Jesus. A founder of the Confessing Church with Karl Barth, his involvement in protests as well as a later plot to murder Hitler led to his execution. FTP, identify this German theologian and author of The Cost of Discipleship.
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This thinker studied first under Roscellinus and then under William of Champeaux. Author of Historia calamitatum, he was an extremely popular lecturer at Notre Dame who developed conceptualism, which served as a compromise to the schools of realism and nominalism, but his rationalism angered the clergy, and he died on his way to Rome to appeal a condemnation caused by the prosecution of Bernard of Clairvaux. FTP, who was this 12th century scholastic philosopher best-known for his love affair with Heloise?
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Though many of his friends converted to Catholicism while he was MP for Oxford, he remained a High Church Anglican and founded the Church Penitentiary Association for the Reform of Fallen Women. He was often at odds with Queen Victoria, especially after he tried to cut funding to the Prince Albert memorial and his support for Irish Home Rule wrecked his third ministry. After the fall of Khartoum, his opponents referred to him as the M. O. G., "Murderer of Gordon," rather than his usual nickname of "Grand Old Man." FTP, name this four time British Prime Minister, the Liberal rival of Benjamin Disraeli.
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Towards the end of his career, he supposedly considered diverting the course of the Nile to destroy the power of Egypt. His poor health induced King Emmanuel to send Lope Suarez to succeed him. He made his first trip to Cochin in 1503 with his cousin Francisco and later commanded part of the fleet of Tristan da Cunha during the capture of Socotra. The second son of the lord of Villaverde, he became estribeiro-mor to King Joao II and was later given his command position by King Manuel I. In 1512, his ship, the Flor do Mar, was wrecked and his amassed treasure scattered, but he quickly rebounded to put down a revolt in Goa. FTP, name this Portuguese admiral and conqueror who shares his name with a city in New Mexico.
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Treaties concluded during the war included Travensal, which indemnified the Duke of Holstein; Altranstadt, by which Augustus broke his pact with the Tsar; and the treaty of the Pruth, which gave Azov back to the Porte. After the war's instigator was killed on an expedition at Friedrichshall, his sister Ulrika Eleonora took power, after which the Riksdag wrote a new constitution and the war ended with the treaties of Stockholm. FTP, identify this conflict, which ended Swedish supremacy in the Baltic, remembered for the battles of Narva and Poltava, at which the Russians defeated Charles XII.
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Two months before this engagement, the opposing commanders had met at the Battle of the Alte Veste, and the Vicomte de Turenne served as an attache to this battle's eventual victor, bringing his ideas on military improvement back to France. Early in this battle, Rudolf Colloredo allerted the rest of his army of the attacking forces. One side featured the cavalry commander Torsten Stalhandske, while this battle featured early skirmishing at the Rippach river. The defender's left side was commanded by Heinrich Holk until reinforcements arrived from nearby Halle led by Pappenheim, who was later killed. The victorious army was commanded by Berhard of Saxe-Weimar after its leader fell in battle. For 10 points, identify this 1632 battle which saw the Protestant army defeat Wallenstein despite the death of Gustavus Adolphus.
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Under its terms Brandenburg obtained eastern Pomerania, while France obtained secure possession of the Alsace, Metz, Toul, and Verdun, thus gaining a firm frontier west of the Rhine River. Sweden received western Pomerania, Wismar, Bremen, and Verden, giving it control of the Baltic Sea. Due mainly to the efforts of Count von Trautmansdorff, it confirmed the independence of United Provinces of the Netherlands and the Swiss Confederation, with all other secular lands restored to who had held them in 1618, before the start of the conflict it resolved. FTP, what was this 1648 agreement that ended the Thirty Years' War?
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Under the provisions of the "Cat and Mouse Act," she was imprisoned twelve times for a total of thirty days in 1913. Every time her condition deteriorated from the effects of her self-induced starvation, she was released, and then when her health improved somewhat she was promptly re-incarcerated. That year, her movement had turned more militant, even bombing Lloyd George's home in a wave of violence said to have been organized by her daughter Christabel. Her other daughter, Sylvia, was also active in the suffragist movement. FTP name this woman who died in 1928, shortly before all adult British women gained the vote.
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Upon his return as chief secretary of Ireland, he headed a commission that reinstated the gold standard in Britain. As home secretary he battled the liberation movement led by Daniel O'Connell, but it was with the issuance of the reformist Tamworth Manifesto that he gained true political power. He resigned when Canning became prime minister, but he would eventually gain the highest office and repeal the Corn Laws almost 20 years later. FTP, name this founder of the modern British Conservative Party and the modern British police force, who served as prime minister from 1834 to 1835 and 1841 to 1846.
