Evolutionary Psychology Midterm

What does Game Theory Provide? A. A model of reciprocity B. Ideas on how to win in life C. A model on maximizing profits D. How to beat other individuals

A. A model of reciprocity

What is a "typical" species A. The human species B. Those with many close relatives C. Species that are similar to humans D. Species that act like humans

B. Those with many close relatives

Which animal from the DeWaal Reading is as similar to humans genetically as chimpanzees? A. Apes B. Gorillas C. Bonobos D. Orangutans

C. Bonobos

According to Yuval Harari, what is ultimately the only thing all humans can agree on? A. Language B. Kindness C. Money D. Food

C. Money

What term describes the tendency to see things as alive when they are ambiguous objects a. Agent detection b. Costly signaling c. Synesthesia d. Coevolution

a. Agent detection

In the state of nature, which of the following is the best example of helpful psychopathology? a. An anxious mother excessively worries about her child's safety and wellbeing b. A depressed man experiencing psychomotor retardation does not seek food for days c. A woman with disordered eating behaviors eats all the food she gathered that was supposed to last several days d. A man with psychosis often experiences scary auditory hallucinations at night

a. An anxious mother excessively worries about her child's safety and wellbeing

Spotify-Unwrapped is a modern creation where people may see their top listened to songs and musicians for the year. Many people post the results of this to social media for other people to see it and potentially react to. What evolutionary concept could this be connected to? a. Costly Signalling Theory b. Selfish Gene Theory c. Reciprocal Altruism d. Inclusive Fitness e. Kin Selection

a. Costly Signalling Theory

Based on our third reading group article, what ancestral behavior could explain our current problem solving with medical care? That is, that sickness can be random and therefore we should have a system that supports more people so that when we are unlucky, we will be taken care of. a. Hunter-gatherer, and sharing with neighbors when they are hungry b. Early musical behaviors, and making music as a group c. Stone Age Art, and creating large art pieces to show history d. Beginning to create clothing to wear to combat the cold e. Picking and eating fruits from forest floors

a. Hunter-gatherer, and sharing with neighbors when they are hungry

As mentioned in the G & McB Chapter 4 reading, what chemical messengers are known to govern sexual behavior? a. Pheromones b. Neurotransmitters c. Proteins d. Neuropeptides

a. Pheromones

What is a possible evolutionary explanation for procrastination? a. Procrastinating inessential tasks allowed our ancestors to conserve energy. b. Procrastination promotes a low sense of self-efficacy. c. Procrastination signals to potential mates that the individual is lazy. d. Procrastination is a new phenomenon, only arising in humans in the past 50 years.

a. Procrastinating inessential tasks allowed our ancestors to conserve energy.

What is the name of the theory that explains the fittest individual to the fittest gene? a. Selfish Gene Theory b. Theory of Evolution c. Natural Selection d. Inheritance

a. Selfish Gene Theory

What are the four types of traits in the context of adaptations? a. Selfish, Altruistic, Cooperative, Spiteful b. Selfish, Humanistic, Cooperative, Spiteful c. Selfish, Humanistic, Adaptive, Spiteful d. Selfish, Altruistic, Adaptive, Spiteful e. Selfish, Altruistic, Cooperative, Humanistic

a. Selfish, Altruistic, Cooperative, Spiteful

According to G&McB Chapter 2, what is the main reason to recognize sexual selection as a distinct type of natural selection? a. Sexual selection acts unevenly on the two sexes b. Natural selection always acts on marked sex differences c. There is no explanation; sexual selection should not be distinguished separately from natural selection d. Both a and b e. None of the above

a. Sexual selection acts unevenly on the two sexes

Which one of the following is a POOR description of Darwin's arguments on natural selection based on G&McB chapter 2? a. Survival of the fittest b. Natural populations could grow exponentially c. Many individuals do not leave as many offsprings as they might d. Because of heredity, offsprings are like their parents e. Those best suited to the prevailing environment leave the most offspring

a. Survival of the fittest

What is the issue with reciprocal altruism? a. The nice behaviors may be ingenuine if they are serving an individual's best interest. b. It has a negative impact on individuals' abilities to survive and reproduce. c. Relatives should be nice to one another without expecting anything in return. d. It creates tension between two individuals.

a. The nice behaviors may be ingenuine if they are serving an individual's best interest.

