EVO BIO Quizzes
Fusion inhibitors are a type of antiretroviral drug that inhibit fusase from binding with the integrase protein inhibit DNA transcription interfere with protein fusion between gp120 and integrase interfere with gp120 or gp41 binding to host cells
interfere with gp120 or gp41 binding to host cells
Homologous and homoplasious characters both help with reconstructing the correct evolutionary relationships among taxa True False
False
Isotopes with shorter half-lives are more useful for dating the age of Earth. True False
False
Marine sticklebacks, when mated with a freshwater sticklebacks, give rise to lightly armoured fish, thus this trait is dominant. True False
False
The unit(s) upon which evolution operates are: Changes in allele frequencies Changes in genotypes Changes of heritability Changes in phenotypes
Changes in allele frequencies
Theta defensin is: A primate gene that increases susceptibility to HIV-1 in Rhesus macaques A rodent protein that increases resistance to HIV-1. A protein that is not made in humans, chimpanzees and gorillas because HIV-1 blocks its transcription all of the above A protein that is not made in humans, chimpanzees and gorillas because they have a premature stop codon in the gene that encodes it
A protein that is not made in humans, chimpanzees and gorillas because they have a premature stop codon in the gene that encodes it
A phylogeny is: A hypothesis All of the above A depiction of evolutionary change from a single ancestor to a group of descendants A group of organism's genealogical relationships
All of the above
What can we expect to see happen to delta-32 allele frequencies over time? As HIV acts as a selection factor on human populations we may see an increase in the number of people carrying the delta-32 allele. If infection rates go down the delta-32 allele will increase in frequency through natural selection. The delta-32 allele should eventually evolve back toward the delta-31 allele. New drugs are being created that act on the HIV delta-32 allele.
As HIV acts as a selection factor on human populations we may see an increase in the number of people carrying the delta-32 allele.
How does a biologist assess confidence in a particular node of a phylogentic tree? Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo Bootstrapping or posterior probabilities Polytomy Maximum likelihood
Bootstrapping or posterior probabilities
During years 1-6 of infection, HIV evolution is extremely fast, but it slows down during year 7. What would be the underlying cause for the HIV virus evolution to slow? Viral load decrease Increase in the change of novel epitopes Replication of the HIV virus decreased CD4 T cell count decrease
CD4 T cell count decrease
HIV initiates replication by latching on to which two proteins? TCR and CD4 delta32 and CCR5 CD4 and CCR5 (a coreceptor) CD4 and CCR32 (a coreceptor) a coreceptor and an integrator
CD4 and CCR5 (a coreceptor)
What is it called when two species experience similar environments and evolve the same adaptations? Co-adaptation Coevolution Coincidence Convergence
Convergence
What is it called when two species experience similar environments and evolve the same adaptations? Coevolution Co-adaptation Convergence Coincidence
Convergence
In Darwin's era, his theory had three major problems. Which of the following was not one of those problems: Scientists of the time thought that the Earth was 15-20 million years old. Darwin could not explain how evolution led to an increase in complexity. Darwin did not know how traits were passed on. Darwin did not know about mutation
Darwin could not explain how evolution led to an increase in complexity.
Artificial selection always produces phenotypes that have higher fitness. True False
False
Evolution by natural selection is not scientific because it is not falsifiable and because it does not make predictions. True False
False
For optimal phylogenetic reconstruction, an outgroup should be selected that is closely related to or even a member of the ingroup of interest. True False
False
Michael Behe, a proponent in the belief of intelligent design, originally used a eukaryotic cilium as evidence for an irreducibly complex machine. Evolutionary biologists still cannot explain how a cilium could have arisen and no precursor structures have yet been found. True False
False
The Modern Synthesis is grounded in which of the following disciplines synthesized with the theory of evolution: Geology Genetics Thermodynamics Mathematics
Genetics
When Darwin first proposed evolution Geologists had already observed that vast stretches of time were required to produce some rock formations. Catastrophism was already accepted among geologists to explain that the earth was older than commonly believed. No theory could explain that the earth was old enough for natural selection to work. Some geologists believed that the earth was unchangeable (uniformitarianism)
Geologists had already observed that vast stretches of time were required to produce some rock formations.
