Evo Psych Exam 3

Northern Europeans have a gene that allows them to continue digesting milk products after the traditional time of weaning; a person with such a gene would have had an advantage because dairy products are a high quality food source and, in probably less than _____ years, that advantage would have enabled the gene to be passed on to almost all of the European population.

10,000

Researchers have estimated that the average group size of humans during prehistoric times was no more than

150

When the Wason card selection task is framed as a social exchange problem, people selected the correct cards _____ times more often than when the problems were presented in a logic format.

3

When the Wason card selection task is presented as a social problem, about _____% of participants respond correctly; when it is presented as a non-social problem, about _____% respond correctly.

75, 21

In thinking about mental disorders as dysfunctions of evolved processes, Nesse (2005) asks three questions. Which of the following is NOT one of them?

Do other members of the individual's family exhibit the symptoms as well?

Taylor (2002) proposes that females have evolved a tend-and-befriend response to stress that includes four parts. Which of the following is NOT part of this response?

Females respond more emotionally to stressful situations.

Brain structures involved in social interactions can be organized in terms of three processes. Which of the following is NOT one of those processes?

Limbic structures helps us perform a cost-benefit analysis of the social relationship.

Disorders that have very similar end states--depression, for example--may have developed from distinctly different beginning conditions. Which of the following is NOT a typical beginning condition for depression?

Loss of sense of agency

_____ neurons discharge when the organism makes a goal-related motor act such as grasping; they also discharge when the organism observes another performing the same action.

Mirror

A runaway trolley is speeding toward five workers on the tracks. The only way to stop the trolley is to push a large person off a bridge onto the tracks in front of it.

Most people disagree if it is morally acceptable or not

Gluckman and Hanson (2005) suggest that predictive adaptive responses (PARs) have a number of characteristics. Which of the following is NOT one of these?

PARs occur mainly in early fetal development.

_____ behaviors are the normal response to infection, just as fear is a normal response to a threat; these behavioral changes are believed to enable ill individuals to cope better with the infection.

Sickness

Which of the following is NOT one of the five basic principles all heuristics rely on?

Simplifying the alternatives

Evidence suggests sleep serves several functions. Which of the following is NOT a generally accepted function of sleep?

Sleep provides for the expression of unfulfilled wishes.

According to the social shaping hypothesis (Taylor and Gonzaga, 2006), early social relationships have three functions. Which of the following is NOT one of these?

Social relationships teach stress-coping skills and stress-avoiding behaviors.

Three facts about schizophrenia suggest that it is a disorder that has always been part of the human experience. Which of the following is NOT one of those supporting facts?

The gene for schizophrenia has also been identified in other species.

Although there is no single definition of a psychopathological process, five key characteristics are generally agreed upon. Which of the following is NOT one of them?

The person is deemed abnormal but may be given a special status in some cultures.

General Adaptation Syndrome involves three stages. Which of the following is NOT one of them?

The recovery stage, in which bodily resources are replenished.

In developing a categorization system to consider psychopathology, Nesse (2005) suggests that there are five conditions in which normal responses may be maladaptive. Which of the following is NOT one of them?

They are the products of abnormal experiences or upbringing.

Pinker (2008) suggested that the nature of moral judgments is different from other types of thinking. Which of the following is NOT one of them?

We learn our sense of morals from our parents and teachers.

_____ syndrome leads to delayed developmental milestones and problems with spatial abilities and fine motor coordination, but with strengths that include good language skills and social behaviors.

Williams

The historical record suggests that religion developed as culture developed and is not a(n) _____ in the classical sense of the term.

adaptation

McEwen (2002) suggests that the concept of stress is ambiguous; instead, we should think of our bodies as _____ systems that are designed to adapt to change.

allostatic

The evolutionary perspective gives greater insight into the question of _____ or why we may help someone even if it puts us at an apparent disadvantage.

altruism

There is a particular short allele of the 5-HTT gene that is associated with being prone to _____, and it occurs at a much higher rate among Japanese than Europeans. This suggests that genetic variation influences the manner in which cultural structures formalize social interactions.

anxiety and depression

One model of psychopathology views disorders as a breakdown of normal function. For example, Frith (1992) has suggested that the _____ of schizophrenics result from a breakdown in a mechanism that identifies whether an action was produced by the self or another.

auditory hallucinations

Individuals with _____ display problems in three areas: social functions, communications, and restrictions in behaviors and interests.

autism

According to Hughlings Jackson, evolution involved the movement from the more _____ centers of the lower brain processes to the more _____ ones of the neocortex.

automatic, voluntary

Daly and Wilson (2001) speculated that framing evolved in the context of social _____, in which it would be seen as a sign of weakness to relinquish prior gains and may even invite future demands for concessions.

bargaining

One distinction that has been made regarding the social emotions is that shame is associated with the desire to undo aspects of the self, whereas guilt involves the desire to undo aspects of

behavior

A new field has developed, referred to as _____, which studies the manner in which humans calculate market pricing relationships.

behavioral economics

If social exchange has been important over our evolutionary history, then we should be sensitive to those who accept benefits without fulfilling their side of the exchange. This assumed cognitive mechanism is referred to as the

cheater detection module

Initially, it was assumed that war was somehow unique to humans and resulted from the development of weapons or the denseness of population; however, the observation that _____ changed that view.

chimpanzees also engage in lethal attacks on one another

In an experiment, pigeons were given the opportunity to press one button that would immediately give 2 seconds of access to a grain hopper or another button that would provide 4 seconds of access after a 4-second delay. The result was that almost all of the pigeons

chose the key that gave immediate access.

