Evolving fire ground
No smoke showing
A common event that is caused because the fire is ventilation limited (diminishes or stops the progression of smoke altogether). It should raise awareness during the scene size up.
Kilowatt
A measurement of energy release rate.
Conduction
Heat transfer by direct contact
Radation
Heat transferred by electromagnetic waves; the closer you get, the closer you get.
It has to be isolated from the fire first.
How do you it's safe to ventilate a room by opening the window?
Fire Dynamics
Study of how fire starts, spreads, and develops.
Plume
The column of hot gases, flames, and smoke rising above a fire.
Heat flux
The measure of the rate of heat transfer to a surface, expressed in kilowatts
Ignition
The process of initiating self-sustained combustion.
Fire behavior
The way the fire reacts and behaves to its environment.
power saw, hook, axe, a portable radio, & roof ladder.
What are some tools that you should have when going onto the roof?
Because of the steel frame of the house, horizontal will be easier and less time consuming than vertical.
What is a tactical challenge when it comes to ventilation in an ISBU?
0.33 mm
What is the ideal droplet size for gas cooling?
Start at the rooms closest to the fire, where victims are the most at danger, and work backwards.
Where should fire crews start a search?
It is better for energy consumption, air movement, reach, and penetration.
Why is a straight stream preferred?
Flammable Range
the entire range of possible gas or vapor fuel concentrations in air that are capable of burning
Flame
A body or stream of gaseous material involved in the combustion process and emitting radiant energy at specific wavelength bands determined by the combustion chemistry of the fuel. In most cases, some portion of the emitted radiant energy is visible to the human eye. [72, 2013]
Backdraft
A deflagration resulting from the sudden introduction of air into a confined space containing oxygen-deficient products of incomplete combustion.
Fuel controlled fire
A fire in which the heat release rate and growth rate are controlled by the characteristics of the fuel, such as quantity and geometry, and in which adequate air for combustion is available.
Ventilation limited fire
A fire in which the heat release rate or growth is controlled by the amount of air available to the fire.
Heat
A form of energy characterized by vibration of molecules and capable of initiating & supporting chemical changes of state.
Pyrolysis
A process in which material is decomposed, or broken down, into simpler molecular compounds by the effects of heat alone; it often precedes combustion.
Blitz attack
A rapid attack utilizing tank water & pre-piped deck gun or portable monitor. While it is in use, a handline is stretched & is hit from the exterior before going inside.
Flashover
A transition phase in the development of a compartment fire in which surfaces exposed to thermal radiation reach ignition temperature more or less simultaneously and fire spreads rapidly throughout the space, resulting in full room involvement or total involvement of the compartment or enclosed space.
15 seconds
About how long should it take to search a 12 x 12 room?
ridge vent
Another viable tactic is to pull ceiling interior along exterior walls & flow water up into the space, directing water up towards the ____________.
smoke, heat, and gases
Any breach in the integrity of a compartment that will allow _________, _________, and ___________ out of a space & fresh air into the same space is ventilation.
Ceiling layer
Buoyant layer of hot gases and smoke produced by a fire in a compartment.
Ventilation
Circulation of air in any space by natural wind or convection or by fans blowing air into or exhausting air out of a building. A firefighting operation of removing smoke & heat from the structure by opening windows & doors or making holes in the roof.
Smoldering
Combustion without flame, usually with incandescence and smoke.
Flashover
Dangerous transition between the growth stage and fully developed stage. Gases completely ignite & radiant heat from the initial growth stage of the fire ignites the room contents, rapid fire growth spreads w/n the compartment.
Flow Paths
Every new ventilation opening provides a new one of these to the fire. Causes dangerous situation w/ ventilation limited fires.
It can push steam & gases, and even change the flow path.
Fog streams have more cubic feet per minute (CFM) of air behind them when compared to straight streams. What is important to remember about fog streams?
fast water
Getting water on the fire as quickly as possible.
1 is the wall shared w/ the hallway, and then proceeds in a left/clockwise fashion.
Having a plan when searching a room is important. What is the way that would be achieved?
Convection
Heat transfer by circulation within a medium such as a gas or a liquid.
Radiation
Heat transfer by electromagnetic waves
Convection
Heat transferred by means of moving gases or liquids.
Conduction
Heat transferred to the fire's immediate surrounding area.
They monitor current fire conditions & seek refuge in unsafe conditions when fire attack is not nearby.
How can the thermal be used w/ a search and not looking for victims?
Flow water into one window until it darkens down, then move it to the next window.