Francisco Franco y Bahamonde [or Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Franco y Bahamonde Salgado Pardo de Andrade]
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Francois Mitterrand
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Frederick Barbarossa [or Frederick I Barbarossa; prompt on Frederick; prompt on Barbarossa]
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Frederick William I (Accept "The Great Elector" before mention)
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Fugger Family
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George Canning
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Georgia [or Sak'art'velo]
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Georgy M. Malenkov
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Georgy Maksimilianovich Malenkov
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Ghibellines
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Giuseppe Garibaldi
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Giussepe Mazzini
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Golden Bull [accept chrysobull after the Byzantine name; accept Papal Bull until Byzantine empire is mentioned]
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Gordon Riots
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Granada
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Great Exhibition of 1851 (or the Crystal Palace Exhibition before mention of "Crystal")
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Great Fire of London
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Great Irish Potato Famine (prompt on "Great Hunger" or "Great Famine")
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Greek War of Independence [accept anything that establishes Greeks are fighting, and they aren't free]
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Gregory VII [or Hildebrand of Sovana]
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Guelphs [Accept "Neo-Guelphs" until *]
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Guelphs [or Guelfs; or Welfs]
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Gunpowder Plot [accept Guy Fawkes Plot before his name is read; accept equivalent words for "plot"]
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Gustavas Adolphus (or Gustav II Adolf)
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Henry VII (prompt on "Henry Tudor")
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Henry the Navigator (accept Duke of Viseu or Lord of Covilha)
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Henry the Navigator [or Infante Henrique of Portugal, Duke of Viseu; or Henry the Seafarer]
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Hildegard von Bingen
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Hohenzollern
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Hohenzollern Castle
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Horatio Herbert Kitchener, first earl of Khartoum
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House of Braganza
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House of Capet or Capetian dynasty
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House/Dynasty of Valois
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Huldrych Zwingli [or Huldreich Zwingli; or Ulrich Zwingli]
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Hundred Years War
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Hundred Years' War [or Guerre de Cent Ans]
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Isabella I of Castile
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Isabella of Castile or Isabella I or Isabella "The Catholic"
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Ivan IV or Ivan the Terrible or Ivan Groznyi
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J'Accuse
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Jack Cade 's Rebellion or the Kentish Revolt of 1450
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Jacobite Rebellions
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Jacquerie
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Jagiellonian Dynasty [or Jagiellon Dynasty]
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James I of England [or James VI of Scotland]
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James II of England or James VII of Scotland
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James Thomas Brudenell, 7th Earl of Cardigan, Baron Brudenell Of Stonton (accept James Thomas Brudenell)
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Jameson Raid
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Jan Sobieski (accept John III [or Jan III] before it is mentioned)
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Katyn Forest Massacre (CAT-ain but accept anything phonetic)
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King Edward IV
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King Leopold II
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King Louis XI of France
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King Zog I (accept Ahmed Bey Zogu)
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Kingdom of Navarre [accept Pamplona]
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Kingdom of Prussia [or Königreich Preussen]
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Kingdom of Scotland [or Kingdom of the Scots]
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Knights of Malta (or the Order of Malta or the Order of St. John)
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Konrad Adenauer
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Kulturkampf
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Kulturkampf (prompt on "culture war")
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Kulturkampf¨
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Kursk
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L'arc de Triomphe or the Arch of Triumph
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La Fronde [accept Frondes]
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Lady Jane Grey
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Lajos Kossuth
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Lake Ladoga
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Lavrenty Pavlovich Beria
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League of Cambrai
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Lech Walesa
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Lech Walesa (may also be pronounced as Valensa)
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Leipzig (prompt on Battle of the Nations)
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Leon Blum
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Leonid Brezhnev
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Leopold II
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Lester Pearson
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Levelers
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Llewelyn ap Gruffyd [or Llywelyn Ein Llyw Olaf; or Llywelyn III of Gwynedd; or Llywelyn II of Wales]
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Locarno Pact
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Lollards [accept Wycliffites early]
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Lombard League
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Long Parliament
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Lord Beaverbrook
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Lord George Gordon
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Lorenzo Valla
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Lorenzo de' Medici (prompt on early "Pazzi Conspiracy" buzz)
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Lorenzo de'Medici, the Magnificent
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Lothair
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Louis IX [or Louis II of Artois; prompt on Saint Louis]
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Louis IX of France (or Saint Louis)
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Louis IX of France [or Saint Louis]
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Louis Philippe (or Louis Philippe, duke of Orléans)
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Louis XI
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Louis XI [or Louis the Spider; Louis the Prudent; Louis the Universal Spider]
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Louis XIII (accept Louis the Just or Louis le Juste; prompt on Louis)
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Louis XIV
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Louis XVI of France [prompt on Louis]
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Louis-Philippe
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Ludwig II or Louis II of Bavaria of the House of Wittelsbach (Accept "Mad King Ludwig" until mention)
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Ludwig II or Mad King Ludwig or Louis II
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Maria de' Medici or Marie de Medici
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Mark Antony [or Marcus Antonius]
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Marlene Magdalena Dietrich
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Mary I [or Mary Tudor; prompt on "Bloody Mary"]
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Mary, Queen of Scots
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Massacre of Glencoe
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Mata Hari [or Margaretha Geertruida Zelle; or Margaretha Geertruida MacLeod]
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Matilda
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Maximilien Robespierre
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Merovingian dynasty
...