What is a paraphyletic group of organisms? Group that includes a common ancestor and some but not all descendants. Groups that include paranormal species and their ancestors. Groups that include all but one descendent of a common ancestor. Groups that include all descendents of a common ancestor. Groups that include several groups that do not share a common ancestor.
Group that includes a common ancestor and some but not all descendants.
What is a monophyletic group of organisms? Group that includes the common ancestor plus some but not all descendants of that common ancestor. Groups that include several lineages that do not share a common ancestor. Groups that include the common ancestor and only one descendent of that common ancestor. Groups that include the common ancestor and all descendents of that common ancestor.
Groups that include the common ancestor and all descendents of that common ancestor.
How does HIV cause AIDS? HIV is an RNA virus that parasitizes the immune system cells. HIV is an RNA virus which integrates into red blood cells and causes death. HIV only causes AIDS if the host is infected with multiple HIV-1 types. HIV is a DNA virus that parasitizes the immune system cells.
HIV is an RNA virus that parasitizes the immune system cells.
Which lineage of HIV virus is causing the AIDS epidemic? HIV-1 Group M HIV-2 subtype B HIV-2 subtype A HIV-1 group O SIVcpzANT: Chimpanzee
HIV-1 Group M
An HIV virion that reproduces quickly will: Be less widespread in Europe. Have a high transmission rate. Likely be less lethal. Will be transmitted only via sexual intercourse.
Have a high transmission rate.
What is the best explanation for why the human version of anti-retroviral TRIM5alpha is worse at fighting HIV-1 than TRIM5alpha proteins from other primates? Human TRIM5alpha is adapted to fight all retroviruses equally, while other primates' TRIM5alpha have only been faced with HIV-1 Human TRIM5alpha is adapted to fight another ancient retrovirus, which has caused a decrease in it's response to HIV-1 Mutated forms of TRIM5alpha shut down all cellular function TRIM5alpha is a pseudogene in humans (not expressed)
Human TRIM5alpha is adapted to fight another ancient retrovirus, which has caused a decrease in it's response to HIV-1
AZT resistant virions will: Increase if the AZT is removed from the patientÕs bloodstream. Increase in the presence of AZT, because AZT imposes selection for resistant virions. Decrease in the presence of AZT, because new mutations will produce AZT susceptible virions Decrease in the presence of AZT, because if AZT is present, selection will favor virions with reverse transcriptase that can incorporate AZT
Increase in the presence of AZT, because AZT imposes selection for resistant virions.
How does AZT work? It helps reverse transcriptase add more thymidine to the proteins It prevents integrase from using thymidine which blocks the HIV-1 viral envelope from fusing with the host cell It gets incorporated in place of regular thymidine and prevents reverse transcriptase from completing DNA synthesis AZT doesn't work in humans, only in other primates infected with SIV
It gets incorporated in place of regular thymidine and prevents reverse transcriptase from completing DNA synthesis
If we want to understand why a particular trait is common in a particular population, we should study how that trait: Might influence an organism's ability to undergo cellular division. Might influence an organism's heritability. Might influence an organism's reproductive success and survivability. Might influence an organism's immune response
Might influence an organism's reproductive success and survivability.
Multiple lines of evidence suggest that the earth was formed about 4.6 billions years ago, these include: Rocks found in deep ocean trenches and from core earth sampling. Moon rocks and asteroids Several locations where complete layering of rock formation date from the Cenezoic back to the Pre-Cambrion. Molten lava from the earth's core and rocks from deep ocean trenches.
Moon rocks and asteroids
Shared similarity of genetic mutations Helps identify disease symptoms does not occur Provides further evidence of common descent Cannot yet be explained by evolutionary biologists, but will likely be explained some day.