What is necessary to be cruel? a. Theory of mind b. Complex emotions c. Selfish Gene Theory d. Coevolution e. All of the above

a. Theory of mind

What is the purpose of perception? a. To guide action b. To obtain knowledge c. To understand ourselves d. To help us with our senses

a. To guide action

Which is an example of reciprocal altruism? a. Two unrelated hunters share food; one supplies food to the other with the expectation the favor will be returned b. Two unrelated hunters share food; one supplies water to the other without any expectation the favor will be returned c. Two related hunters help each other in need; one supplies medical help to the other wounded hunter d. Two unrelated hunters are stranded; one hunter steals all weapons, water supply, and food from the other with no intent to return the favor e. None of the above

a. Two unrelated hunters share food; one supplies food to the other with the expectation the favor will be returned

We are _____ dominant creatures. a. Visually b. Auditory c. Sedentary d. Taste e. Scent

a. Visually

According to Dewaal, cruelty depends on _______. a. empathy b. violence c. the predator-prey hierarchy d. danger e. predisposed traits

a. empathy

What animal did Darwin encounter on the islands? a. finches b. parrots c. chickens d. dogs e. pigs

a. finches

Which definition best explains "cognitive miser"? a. human minds prefer quick solutions to problems, rather than spending energy on a slow, thought-out solution b. someone who is very thoughtful because they have a lot of money c. logic-based fear reasoning d. a trait for hoarding money that is can be genetically inherited e. a mental illness where someone is unable to verbally communicate the thoughts in their head

a. human minds prefer quick solutions to problems, rather than spending energy on a slow, thought-out solution

How are humans qualitatively different from other organisms, evolutionarily? a. humans are not qualitatively different from other organisms b. humans possess the ability of speech c. humans have complex emotions d. humans are more intelligent

a. humans are not qualitatively different from other organisms

According to DeWaal, what does a human have to possess to be cruel? a. theory of mind b. empathy c. intention to harm d. power

a. theory of mind

What do G&McB NOT claim about heuristics? a. they are a tool for overcoming the limitations posed by the optimization under constraints theory of rationality that claims computational resources are limited and stopping rules are necessary to determine when enough possible outcomes have been evaluated. b. one possible explanation for the inaccuracy of heuristics is they are presently used for tasks artificial to their original designed purpose in evolutionary history. c. the definition of availability heuristic is poorly defined, and thus there is no answer to why some kinds of memories are more available than others. d. unless what a proposed heuristic is doing is known, whether or not they cause bias cannot be determined. e. the recongition heuristic takes advantage of the information contained in the environment itself.

a. they are a tool for overcoming the limitations posed by the optimization under constraints theory of rationality that claims computational resources are limited and stopping rules are necessary to determine when enough possible outcomes have been evaluated.

Which of the following explains how alcohol consumption could have been beneficial to our ancestors? a. Alcohol was consumed in large quantities as a sleeping aid b. Alcohol consumption mediated and facilitated pro social behaviors c. Alcohol was primarily used for religious and spiritual purposes rather than consumption d. Alcohol consumption made hunting more fun

b. Alcohol consumption mediated and facilitated pro social behaviors

Based on discussions in class for Reading Group 1 and the article about alcohol and its links to evolution, why might humans be less likely to metabolize beverages like Whiskey (made from barley and wheat), but be able to better metabolize beverages like wine (made from grapes)? a. Because our ability to metabolize alcohol comes from cultural preferences and Wine is more universally palatable and Whiskey is less popular. b. Because our ability to metabolize alcohol comes from consuming fermented fruits and Wine is made from grapes while Whiskey is not made from a fruit. c. Because Wine has more use in cooking in various cultures around the world while Whiskey does not. d. Because the ADH4 gene favors darker colored beverages like Wine. e. Because Wine has beneficial effects in increasing alertness and survival skills.

b. Because our ability to metabolize alcohol comes from consuming fermented fruits and Wine is made from grapes while Whiskey is not made from a fruit.