Merovingians
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Michael Romanov [or Mikhail Romanov]
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Milan
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Mississippi Bubble
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Monmouth Rebellion
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Naples or Napoli
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Napoleon III (or Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte; do not prompt on "Napoleon")
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Napoleon III [accept Louis Napoleon Bonaparte; prompt on Louis Bonaparte; prompt on Napoleon]
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Napoleon III [or Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte; do not prompt on "Napoleon"]
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Nicolae Ceausescu
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Nikita (Sergeevich) Khrushchev
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Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev
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Normans [accept Italian Normans or Italo-Normans before "bastard" is read]
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Nuremberg Rallies
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Operation Market Garden
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Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck
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Otto Eduard Leopold, Fürst von Bismarck, Graf von Bismarck-Schönhausen, Herzog von Lauenburg
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Otto I (accept Otto the Great before the end of the question)
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Otto I (or Otto the Great)
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Otto I [or Otto the Great]
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Pravda
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Pride's Purge
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Prince Eugene of Savoy (or Eugenio di Savoia or Eugen von Savoyen)
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Prince Henry the Navigator
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Prince Igor
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Prince Rupert of the Rhine or the Palatinate
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Prince William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland (accept either underlined answer)
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Provisions of Oxford
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Red Army Faction or Rote Armee Fraktion (accept Baader-Meinhof Gang or Gruppe on early buzz)
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Richard I of England [or Richard the Lionhearted; or Richard Couer de Lion; prompt on Richard]
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Richard II
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Robert Guiscard
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Robert Jenkinson, Earl of Liverpool [accept either or both parts]
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Robert Walpole
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Rump Parliament or the Rump or Rumpers or Purged parliament
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Rye House plot
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Saint Blaise
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Saint Thomas à Becket
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Saint Vladimir I Svyatoslavich, the Great, of Kiev (or Svyatoy Vladimir I Svyatoslavich Veliky; accept any combination of Vladimir and a designation; prompt on "Vladimir")
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Second Battle of Tannenberg [or Battle of Stebark]
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Seven Weeks' War or Austro-Prussian War
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Sir Robert Peel, 2nd Baronet
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St. James the Greater (accept James the Moor-Slayer before it is mentioned; prompt on James or on Santiago)
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St. Louis or Louis IX
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Star Chamber
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Stephen
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Stephen I [accept Stjepan before "Anna"; note that all are Stephen I, but some were the only Stephen]
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Stephen I or Stephen of Blois
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Synod of Dort (or Dordt or Dordrecht)
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Tennis Court Oath
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Teutonic Knights
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The Everlasting League (Accept Ewige Bund or League of the Three Forest Cantons or Dreiwaldstätterbund, but PROMPT on "Swiss League" and DO NOT ACCEPT "Swiss Confederation")
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The House of Orange-Nassau
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The Man in the Iron Mask
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The Most Noble Order of the Garter
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The Peace of Westphalia
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The South Sea Bubble
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The Tin Drum
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The Vendee Revolt/War/Etc.Â
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The War of the Austrian Succession [prompt on King George's War before it is said]
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Theodoric the Great
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Third Crusade
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Thomas Cranmer
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Thomas Wyatt (Prompt if just Wyatt is given.)
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Time of Troubles [or Smutnoye Vremya]
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Todor Zhivkov
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Tomas Masaryk
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Treaties of Rastaat and Baden
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Treaty of Aix-La-Chapelle
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Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
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Treaty of Amiens
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Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
...
Treaty of Campo Formio [or Peace of Campo Formio]
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Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis
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Treaty of Karlowitz
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Treaty of Nystad
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Treaty of Paris
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Treaty of Prague
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Treaty of Rapallo
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Treaty of Rome (accept Treaty establishing the European Economic Community or Treaty establishing the European Community, but not after the mention of "European Economic Community")
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Treaty of Ryswick
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Treaty or Peace of Pressburg
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Treaty/Peace of Westphalia
...
