Evolve wk 1 - chapter 7

The nurse is teaching a group of women about pregnancy and related tests. What instructions does the nurse provide to the women regarding the home pregnancy test? Select all that apply. "Follow the instructions provided on the kit, and do not omit any steps." "Limit your intake of certain food and medications, because they can affect the pregnancy test." "Use the urine specimen voided after lunch, because it is best for the pregnancy test." "Repeat the test if the period does not occur after the negative test." "Contact your primary health care provider for follow-up if the test result is positive."

"Follow the instructions provided on the kit, and do not omit any steps." "Limit your intake of certain food and medications, because they can affect the pregnancy test." "Repeat the test if the period does not occur after the negative test." "Contact your primary health care provider for follow-up if the test result is positive." A home pregnancy test is an easy and early method to detect pregnancy. Instructions provided on the kit should be followed carefully. Missing a step or making an error while performing the test may show incorrect results. List of food and medications mentioned by the manufacturer on the kit should be reviewed. There are low human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) levels in the urine during the early weeks of pregnancy. The test is to be repeated after a week if the period does not occur, because there will be an increase in hCG. A positive test result should be confirmed by contacting a primary health care provider. Food and medications (diuretics, tranquilizers, and anticonvulsants) interfere with the test results, leading to false-positive or false-negative results. First-voided morning urine specimen has high levels of hCG; approximately the same level as found in serum

Facial pigmentation that occurs during pregnancy and fades away with childbirth. This occurs because of increased production of melanotropin during pregnancy. Oral contraceptive use can also cause stimulation of melanotropin production. This may cause melasma to recur

melasma

Goodell sign might be the result

of pelvic congestion

A woman who has completed one pregnancy with a fetus (or fetuses) reaching the stage of fetal viability is called a:

primipara

Amenorrhea sometimes can be caused by

stress, vigorous exercise, early menopause, or endocrine problems

some degree of compression of the vena cava occurs in all women who lie on their back during the second half of pregnancy this condition is called _______

supine hypotensive syndrome. Some degree of compression of the vena cava occurs in all women who lie on their back during the second half of pregnancy this condition is called supine hypotensive syndrome. The tightness of a cuff that is too small produces a reading that is too high; similarly, the looseness of a cuff that is too large results in a reading that is too low. Because maternal positioning affects readings, blood pressure measurements should be obtained in the same arm and with the woman in the same position. The systolic blood pressure generally remains constant but may decline slightly as pregnancy advances. The diastolic blood pressure first drops and then gradually increases.

In the first trimester blood pressure

usually remains the same as the prepregnancy level, but it gradually decreases up to about 20 weeks of gestation.

A multipara is a woman

who has completed two or more pregnancies with a viable fetus.

A nulligravida is a woman

who has never been pregnant.

A 5-month pregnant female reports to the nurse that she feels dizzy after waking up in the morning. What advice does the nurse give to the patient?

Try sleeping in the side-lying (lateral) position. The patient has supine hypotensive syndrome resulting from compression of the superior vena cava. This condition occurs in pregnant women who tend to sleep in the supine position. To avoid this compression, the nurse should ask the patient to sleep in the lateral position.

A patient has a blood pressure of 160/90 mm Hg during the second trimester. In the next visit, the nurse observes that the blood pressure of the patient is 130/80 mm Hg. What should the nurse infer from the observation? The patient:

Usually lies on her back There is a decrease in the blood pressure of the patient as a result of supine hypotensive syndrome. It is caused when women lie on their back during the second half of their pregnancy.

The nurse is assessing a 3-month pregnant patient who is given folic acid supplement. The patient is worried because of the appearance of reddish spider-like rashes on the face and neck. What does the nurse tell the patient about these rashes?

"This disappears after pregnancy." Vascular spider-like rashes are tiny, star-shaped or branched, slightly raised, and pulsating end-arterioles usually found on the neck, thorax, face, and arms during pregnancy. These spider-like rashes usually disappear after pregnancy. The appearance of vascular spider-like rashes is common during the 2 to 5 months of pregnancy and is not a result of a food allergy. Folic acid supplementation is given in pregnancy to reduce birth defects. Folic acid does not cause vascular or skin changes. Vascular spider-like rashes are not caused by elevated estrogen levels.

A patient reports that she has bleeding gums during the prenatal visit. On assessment, the nurse finds a single raised bleeding nodule on the gums of the patient. Which specific advice does the nurse give to the patient?