Which is not true about apes and bonobos? a. Apes are more aggressive than bonobos. b. Bonobos are extremely sexually restrained. c. Bonobos are more peaceful than apes. d. Apes are closer ancestral relatives to humans than are bonobos.

b. Bonobos are extremely sexually restrained.

In the Pagel reading, "The Occupation of the World", what human aspect allowed humans to achieve "global domination"? a. Tribalism b. Cultural learning c. Symbolic thinking d. Communication e. Rule of Two

b. Cultural learning

True or False: In regards to attraction, people will be more chemically compatible if their immune systems are more similar to one another. a. True b. False

b. False

What explains the rise of humans according to Yuval Noah Harari? (5 points) a. Cooked food b. Flexibility and cooperation in large numbers c. Ability to walk on two legs d. Ability to communicate e. Ability to consume and apply knowledge

b. Flexibility and cooperation in large numbers

Which of the following is true? a. Epigenetics operate through changes in one's DNA b. Gene activity can be turned on and off throughout human development. c. Genetic variation negatively affects the chances of a population's survival. d. Gene regulation only occurs in some people. e. Alleles are able to change throughout one's lifetime.

b. Gene activity can be turned on and off throughout human development.

What does kissing do for humans as a collective? a. Makes the relationship more passionate b. Gives chemical information about what is going on with the other person c. Allows you to fall in love deeper d. Generates more negatives, as in diseases that can be passed

b. Gives chemical information about what is going on with the other person

Which of the following does Keltner suggest about laughter? a. It is used as a coping mechanism in times of low stress. b. It is almost always social. c. It is harmful to your health. d. Laughing in a bad situation will make the situation worse.

b. It is almost always social.

As talked about in the Keltner reading, what can cause the body to go limp and force incapability for motion? a. Stretching b. Laughing c. Crying d. Burping

b. Laughing

Which of the following does Keltner suggest evolved before language? a. Music b. Laughter c. Substance use d. Depression

b. Laughter

According to the Pinkner readings, which of the following is the phenomenon when people stubbornly maintain a moral judgment, even though they can provide no reason to support their judgements? a. Irony b. Moral Dumbfounding c. Ethical Inference d. Confirmation Bias e. Immoral Legitimacy

b. Moral Dumbfounding

Daniel Wolpert believes that brains are mainly meant to produce adaptable and complex ____. a. Thoughts b. Movements c. Beliefs d. Connections e. Perceptions

b. Movements

How are humans different from other species? a. We walk on two legs b. There isn't much that sets us apart from other species c. We are driven by reason and logic d. We can experience many emotions

b. There isn't much that sets us apart from other species

Which of the following reasons is why we DON'T stay awake at night? a. Mating b. To find a job c. To defend ourselves d. To be aware of our surroundings e. To gather food

b. To find a job

Which is *NOT* an evolutionary psychology explanation of grief a. to elicit sympathy b. extreme grief can alter genetic expression c. stress experienced during grief can elicit sickness behaviors that cause the person to isolate and reserve energy d. grief can cause people to review the triggers, making people good at correcting mistakes that they are in control of e. grief elicits the same brain region response as pain

b. extreme grief can alter genetic expression

Charles Darwin was credited for the theory of ______. a. reciprocal altruism b. natural selection c. inclusive fitness d. kin selection e. modern synthesis

b. natural selection

Which of the following statements does the idea of *inclusive fitness* support? a. personality traits developed as means to attract the opposite sex b. natural selection operates at the level of the gene pool c. humans have an inherent predisposition for altruism d. the individual gene pool is more important than the gene pool of relatives

b. natural selection operates at the level of the gene pool

Which of the following is NOT an effect G&McB discussed as a feature of memory? a. practice effect: repeated exposure to information makes it easier to retrieve. b. primacy effect: it is easier to retrieve information after being "primed" by a stimulus. c. retention effect: recent information is more easy to recall. d. spacing effect: recall can sometimes be better when earlier practice episodes occurred longer ago. e. all of the above.

b. primacy effect: it is easier to retrieve information after being "primed" by a stimulus. - primacy effect describes the phenomenon where earlier information learned in a list is better retained.