Tulipmania or Craze or Madness or Tulpenwoede
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Ulrich (or Huldrych) Zwingli
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Ulster [do not accept or prompt on Northern Ireland]
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V1 [or Vergeltungswaffe 1]
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Valery Giscard D'Estaing
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Vasa or Waza
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Vichy France [accept Vichy regime or similar answers; prompt on "French State" or "État Français"]
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Vicomte de Turenne [or Henri de la Tour d' Auvergne]
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Victor Emmanuel II or Vittorio Emanuele II
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Victual Brothers [accept Vitalians or variants like Guild of the Victual pirates, etc.; accept Likedeelers before they're mentioned]
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Vlad III or Vlad the Impaler or Vlad Tepes or Vlad Dracula (Do not accept Vlad Dracul - that was his father)
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Vlad the Impaler [accept Vlad III; accept Vlad Dracula; accept Vlad Tepes; prompt on Vlad; do not accept Vlad Dracul]
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War of the Bavarian Succession
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War of the Polish Succession
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War of the Spanish Succession
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War of the Three Henrys [prompt on French Wars of Religion before it is read]
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Wars of the Roses
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Wars of the Vendée
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William III (in Holland and England, accept William II of Scotland)
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William of Orange or William III
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Witches' Sabbath accept reasonable equivalents
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Yalta Conference [or Argonaut Conference; or Crimea Conference before mentioned]
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Ypres (or Ieper)
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Zollverein (prompt on "customs union")
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Zyklon B or Cyclone B
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invading Poland [or attacking Poland]
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lay investiture controversy
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murder of Thomas à Becket [accept equivalents mentioning Becket; prompt on Murder in the Cathedral for Becket]
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the Ems Dispatch [accept similar terms for Dispatch]
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the Entente Cordiale [prompt on Anglo-French Entente; accept Declaration between the United Kingdom and France Respecting Egypt and Morocco]
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the Executive Directory (or Directoire executive)
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the Finneans [or the Finnean Brotherhood/Movement, etc.]
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the First Crusade
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the Golden Hind
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the Great Northern War
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the Great Northern War [or the Second Northern War; prompt on Northern War]
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the Hagia Sophia [accept Ayasofya; accept Church of the Holy Wisdom before it is mentioned]
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the Spanish Inquisition (prompt on Inquisition)
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the War of the Austrian Succession
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the Wars (or Uprisings or Revolts or whatever) of the Vendée
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the battle of Bosworth Field
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the battle of Crécy
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the battle of Leipzig (accept Battle of the Nations)
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the battle of the Neva River
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the counties of Ireland
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the kingdom of Sicily
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 Henry IV [accept Henry of Navarre; prompt on Henry]
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 Louis XIV [prompt on Louis]
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 Potsdam Conference
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 The Jew of MaltaÂ
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A Guido Reni rendition of the archangel Michael was based on the features of this pontiff whose sister-in-law, Olympia Maidalchini, wielded influence in his court. During the seventeenth century, the dukes of Parma waged the Wars of Castro against his family and that of his predecessor, Barberini. Originally, he was elected as a compromise against the candidate put forth by Mazarin, with whom he bickered almost continuously for the eleven-year duration of his papacy. He issued the Bull Zelo Domus Dei in protest against the French-negotiated provisions of the Peace of Westphalia. The successor to Urban VIII and commissioner of Bernini's Fountain of Four Rivers for his family's piazza this is, FTP, what Pamphili Pope whose portrait was painted by Velasquez?
Albania (accept early buzz of Shiqperia or Shiqperise or Shiqipnia before Shiqperia is mentioned)
A Kragli, or bandit lord, from Bushat set up a dynasty in this country's north while a Kragli from Tepelen set up a fiefdom controlling the south. Six centuries earlier the state of Arber was established in its north and five centuries earlier, in 1272, Charles of Anjou declared himself its king. In 1878, the League of Prizren established a common alphabet, later fully adopted along with a common language at the Congress of Bitolj. Four years later it had its first modern Mpret, or king, the figurehead prince Wilhelm of Wied, whose brief rule followed its declaration of independence at Vlore. For a long time referred to as "northern Epirus," its native name is Shiqperia, or "land of the Eagles." For 10 points, name this country whose longest serving king was Ahemd Zogu or Zog I, and whose longest serving leader was the communist dictator Enver Hoxha.
Clement Richard Attlee, 1st Earl Attlee of Walthamstow, Viscount Prestwood [accept any underlined part]
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Congress Kingdom of Poland
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Copenhagen, Denmark [or København]
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Council of Chalcedon
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Council of Trent
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Count Axel Gustafsson Oxenstierna
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Court of the Star Chamber
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Cyprus
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Danelaw or Dena lagu
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David Ben-Gurion
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Decembrists
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Dietrich Bonhoeffer
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Dreyfus affair
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Drogheda [or Droichead Átha]
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Easter Rebellion
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Easter Rising/Rebellion
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Edict of Nantes
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Edict of Nantes or L'Édit de Nantes
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Fourth Crusade
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Fourth Lateran Council [prompt on Lateran Council]
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Francisco Franco
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Cato Street Conspiracy
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Charles II
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Chartists
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Chartists [or Chartism or Supporters of the People's Charter]
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Children's Crusade
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Christina
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