"Use a soft-bristled toothbrush." Red, raised nodules on the gums are referred to as epulis. They occur as a result of gum hypertrophy during pregnancy and can be managed by avoiding trauma to the gums by using a soft toothbrush.

The nurse is assessing a pregnant female who has signs of ballottement and increased pulse rate. The nurse is able to visualize the fetus by radiography images, but the laboratory reports show a negative urine pregnancy report. What is the most probable age of the fetus? 6 weeks 16 weeks 26 weeks 36 weeks

16 weeks An increase in the pulse rate is seen in between 14 and 20 weeks of gestation in a pregnant female. Ballottement is a sign of passive movements in the fetus, which is generally observed between weeks 16 and 18 of pregnancy. The fetus can be visualized by radiographic images during week 16 of pregnancy. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) levels in the urine decline after 60 days of pregnancy (week 12), which results in a negative urine pregnancy test. Therefore the probable age of the fetus is 16 weeks. In week 6 of pregnancy, the fetus is not visualized by radiography. In weeks 26 and 36, signs of ballottement and increased pulse are not seen, but fetal movements are observed.

Parity indicates the number of pregnancies that have reached ______. Because the woman had twins at 36 weeks in her first pregnancy, the nurse should record this information as gravida 1, para 1

20 weeks' gestation

Which hematocrit (Hct) and hemoglobin (Hgb) results represent(s) the lowest acceptable values for a woman in the third trimester of pregnancy?

33% Hct; 11 g/dL Hgb 3% Hct; 11 g/dL Hgb represents the lowest acceptable value during the first and the third trimesters. 38% Hct; 14 g/dL Hgb is within normal limits in the nonpregnant woman. 35% Hct; 13 g/dL Hgb is within normal limits for a nonpregnant woman. 32% Hct; 10.5 g/dL Hgb represents the lowest acceptable value for the second trimester when the hemodilution effect of blood volume expansion is at its peak.

The nurse is teaching a group of nursing students about the changes in shape, size, and position of the uterus during pregnancy. Arrange the shapes and sizes of the uterus during pregnancy in an ascending order. Orange fruit-shaped uterus Grapefruit-shaped uterus Large hen's egg-shaped uterus Upside-down pear-shaped uterus

At conception the uterus has a small size and is in the shape of an upside-down pear. At week 7 of gestation the size of the uterus increases and the uterus takes the shape of a large hen's egg. At week 10 of gestation the uterus turns into a size of an orange. The uterus takes the shape of a grapefruit by week 12 of gestation.

The nurse is assessing a pregnant woman who reports to have noticed the appearance of bluish channels on the surface of the breast. What is the possible reason for such observation in the patient? Pigmentation on the breasts Dilation of the blood vessels Hypertrophy of the breast glands Proliferation of the lactiferous duct

Dilation of the blood vessels Increased blood supply to the breast during pregnancy causes dilation of the blood vessels beneath the skin. This enhances their visibility and gives a blue network-like appearance. Pigmentation, hypertrophy of the breast glands, or proliferation of the lactiferous duct does not lead to blue network appearance. Pigmentation on the breasts in pregnancy is seen on the nipples and areolae, which gives a pinkish appearance. Hypertrophy of the breast (sebaceous) glands in primary areolae is seen around the nipples that secrete antiinfective substances to protect the nipple. Proliferation of the lactiferous ducts causes growth and enlargement of breasts.

Following an assessment, the nurse finds that a pregnant female is alcoholic and a smoker. What advice does the nurse give the patient? "Avoid these behaviors because they can: Elevate stress during the pregnancy." Lead to hemolytic anemia in pregnancy." Elevate blood pressure in pregnancy." Increase the risk for bleeding during delivery."

Elevate blood pressure in pregnancy Smoking and alcohol stimulates the sympathetic nervous system. Thus the heart rate and blood pressure gets increased, which may also affect the fetus. Alcohol and smoking are usually consumed to relieve stress and are not known to induce stress in pregnancy. Hemolytic anemia is a form of anemia that occurs because of hemolysis of red blood cell (RBC). Smoking and alcohol does not cause hemolysis. Bleeding may be caused as a side effect of anticoagulants; it may not be a harmful effect of smoking and alcohol.