Most of the time our perception is ____. Which allows us to better and truthfully interact with our environment. a. subjective b. veridical c. objective d. instinctive

b. veridical

What percentage of DNA do humans and chimps share? a. 97.5% b. 93% c. 98.4% d. 76%

c. 98.4%

Which of the following is an example of the *signaling theory* at work? a. A mother gives her child a sizable portion of food, even when it means there will be less food available to her. b. A college student hides in the bathroom when his crush walks into a party, because he is nervous he'll embarrass himself. c. A male peacock shows off his colorful feathers to demonstrate his fitness for mating. d. None of the above.

c. A male peacock shows off his colorful feathers to demonstrate his fitness for mating.

Which of the following is false? a. The fitness of your gene pool is in your best interest. b. Being nice to others has survival advantage. c. A robust group is less likely to survive. d. Evolution/evolutionary psychology does not take a moral position. e. Humans can develop phobias of anything but they are not evenly distribution.

c. A robust group is less likely to survive.

Which of the following is *not* an aspect of consciousness in humans? a. Theory of Mind b. Some degree of awareness of one's environment c. Being awake d. Some degree of self-awareness

c. Being awake

What ideas does the standard social science model challenge in evolutionary psychology? a. Natural selection b. Selfish gene theory c. Evolution has a role in shaping human behavior d. Theory that organisms have developed from more simple life forms

c. Evolution has a role in shaping human behavior

Which of the following is an example of our chemical senses? a. Humans do not see reality as it is, but we possess "tricks" that keep us alive b. Fingertips can detect changes in texture and pressure c. Human babies can identify their mother by smell d. Being startled by a car horn and stopping before being hit e. All of the above

c. Human babies can identify their mother by smell

Based off the 'What explains the rise of humans' Ted Talk, why are humans more superior? a. Humans know how to spend money b. Humans show more emotion c. Humans corporate in large numbers d. Humans live in a dual reality e. Humans are not that much different from the rise of jellyfish

c. Humans corporate in large numbers

Which of the following describes Modularity of Mind? a. Humans have evolved to learn by using modules. For example, language is learned by dividing information into "chunks" (letters are learned first, then put together to make words). b. The brain is designed to process specific information in specific brain areas. For example, vision is only processed in the occipital lobe. c. Humans have innate mental abilities (modules) that have served an evolutionary purpose. For example, the ability to learn the language that we hear around us. d. Learning is dependent on innate abilities and not dependent on the environment a person has grown up in.

c. Humans have innate mental abilities (modules) that have served an evolutionary purpose. For example, the ability to learn the language that we hear around us.

According to Suzana Herculano-Houzel's TED Talk, why are humans so advanced intellectually? a. Humans have the largest brain out of any organism b. Humans have the most amount of glial cells than any other animal c. Humans have the largest amount of neurons in the cerebral cortex d. The amount of sensory neurons is equal to the amount of motor neurons in the body e. The natural selection process occurred quicker in humans than other species.

c. Humans have the largest amount of neurons in the cerebral cortex

What substance has been proven to be effective with heartbreak? a. Alcohol b. Water c. Ibuprofen d. Marijuana

c. Ibuprofen

Which of the following is true about kin selection? a. It is the idea that biological selection may not only apply to the most fit individual b. It goes from the fittest individual to the fittest gene c. Inherent and inherited predispositions act altruistically for relatives d. The ability to attract males is integral for selection of certain traits e. It is the same as reciprocal altruism

c. Inherent and inherited predispositions act altruistically for relatives

Which theory of evolution was proved to be wrong? a. DeWaal, human morality b. Darwin, natural selection c. Lamarck, use and disuse d. Pagel, language and humanity e. Veneer, violence

