European History Chapter 1-5 Test

95 Theses

A book written by Martin Luther about the disputation on the Power of Indulgences is a list of propositions for an academic disputation.

Council of Trent

A council of the Roman Catholic Church between 1545 and 1563. Prompted by the Protestant Reformation, it has been described as the embodiment of the Counter-Reformation.

The League of Schmalkalden

A defensive military alliance of Lutheran princes within the Holy Roman Empire.

Monarchy

A form of government with a king or queen at the head.

Index of Forbidden Books

A list of publications that were heretical and were banned by the Roman Catholic Church.

Friars

A member of any of certain religious orders of men, especially the four mendicant orders

Missionary

A missionary is a member of a religious group sent into an area to proselytize and/or perform ministries of service, such as education, literacy, social justice, health care, and economic development.

Inquisition

A period of prolonged and intensive questioning or investigation.

Sacraments

A religious ceremony or act of the Christian Church that is regarded as an outward and visible sign of inward and spiritual divine grace, in particular.

Theocracy

A system of government in which priests rule in the name of God or a god.

William Tyndale

An English scholar and a leading figure in the Protestant reform. He translated the Scriptures into the vernacular languages of their countrymen in Germany and England.

Pope Leo X

Authorized St. Peter's Basilica in Rome.

Heresy

Belief or opinion contrary to orthodox religious such as the Christian doctrine.

Jesuits

Believed that reform in the Catholic Church which began with reform of the individual.

What were the major challenges that were faced by the early reformers?

Early reformers faced challenges from the Church, secular rulers, and their own communities. The challenges were more hostile reactions which included excommunication, being shunned or in extreme cases being put to death, and financing their movements.

Act of Supremacy

English act of Parliament that recognized Henry VIII as the "Supreme Head of the Church of England." The act also required an oath of loyalty from English subjects that recognized his marriage to Anne Boleyn.

Henry VIII

Had a desire for a male heir to the throne led to a complete break with the Roman Catholic Church when it rejected his marriage annulment petition. The Church of England was then established by Henry to give to the monarch control over ecclesiastical affairs in England.

Charles V

Holy Roman emperor who lost a substantial amount of power in his monarchy. Charles V surrendered his right to choose the church for the German people.

Persecution

Hostility and ill-treatment, especially because of race or political or religious beliefs.

Jan Huss

Huss called into question the Church's immorality and worldliness. As a result, he was excommunicated and burned at the stake in 1412.

Would you judge the Inquisition to have been a success or failure? Why?

I think that the Inquisition was a fail because its purpose was to stamp out perceived heretical activities but they were not successful in the end stamping out the Protestant Churches nor bringing the majority of their members back into the fold of the Roman Catholic Church.

Which European nations experienced the greatest and longest lasting impacts of the Reformation?

In France, people politically opposed to the throne and allied themselves with the religious dissenters known as the Huguenots. As a result, this led to multi-year civil war throughout France.In England, Henry VIII struggled for control of the throne, and the new Church of England persevered through challenging times. As a result, Ireland, the English ruling class, adopted the Church of England while the Irish people remained predominantly Roman Catholic.

John Wycliffe

Influences Martin Luther Wycliffe questioned the extravagance of the Church which resulted in his dismissal from his teaching position at Oxford University in England.

Christopher Columbus

Italian explorer, navigator, and colonizer found the Americas in 1492 and completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean.

How did Martin Luther initially spark the Reformation and shape its outcomes?

Martin Luther created the 95 theses calling out the corrupt practices of the church and selling indulgences. The Bible is the central religious authority and that humans may reach salvation only by their faith and not by their deeds—was to spark the Protestant Reformation.

Did the leading reformers help or hinder each other?

Martin Luther was asked to appear before the Diet of Worms in 1521, but he insisted on a guarantee of safe passage to and from the hearing. Jan Huss was similar in the way, he asked church council to answer his writing and vernacular preaching in Bohemia.

Which groups were impacted the most by the selling of indulgences?

Merchants, State, National leaders, and the poor were the most effected by the selling of indulgences.

Indigenous

Originating or occurring naturally in a particular place; native.

Indulgences

Papal pardons

Christendom

Refers to the worldwide community of Christians, the adherents of Christianity, the Christian-majority countries, the countries in which Christianity dominates, or the nations in which Christianity is the established religion.

Ulrich Zwingli

Reformer in Switzerland

How did the religious beliefs of the explorers impact the indigenous people?

Religious beliefs of the explorers impact the indigenous people because missions throughout were established throughout Latin America to try to convert and educate people in the ways of Catholicism.Native Americans were voluntarily or forced to converted to Catholicism. Native Americans were also used as slave laborers, and were often infected by diseases such as smallpox which reduced the Native American population.

Teresa of Avila

Roman Catholic Saint.

Protestant

Second largest form of Christiany

Papal Authority

States that in virtue of the promise of Jesus to Peter, the Pope is preserved from the possibility of error when, in the exercise of his office as shepherd and teacher of all Christians, in virtue of his supreme apostolic authority.

Peace of Augsburg

Temporary settlement within the Holy Roman Empire of the religious conflict arising from the Reformation. Each prince was to determine whether Lutheranism or Roman Catholicism was to prevail in his lands.

What was the reaction of the Catholic Church to the early reformers?

The Catholic Church responded to the early reformers in multiple ways including recantation, excommunication, or death. They also developed a list of approved books and a list of books that were banned for the benefit of their members this was known as the Index of Forbidden Books.