How do you fight fire for the exterior if you have multiple windows that have fire showing?
defensive mode
If the building is beyond the means to effectively extinguish or the building is approaching collapse, we set up a perimeter and go into ________.
offensive attack
If the building is stable and not in danger of imminent collapse, we utilize an __________.
oxygen deficiency
Insufficiency of oxygen to support combustion. (Aka Ventilation-Controlled Fire.)
Stages of fire development
It changes when a fire becomes ventilation limited. It is common w/ today's fire environment to have a decay period prior to flashover, which emphasizes importance of ventilation.
Forcing the front door is ventilation
It has to be thought of as ventilation, (even though it is needed to fight fire), because it feeds the fire w/ air & starts the clock to get the fire out before it turns into an untenable situation.
Legacy fire development
It is fuel limited fires. Fire continues until the fuel is burned up and begins to decay, but still has enough air to mix w/ gases & complete its combustion.
Spray Polyurethane Foam (SPF)
It is sprayed on to coat the surfaces between joists & studs in the walls & in ceilings to eliminate voids & increase energy efficiency. When heated, chars & becomes a solid piece.
Coordination
It is the need to put water on a fire before the conditions become unsafety for interior operations. The time for a single story is 100 seconds & 200 for 2nd story (ventilation - untenability). Essential for a positive outcome.
Go into the room, close the door, and search the room w/ an oriented officer as the door control FF.
Knowing about the recent fire behavior & flow path information, the officer staying oriented in the doorway is not the best idea. What is the better way?
polystyrene and polyisocyanurate
Most say that vinyl siding is the worst type of exterior cladding in regard to flammability, but the foam panels behind it is more dangerous. What are they?
It can push steam or gases onto potential victims.
Movement of the nozzle is critical because of the air entrainment that can be created by rapidly moving or whipping the nozzle around. What can be the result of the these air currents?
half moon shape toward the top of the wall, across the ceiling, & toward the opposite side top of the wall.
Nozzle movement should be a ______________.
Modern fire development
Relates to ventilation limited fires. Flashover is a concern. Fire runs until the oxygen level is depleted. Can start again when oxygen is reintroduced.
It could injure victims & cause the FF to lose tactile perception.
Searching with a tool can increase the searching distance of the FF. Why is it not a good idea to swing the tool back & forth?
ambient
Someone's or something's surroundings, especially as they pertain to the local environment; for example, ambient air and ambient temperature.
reverse, away
Steam movement creates air tracks, which could ____ the flow path & push steam & gases ______ from the outlet. (exterior fire attack).
False. You are quickly applying water to lower interior temps so that interior groups can find the seat of the fire more quickly.
T/F The technique of exterior fire fighting does not need to be coordinated w/ interior crews because it is a defensive tactic.
True
T/F There is a chance for fire to regrow; therefore, interior attack should be performed soon after exterior attack.
Smoke
The airborne solid and liquid particulates and gases evolved when a material undergoes pyrolysis or combustion, together with the quantity of air that is entrained or otherwise mixed into the mass.
Rollover
The condition where unburdened fuel (pyrolysate) from the originating fire has accumulated in the ceiling layer to a sufficient concentration (at or above the lower flammable limit) that it ignites & burns. It can occur w/o ignition of, or prior to, the ignition of other fuels separate of the origin (flame over)
Temperature
The degree of sensible heat of a body as measured by a thermometer or similar instrument.
Fire Dynamics
The detailed study of how chemistry, fire science, and the engineering disciplines of fluid mechanics and heat transfer interact to influence fire behavior.
Venting
The escape of smoke and heat through openings in a building.
Blast Pressure Front.
The expanding leading edge of an explosion reaction that separates a major difference in pressure between normal ambient pressure ahead of the front and potentially damaging high pressure at and behind the front.
increase FF safety & creates a safer environment for any potential victims.
The goal of ventilation is to control the building & make the building behave the way e need it to. Making the fire environment behave the way we want it to both __________ and _________.
held in place with putty, airtight gasket and metal band
The legacy window glass was __________ and there was room in the frame for expansion of the glass. The modern glass was fixed very tightly into the frame with an ______________ to provide better thermal insulation.
0.093 in. and 0.11 in., 0.087 in.
The legacy windows has glass thickness of _________, while modern, double-glazed window thickness was ___________.
Fire spread
The movement of fire from one place to another.
Gas
The physical state of a substance that has no shape or volume of its own & will expand to take the shapes & volume of the container or enclosure it occupies.
Heat Release Rate (HRR)
The rate at which heat energy is generated by burning.
