Evolution of Computers Digital Literacy

Computer Program

instruction given to computer to perform a particular task

abacus

invented in china and used in china and Asian countries till the end of 20th century. calculating device that performs addition, subtraction, division and multiplication

Computer

general process programmable device.

Pascaline

1642, Blaise Pascal French mathematician invented calculating machine called Pascaline which was designed in rotating wheels, each wheel with ten divisions having number 0-9 each. had small slops to display numbers and it could perform the addition and subtraction on whole numbers.

Difference Engine

1822, English mathematician constructed a big calculating machine which was of the size of room as difference engine

slide rule

1920, this device was made on the idea of logarithm, to solve problems like multiplication and division.

first generation of computer

1940-1956, vacuum tubes, these produces high amount of heat that they were cooled by air conditioners. they burnt out quickly and difficult to repair.

mini computers

A minicomputer is also known as mini. It is a class of small computers that was introduced into the world in the mid-1960's. A minicomputer is a computer which has all the features of a large size computer, but its size is smaller than those. A minicomputer lies between the mainframe and the microcomputer because its size is smaller than the former one and larger than the latter one. A minicomputer is also called as a mid-range computer. Minicomputers are mainly multi-users systems where more than one user can work simultaneously.

Mark - 1

A programmable, electromechanical calculator designed by professor Howard Aiken. Built by IBM and installed at Harvard in 1944, it strung 78 adding machines together to perform three calculations per second.

analog computers

An analog computer is a form of computer that uses the continuously changeable aspects of physical phenomena such as electrical, mechanical, or hydraulic quantities to model the problem being solved. In contrast, digital computers represent varying quantities symbolically, as their numerical values change.

analytical engine

Charles Babbage build the foundation of the modern digital computer, named it as analytical engine. known as the father of modern digital computer

Mainframe computers

Developed in early 1940's. these computers are very large, powerful and expensive computers that can support hundreds and thousands of users at the same time, so these are used in education, insurance, banking, air travel, health care, government and many other public and research centers.these can execute TIPS.

Hollerith Desk

Herman (1860-1929) US computer pioneer. In 1890, he invented a mechanical tabulating machine that used punched cards to record and process data. These gave rise to the Hollerith code (later employed by early computers) that uses 12 bits per alphanumeric character.

HPC

High-performance computing (HPC) is the use of super computers and parallel processing techniques for solving complex computational problems. HPC technology focuses on developing parallel processing algorithms and systems by incorporating both administration and parallel computational techniques

Hybrid computers

Hybrid computers are computers that exhibit features of analog computers and Digital computers. The digital component normally serves as the controller and provides logical and numerical operations, while the analog component often serves as a solver of differential equations and other mathematically complex equations.

Napier's Bone

John Napier, Scottish mathematician invented it in 1614, made of wooden box with rotating cylinders having digits from 0-9 and can perform division multiplication and square root by simply addition and multiplication. highest invention is logarithm

micro computers

Micro Computer is a small computer. Your personal computers are equivalent to the microcomputer. Mainframe and Mini Computer is ancestor of microcomputer. Integrated Circuit fabrication technology reduces the size of Mainframe and Minicomputer. a microcomputer is a computer in which the CPU is contained on one single chip, a microprocessor, input/output devices and storage (memory) unit.

Fourth generation computers

Microprocessor: The period of fourth generation was from 1971-1980. Computers of fourth generation used Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits. VLSI circuits having about 5000 transistors and other circuit elements with their associated circuits on a single chip made it possible to have microcomputers of fourth generation.

third generation computers

Semiconductor chips: The period of third generation was from 1965-1971. The computers of third generation used Integrated Circuits (IC's) in place of transistors. A single IC has many transistors, resistors, and capacitors along with the associated circuitry. The IC was invented by Jack Kilby.

Fifth generation computers

The Fifth Generation Computer Systems (FGCS) was an initiative by Japan's Ministry of International Trade and Industry, begun in 1982, to create a computer using massively parallel computing/processing. It was to be the result of a massive government/industry research project in Japan during the 1980's. It aimed to create an "epoch-making computer" with supercomputer-like performance and to provide a platform for future developments in artificial intelligence.

Digital computers

The definition of a digital computer is the most commonly used type of computer and is used to process information with quantities using digits, usually using the binary number system. An example of a digital computer is a Mac Book.

second generation computers

Transistors (1956-1963) The world would see transistors replace vacuum tubes in the second generation of computers. The transistor was invented at Bell Labs in 1947 but did not see widespread use in computers until the late 1950's.

How Computer Works

device that takes raw data as an input and process it under the control of set of instruction gives result and save it for future use.

super computers

largest and most powerful computers used in scientific and engineering applications that can hold great amount of data in TIPS (trillions of Instructions per Seconds). use din nuclear and forecasting weather. Government institutes used these computers to meet extra amount of processing data that need tremendous speed memory and other services.

cloud computing

storing and accessing data and program over the internet instead of computers hard drive.

characteristics of first generation of computer.

used vacuum tubesslow speed and low memoryhuge size taking an entire roomvery expensive and unreliableconsume a lot of powerinput was based on punched cardsout on printout through electric typewritersmachine language was used in these