How did the Catholic Church combat the spread of Protestant ideals? List some positive and negative methods used by the church in this endeavor.

The Catholic Church spread Protestant Ideals by the Jesuit Order which provided education as a means to stem the tide of Protestantism. They also created Ursuline Rule which was used to educate and regain the loyalty of young girls.

Ferdinand and Isabella

The Catholic Monarchs.

The Columbian Exchange

The Columbian Exchange was the widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, and ideas between the Americas and the Old World.

Diet of Worms

The Diet of Worms 1521 was an imperial diet of the Holy Roman Empire held at the Heylshof Garden in Worms, then an Imperial Free City of the Empire.

How did the Protestant Reformation impact the effort of European nations to control the colonies?

The Protestant Reformation impacted the effort of European natives to control the colonies because the Spanish conquistadors were followed by Jesuit priests and colonists. The English colonies in North America represented the entire spectrum of Christendom. Puritans, Quakers, Catholics, and Anglicans all inhabited various portions of the thirteen colonies.

What effect did the Reformation have on literacy?

The Protestant Reformers encouraged their followers to become literate in order to read the Scriptures. Martin Luther and William Tyndale translated the Scriptures into the vernacular languages in Germany and England. This encouraged a desire for literacy in order to facilitate a personal understanding of the Scriptures.

Colonization

The action or process of settling among and establishing control over the indigenous people of an area

Compare/contrast the differences in doctrine between the leading reformers.

The difference between doctrines were they were a set of permanent rules that the catholic churches must follow whereas each reformer had their own ideas they wanted to incorporate into the each Catholic church but also criticized and questioned different practices and rulers the Catholic churches already had.

Predestination

The divine foreordaining of all that will happen, especially with regard to the salvation of some and not others.

Peasant's Revolt

The immediate cause was the imposition of the unpopular poll tax of 1381, which brought to a head the economic discontent that had been growing since the middle of the century.

What/who were the influences on Martin Luther?

The influences of Martin Luther were John Wycliffe and Jan Huss including their ideas.

How did the invention/use of the printing press impact the Protestant Reformation?

The invention of the printing press affected the protestant reform because it allowed Reformation ideas to spread quicker and have a broader impact. The printing press had a great impact on literacy and printing material became more accessible to a wider audience.

Which motivation for exploration and discovery was the most powerful--economic or religious? Or were they equally motivating?

The motive that was most powerful for exploration and discovery was the search for gold. The spread of Gospel competed for gold The Catholic majesties of Spain filled their treasury with New World silver and gold which simultaneously sending Jesuits over to establish missions to spread the Gospel among the indigenous people.

Ursuline Order

The number of religious institutes of the Catholic Church.

Pluralism

The practice of holding more than one office or church benefice at a time.

What were the practices of the church that were considered corrupt?

The practices of the church that was considered corrupt were the lack of celibacy, drunkenness, and gambling. Administrative practices including simony, nepotism, and pluralism. These practices decreased the respect for and the authority of the church.

Salvation

The preservation or deliverance from harm, ruin, or loss.

How did the Protestant Reformation impact women? How did it impact the poor?

The protestant reformation impacted the women because it talked about the importance of marriage and the role of women in a Christian home. The poor were influenced by Martin Luther's writings and preaching to demand economic reforms through armed rebellion in the German states.

Did the Protestant Reformation increase or decrease the power of European monarchs?

The protestant reformation increased Henry VIII of England's monarchy Henry's desire for a male heir to the throne led to a complete break with the Roman Catholic Church when it rejected his marriage annulment petition. The Church of England was established by Henry which was given to the monarch control over ecclesiastical affairs in England. Charles V lost a lot of power due to the Peace of Augsburg. In 1555, Charles surrendered his right to choose the church for the German people.

What was the purpose of selling indulgences?

The purpose was to raise money, and the money raised by the sell of indulgences were used to fund the construction of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome.

What was the purpose/impact of the Council of Trent?

The purpose/impact of the Council of Trent was to confront the growing Protestant religion which was a threat to the supremacy of the Roman Catholic Church and its doctrine. The Council purpose was to reaffirm the equal validity of Scripture and church tradition.

Ignatius of Loyola

Who founded the religious order called the Society of Jesus and became its first Superior General.

Martin Luther

Wrote the 95 Theses and was influences by Jan Huss and John Wycliffe.

Purgatory

a place or state of suffering inhabited by the souls of sinners who are expiating their sins before going to heaven.

Imperialism

a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

Converts

cause to change in form, character, or function.

John Calvin

key ideas was the concept of predestination. This is the doctrine that the future is predetermined and that the "elect" will be saved.

Reform

make changes in (something, typically a social, political, or economic institution or practice) in order to improve it.

Interpretation

the action of explaining the meaning of something.

Excommunication

the action of officially excluding someone from participation in the sacraments and services of the Christian Church.

Simony

the buying or selling of ecclesiastical privileges, for example, pardons or benefice.

Transubstantiation

the conversion of the substance of the Eucharistic elements into the body and blood of Christ at consecration, only the appearances of bread and wine still remaining.

Consubstantiation

the doctrine, especially in Lutheran belief, that the substance of the bread and wine coexists with the body and blood of Christ in the Eucharist.

Vernacular

the language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region

Nepotism

the practice among those with power or influence of favoring relatives or friends, especially by giving them jobs.