c. Lamarck, use and disuse

What is an example of kin selection? a. Two hunters share food when one could not provide for himself with the expectation that the favor is returned when necessary b. Refusing to help your sibling learn to gather food because you want to be the most prosperous sibling c. Letting your sibling stay with you because they had nowhere to go d. Pitting your sibling's offspring and your offspring against one another to see which one is the fittest

c. Letting your sibling stay with you because they had nowhere to go

Is 'survival of the fittest' the best term to summarize Darwin's theory of evolution? a. Yes, because what matters for evolution is which creatures live the longest. b. No, because survival does not matter much in terms of evolution and passing on genes. c. No, because a creature can survive longer than others but not be passing on their traits for future generations. A creature who has the traits to survive and then reproduce and pass on those genes has the best chance of affecting its species evolution. Reproduction of the fittest is the best summary. d. Yes, because this is what Darwin originally intended with this theory. The concept of reproduction of the fittest was a correction made by future scientists. e. No, because natural selection is not about which creatures are the most fit.

c. No, because a creature can survive longer than others but not be passing on their traits for future generations. A creature who has the traits to survive and then reproduce and pass on those genes has the best chance of affecting its species evolution. Reproduction of the fittest is the best summary.

Which is not evidence of Evolution? a. Species evolved from a common ancestor b. Embryos look similar during development c. Variations within a species d. Homologous structures e. Vestigial Organs

c. Variations within a species

What is *coevolution?* a. When organisms attempt to show off their sexual fitness. b. When organisms show altruism toward their ingroup. c. When two species evolve alongside one another to benefit the survival of both species. d. When two siblings grow and change together as they live in the same environment.

c. When two species evolve alongside one another to benefit the survival of both species.

What do G&McB argue are conditions for short term altruism to become long term cooperation? a. cost must be small compared to benefits. b. the altruist and recipient must regularly exchange roles. c. both a and b. d. trick question: G&McB argue that there is no viable way to turn altruism into a long term form of cooperation.

c. both a and b.

What is the best summation of how evolution works? a. selective breeding b. deformities c. descent with modifications d. negative emotions e. none of the above

c. descent with modifications

What things are bonobos known for? a. scavenging b. fighting c. sex d. drinking with straws e. opposable thumbs

c. sex

According to Harari which would be a fiction? a. Money b. Religion c. Time d. All of the above

d. All of the above

According to Miller, animals achieve much of their basic survival and reproductive success through: a. Self-advertisement b. Self-marketing c. Self-producing d. All of the above e. None of the above

d. All of the above

Which one of these evolutionary theories came after Darwin's natural selection? a. Inclusive fitness - the idea that biological selection may not only apply to the most fit individuals, but may be selected because they enhance the overall fitness of related individuals b. Kin selection - Inherent and inherited predisposition to act altruistically for relatives c. Selfish gene theory - from the fittest individual to the fittest gene d. All of the above e. None of the above

d. All of the above

Which of the following leads to a lower birth rate? a. Costly signaling b. Gender equality c. Education d. Both B & C e. All of the above

d. Both B & C

Which is NOT an example of an evolutionary process? a. Selection b. Variation c. Inheritance d. Common ancestry e. Adaptation

d. Common ancestry

Who is considered the father of evolutionary psychology? a. Mendel b. Skinner c. Pavlov d. Darwin e. Freud

d. Darwin

Which species in the genus Homo probably lived alongside Homo sapiens? a. Homo ergaster b. Homo heidelbergensis c. Homo erectus d. Homo neanderthalensis

d. Homo neanderthalensis

Why might women, generally, be more willing to donate their time than men? a. In our evolutionary past, women had too much free time. b. Men are less organized with their schedules. c. This statement is false; men are generally more willing to donate their time than women. d. In the evolutionary past, women were expected to give their time for the care of the young, while men were expected to provide resources such as meat. Therefore, men tend to donate money more often than time.

d. In the evolutionary past, women were expected to give their time for the care of the young, while men were expected to provide resources such as meat. Therefore, men tend to donate money more often than time.