Provides further evidence of common descent
During a drought in the Galapagos, small, easily eaten seeds become less abundant leaving only large, hard-cased seeds only birds with large beaks can eat. If this drought persists for several years, then what would be expected from natural selection? Small birds growing larger beaks by exercising their mouth parts. More birds with small beaks dying than large-beaked birds giving way to offspring produced in subsequent generations having a higher percentage of large-beaked birds. Birds with larger beaks eating less to save some for birds with smaller beaks. Birds with small beaks mutating their beak genes with the result that later-generation offspring have larger beaks.
More birds with small beaks dying than large-beaked birds giving way to offspring produced in subsequent generations having a higher percentage of large-beaked birds.
The KISS principle (Keep It Simple, Stupid), is the best example of which type of method for evaluating the best tree Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo Bootstrapping Parsimony Maximum Likelihood
Parsimony
The homology of the genetic code Suggests independent evolution of the same nucleic acids across all species. Provides evidence of common descent Provides evidence of analogy Cannot yet be explained by evolutionary biologists, but will likely be explained some day.
Provides evidence of common descent
In Sub-Saharan Africa, the primary mode of transmitting HIV is: Sexual intercourse Consuming bush meat From getting bitten by monkey pets Transfusions with HIV-contaminated blood
Sexual intercourse
What is the effort to classify the diversity of organisms called? Cladistics Systematics Linneaus Phylogenetics
Systematics
The example of the male mosquito fish demonstrates what principles? Adaptations occur in individuals. Natural selection evolves adaptations that are always perfect. The adaptations that natural selection creates can inhibit one trait while optimizing another. Evolution occurs on individuals
The adaptations that natural selection creates can inhibit one trait while optimizing another.
If a phylogenetic tree depicts extant taxa on the right and the point of most recent common ancestry on the left: The amount of time since the most recent common ancestor depends on the vertical spacing between taxa An accurate phylogeny only shows taxa on the top and the most recent common ancestor on the bottom. The horizontal axis represents time The vertical axis represents time
The horizontal axis represents time
HAART cocktails destroy most but not all of the HIV virions in the host's body. True False
True
Historically, snakes had legs and now they are vestigial structures in certain species. True False
True
Which of the following can cause AZT to become less effective as a treatment for HIV infection? All of the above. Virions inside a person can mutate to a form that allows reverse transcriptase to use AZT as an efficient DNA building block AZT molecules eventually mutate into regular thymidine Virions inside a person can mutate to a form that does not allow reverse transcriptase to incorporate AZT into DNA strands
Virions inside a person can mutate to a form that does not allow reverse transcriptase to incorporate AZT into DNA strands
What is a synapomorphy? a trait that is shared with the out group a common trait found with no shared ancestry. a point of uncertainty in a phylogenetic tree. a unique trait found in a species. a homologous trait that is shared among certain species.
a homologous trait that is shared among certain species.
A squirrel population expands northwards across two sides of a mountain range. Eventually, after several thousand years of isolation, individuals from each side of the mountain range come back into contact at the northern edge of the mountains. By this time, the eastern squirrel population has a dark brown coat color and the western population is tan. Scientists observe tan females mating with dark brown males, but their offspring are medium brown and have an elevated rate of getting eaten by hawks. Under the Biological Species Concept, are the tan and dark brown squirrel populations considered different species? no yes
no
In a phylogeny, when evolutionary histories are not well resolved and the node has multiple (more than two) branches arising from it, this is known as: monophyletic groups polytomy triploidy autapomorphies
polytomy
When natural selection repurposes existing structures, behaviors or genes this is called a ___________________. preadaptation or exaptation reshuffling of alleles novel trait phenotypic change evolutionary jump
preadaptation or exaptation
Based on the best hypothesis of evolutionary relationships to date, whales are artiodactyls that are sister to the hippos fasle true
true
Based on the best hypothesis of evolutionary relationships to date, whales are artiodactyls that are sister to the hippos true fasle
true
Derived characters are necessary for reconstructing a phylogenetic tree True False
true