A patient in the second trimester of pregnancy reports of having heartburn, acidity, and constipation. What reason should the nurse identify as responsible for the patient's symptoms? A patient in the second trimester of pregnancy reports of having heartburn, acidity, and constipation. What reason should the nurse identify as responsible for the patient's symptoms? Shrinkage of the abdominal uterus Reduction of renal water reabsorption Elevation of progesterone levels Relaxation of the intestine muscle

Elevation of progesterone levels During pregnancy the progesterone levels increase, causing smooth muscle relaxation and reduced peristalsis resulting in heartburn, acid indigestion, and constipation. A pregnant woman has abdominal distention because of an enlarged uterus, resulting in constipation from the displacement of the intestine. Elevated water reabsorption decreases the water content in the stool, resulting in dry and hard stool, thereby leading to constipation. Relaxed intestinal muscles help in relaxed bowel movements, whereas compression and displaced intestinal muscles result in infrequent and hard bowel movements.

Over-the-counter (OTC) pregnancy tests usually rely on which technology to test for human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)?

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) OTC pregnancy tests use ELISA for its one-step, accurate results. The radioimmunoassay tests for the summit of hCG in serum or urine samples. This test must be performed in the laboratory. The radioreceptor assay is a serum test that measures the ability of a blood sample to inhibit the binding of hCG to receptors. The latex agglutination test in no way determines pregnancy. Rather, it is done to detect specific antigens and antibodies.

If exhibited by a pregnant woman, what represents a positive sign of pregnancy?

Fetal heartbeat auscultated with Doppler/fetoscope Detection of a fetal heartbeat, palpation of fetal movements and parts by an examiner, and detection of an embryo/fetus with sonographic examination are positive signs diagnostic of pregnancy. Morning sickness and quickening, along with amenorrhea and breast tenderness, are presumptive signs of pregnancy; subjective findings are suggestive but not diagnostic of pregnancy. Other probable signs include changes in integument, enlargement of the uterus, and Chadwick sign. A positive pregnancy test is considered to be a probable sign of pregnancy (objective findings are more suggestive but not yet diagnostic of pregnancy) because error can occur in performing the test or, in rare cases, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) may be detected in the urine of nonpregnant women. Chances of error are less likely to occur today because pregnancy tests used are easy to perform and are very sensitive to the presence of the hCG associated with pregnancy.

Following the complete assessment and review of the medical reports of a pregnant female, the nurse concludes that the female is in week 32 of pregnancy. What findings are consistent with the nurse's conclusion? Select all that apply. Fetal movements are clearly visible. Cardiac output of the patient is increased. Uterus is almost the size of a grapefruit. Braxton Hicks contractions are observed. Fetal heart tone is detected by ultrasound

Fetal movements are clearly visible. Cardiac output of the patient is increased. Braxton Hicks contractions are observed The fetal movements are clearly visible on ultrasound during week 32 of pregnancy as the fetus is developed and active. An increase in the cardiac output around 30% to 50% is seen in week 32, which later declines by about 20% in week 40. Braxton Hicks contractions are irregular, painless contractions, which become definite after week 28 of pregnancy. The uterus is almost the size of a grapefruit in week 12, which increases later because of mechanical pressure of the fetus. Fetal heart tones are detected by ultrasound in week 6, but later can be easily detected by a fetal stethoscope.

The nurse is assessing a pregnant female who is in the second trimester. What postural changes will the nurse observe in the patient? Forward pelvic tilt Backward pelvic tilt Increased lumbar lordosis Decreased lumbar lordosis Increased thoracic curvature

Forward pelvic tilt, Increased lumbar lordosis,Increased thoracic curvature In pregnant females the enlarged uterus increases the abdominal girth. Therefore the center of gravity moves forward. This causes realignment of the spinal curvatures. The pelvis tilts anteriorly because of the enlargement of the abdomen anteriorly. This forward pelvic tilt increases the lumbar lordosis. To maintain the position of the center of gravity, the anterior concavity of the thoracic curvature increases. These postural compensations help in maintaining balance in a pregnant female. Backward pelvic tilt and decreased lumbar lordosis may be caused by weak back muscles in a healthy individual. Decreased thoracic curvature is seen in patients with weak anterior trunk musculature.

Which presumptive signs (felt by the woman) or prob able sign (observed by the examiner) of pregnancy is not matched with another possible cause? Amenorrhea: stress, endocrine problems Quickening: gas, peristalsis Goodell sign: cervical polyps Chadwick sign: pelvic congestion

Goodell sign: cervical polyps Goodell sign might be the result of pelvic congestion, not polyps. Amenorrhea sometimes can be caused by stress, vigorous exercise, early menopause, or endocrine problems. Quickening can be gas or peristalsis. Chadwick sign might be the result of pelvic congestion.