Why do humans kiss? a. Because it is fun b. It allows us to determine how similar someone's immune system is from ours, which helps us to produce better offspring c. It strengthens our immune system d. It allows us to determine how different someone's immune system is from ours, which helps us to produce better offspring

d. It allows us to determine how different someone's immune system is from ours, which helps us to produce better offspring

According to Yuval Harari's Ted Talk, which of the following is NOT an example of a fictional/imagined reality that humans live in? a. Money b. Human Rights c. Religion d. Meat e. All of the above

d. Meat

Which of the following is NOT a common theory surrounding music and its links to evolution? a. Music playing a role in sexual selection b. Music playing a role in bringing social unity c. Music playing a role in and social identity d. Music playing a role in self destructive behavior e. Music playing a role in communication

d. Music playing a role in self destructive behavior

Which of the following is the most common type of laughter? a. Crying b. Excited c. Loud d. Nervous e. Contagious

d. Nervous

Which was *not* a pre-darwinian belief? a. Organisms can change traits during their lifetime b. Traits were simply passed on to offspring, therefore changing species c. Earth is a few thousand years old d. Organisms today have adapted and evolved to their surroundings

d. Organisms today have adapted and evolved to their surroundings

Which statement is FALSE regarding PTSD from an evolutionary point-of-view? a. PTSD is an exaggerated healthy response to a traumatic event b. mild versions of PTSD might be helpful for survival c. PTSD can elicit avoidance symptoms, which can be helpful in small amounts d. PTSD is ALWAYS an evolutionary adaptive condition. e. none of the above are false

d. PTSD is ALWAYS an evolutionary adaptive condition.

Which is the best example of reciprocal altruism (some may be connected but better defined under another term)? a. Obama introduces a new healthcare insurance program to make sure more Americans have access to medical care. b. Larry makes sure no one bullies his younger brother. c. John takes in a pet dog and feeds it while the dog keeps John warm during the summer. d. Sarah gives Danny a sandwich when he is hungry, thinking that Danny might give her some food later if she is hungry and asks for it. e. Chuck E Cheese steals five dollars from a child, because the child stole his block of cheese yesterday.

d. Sarah gives Danny a sandwich when he is hungry, thinking that Danny might give her some food later if she is hungry and asks for it.

What main idea did Gardner discuss in "The Science of Fear"? a. That we are not as rational and logical as we think we are b. Theory of mind c. Costly Signaling d. The brain has two systems: one for reason and one for feeling

d. The brain has two systems: one for reason and one for feeling

According to the Pagel reading, what happens to the environment wherever humans travel? a. The biodiversity of the environment remains the same. b. There is an increase in biodiversity of the environment. c. Societies are developed and benefit the environment around them. d. There is a decrease in biodiversity of the environment. e. New species are brought from other regions of the world and therefore benefit the development of the environment.

d. There is a decrease in biodiversity of the environment.

Why do we have eyes? a. To see the world exactly how it truly is b. To see what other non-human animals see c. To attract mates d. To see information relevant to survival

d. To see information relevant to survival

Which is not an example of *costly signaling?* a. Revving a 2022 Lamborghini Aventador while driving down Franklin Street b. Wearing a UNC basketball jersey c. Being nice to others d. Using the restroom when alone at home

d. Using the restroom when alone at home

Which of the following is true about *adaptations?* a. they have developmental and maintenance costs b. they arise from existing variation in a population c. they are specialized to solve a specific problem d. all of the above e. none of the above

d. all of the above

What arguments do G&McB use to show that memory decays as a power function? a. experiments on practice and retention effects have shown that memories decay rapidly initially then slow into a gradual decline. b. a study on New York Times headlines found that the probability of occurrence of a word to the number of days since the last occurrence was a power function. c. a power function pattern of decay matches the likelihood of needing to recall a memory. d. all of the above. e. G&McB argue that memory decays as a linear function, not as a power function.

d. all of the above.