Culture can produce durable changes in human behavior, which in turn can influence evolutionary changes. Therefore, Richerson and Boyd (2005) suggest that genes and culture

coevolve

Compared with other species, such as the baboon, male chimpanzees are friendlier to each other and more apt to use _____ to maintain positions along the hierarchy.

cooperative alliances

The theory of _____ suggests that competition among social groups could favor the spread of fitness-enhancing cultural beliefs and prosocial behavior.

cultural group selection

Henrich and McElreath (2007) suggest that there are three key concepts that can be used to consider human culture from an evolutionary perspective. Which of the following is NOT one of these key concepts?

culture as a learned behavior

Some _____, such as those that protect against malaria, also allow for other disorders such as sickle cell anemia.

defenses

There is a close connection between the environment and the manner in which the organism develops, and this is used by the organism to predict future conditions and needs; when this prediction is not met and the organism finds itself in a different environment, then _____ may result.

disease

Males in the chimpanzee community form a _____ hierarchy in which there is clearly one alpha male, with other males places along the hierarchy.

dominance

As male mandrills move up and down the _____, circulating testosterone levels rise and fall accordingly; likewise, humans expand their view of themselves when they are succeeding and shrink their view of themselves when they are failing.

dominance hierarchy

Studies of chimpanzee communities have found that high-ranking females live longer, their infants survive better, and their daughters mature _____ than those of low-ranking females.

earlier

The HPA axis, which involves pathways from the brain to the hypothalamus, pituitary and adrenal glands, releases stored _____ for immediate use by the body

energy

Simon suggested that one could learn about human decision making by noting how the _____ in which decisions were made could allow for simplifications in adaptive decision making.

environment

If cheaters could be immediately detected, cooperators would only deal with other cooperators, and cheaters would die out. But if cheaters were to die out, so would the ability to detect cheaters. Thus, cheater and cooperator aspects of individual behaviors have remained in a form of dynamic tension, which can be called forth depending on _____.

environmental conditions

According the Flinn (2005), culture (or its effects) is partly _____; that is, cultural traits (e.g., stone points, political monuments) exist outside the soma (physical body) of the culture-bearing organism.

extrasomatic

Researchers initially did not see differences in male and female responses to stress because

females were not studied

The _____ response has been critical throughout our evolutionary history, but today, in our different social structure, it may lead to stress-related disorders.

fight or flight

One example of cultural transmission in chimpanzees is the fashioning of tools from twigs, which they use to

fish for termites

Chimpanzees live in groups ranging from 20 to 120 individuals. Their society is referred to as _____ because individuals spend time alone as well as join and leave subgroups of the larger group.

fission-fusion

In a variety of studies, patients with ____ lobe lesions perform poorly on social exchange Wason tasks as compared to individuals without brain damage.

frontal

Research suggests that when we look at a face, we process broad categorizations related to _____ and to the emotion expressed before we complete the detailed construction of the entire face and determine who we are seeing.

gender

An important question for evolutionary psychologists is why schizophrenia _____, given that the disorder does not appear to have any reproductive advantage.

has not disappeared over time

Because humans have limited time, knowledge and resources when they need to make most decisions in daily life, they need to rely on the use of _____ in decision making.

heuristics

Evidence suggests that people whose jobs are characterized by _____ display more symptoms of a variety of disorders, including heart disease.

high demand but low control

It is thought that writing was developed as humans made the transition from _____ to _____.

hunting-gathering, agriculture

Particular areas of the brain show higher correlations to social group size. Which of the following is not one of them?

hypothalamus

Humans and other animals display a non-rational set of rules when entering economic transitions, suggesting that factors other than traditional logic come into play. In fact, both humans and pigeons prefer _____ over _____

immediate gains, delayed rewards

In Hughlings Jackson's view of the brain, the higher levels of the cortex were seen to _____ the lower subcortical ones.

inhibit

Researchers have observed that high-ranking female chimpanzees will sometimes _____ newborn infants of low-ranking females.

kill

There is _____ genetic diversity among humans who live past the age of 70 compared with that among those who are 30.

less

Fiske (1992) suggests that everyday life can be seen as involving four basic social-cognitive processes. Which of the following is NOT one of them?

mate attracting

Although not discussed by Fiske, one implication of his way of thinking is that the evolution of _____ abilities in humans may have had its origin in different types of social relationships; this is evidenced by the fact that quality matching and market pricing relationships are only seen in humans.

mathematical

Researchers found that preschool children made a distinction between moral and conventional transgressions, finding the moral events more serious, wrong, and deserving of punishment. These results suggest that

moral and conventional judgments rely on different cognitive systems.