The nurse is assessing a 5-month pregnant female and learns that the patient smokes. The nurse instructs the patient to quit smoking. What could be the possible reason for giving this instruction? The patient: Has supine hypotensive syndrome. Is at risk for developing osteoporosis. Is found to have gestational diabetes. Has carpal tunnel syndrome in the right hand

Has carpal tunnel syndrome in the right hand. Carpal tunnel syndrome is characterized by paresthesia and pain in the hand radiating to the elbow. Smoking and alcohol consumption impairs the microcirculation and worsens the symptoms of the syndrome. Smoking does not worsen the signs of supine hypotensive syndrome, osteoporosis, and gestational diabetes. If the patient had supine hypotensive syndrome, then the nurse would have suggested the patient to lie on the lateral position. If the patient had osteoporosis, then the nurse would have suggested the intake of calcium supplements. Gestational diabetes is a common condition in pregnant women and it disappears after childbirth.

According to the blood reports of a 6-month primigravida, the hemoglobin level is 11 g/dL, red blood cell count level is 5.5 million/mm3, hematocrit is 33%, and white blood cell count is 12,000/mm3. What can the nurse infer from this report? The patient: Has iron deficiency. Is at risk for bleeding. Has physiologic anemia. Has myelosuppression

Has physiologic anemia Hemoglobin levels and hematocrit tend to decrease during pregnancy. A hemoglobin level of 11 g/dL and hematocrit of 33% are indicative of physiologic anemia. Hemoglobin levels of less than 11 g/dL would indicate that the patient has iron deficiency. Based on the information, the nurse cannot predict that the patient is at a risk for bleeding. The nurse should check the prothrombin time to determine the risk for bleeding. Because the white blood cell count is elevated (normal: 5000-10,000/mm3), the nurse cannot conclude that the patient has myelosuppression.

During a client's physical examination, the nurse notes that the lower uterine segment is soft on palpation. The nurse would document this finding as the:

Hegar sign. At approximately 6 weeks of gestation, softening and compressibility of the lower uterine segment occur

The nurse reviews the laboratory reports of a female patient and infers that the patient has an ectopic pregnancy. What finding would prompt the nurse to consider this clinical diagnosis? Very low levels of: Insulin Anemia Thrombocytopenia Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is produced by the fertilized ovum. Abnormally low levels of hCG indicate impending miscarriage or ectopic (tubal) pregnancy. Decreased levels of insulin hormone are indicative of diabetes. Lower levels of RBC indicate anemia. Low levels of platelets indicate that the patient may have impaired clotting ability. Diabetes, anemia, and thrombocytopenia are not the conditions predisposing ectopic pregnancy.

The biochemical reports of a pregnant woman show a decrease in the metabolism of glucose and increased fatty acid deposition of the body. Which hormone is responsible for these changes in the patient?

Human chorionic somatotropin Human chorionic somatotropin decreases the maternal metabolism of glucose and increases the production of fatty acids for metabolic needs. A decrease in the metabolism of glucose and increased fatty acid deposition is caused by the decrease in human chorionic somatotropin. The metabolism of glucose and fatty acid deposition is not affected by the defect in insulin, estrogen, and parathyroid. In pregnant females, insulin is produced to repress the effect of insulin antagonism by placental hormones. A defect in insulin does not lead to the increase of metabolism in glucose. Estrogen is responsible for fatty acid deposition but is not involved in glucose metabolism. Parathyroid hormone controls the metabolism of calcium and magnesium

After reviewing the laboratory reports of a female patient, the nurse informs that the patient is pregnant. Which laboratory finding indicates that the female is pregnant? Increased levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) or Increased levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

Increased levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) Human chorionic gonadotropin hormone is the earliest biologic marker for pregnancy. The production of β-subunit of hCG can be detected in the maternal serum or urine within 7 to 8 days after fertilization. Thus the nurse can confirm the pregnancy status of a female by the increased levels of hCG. Decreased levels of insulin hormone indicate the presence of diabetes. Thyroid abnormalities are confirmed by the increased levels of thyroxine hormone. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) blood test is used in diagnosing abnormal menstrual bleeding and infertility.