Flow Path
The space through which fire, heat, & smoke progress, moving from high pressure fire area toward lower pressure oxygen sources (open door or window)
Scientific Method
The systematic pursuit of knowledge involving the recognition & formation of a problem, the collection of data through observation & experiment, & the formulation & testing of a hypothesis.
Fuel load
The total quantity of combustible contents of a building, space, or fire area, including interior finish and trim, expressed in heat units of the equivalent weight in wood.
thermal imaging camera
Utilizing this tool can give you the best place to begin creating a small hole so that water can be shot up to hit the fire in the attic?
(1) Vertical ventilation we see a lift of the neutral plane. (2) FFs inside feel the environment or ambient temp seem to cool because of the influx of fresh sir or the flow path of outside air into the building.
We have learned that ventilation does not equal cooling as taught. This theory was established based on what 2 primary assumptions?
transitional attack, softening the target, hitting it hard from the yard, skeeting from the street, & squirting from the dirt.
What are some names for fighting fire from the exterior?
(1) Must have a proper stretch (enough hose & water). (2) higher heat & more volatile conditions (retains heat more than a wood house). (3) Construction may impact egress & restrict backing out. (4) Compartments are smaller w/ no open flor plans.
What are some tactical challenges w/ the fire attack on a ISBU (Intermodal steel building unit)?
The building are usually part of LEED projects that increase the number of trees, increase walking distance to the front door, and may use materials that are not asphalt for streets.
What are some tactical challenges when it comes to access to the ISBU used as a residence?
They include normal building materials, but also include void spaces in between the containers. Every door or window cut into the building could diminish the stability of the building.
What are some tactical challenges when it comes to the structure of an ISBU used as a home?
(1) No pushing fire. (2) Forcing the front door is ventilation. (3) No smoke showing (should increase awareness of internal conditions). (4) Coordination of ventilation and fire attack.
What are somethings that the UL study said about the impacts on ventilation?
Creating many small holes or creating one big hole in the ceiling & walls.
What are the 2 accepted practices for fighting attic fires?
(1) Fire gets bigger if you provide a ventilation opening. (2) Ventilation must be coordinated w/ the fire attack. (3) Fire attack crew entrance is a ventilation opening. (4) If the fire has self-vented out of a window, put water on it from the outside. (5) During initial VEIS operations, don't break the glass w/ the ladder.
What are the results found with the UL studies done in New York?
(1) Stop. (2) Flush the hydrant. (3) Wrap the hydrant. (4) drop supply hose. (5) leave the hydrant FF behind.
What are the steps for a forward lay?
Flow path must be controlled. Barriers are set up by keeping doors closed while searching a room.
What is a tactical challenge when it comes to search in an ISBU?
(1) Use a straight stream pattern @ a steep angle. (2) Keep the stream close to the sill & aimed @ the ceiling. (3) Apply short bursts of water while recognizing the fire/smoke conditions.
What is the proper technique for exterior fire fighting?
It is used to reset the clock & make interior environment safer for victims & FFs.
What is the purpose of fighting fire from the exterior?
Not to disrupt the neutral plane or thermal balance and still coat the upper surfaces above the FF's head.
What is the purpose of the half moon movement?
By controlling the opening & limiting the amount of air that is allowed into the fire area until water is applied.
What is the way that the goal of ventilation is achieved?
NFPA 1403: Standard on Live Fire Training Evolutions.
What standard dictates minimum requirements and best practices for conducting live fire training?
Cape Cod-style
What type of building can have 3 or more attic spaces; space behind the 2 knee walls & the small space above the living space?
one- and two-family residential building fires
What type of fires account for the majority of all residential building fire deaths (71%) & dominated the overall residential building fire profile?
larger, non-confined fires; fires that were not contained in pots, stoves, garbage containers, or other types of noncombustible containers.
What was the majority, 60%, of one- and two-family residential building fires include?
cooking
While _________ accounted for 33% of all 1 & 2 family residential building fires, it played a much larger role in all other types of residential building fires, accounting for 68%.
Because if left, they increase the rate of damage of exposures from radiant heat.
Why is it important for fire crews to extinguish fire on the exterior of buildings?
It can create more steam on the interior because it seals the entire window resulting in the steam having no place to escape.
Why is it important not to use a fog pattern when doing exterior fire attack?
It's directly in the flow path between the fire & the door where we typically enter the structure.
Why is the hallway thought to be the most dangerous for firefighters doing a search?
controlling the doors
____________ is the key to success while searching in today's fires, but it really depends on the location of the fire.
heat transfer
the movement of energy from a warmer object to a cooler object. Mechanism of heat movement.