Schizophrenia exhibits two types of symptoms. The lack of affect in situations that call for it, poor motivation, and social withdrawal are all examples of _____ symptoms, whereas visual or auditory hallucinations, delusions, and bizarre thoughts are all examples of _____ symptoms.

negative, positive

Dunbar (2003) points out that at least five separate measures of social complexity have been shown to correlate with neocortex volume in primates. Which of the following is NOT one of those measures?

number of sexual partners

The discovery of mirror neurons helps explain how _____ learning can take place.

observational

Lack of social support may itself be a stressor. One hormonal mechanism that may underlie social support is _____; it has been found to be released in both males and females in response to touch, warm temperature, and massage.

oxytocin

Using fMRI, it has been shown that the same areas of the brain that are active when we experience _____ are also active when we experience being socially excluded.

pain

An often-quoted example of cultural transmission in other species is _____ in a group of Japanese macaque monkeys.

potato washing

Murphy (1976) studied mental illness in two distinctly different cultures, the Inuit of Alaska and the Yoruba of Nigeria. She found that

processes of disturbed thought occurred in both cultures

One pathway of cultural learning comes from genetically evolved _____ adaptations that support our tendency to imitate those who have resources, fame, and status; in thinking about culture from this standpoint, you would use the logic of natural selection with its emphasis on adaptation and survival.

psychological

Because one condition of this theory is that the individual is able to recognize and remember who had helped in the past, _____ should be limited to species with those abilities.

reciprocal altruism

Given that it is more common to see male psychopaths and female hysterics, some researchers suggest that the disorders result from different

reproductive strategies.

It has been suggested by a number of researchers that the availability of _____ is one set of circumstances that reduces the incidence of killing.

resources

Burns (2004, 2006) suggested that _____ is related to the evolution of the social brain in humans. Because brain development needed to be lengthened, there was a long period of time in which complex gene interactions or accidents could happen.

schizophrenia

It has been noted that highly gifted and creative individuals manifest schizophrenic-like traits, referred to as _____ traits, without having the disorder.

schizotypal

In cultures with institutions that regulated social norms, individuals reported more _____ and less acceptance of those outside the culture.

self-monitoring

Tomasello and colleagues (2005) emphasize the development of _____ during the human infant's first two years of life as the basic cognitive skills needed for the development of culture.

shared intenionality

Male chimpanzees will attack unknown females and may even kill their infants unless the females

show signs of estrus

When a graphic version of the Wason card selection task was presented to the Shiwiar, an isolated group inhabiting the Ecadorian Amazon, they performed _____ Harvard undergraduates in their ability to detect violations of social requirements, that is, to detect cheaters.

similarily to

Smoking in mothers can lead to obesity in her offspring because

smoking leads to less nutrition for the fetus.

Children who experience trauma in the form of abuse, death of a parent, or divorce show larger stress responses to _____ stress later in life.

social

Current views of culture emphasize the _____ world in which we live as we acquire information from others that affects our behavior.

social

Research on primates suggests that requirements associated with _____ processes may have been one important driving force in the evolution of intelligence.

social

Across nonhuman primate species, brain size is related to the size of the _____ each individual interacts with.

social group

In Canon's theory of homeostasis, _____ was seen as the situation in which physiological systems deviated from the set point.

stress

In general terms, the _____ nervous system excites the body, preparing it for action, whereas the _____ nervous system calms the body back down.

sympathetic, parasympathetic

When the performance of a patient with damage to the limbic system was compared with performance of individuals without brain damage on a social-exchange problem and a social-protection problem, the result was that the patient performed worse on

the social exchange problem

Using fear faces of Japanese and Caucasian individuals, Chiao and his colleagues (2008) found participants showed greater amygdala activation when viewing members of

their own cultural group

It has been suggested that individuals with autism fail to develop a(n)

theory of mind

The best strategy for playing the prisoner's dilemma game is _____; it is an extremely stable strategy once it is established and it is possible for it to be started even in noncooperative environments.

tit-for-tat

In the _____ game, one of two anonymous players is given a sum of money and the choice to give a portion to the other player; the other player receives double that amount and is given the choice to return some of the money to the first person.

trust

The _____ cortex is an area in the front of the brain involved in encoding the emotional value of sensory information as well as emotional components of human actions; it has been shown to be activated when someone chooses to give money to a charity or views pictures of hungry children.

ventromedial prefrontal

In laboratory studies, it was found that chimpanzees, but not all other primates, will give an alarm call only when another chimp cannot see the predator, suggesting that chimps can understand the _____ of another chimp.

visual perspective

A World Health Organization (WHO) study examined the presence of schizophrenia in a number of countries with very different racial and cultural configurations and found that the risk of developing the disorder

was remarkably similar across countries.

Someone stops you on campus and asks for directions, and you help out. This is an example of _____ altruism.

weak