Cardiovascular system changes occur during pregnancy. Which finding would be considered normal for a woman in her second trimester

Increased pulse rate

The nurse reviews the medical records of a patient and suggests the patient avoid becoming pregnant. Why does the nurse suggest so? The patient: Has excess proteins in the urine. Is using isotretinoin (Accutane). Has increased blood sugar levels. Is taking promethazine (Phenergan).

Is using isotretinoin (Accutane). The nurse suggests the patient avoid pregnancy because the patient is using isotretinoin (Accutane) for the treatment of acne. This medication is teratogenic and is associated with fetal malformations. Proteinuria and increased blood glucose levels are the common conditions during pregnancy, although they disappear after childbirth. Promethazine (Phenergan) therapy can cause only false-negative results for pregnancy tests. This drug is not a contraindication for pregnancy.

presumptive signs of pregnancy

Morning sickness and quickening, along with amenorrhea and breast tenderness

The nurse is assessing a pregnant woman who has a child and is in week 25 of pregnancy. What term is used to describe the woman? Primipara Multipara Primigravida Multigravida

Multipara A woman who has completed two or more pregnancies to 20 weeks' gestation or more is called a multipara. A woman who has completed one pregnancy with a fetus who reached 20 weeks' gestation is a primipara. A woman who is pregnant for the first time is a primigravida. A woman who has completed two or more pregnancies is called a multigravida.

The nurse is assessing a patient who is 7 months pregnant. The nurse observes that there are increased chest movements and decreased abdominal movements while breathing. What does the nurse interpret from this finding? Normal finding during pregnancy Impaired diaphragm function Decreased abdominal muscle tone Presence of obstructive lung disorder

Normal finding during pregnancy Pregnant women have a distended abdomen. This makes it difficult for the diaphragm to descend down during inspiration. Therefore pregnant women have chest breathing. Thoracic breathing in advanced pregnancy occurs because of the action of the diaphragm. It does not mean that the patient has impaired diaphragm function. Abdominal muscle tone is decreased in pregnant women. The diaphragm is the primary muscle responsible for abdominal movements while breathing. Therefore chest breathing would not indicate that the patient has decreased abdominal muscle tone. Obstructive lung disorder may weaken the diaphragm. Chest breathing does not indicate that the patient has obstructive lung disorder.

A patient reports to the nurse that she had missed her period this month and suspects that she is a pregnant. What would be the most suitable nursing action for this patient? Assess for Hegar sign. Assess for Chadwick sign. Obtain an order for a urine pregnancy test. Obtain an order for a serum pregnancy test.

Obtain an order for a serum pregnancy test Because the woman has missed her period, it is likely that the woman is 4 to 6 weeks pregnant. A serum pregnancy test helps in the earliest detection of pregnancy. This test can be used to detect pregnancy in women who are 4 weeks pregnant. Therefore the nurse should ask the patient to take the serum pregnancy test. It is performed during weeks 4 to 12 of pregnancy. Hegar sign and Chadwick signs will be observed during weeks 6 to 12 of pregnancy, and pelvic congestion may be the other cause for such signs. Urine pregnancy test gives positive results during weeks 6 to 12 of pregnancy.

The nurse is caring for a pregnant patient who is in the third trimester. The patient reports a burning sensation in the skin starting from the hands to the elbow. On further evaluation, the nurse finds compression in the carpal ligament of the wrist. What finding does the nurse infer from examining the patient? Sciatica Neuralgia Acroesthesia Paresthesia

Paresthesia Paresthesia is an abnormal sensation that is perceived as a burning and tingling in the skin. This is caused by edema that compresses the nerves. Edema in carpal ligament of the wrist causes carpal tunnel syndrome, which is characterized by paresthesia. Sciatica is a burning pain that is felt in the back, buttocks, and leg when the sciatic nerve is irritated. Neuralgia is a stabbing, burning pain that occurs along a damaged nerve. Acroesthesia is the numbness and tingling of the hands caused by stoop-shouldered stance.

A patient during the second trimester of pregnancy asks the nurse about the date of delivery. Which sign would help the nurse to find the probable date of delivery? Ballottement Lightening Quickening Chadwick sign

Quickening The nurse should assess for quickening, which is the first sign of the recognition of fetal movements by the pregnant woman. The week in which quickening occurs provides a tentative clue about the duration of gestation. Ballottement, lightening, and Goodell sign are also the signs of pregnancy. However, these signs are not used in predicting the duration of gestation. Ballottement is the passive movement of the unengaged fetus that can be identified in weeks 16 to 18 of gestation. Lightening sign is observed at the start of labor between 38 and 40 weeks' gestation. Chadwick sign is the probable sign of pregnancy, can be evident as early as 6 weeks' gestation and is indicated by a velvet-bluish appearance of the cervix.