Which of the following are true regarding typicality as described in G&McB Chap 7? a. typicality is the recongition that some items are more and some items less central to a category. b. real-world categories have strict boundaries. c. our categorization is capable of recognizing natural kinds of typicality that evolution has created. d. both a and c. e. all of the above.

d. both a and c.

A child wants to show his parents that he is worthy of being taken care of, so he cleans his room without being asked. What is this an example of? a. epigenetics b. sibling rivalry c. genetic marker d. costly signaling e. sympathy

d. costly signaling

In Yuval Harari's Ted Talk, Harari mentions reasons why humans are able to be the dominate species on the planet. Which of the following is NOT a reason mentioned by Harari? a. humans are able to work together with strangers b. humans adapt their social situations to changing environments c. humans can cooperate in large numbers d. humans do not need supervision to ensure tasks are completed e. there are "non-essential" driving forces (ex: money) which motivate humans to work together

d. humans do not need supervision to ensure tasks are completed

Pagel supports many ideas in "The Occupation of the World." Which of the following ideas does he *NOT* propose? a. social learning was essential for human evolution b. humans have a history of "keeping to ourselves" c. language is a marker of group identity d. the smallest number of societies is found in places with the most people e. offspring of most species die before they get a chance to reproduce

d. the smallest number of societies is found in places with the most people

In the second reading group article, what were the main theories brought up about music's evolutionary origins in the article? a. Music as an adaptive behavior b. Music as an unnecessary byproduct of evolution c. Music as something purely created by humans d. Music as being shaped by both biology and culture e. A, B, and D

e. A, B, and D

According to Franz de Waal, scientists are reluctant to study bonobos because they display behaviors that may be seen as "taboo" within our society. Which of the following is an example of "taboo" bonobo behavior? a. Highly sexual b. Female centered c. Peaceful d. Egalitarian e. All of the above

e. All of the above

According to Keltner and our discussion in class, which of the following is true about laughter? a. Laughter can help alleviate tension b. Laughter can be an invitation to friendship c. Laughter can be an invitation to comradery d. Laughter can occur due to nervousness/awkwardness e. All of the above

e. All of the above

According to Miller, what are the main reasons for displaying individual qualities? a. To solicit parental care b. To attract and retain sexual partners c. To solicit social friends d. To solicit kin investment e. All of the above

e. All of the above

What are some potential problems concerning mating? a. Selecting a desirable mate b. Attracting a mate c. Replacing a mate d. Keeping a mate e. All of the above

e. All of the above

What is true about natural selection? a. It occurs because individuals who are better suited for the environment leave more offspring and their advantageous traits become more common in the population b. Natural selection is powerful but slow c. Natural selection is cumulative, layering new adaptations into old d. Natural selection produces designs for reproduction called adaptations e. All of the above

e. All of the above

Why is ~drama~ kind of a positive thing? a. Hearing about others can help us decide if we want to associate with them. b. It is a way to understand what is going on around us. c. It allows for social comparison. This makes it easier for us to evaluate our own social standing. d. It can help us stay updated on the activities of others around us. e. All of the above are correct.

e. All of the above are correct.

Which of the following is NOT the assumptions the Standard Social Science Model (SSSM) pose? a. The Blank Slate b. The Irrelevance of Biology c. General Purpose Learning Mechanisms d. All the above e. Natural selection

e. Natural selection

Certain species have been found to exhibit structures that are no longer needed. Which of the following evidence for evolution does this support? a. Common Ancestry b. Fossils c. Embryo Development d. Homologous Structures e. Vestigial Organs

e. Vestigial Organs

Tinbergen's level of explanation mentions the major division between the proximate and ultimate in regards to the animal behavior. Which of the following falls under proximate causes? a. Developmental b. Physiological c. Historical d. Selective e. a and b

e. a and b

What traits have male species been known to develop in order to compete for females? a. aggression b. sharper teeth c. horns d. antlers e. all of the above

e. all of the above