Goodell sign

Softening of the cervical tip which may be observed around the sixth week of pregnancy.

The nurse examines the blood pressure (BP) of a patient and records it as 180/80 mm Hg. What could be the mean arterial pressure of the patient? Record your answer using a whole number. _______ mm Hg

The BP of the patient is 180/80 mm Hg, which means that the systolic blood pressure is 180 mm Hg and the diastolic blood pressure is 80 mm Hg. The mean arterial pressure of the patient is calculated using this formula: systolic blood pressure + 2(diastolic blood pressure)/3. Thus the mean arterial pressure of the patient would be [180 + 2 (80)/3] = 113 mm Hg.

After reviewing the laboratory reports of a 5-month pregnant female, the nurse tells the patient that her condition is normal. Which findings enabled the nurse to conclude that the patient is healthy? Select all that apply The patient's bladder has a capacity of 1000 mL. The hemoglobin value is 13 g/dL in the patient. The total serum proteins value is 5.1 g/dL in the patient. The mean corpuscular hemoglobin value is 30 pg. The mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration is 34 g/dL

The hemoglobin value is 13 g/dL in the patient. The mean corpuscular hemoglobin value is 30 pg. The mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration is 34 g/dL The laboratory findings may indicate the health condition of the patient. The hemoglobin value is 13 g/dL, which is within the normal range (greater than 11 g/dL). The mean corpuscular hemoglobin value of 30 pg (normal range = 27-31 pg) and the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration of 34 g/dL (normal range = 32-36 g/dL) also imply normal findings. The bladder capacity of 1000 mL is less than the normal value (1500 mL). The total serum proteins value of 5.1 g/dL is not within the normal range (5.5-7.5 g/dL). These findings would not indicate that the patient is normal.

uring the prenatal examination of a pregnant woman, the nurse finds that the patient has hemorrhoids. What does the nurse interpret from this finding? The estrogen and progesterone levels are increased in the pregnant patient. The fetal blood is coursing through the umbilical cord in the pregnant patient. The estrogen and progesterone has caused cervical stimulation in the patient. The venous pressure has increased, and there is reduced blood flow to the legs

The venous pressure has increased, and there is reduced blood flow to the legs The cause of hemorrhoids in the pregnant patient is increased venous pressure and reduced blood flow to the legs. The enlarged uterus compresses the iliac veins and inferior vena cava and results in increased venous pressure. This increases the blood pressure in the anal vasculature and predisposes a pregnant female to the development of hemorrhoids. Increased levels of estrogen and progesterone cause fullness, heightened sensitivity, tingling, and heaviness of the breasts. The fetal blood coursing through the umbilical cord in the patient causes funic souffle sign of fetal heart rate. Cervical stimulation by estrogen and progesterone results in leukorrhea, which is the white or slightly gray mucoid discharge from the vagina with a faint musty odor.

Production of RBCs

accelerates during pregnancy.

When assessing the fetal heart rate (FHR) of a woman at 30 weeks of gestation, the nurse counts a rate of 82 beats/min. Initially the nurse should:

assess the woman's radial pulse. Correct

Chadwick sign

blue-violet cervix caused by increased vascularity; this occurs around the fourth week of gestation

probable signs include

changes in integument, enlargement of the uterus, and Chadwick sign

In order to reassure and educate pregnant clients about changes in their blood pressure, maternity nurses should be aware that:

compression of the iliac veins and inferior vena cava by the uterus contributes to hemorrhoids in the latter stage of term pregnancy.

nurse teaches a pregnant woman about the presumptive, probable, and positive signs of pregnancy. The woman demonstrates an understanding of the nurse's instructions if she states that a positive sign of pregnancy is: a positive pregnancy test. fetal movement palpated by the nurse-midwife. Braxton Hicks contractions. quickening.

fetal movement palpated by the nurse-midwife. Positive signs of pregnancy are those that are attributed to the presence of a fetus, such as hearing the fetal heartbeat or palpating fetal movement. A positive pregnancy test is a probable sign of pregnancy. Braxton Hicks contractions are a probable sign of pregnancy. Quickening is a presumptive sign of pregnancy.

Quickening can be

gas or peristalsis.

A primigravida

is a woman pregnant for the first time